1
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Takagi A, Nagao M, Uejima Y, Sasaki D, Asayama M. Efficient pH and dissolved CO 2 conditions for indoor and outdoor cultures of green alga Parachlorella. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1233944. [PMID: 37767110 PMCID: PMC10520278 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1233944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient pH and dissolved CO2 conditions for indoor (50-450 mL scale) and outdoor (100-500 L scale) culture of a green alga BX1.5 strain that can produce useful intracellular lipids and extracellular polysaccharides were investigated for the first time in Parachlorella sp. The cultures harvested under 26 different conditions were analysed for pH, dissolved CO2 concentration, and the biomass of extracellular polysaccharides. The BX1.5 strain could thrive in a wide range of initial medium pH ranging from 3 to 11 and produced valuable lipids such as C16:0, C18:2, and C18:3 under indoor and outdoor culture conditions when supplied with 2.0% dissolved CO2. Particularly, the acidic BG11 medium effectively increased the biomass of extracellular polysaccharides during short-term outdoor cultivation. The BG11 liquid medium also led to extracellular polysaccharide production, independent of acidity and alkalinity, proportional to the increase in total sugars derived from cells supplied with high CO2 concentrations. These results suggest Parachlorella as a promising strain for indoor and outdoor cultivation to produce valuable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Takagi
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Misato Nagao
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuya Uejima
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Munehiko Asayama
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Miyauchi H, Ishikawa T, Hirakawa Y, Sudou A, Okada K, Hijikata A, Sato N, Tsuzuki M, Fujiwara S. Cellular response of Parachlorella kessleri to a solid surface culture environment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1175080. [PMID: 37342150 PMCID: PMC10277731 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1175080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Attached culture allows high biomass productivity and is a promising biomass cultivating system because neither a huge facility area nor a large volume of culture medium are needed. This study investigates photosynthetic and transcriptomic behaviors in Parachlorella kessleri cells on a solid surface after their transfer from liquid culture to elucidate the physiological and gene-expression regulatory mechanisms that underlie their vigorous proliferation. The chlorophyll content shows a decrease at 12 h after the transfer; however, it has fully recovered at 24 h, suggesting temporary decreases in the amounts of light harvesting complexes. On PAM analysis, it is demonstrated that the effective quantum yield of PSII decreases at 0 h right after the transfer, followed by its recovery in the next 24 h. A similar changing pattern is observed for the photochemical quenching, with the PSII maximum quantum yield remaining at an almost unaltered level. Non-photochemical quenching was increased at both 0 h and 12 h after the transfer. These observations suggest that electron transfer downstream of PSII but not PSII itself is only temporarily damaged in solid-surface cells just after the transfer, with light energy in excess being dissipated as heat for PSII protection. It thus seems that the photosynthetic machinery acclimates to high-light and/or dehydration stresses through its temporal size-down and functional regulation that start right after the transfer. Meanwhile, transcriptomic analysis by RNA-Seq demonstrates temporary upregulation at 12 h after the transfer as to the expression levels of many genes for photosynthesis, amino acid synthesis, general stress response, and ribosomal subunit proteins. These findings suggest that cells transferred to a solid surface become stressed immediately after transfer but can recover their high photosynthetic activity through adaptation of photosynthetic machinery and metabolic flow as well as induction of general stress response mechanisms within 24 h.
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3
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Kondo M, Aoki M, Hirai K, Sagami T, Ito R, Tsuzuki M, Sato N. slr2103, a homolog of type-2 diacylglycerol acyltransferase genes, for plastoquinone-related neutral lipid synthesis and NaCl-stress acclimatization in a cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1181180. [PMID: 37180399 PMCID: PMC10171310 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1181180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, contains a lipid with triacylglycerol-like TLC mobility but its identity and physiological roles remain unknown. Here, on ESI-positive LC-MS2 analysis, it is shown that the triacylglycerol-like lipid (lipid X) is related to plastoquinone and can be grouped into two subclasses, Xa and Xb, the latter of which is esterified by 16:0 and 18:0. This study further shows that a Synechocystis homolog of type-2 diacylglycerol acyltransferase genes, slr2103, is essential for lipid X synthesis: lipid X disappears in a Synechocystis slr2103-disruptant whereas it appears in an slr2103-overexpressing transformant (OE) of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 that intrinsically lacks lipid X. The slr2103 disruption causes Synechocystis cells to accumulate plastoquinone-C at an abnormally high level whereas slr2103 overexpression in Synechococcus causes the cells to almost completely lose it. It is thus deduced that slr2103 encodes a novel acyltransferase that esterifies 16:0 or 18:0 with plastoquinone-C for the synthesis of lipid Xb. Characterization of the slr2103-disruptant in Synechocystis shows that slr2103 contributes to sedimented-cell growth in a static culture, and to bloom-like structure formation and its expansion by promoting cell aggregation and floatation upon imposition of saline stress (0.3-0.6 M NaCl). These observations provide a basis for elucidation of the molecular mechanism of a novel cyanobacterial strategy to acclimatize to saline stress, and one for development of a system of seawater-utilization and economical harvesting of cyanobacterial cells with high-value added compounds, or blooming control of toxic cyanobacteria.
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Saito M, Watanabe H, Sasaki M, Ookubo M, Yarita T, Shiraiwa M, Asayama M. Coproduction of lipids and carotenoids by the novel green alga Coelastrella sp. depending on cultivation conditions. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 37:e00769. [PMID: 36660172 PMCID: PMC9843265 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel green alga Coelastrella sp. D3-1 was isolated, and its unique and significant lipid and carotenoid coproduction capability was characterised depending on cultivation conditions. The main component of produced lipids was triacylglycerol under nutrient depletion conditions, in which fatty-methyl-esters made up 20-44% of the dry cell weight (DCW) and consisted of abundant C16:0 and C18:1 fatty acids. The red (orange)-stage cells also produced a large portion of carotenoids (38.5% of the DCW) involving echinenone, canthaxanthin, and astaxanthin as major components accumulated over only 5-6 days under optimal conditions. Stress tests revealed resistance of the cells to pH 2-11, high temperatures (40-60 °C), ultraviolet irradiation, drought, and H2O2 treatment, thereby showing a robust nature. Both green- and red (orange)-stage cell extracts also showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities, implying that they have significant functions as useful biorefinery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Saito
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0332, Japan
| | - Haruka Watanabe
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0332, Japan
| | - Mitsuki Sasaki
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0332, Japan
| | - Madoka Ookubo
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0332, Japan
| | - Takashi Yarita
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0332, Japan,United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masakazu Shiraiwa
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0332, Japan,United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Munehiko Asayama
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0332, Japan,United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan,Corresponding author at: College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0332, Japan.
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5
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Li SF, Fanesi A, Martin T, Lopes F. Biomass production and physiology of Chlorella vulgaris during the early stages of immobilized state are affected by light intensity and inoculum cell density. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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6
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Aburai N, Kunishima R, Iijima F, Fujii K. Effects of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on lipid production of the aerial microalga Coccomyxa sp. KGU-D001 under liquid- and aerial-phase conditions. J Biotechnol 2020; 323:274-282. [PMID: 32916185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Algal biofuels are a promising alternative to fossil fuels, but their widespread use is hindered by problems with mass production. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with specific light wavelengths could be used as an energy source for algal growth and lipid synthesis. In this study, the effects of light source on the biomass and lipid production of the aerial microalga Coccomyxa sp. KGU-D001 were evaluated using LEDs. The integration of two-phase cultures, including growth and lipid production under the stress of nitrate depletion, was assessed for efficient lipid production under liquid- or aerial-phase conditions. Different wavelengths of light (blue, green, and red) were tested under liquid- and aerial-phase conditions. Under aerial-phase culture, the fatty acid contents in biofilm reached 320 mg g DWC-1 with the red LEDs. In view of these findings, we describe a one-step culture method for growth and lipid accumulation in algal biofilm under aerial-phase culture with red LED irradiation. When Coccomyxa biofilm was cultured on wet cotton wool with BBM in a petri dish under the red LED, it was able to grow and accumulate lipids under the aerial-phase condition. Based on the results of this study, a potential method for a continuous biodiesel production system is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Aburai
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan.
| | - Ryota Kunishima
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Fusako Iijima
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Fujii
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
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7
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Sasaki M, Takagi A, Ota S, Kawano S, Sasaki D, Asayama M. Coproduction of lipids and extracellular polysaccharides from the novel green alga Parachlorella sp. BX1.5 depending on cultivation conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 25:e00392. [PMID: 31871922 PMCID: PMC6909058 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel strain of microalga Parachlorella sp. BX1.5 was isolated and its unique properties of producing lipids and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) characterized. The cells could extracellularly produce a large amount of acidic EPS, when cultured in nitrogen-deficient BG110 medium (BG11–N) with 2 % CO2-air supply. The main component of intracellularly accumulated lipids was triacylglycerol (TAG), depending on the different cultivation conditions of BG11, BG11–N, BG11–P (phosphate depleted), and BG11–N–P (nitrogen and phosphate depleted). Fatty-methyl-esters (FAMEs), methyl-esterification of total lipids, consisted of abundant saturated C16 and unsaturated C18 fatty acids under the culture conditions. Cell spot assays on BG11 plates revealed the resistance of cells to pH 2–11, high temperatures of 50–70 °C, ultraviolet irradiation, and drought, under different culture conditions, thereby suggesting the biological significance of lipid and EPS accumulation. The prospects of BX1.5 as a dual producer has also been discussed for biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuki Sasaki
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Akari Takagi
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ota
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kawano
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
- Future Center Initiative, The University of Tokyo, 178-4-4 Wakashiba, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0871, Japan
| | - Daisaku Sasaki
- BioX Chemical Industries Co. Ltd., 2-20-11 Inokuchidai, Nishi-ku, Hiroshima 733-0844, Japan
| | - Munehiko Asayama
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Corresponding author at: College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan.
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8
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Otaki R, Oishi Y, Abe S, Fujiwara S, Sato N. Regulatory carbon metabolism underlying seawater-based promotion of triacylglycerol accumulation in Chlorella kessleri. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 289:121686. [PMID: 31238290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorella kessleri accumulates triacylglycerol usable for biodiesel-fuel production to >20% dry cell weight in three days when cultured in three-fold diluted seawater, which imposes the combinatory stress of hyperosmosis and nutrients limitation. The quantitative behavior of major C-compounds, and related-gene expression patterns were investigated in Chlorella cells stressed with hyperosmosis, nutrients limitation, or their combination, to elucidate the C-metabolism for economical seawater-based triacylglycerol accumulation. Combinatory-stress cells showed repressed protein synthesis with initially accumulated starch being degraded later, the C-metabolic flow thereby being diverted to fatty acid and subsequent triacylglycerol accumulation. This C-flow diversion was induced by cooperative actions of nutrients-limitation and hyperosmosis. Semi-quantitative PCR analysis implied positive rewiring of the diverted C-flow into triacylglycerol in combinatory-stress cells through upregulation of gene expression concerning fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis, and starch synthesis and degradation. The information of regulatory C-metabolism will help reinforce the seawater-based triacylglycerol accumulation ability in algae including Chlorella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Otaki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yutaro Oishi
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Seiya Abe
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Shoko Fujiwara
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sato
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
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9
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Li-Beisson Y, Thelen JJ, Fedosejevs E, Harwood JL. The lipid biochemistry of eukaryotic algae. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 74:31-68. [PMID: 30703388 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Algal lipid metabolism fascinates both scientists and entrepreneurs due to the large diversity of fatty acyl structures that algae produce. Algae have therefore long been studied as sources of genes for novel fatty acids; and, due to their superior biomass productivity, algae are also considered a potential feedstock for biofuels. However, a major issue in a commercially viable "algal oil-to-biofuel" industry is the high production cost, because most algal species only produce large amounts of oils after being exposed to stress conditions. Recent studies have therefore focused on the identification of factors involved in TAG metabolism, on the subcellular organization of lipid pathways, and on interactions between organelles. This has been accompanied by the development of genetic/genomic and synthetic biological tools not only for the reference green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii but also for Nannochloropsis spp. and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Advances in our understanding of enzymes and regulatory proteins of acyl lipid biosynthesis and turnover are described herein with a focus on carbon and energetic aspects. We also summarize how changes in environmental factors can impact lipid metabolism and describe present and potential industrial uses of algal lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France.
| | - Jay J Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| | - Eric Fedosejevs
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| | - John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
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10
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Photosynthetic performance of freshwater green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris to air-drying treatment. Biologia (Bratisl) 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-018-00172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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12
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Hayashi T, Otaki R, Hirai K, Tsuzuki M, Sato N. Optimization of seawater-based triacylglycerol accumulation in a freshwater green alga, Chlorella kessleri , through simultaneous imposition of lowered-temperature and enhanced-light intensity. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Sato N, Kamimura R, Kaneta K, Yoshikawa M, Tsuzuki M. Species-specific roles of sulfolipid metabolism in acclimation of photosynthetic microbes to sulfur-starvation stress. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186154. [PMID: 29023570 PMCID: PMC5638391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms utilize sulfate for the synthesis of sulfur-compounds including proteins and a sulfolipid, sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol. Upon ambient deficiency in sulfate, cells of a green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, degrade the chloroplast membrane sulfolipid to ensure an intracellular-sulfur source for necessary protein synthesis. Here, the effects of sulfate-starvation on the sulfolipid stability were investigated in another green alga, Chlorella kessleri, and two cyanobacteria, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. The results showed that sulfolipid degradation was induced only in C. kessleri, raising the possibility that this degradation ability was obtained not by cyanobacteria, but by eukaryotic algae during the evolution of photosynthetic organisms. Meanwhile, Synechococcus disruptants concerning sqdB and sqdX genes, which are involved in successive reactions in the sulfolipid synthesis pathway, were respectively characterized in cellular response to sulfate-starvation. Phycobilisome degradation intrinsic to Synechococcus, but not to Synechocystis, and cell growth under sulfate-starved conditions were repressed in the sqdB and sqdX disruptants, respectively, relative to in the wild type. Their distinct phenotypes, despite the common loss of the sulfolipid, inferred specific roles of sqdB and sqdX. This study demonstrated that sulfolipid metabolism might have been developed to enable species- or cyanobacterial-strain dependent processes for acclimation to sulfate-starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Sato
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- JST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ryohei Kamimura
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kodai Kaneta
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misato Yoshikawa
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikio Tsuzuki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- JST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Shi K, Gao Z, Shi TQ, Song P, Ren LJ, Huang H, Ji XJ. Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Cellular Stress Response and Lipid Accumulation in Oleaginous Microorganisms: The State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:793. [PMID: 28507542 PMCID: PMC5410592 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial oils, which are mainly extracted from yeasts, molds, and algae, have been of considerable interest as food additives and biofuel resources due to their high lipid content. While these oleaginous microorganisms generally produce only small amounts of lipids under optimal growth conditions, their lipid accumulation machinery can be induced by environmental stresses, such as nutrient limitation and an inhospitable physical environmental. As common second messengers of many stress factors, reactive oxygen species (ROS) may act as a regulator of cellular responses to extracellular environmental signaling. Furthermore, increasing evidence indicates that ROS may act as a mediator of lipid accumulation, which is associated with dramatic changes in the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. However, the specific mechanisms of ROS involvement in the crosstalk between extracellular stress signaling and intracellular lipid synthesis require further investigation. Here, we summarize current knowledge on stress-induced lipid biosynthesis and the putative role of ROS in the control of lipid accumulation in oleaginous microorganisms. Understanding such links may provide guidance for the development of stress-based strategies to enhance microbial lipid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Shi
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zhen Gao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Tian-Qiong Shi
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Ping Song
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Lu-Jing Ren
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing, China
| | - He Huang
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing, China
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15
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Huang Y, Xiong W, Liao Q, Fu Q, Xia A, Zhu X, Sun Y. Comparison of Chlorella vulgaris biomass productivity cultivated in biofilm and suspension from the aspect of light transmission and microalgae affinity to carbon dioxide. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 222:367-373. [PMID: 27741475 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To investigate light transmission and cells affinity to CO2, Chlorellavulgaris was attached to microfiltration membrane that laid on the solidified BG11 medium compared to that in suspended cultivation mode in this study. The results showed that C. vulgaris showed a 30.4% higher biomass production (103gm-2) in attached than in suspend system. The upper layer of biofilm with a thickness of 41.31μm (the corresponding areal density of 40gm-2) was effectively illuminated under light intensity of 120μmolm-2s-1 and more than 40% of the microalgal cells were in light even the areal density was high to 100gm-2. While only 2.5% of the cells were effectively illuminated in the suspended cultivation system. Furthermore, microalgae cells in biofilm showed a higher affinity to CO2 compared with that in suspension, and CO2 saturation point of microalgae cells in biofilm was 1.5% but 4.5% in suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Qian Fu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Ao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yahui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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Hyperosmosis and its combination with nutrient-limitation are novel environmental stressors for induction of triacylglycerol accumulation in cells of Chlorella kessleri. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25825. [PMID: 27184595 PMCID: PMC4869002 DOI: 10.1038/srep25825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triacylglycerols of oleaginous algae are promising for production of food oils and biodiesel fuel. Air-drying of cells induces triacylglycerol accumulation in a freshwater green alga, Chlorella kessleri, therefore, it seems that dehydration, i.e., intracellular hyperosmosis, and/or nutrient-limitation are key stressors. We explored this possibility in liquid-culturing C. kessleri cells. Strong hyperosmosis with 0.9 M sorbitol or 0.45 M NaCl for two days caused cells to increase the triacylglycerol content in total lipids from 1.5 to 48.5 and 75.3 mol%, respectively, on a fatty acid basis, whereas nutrient-limitation caused its accumulation to 41.4 mol%. Even weak hyperosmosis with 0.3 M sorbitol or 0.15 M NaCl, when nutrient-limitation was simultaneously imposed, induced triacylglycerol accumulation to 61.9 and 65.7 mol%, respectively. Furthermore, culturing in three-fold diluted seawater, the chemical composition of which resembled that of the medium for the combinatory stress, enabled the cells to accumulate triacylglycerol up to 24.7 weight% of dry cells in only three days. Consequently, it was found that hyperosmosis is a novel stressor for triacylglycerol accumulation, and that weak hyperosmosis, together with nutrient-limitation, exerts a strong stimulating effect on triacylglycerol accumulation. A similar combinatory stress would contribute to the triacylglycerol accumulation in air-dried C. kessleri cells.
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Pichrtová M, Arc E, Stöggl W, Kranner I, Hájek T, Hackl H, Holzinger A. Formation of lipid bodies and changes in fatty acid composition upon pre-akinete formation in Arctic and Antarctic Zygnema (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta) strains. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw096. [PMID: 27170362 PMCID: PMC4892695 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous green algae of the genus Zygnema (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta) are key components of polar hydro-terrestrial mats where they face various stressors including UV irradiation, freezing, desiccation and osmotic stress. Their vegetative cells can develop into pre-akinetes, i.e. reserve-rich, mature cells. We investigated lipid accumulation and fatty acid (FA) composition upon pre-akinete formation in an Arctic and an Antarctic Zygnema strain using transmission electron microscopy and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Pre-akinetes formed after 9 weeks of cultivation in nitrogen-free medium, which was accompanied by massive accumulation of lipid bodies. The composition of FAs was similar in both strains, and α-linolenic acid (C18:3) dominated in young vegetative cells. Pre-akinete formation coincided with a significant change in FA composition. Oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acid increased the most (up to 17- and 8-fold, respectively). Small amounts of long-chain polyunsaturated FAs were also detected, e.g. arachidonic (C20:4) and eicosapentaenoic (C20:5) acid. Pre-akinetes exposed to desiccation at 86% relative humidity were able to recover maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, but desiccation had no major effect on FA composition. The results are discussed with regard to the capability of Zygnema spp. to thrive in extreme conditions. Green algae Zygnema spp. survive in the Arctic and Antarctica as pre-akinetes, which are modified vegetative cells that accumulate lipids with oleic and linoleic acid being the main fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pichrtová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Erwann Arc
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Stöggl
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ilse Kranner
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hubert Hackl
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Stress-induced neutral lipid biosynthesis in microalgae - Molecular, cellular and physiological insights. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1269-1281. [PMID: 26883557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic microalgae have promise as biofuel feedstock. Under certain conditions, they produce substantial amounts of neutral lipids, mainly in the form of triacylglycerols (TAGs), which can be converted to fuels. Much of our current knowledge on the genetic and molecular basis of algal neutral lipid metabolism derives mainly from studies of plants, i.e. seed tissues, and to a lesser extent from direct studies of algal lipid metabolism. Thus, the knowledge of TAG synthesis and the cellular trafficking of TAG precursors in algal cells is to a large extent based on genome predictions, and most aspects of TAG metabolism have yet to be experimentally verified. The biofuel prospects of microalgae have raised the interest in mechanistic studies of algal TAG biosynthesis in recent years and resulted in an increasing number of publications on lipid metabolism in microalgae. In this review we summarize the current findings on genetic, molecular and physiological studies of TAG accumulation in microalgae. Special emphasis is on the functional analysis of key genes involved in TAG synthesis, molecular mechanisms of regulation of TAG biosynthesis, as well as on possible mechanisms of lipid droplet formation in microalgal cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Lipid Biology edited by Kent D. Chapman and Ivo Feussner.
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Abstract
Plant and algal oils are some of the most energy-dense renewable compounds provided by nature. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the major constituent of plant oils, which can be converted into fatty acid methyl esters commonly known as biodiesel. As one of the most efficient producers of TAGs, photosynthetic microalgae have attracted substantial interest for renewable fuel production. Currently, the big challenge of microalgae based TAGs for biofuels is their high cost compared to fossil fuels. A conundrum is that microalgae accumulate large amounts of TAGs only during stress conditions such as nutrient deprivation and temperature stress, which inevitably will inhibit growth. Thus, a better understanding of why and how microalgae induce TAG biosynthesis under stress conditions would allow the development of engineered microalgae with increased TAG production during conditions optimal for growth. Land plants also synthesize TAGs during stresses and we will compare new findings on environmental stress-induced TAG accumulation in plants and microalgae especially in the well-characterized model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and a biotechnologically relevant genus Nannochloropsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yan Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Christoph Benning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Kobayashi N, Barnes A, Jensen T, Noel E, Andlay G, Rosenberg JN, Betenbaugh MJ, Guarnieri MT, Oyler GA. Comparison of biomass and lipid production under ambient carbon dioxide vigorous aeration and 3% carbon dioxide condition among the lead candidate Chlorella strains screened by various photobioreactor scales. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 198:246-255. [PMID: 26398668 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorella species from the UTEX collection, classified by rDNA-based phylogenetic analysis, were screened based on biomass and lipid production in different scales and modes of culture. The lead candidate strains of C. sorokiniana UTEX 1230 and C. vulgaris UTEX 395 and 259 were compared between conditions of vigorous aeration with filtered atmospheric air and 3% CO2 shake-flask cultivation. The biomass of UTEX 1230 produced 2 times higher at 652 mg L(-1) dry weight under both ambient CO2 vigorous aeration and 3% CO2 conditions, while UTEX 395 and 259 under 3% CO2 increased to 3 times higher at 863 mg L(-1) dry weight than ambient CO2 vigorous aeration. The triacylglycerol contents of UTEX 395 and 259 increased more than 30 times to 30% dry weight with 3% CO2, indicating that additional CO2 is essential for both biomass and lipid accumulation in UTEX 395 and 259.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Austin Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Travis Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Eric Noel
- School of Biological Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1104 T Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Gunjan Andlay
- Synaptic Research, 1448 South Rolling Road, Baltimore, MD 21227, United States
| | - Julian N Rosenberg
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, John Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, John Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Michael T Guarnieri
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - George A Oyler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, John Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States; Synaptic Research, 1448 South Rolling Road, Baltimore, MD 21227, United States
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Pichrtová M, Kulichová J, Holzinger A. Nitrogen limitation and slow drying induce desiccation tolerance in conjugating green algae (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta) from polar habitats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113137. [PMID: 25398135 PMCID: PMC4232603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Filamentous Zygnematophyceae are typical components of algal mats in the polar hydro-terrestrial environment. Under field conditions, they form senescent vegetative cells, designated as pre-akinetes, which are tolerant to desiccation and osmotic stress. Key Findings Pre-akinete formation and desiccation tolerance was investigated experimentally under monitored laboratory conditions in four strains of Arctic and Antarctic isolates with vegetative Zygnema sp. morphology. Phylogenetic analyses of rbcL sequences revealed one Arctic strain as genus Zygnemopsis, phylogenetically distant from the closely related Zygnema strains. Algae were cultivated in liquid or on solidified medium (9 weeks), supplemented with or lacking nitrogen. Nitrogen-free cultures (liquid as well as solidified) consisted of well-developed pre-akinetes after this period. Desiccation experiments were performed at three different drying rates (rapid: 10% relative humidity, slow: 86% rh and very slow); viability, effective quantum yield of PS II, visual and ultrastructural changes were monitored. Recovery and viability of pre-akinetes were clearly dependent on the drying rate: slower desiccation led to higher levels of survival. Pre-akinetes survived rapid drying after acclimation by very slow desiccation. Conclusions The formation of pre-akinetes in polar Zygnema spp. and Zygnemopsis sp. is induced by nitrogen limitation. Pre-akinetes, modified vegetative cells, rather than specialized stages of the life cycle, can be hardened by mild desiccation stress to survive rapid drying. Naturally hardened pre-akinetes play a key role in stress tolerance and dispersal under the extreme conditions of polar regions, where sexual reproduction and production of dormant stages is largely suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pichrtová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Prague, Czech Republic
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Botany, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kulichová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Holzinger A, Kaplan F, Blaas K, Zechmann B, Komsic-Buchmann K, Becker B. Transcriptomics of desiccation tolerance in the streptophyte green alga Klebsormidium reveal a land plant-like defense reaction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110630. [PMID: 25340847 PMCID: PMC4207709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water loss has significant effects on physiological performance and survival rates of algae. However, despite the prominent presence of aeroterrestrial algae in terrestrial habitats, hardly anything is known about the molecular events that allow aeroterrestrial algae to survive harsh environmental conditions. We analyzed the transcriptome and physiology of a strain of the alpine aeroterrestrial alga Klebsormidium crenulatum under control and strong desiccation-stress conditions. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS For comparison we first established a reference transcriptome. The high-coverage reference transcriptome includes about 24,183 sequences (1.5 million reads, 636 million bases). The reference transcriptome encodes for all major pathways (energy, carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, sugars), nearly all deduced pathways are complete or missing only a few transcripts. Upon strong desiccation, more than 7000 transcripts showed changes in their expression levels. Most of the highest up-regulated transcripts do not show similarity to known viridiplant proteins, suggesting the existence of some genus- or species-specific responses to desiccation. In addition, we observed the up-regulation of many transcripts involved in desiccation tolerance in plants (e.g. proteins similar to those that are abundant in late embryogenesis (LEA), or proteins involved in early response to desiccation ERD), and enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFO) known to act as osmolytes). Major physiological shifts are the up-regulation of transcripts for photosynthesis, energy production, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, which is supported by elevated cellular glutathione content as revealed by immunoelectron microscopy as well as an increase in total antiradical power. However, the effective quantum yield of Photosystem II and CO2 fixation decreased sharply under the applied desiccation stress. In contrast, transcripts for cell integrative functions such as cell division, DNA replication, cofactor biosynthesis, and amino acid biosynthesis were down-regulated. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study investigating the desiccation transcriptome of a streptophyte green alga. Our results indicate that the cellular response is similar to embryophytes, suggesting that embryophytes inherited a basic cellular desiccation tolerance from their streptophyte predecessors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Holzinger
- University of Innsbruck, Functional Plant Biology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Franziska Kaplan
- University of Innsbruck, Functional Plant Biology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Blaas
- University of Innsbruck, Functional Plant Biology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernd Zechmann
- Baylor University, Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Burkhard Becker
- University of Cologne, Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne, Germany
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Abe K, Ishiwatari T, Wakamatsu M, Aburai N. Fatty Acid Content and Profile of the Aerial Microalga Coccomyxa sp. Isolated from Dry Environments. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:1724-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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