1
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Harihar S. KISS1 and Kisspeptins Detection in Cell Lines. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2811:177-184. [PMID: 39037658 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3882-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
KISS1 belongs to the family of metastasis suppressor genes. However, its role is not limited to blocking cancer metastasis. KISS1 and its by-product kisspeptins (KP) are important players in regulating the reproductive axis in different species and have new roles in controlling physiological balance and social behaviors. These diverse functions point to KISS1 as a potential therapeutic molecule. Here we describe a methodology to detect KISS1 and KP from cell lysate and conditioned media in cell lines. This will serve as a critical tool to study KISS1 processing in KP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitaram Harihar
- Department of Life Sciences, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
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2
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Guzzetti C, Corno C, Vergani E, Mirra L, Ciusani E, Rodolfo M, Perego P, Beretta GL. Kisspeptin-mediated improvement of sensitivity to BRAF inhibitors in vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1182853. [PMID: 37790750 PMCID: PMC10544897 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1182853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic dissemination is still one of the major causes of death of melanoma's patients. KiSS1 is a metastasis suppressor originally identified in melanoma cells, known to play an important physiological role in mammals' development and puberty. It has been previously shown that expression of KiSS1 could be increased in lung cancer cells using epigenetic agents, and that KiSS1 could have a pro-apoptotic action in combination with cisplatin. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine in human melanoma vemurafenib sensitive- and -resistant BRAF mutant cells characterized by different mutational profiles and KiSS1, KiSS1 receptor and KiSS1 drug-induced release, if peptides derived from KiSS1 cleavage, i.e., kisspeptin 54, could increase the sensitivity to vemurafenib of human melanoma, using cellular, molecular and biochemical approaches. We found that kisspeptin 54 increases vemurafenib pro-apoptotic activity in a statistically significant manner, also in drug resistant cellular models. The efficacy of the combination appears to reflect the intrinsic susceptibility of each cell line to PLX4032-induced apoptosis, together with the different mutational profile as well as perturbation of proteins regulating the apoptotic pathway, The results presented here highlight the possibility to exploit KiSS1 to modulate the apoptotic response to therapeutically relevant agents, suggesting a multitasking function of this metastasis suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Guzzetti
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Corno
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Vergani
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Mirra
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Ciusani
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Medical Genetics, Istituto Neurologico Fondazione C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Rodolfo
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Perego
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni L. Beretta
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan, Milan, Italy
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3
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Harihar S, Welch DR. KISS1 metastasis suppressor in tumor dormancy: a potential therapeutic target for metastatic cancers? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:183-196. [PMID: 36720764 PMCID: PMC10103016 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Present therapeutic approaches do not effectively target metastatic cancers, often limited by their inability to eliminate already-seeded non-proliferative, growth-arrested, or therapy-resistant tumor cells. Devising effective approaches targeting dormant tumor cells has been a focus of cancer clinicians for decades. However, progress has been limited due to limited understanding of the tumor dormancy process. Studies on tumor dormancy have picked up pace and have resulted in the identification of several regulators. This review focuses on KISS1, a metastasis suppressor gene that suppresses metastasis by keeping tumor cells in a state of dormancy at ectopic sites. The review explores mechanistic insights of KISS1 and discusses its potential application as a therapeutic against metastatic cancers by eliminating quiescent cells or inducing long-term dormancy in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitaram Harihar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Danny R. Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
- The University of Kansas Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd. Kansas City, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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4
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Abstract
The kexin-like proprotein convertases perform the initial proteolytic cleavages that ultimately generate a variety of different mature peptide and proteins, ranging from brain neuropeptides to endocrine peptide hormones, to structural proteins, among others. In this review, we present a general introduction to proprotein convertase structure and biochemistry, followed by a comprehensive discussion of each member of the kexin-like subfamily of proprotein convertases. We summarize current knowledge of human proprotein convertase insufficiency syndromes, including genome-wide analyses of convertase polymorphisms, and compare these to convertase null and mutant mouse models. These mouse models have illuminated our understanding of the roles specific convertases play in human disease and have led to the identification of convertase-specific substrates; for example, the identification of procorin as a specific PACE4 substrate in the heart. We also discuss the limitations of mouse null models in interpreting human disease, such as differential precursor cleavage due to species-specific sequence differences, and the challenges presented by functional redundancy among convertases in attempting to assign specific cleavages and/or physiological roles. However, in most cases, knockout mouse models have added substantively both to our knowledge of diseases caused by human proprotein convertase insufficiency and to our appreciation of their normal physiological roles, as clearly seen in the case of the furin, proprotein convertase 1/3, and proprotein convertase 5/6 mouse models. The creation of more sophisticated mouse models with tissue- or temporally-restricted expression of specific convertases will improve our understanding of human proprotein convertase insufficiency and potentially provide support for the emerging concept of therapeutic inhibition of convertases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manita Shakya
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Iris Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Brouwers B, Coppola I, Vints K, Dislich B, Jouvet N, Van Lommel L, Segers C, Gounko NV, Thorrez L, Schuit F, Lichtenthaler SF, Estall JL, Declercq J, Ramos-Molina B, Creemers JWM. Loss of Furin in β-Cells Induces an mTORC1-ATF4 Anabolic Pathway That Leads to β-Cell Dysfunction. Diabetes 2021; 70:492-503. [PMID: 33277337 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
FURIN is a proprotein convertase (PC) responsible for proteolytic activation of a wide array of precursor proteins within the secretory pathway. It maps to the PRC1 locus, a type 2 diabetes susceptibility locus, but its specific role in pancreatic β-cells is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the role of FURIN in glucose homeostasis. We show that FURIN is highly expressed in human islets, whereas PCs that potentially could provide redundancy are expressed at considerably lower levels. β-cell-specific Furin knockout (βFurKO) mice are glucose intolerant as a result of smaller islets with lower insulin content and abnormal dense-core secretory granule morphology. mRNA expression analysis and differential proteomics on βFurKO islets revealed activation of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), which was mediated by mammalian target of rapamycin C1 (mTORC1). βFurKO cells show impaired cleavage or shedding of vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase) subunits Ac45 and prorenin receptor, respectively, and impaired lysosomal acidification. Blocking V-ATPase pharmacologically in β-cells increased mTORC1 activity, suggesting involvement of the V-ATPase proton pump in the phenotype. Taken together, these results suggest a model of mTORC1-ATF4 hyperactivation and impaired lysosomal acidification in β-cells lacking Furin, causing β-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Brouwers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Ilaria Coppola
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katlijn Vints
- Electron Microscopy Platform and Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Bioimaging Core, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bastian Dislich
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie Jouvet
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Leentje Van Lommel
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Segers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Interdisciplinary Biosciences Group, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Natalia V Gounko
- Electron Microscopy Platform and Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Bioimaging Core, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieven Thorrez
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Campus Kulak, KU Leuven, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Frans Schuit
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer L Estall
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeroen Declercq
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - John W M Creemers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Burger LL, Wagenmaker ER, Phumsatitpong C, Olson DP, Moenter SM. Prenatal Androgenization Alters the Development of GnRH Neuron and Preoptic Area RNA Transcripts in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:bqaa166. [PMID: 33095238 PMCID: PMC7583650 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common form of infertility in women. The causes of PCOS are not yet understood and both genetics and early-life exposure have been considered as candidates. With regard to the latter, circulating androgens are elevated in mid-late gestation in women with PCOS, potentially exposing offspring to elevated androgens in utero; daughters of women with PCOS are at increased risk for developing this disorder. Consistent with these clinical observations, prenatal androgenization (PNA) of several species recapitulates many phenotypes observed in PCOS. There is increasing evidence that symptoms associated with PCOS, including elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) (and presumably gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH]) pulse frequency emerge during the pubertal transition. We utilized translating ribosome affinity purification coupled with ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing to examine GnRH neuron messenger RNAs from prepubertal (3 weeks) and adult female control and PNA mice. Prominent in GnRH neurons were transcripts associated with protein synthesis and cellular energetics, in particular oxidative phosphorylation. The GnRH neuron transcript profile was affected more by the transition from prepuberty to adulthood than by PNA treatment; however, PNA did change the developmental trajectory of GnRH neurons. This included families of transcripts related to both protein synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation, which were more prevalent in adults than in prepubertal mice but were blunted in PNA adults. These findings suggest that prenatal androgen exposure can program alterations in the translatome of GnRH neurons, providing a mechanism independent of changes in the genetic code for altered expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Burger
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - David P Olson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Suzanne M Moenter
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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7
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Abstract
The significance of KISS1 goes beyond its original discovery as a metastasis suppressor. Its function as a neuropeptide involved in diverse physiologic processes is more well studied. Enthusiasm regarding KISS1 has cumulated in clinical trials in multiple fields related to reproduction and metabolism. But its cancer therapeutic space is unsettled. This review focuses on collating data from cancer and non-cancer fields in order to understand shared and disparate signaling that might inform clinical development in the cancer therapeutic and biomarker space. Research has focused on amino acid residues 68-121 (kisspeptin 54), binding to the KISS1 receptor and cellular responses. Evidence and counterevidence regarding this canonical pathway require closer look at the covariates so that the incredible potential of KISS1 can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuc Ly
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd. - MS1071, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Sitaram Harihar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd. - MS1071, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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8
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Harihar S, Ray S, Narayanan S, Santhoshkumar A, Ly T, Welch DR. Role of the tumor microenvironment in regulating the anti-metastatic effect of KISS1. Clin Exp Metastasis 2020; 37:209-223. [PMID: 32088827 PMCID: PMC7339126 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-020-10030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
KISS1, a metastasis suppressor gene, has been shown to block metastasis without affecting primary tumor formation. Loss of KISS1 leads to invasion and metastasis in multiple cancers, which is the leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. The discovery of KISS1 has provided a ray of hope for early clinical diagnosis and for designing effective treatments targeting metastatic cancer. However, this goal requires greater holistic understanding of its mechanism of action. In this review, we go back into history and highlight some key developments, from the discovery of KISS1 to its role in regulating multiple physiological processes including cancer. We discuss key emerging roles for KISS1, specifically interactions with tissue microenvironment to promote dormancy and regulation of tumor cell metabolism, acknowledged as some of the key players in tumor progression and metastasis. We finally discuss strategies whereby KISS1 might be exploited clinically to treat metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitaram Harihar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| | - Srijit Ray
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Samyukta Narayanan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Anirudh Santhoshkumar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Thuc Ly
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- The University Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- The University Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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9
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Dragan M, Nguyen MU, Guzman S, Goertzen C, Brackstone M, Dhillo WS, Bech PR, Clarke S, Abbara A, Tuck AB, Hess DA, Pine SR, Zong WX, Wondisford FE, Su X, Babwah AV, Bhattacharya M. G protein-coupled kisspeptin receptor induces metabolic reprograming and tumorigenesis in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:106. [PMID: 32034133 PMCID: PMC7005685 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly metastatic and deadly disease. TNBC tumors lack estrogen receptor (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 (ErbB2) and exhibit increased glutamine metabolism, a requirement for tumor growth. The G protein-coupled kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) is highly expressed in patient TNBC tumors and promotes malignant transformation of breast epithelial cells. This study found that TNBC patients displayed elevated plasma kisspeptin levels compared with healthy subjects. It also provides the first evidence that in addition to promoting tumor growth and metastasis in vivo, KISS1R-induced glutamine dependence of tumors. In addition, tracer-based metabolomics analyses revealed that KISS1R promoted glutaminolysis and nucleotide biosynthesis by increasing c-Myc and glutaminase levels, key regulators of glutamine metabolism. Overall, this study establishes KISS1R as a novel regulator of TNBC metabolism and metastasis, suggesting that targeting KISS1R could have therapeutic potential in the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dragan
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Mai-Uyen Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Stephania Guzman
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Cameron Goertzen
- Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Muriel Brackstone
- Department of Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul R Bech
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie Clarke
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ali Abbara
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alan B Tuck
- Department of Pathology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - David A Hess
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sharon R Pine
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Frederic E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Andy V Babwah
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Moshmi Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. .,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. .,Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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10
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Amelkina O, Tanyapanyachon P, Thongphakdee A, Chatdarong K. Identification of feline Kiss1 and distribution of immunoreactive kisspeptin in the hypothalamus of the domestic cat. J Reprod Dev 2019; 65:335-343. [PMID: 31142694 PMCID: PMC6708855 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2018-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the Kiss1 gene has been reported in a number of vertebrate species, and a substantial dataset has been acquired to demonstrate the critical role of
kisspeptins in the reproductive system; yet limited information is available for carnivores. In the present study, we identified and characterized feline Kiss1 by isolating
and cloning its full-length cDNA in the domestic cat hypothalamus and caracal testis, using the method of rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Additionally, we isolated and cloned the 3′ end of
Kiss1 cDNA, containing kisspeptin-10 (Kp10), from the ovaries of a clouded leopard and Siberian tiger. Nucleotide sequencing revealed that domestic cat
Kiss1 cDNA is of 711 base pairs and caracal Kiss1 cDNA is of 792 base pairs, both having an open reading frame of 450 base pairs, encoding a precursor
protein Kiss1 of 149 amino acids. The core sequence of the feline kisspeptin Kp10 was found to be identical in all species analyzed here and is highly conserved in other
vertebrate species. Using an anti-Kp10 antibody, we found the immunoreactive kisspeptin to be localized in the periventricular and infundibular nuclei of the cat hypothalamus. The results
show that kisspeptin is highly conserved among different feline families, and its immunoreactive distribution in the hypothalamus may indicate its physiological function in the domestic
cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Amelkina
- Research Unit of Obstetrics and Reproduction in Animals, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Prattana Tanyapanyachon
- Research Unit of Obstetrics and Reproduction in Animals, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ampika Thongphakdee
- Wildlife Reproductive Innovation Center, Bureau of Conservation and Research, Zoological Park Organization under the Royal Patronage of H.M. the King, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kaywalee Chatdarong
- Research Unit of Obstetrics and Reproduction in Animals, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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11
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KiSS1 in regulation of metastasis and response to antitumor drugs. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 42:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Noonan MM, Dragan M, Mehta MM, Hess DA, Brackstone M, Tuck AB, Viswakarma N, Rana A, Babwah AV, Wondisford FE, Bhattacharya M. The matrix protein Fibulin-3 promotes KISS1R induced triple negative breast cancer cell invasion. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30034-30052. [PMID: 30046386 PMCID: PMC6059025 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality. In particular, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) comprise a heterogeneous group of basal-like tumors lacking estrogen receptor (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2 (ErbB2). TNBC represents 15-20% of all breast cancers and occurs frequently in women under 50 years of age. Unfortunately, these patients lack targeted therapy, are typically high grade and metastatic at time of diagnosis. The mechanisms regulating metastasis remain poorly understood. We have previously shown that the kisspeptin receptor, KISS1R stimulates invasiveness of TNBC cells. In this report, we demonstrate that KISS1R signals via the secreted extracellular matrix protein, fibulin-3, to regulate TNBC invasion. We found that the fibulin-3 gene is amplified in TNBC primary tumors and that plasma fibulin-3 levels are elevated in TNBC patients compared to healthy subjects. In this study, we show that KISS1R activation increases fibulin-3 expression and secretion. We show that fibulin-3 regulates TNBC metastasis in a mouse experimental metastasis xenograft model and signals downstream of KISS1R to stimulate TNBC invasion, by activating matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and the MAPK pathway. These results identify fibulin-3 as a new downstream mediator of KISS1R signaling and as a potential biomarker for TNBC progression and metastasis, thus revealing KISS1R and fibulin-3 as novel drug targets in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Noonan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Magdalena Dragan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael M Mehta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - David A Hess
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Krembil Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Muriel Brackstone
- Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Surgical Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alan B Tuck
- Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,The Pamela Greenaway-Kohlmeier Translational Breast Cancer Research Unit, London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada
| | - Navin Viswakarma
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ajay Rana
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andy V Babwah
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Institute of NJ, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Frederic E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Child Health Institute of NJ, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Moshmi Bhattacharya
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Child Health Institute of NJ, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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13
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Manley SJ, Liu W, Welch DR. The KISS1 metastasis suppressor appears to reverse the Warburg effect by shifting from glycolysis to mitochondrial beta-oxidation. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:951-963. [PMID: 28597070 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The shift by cancer cells toward aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) confers selective advantages by utilizing nutrients (e.g., lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides) to build biomass. Lipogenesis is generally enhanced, and its inhibition diminishes proliferation and survival. Re-expression of the metastasis suppressor KISS1 in human melanoma cells results in greater mitochondrial biogenesis, inhibition of glycolysis, utilization of beta-oxidation to provide energy, elevated oxidation of exogenous fatty acids, and increased expression of early-phase lipogenesis genes at both mRNA and protein levels. Correspondingly, the energy sensor AMPKβ is phosphorylated, resulting in inhibitory phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is linked to enhanced beta-oxidation. Furthermore, PGC1α is required for KISS1-mediated phosphorylation of ACC and metastasis suppression. Collectively, these data further support the linkages between macromolecular metabolism and metastasis. KEY MESSAGES • KISS1 alters fatty acid metabolism. • There may be connections between metastasis and metabolism. • PGC1alpha appears to be downstream mediator of KISS1 metastasis suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon J Manley
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Mail Stop 1071, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Mail Stop 1071, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Duke University Cancer Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Mail Stop 1071, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Lawrence, KS, USA.
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14
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Ibáñez de Opakua A, Merino N, Villate M, Cordeiro TN, Ormaza G, Sánchez-Carbayo M, Diercks T, Bernadó P, Blanco FJ. The metastasis suppressor KISS1 is an intrinsically disordered protein slightly more extended than a random coil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172507. [PMID: 28207895 PMCID: PMC5313212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastasis suppressor KISS1 is reported to be involved in the progression of several solid neoplasias, making it a promising molecular target for controlling their metastasis. The KISS1 sequence contains an N-terminal secretion signal and several dibasic sequences that are proposed to be the proteolytic cleavage sites. We present the first structural characterization of KISS1 by circular dichroism, multi-angle light scattering, small angle X-Ray scattering and NMR spectroscopy. An analysis of the KISS1 backbone NMR chemical shifts does not reveal any preferential conformation and deviation from a random coil ensemble. The backbone 15N transverse relaxation times indicate a mildly reduced mobility for two regions that are rich in bulky residues. The small angle X-ray scattering curve of KISS1 is likewise consistent with a predominantly random coil ensemble, although an ensemble optimization analysis indicates some preference for more extended conformations possibly due to positive charge repulsion between the abundant basic residues. Our results support the hypothesis that KISS1 mostly samples a random coil conformational space, which is consistent with its high susceptibility to proteolysis and the generation of Kisspeptin fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tiago N. Cordeiro
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR 5048, Université Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Marta Sánchez-Carbayo
- Lucio Lascaray Research Center, Universidad del País Vasco, Vitoria, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Pau Bernadó
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR 5048, Université Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- * E-mail:
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15
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Stijnen P, Ramos-Molina B, O'Rahilly S, Creemers JWM. PCSK1 Mutations and Human Endocrinopathies: From Obesity to Gastrointestinal Disorders. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:347-71. [PMID: 27187081 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prohormone convertase 1/3, encoded by the PCSK1 gene, is a serine endoprotease that is involved in the processing of a variety of proneuropeptides and prohormones. Humans who are homozygous or compound heterozygous for loss-of-function mutations in PCSK1 exhibit a variable and pleiotropic syndrome consisting of some or all of the following: obesity, malabsorptive diarrhea, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, altered thyroid and adrenal function, and impaired regulation of plasma glucose levels in association with elevated circulating proinsulin-to-insulin ratio. Recently, more common variants in the PCSK1 gene have been found to be associated with alterations in body mass index, increased circulating proinsulin levels, and defects in glucose homeostasis. This review provides an overview of the endocrinopathies and other disorders observed in prohormone convertase 1/3-deficient patients, discusses the possible biochemical basis for these manifestations of the disease, and proposes a model whereby certain missense mutations in PCSK1 may result in proteins with a dominant negative action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Stijnen
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - John W M Creemers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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16
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Putteeraj M, Soga T, Ubuka T, Parhar IS. A "Timed" Kiss Is Essential for Reproduction: Lessons from Mammalian Studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:121. [PMID: 27630616 PMCID: PMC5005330 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is associated with the circadian system, primarily as a result of the connectivity between the biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and reproduction-regulating brain regions, such as preoptic area (POA), anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV), and arcuate nucleus (ARC). Networking of the central pacemaker to these hypothalamic brain regions is partly represented by close fiber appositions to specialized neurons, such as kisspeptin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons; accounting for rhythmic release of gonadotropins and sex steroids. Numerous studies have attempted to dissect the neurochemical properties of GnRH neurons, which possess intrinsic oscillatory features through the presence of clock genes to regulate the pulsatile and circadian secretion. However, less attention has been given to kisspeptin, the upstream regulator of GnRH and a potent mediator of reproductive functions including puberty. Kisspeptin exerts its stimulatory effects on GnRH secretion via its cognate Kiss-1R receptor that is co-expressed on GnRH neurons. Emerging studies have found that kisspeptin neurons oscillate on a circadian basis and that these neurons also express clock genes that are thought to regulate its rhythmic activities. Based on the fiber networks between the SCN and reproductive nuclei such as the POA, AVPV, and ARC, it is suggested that interactions among the central biological clock and reproductive neurons ensure optimal reproductive functionality. Within this neuronal circuitry, kisspeptin neuronal system is likely to "time" reproduction in a long term during development and aging, in a medium term to regulate circadian or estrus cycle, and in a short term to regulate pulsatile GnRH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Putteeraj
- Brain Research Institute (BRIMS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Tomoko Soga
- Brain Research Institute (BRIMS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Takayoshi Ubuka
- Brain Research Institute (BRIMS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar S. Parhar
- Brain Research Institute (BRIMS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Ishwar S. Parhar,
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17
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KISS1R signaling promotes invadopodia formation in human breast cancer cell via β-arrestin2/ERK. Cell Signal 2015; 28:165-176. [PMID: 26721186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Kisspeptins (KPs), peptide products of the KISS1 gene are endogenous ligands for the kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R), a G protein-coupled receptor. In numerous cancers, KISS1R signaling plays anti-metastatic roles. However, we have previously shown that in breast cancer cells lacking the estrogen receptor (ERα), kisspeptin-10 stimulates cell migration and invasion by cross-talking with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), via a β-arrestin-2-dependent mechanism. To further define the mechanisms by which KISS1R stimulates invasion, we determined the effect of down-regulating KISS1R expression in triple negative breast cancer cells. We found that depletion of KISS1R reduced their mesenchymal phenotype and invasiveness. We show for the first time that KISS1R signaling induces invadopodia formation and activation of key invadopodia proteins, cortactin, cofilin and membrane type I matrix metalloproteases (MT1-MMP). Moreover, KISS1R stimulated invadopodia formation occurs via a new pathway involving a β-arrestin2 and ERK1/2-dependent mechanism, independent of Src. Taken together, our findings suggest that targeting the KISS1R signaling axis might be a promising strategy to inhibit invasiveness and metastasis.
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18
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Burrows GG, Van't Hof W, Reddy AP, Wilmarth PA, David LL, Raber A, Bogaerts A, Timmerman L, Pinxteren J, Roobrouck VD, Deans RJ, Maziarz RT. Solution-Phase Crosstalk and Regulatory Interactions Between Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1436-49. [PMID: 26494783 PMCID: PMC4675500 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) are adult adherent stromal stem cells currently being assessed in clinical trials for acute graft versus host disease with demonstrated immunomodulatory capabilities and the potential to ameliorate detrimental autoimmune and inflammation-related processes. Anti-CD3/anti-CD28 (3/28) activation of T cells within the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) compartment was performed in the presence or absence of MAPCs. Liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry was used to characterize the differential secretion of proteins, and transcriptional profiling was used to monitor mRNA expression changes in both cell populations. Overall, 239 secreted and/or ectodomain-shed proteins were detected in the secretomes of PBMCs and MAPCs. In addition, 3/28 activation of PBMCs induced differential expression of 2,925 genes, and 22% of these transcripts were differentially expressed on exposure to MAPCs in Transwell. MAPCs exposed to 3/28-activated PBMCs showed differential expression of 1,247 MAPC genes. Crosstalk was demonstrated by reciprocal transcriptional regulation. Secretome proteins and transcriptional signatures were used to predict molecular activities by which MAPCs could dampen local and systemic inflammatory responses. These data support the hypothesis that MAPCs block PBMC proliferation via cell cycle arrest coupled to metabolic stress in the form of tryptophan depletion, resulting in GCN2 kinase activation, downstream signaling, and inhibition of cyclin D1 translation. These data also provide a plausible explanation for the immune privilege reported with administration of donor MAPCs. Although most components of the major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation pathway were markedly transcriptionally upregulated, cell surface expression of human leukocyte antigen-DR is minimal on MAPCs exposed to 3/28-activated PBMCs. SIGNIFICANCE This study documents experiments quantifying solution-phase crosstalk between multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The secretome and transcriptional changes quantified suggest mechanisms by which MAPCs are hypothesized to provide both local and systemic immunoregulation of inflammation. The potential impact of these studies includes development of a robust experimental framework to be used for preclinical evaluation of the specific mechanisms by which beneficial effects are obtained after treatment of patients with MAPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Burrows
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Wouter Van't Hof
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Athersys Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, USA National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ashok P Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Phillip A Wilmarth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Larry L David
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Amy Raber
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Athersys Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert J Deans
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Athersys Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, USA National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ReGenesys, Inc., Leuven, Belgium
| | - Richard T Maziarz
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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