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Zhang X, Zhu X, Bi X, Huang J, Zhou L. The Insulin Receptor: An Important Target for the Development of Novel Medicines and Pesticides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147793. [PMID: 35887136 PMCID: PMC9325136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane protein that is activated by ligands in insulin signaling pathways. The IR has been considered as a novel therapeutic target for clinical intervention, considering the overexpression of its protein and A-isoform in multiple cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, and Type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans. Meanwhile, it may also serve as a potential target in pest management due to its multiple physiological influences in insects. In this review, we provide an overview of the structural and molecular biology of the IR, functions of IRs in humans and insects, physiological and nonpeptide small molecule modulators of the IR, and the regulating mechanisms of the IR. Xenobiotic compounds and the corresponding insecticidal chemicals functioning on the IR are also discussed. This review is expected to provide useful information for a better understanding of human IR-related diseases, as well as to facilitate the development of novel small-molecule activators and inhibitors of the IR for use as medicines or pesticides.
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Yunn NO, Park M, Park S, Lee J, Noh J, Shin E, Ryu SH. A hotspot for enhancing insulin receptor activation revealed by a conformation-specific allosteric aptamer. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:700-712. [PMID: 33410883 PMCID: PMC7826266 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides that bind to a specific target with high affinity, and are widely applied in biomedical diagnostics and drug development. However, the use of aptamers has largely been limited to simple binders or inhibitors that interfere with the function of a target protein. Here, we show that an aptamer can also act as a positive allosteric modulator that enhances the activation of a receptor by stabilizing the binding of a ligand to that receptor. We developed an aptamer, named IR-A43, which binds to the insulin receptor, and confirmed that IR-A43 and insulin bind to the insulin receptor with mutual positive cooperativity. IR-A43 alone is inactive, but, in the presence of insulin, it potentiates autophosphorylation and downstream signaling of the insulin receptor. By using the species-specific activity of IR-A43 at the human insulin receptor, we demonstrate that residue Q272 in the cysteine-rich domain is directly involved in the insulin-enhancing activity of IR-A43. Therefore, we propose that the region containing residue Q272 is a hotspot that can be used to enhance insulin receptor activation. Moreover, our study implies that aptamers are promising reagents for the development of allosteric modulators that discriminate a specific conformation of a target receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Oh Yunn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Mangeun Park
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongeun Park
- Postech Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongeun Noh
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Euisu Shin
- Aptamer Sciences, Inc., Seongnam 13605, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Ryu
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.,School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Ashraf A, Palakkott A, Ayoub MA. Anti-Insulin Receptor Antibodies in the Pathology and Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021; 17:198-206. [PMID: 32496987 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666200604122345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is recognized as the most common and the world's fastest-growing chronic disease with severe complications leading to increased mortality. Many strategies exist for the management of DM and its control, including treatment with insulin and insulin analogs, oral hypoglycemic therapy such as insulin secretion stimulators and insulin sensitizers, and diet and physical training. Over the years, many types of drugs and molecules with an interesting pharmacological diversity have been developed and proposed for their anti-diabetic potential. Such molecules target diverse key receptors, enzymes, and regulatory/signaling proteins known to be directly or indirectly involved in the pathophysiology of DM. Among them, insulin receptor (IR) is undoubtedly the target of choice for its central role in insulin-mediated glucose homeostasis and its utilization by the major insulin-sensitive tissues such as skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, and the liver. In this review, we focus on the implication of antibodies targeting IR in the pathology of DM as well as the recent advances in the development of IR antibodies as promising anti-diabetic drugs. The challenge still entails development of more powerful, highly selective, and safer anti-diabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshida Ashraf
- Department of Biology, College of Science, The United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulrasheed Palakkott
- Department of Biology, College of Science, The United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- Department of Biology, College of Science, The United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Han B, Salituro FG, Blanco MJ. Impact of Allosteric Modulation in Drug Discovery: Innovation in Emerging Chemical Modalities. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1810-1819. [PMID: 33062158 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen an unprecedented level of innovation in allosteric drug discovery and development, with multiple drug candidates advancing into clinical studies. From early examples of allosteric drugs like GABAA receptor modulators (benzodiazepines) in the 1960s to more recent GPCR negative allosteric modulators of CCR5 (maraviroc) approved in 2007, the opportunities for interrogating allosteric sites in drug discovery have expanded to other target classes such as protein-protein interactions, kinases, and nuclear hormone receptors. In this Innovation Letter, the authors highlight the latest advances of allosteric drug discovery from different target classes and novel emerging chemical modalities beyond small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingsong Han
- Medicinal Chemistry. Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Francesco G. Salituro
- Medicinal Chemistry. Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Maria-Jesus Blanco
- Medicinal Chemistry. Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Sikimic J, Hoffmeister T, Gresch A, Kaiser J, Barthlen W, Wolke C, Wieland I, Lendeckel U, Krippeit-Drews P, Düfer M, Drews G. Possible New Strategies for the Treatment of Congenital Hyperinsulinism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:545638. [PMID: 33193079 PMCID: PMC7653201 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.545638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a rare disease characterized by persistent hypoglycemia as a result of inappropriate insulin secretion, which can lead to irreversible neurological defects in infants. Poor efficacy and strong adverse effects of the current medications impede successful treatment. The aim of the study was to investigate new approaches to silence β-cells and thus attenuate insulin secretion. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In the scope of our research, we tested substances more selective and more potent than the gold standard diazoxide that also interact with neuroendocrine ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels. Additionally, KATP channel-independent targets as Ca2+-activated K+ channels of intermediate conductance (KCa3.1) and L-type Ca2+ channels were investigated. Experiments were performed using human islet cell clusters isolated from tissue of CHI patients (histologically classified as pathological) and islet cell clusters obtained from C57BL/6N (WT) or SUR1 knockout (SUR1-/-) mice. The cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) was used as a parameter for the pathway regulated by electrical activity and was determined by fura-2 fluorescence. The mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ) was determined by rhodamine 123 fluorescence and single channel currents were measured by the patch-clamp technique. RESULTS The selective KATP channel opener NN414 (5 µM) diminished [Ca2+]c in isolated human CHI islet cell clusters and WT mouse islet cell clusters stimulated with 10 mM glucose. In islet cell clusters lacking functional KATP channels (SUR1-/-) the drug was without effect. VU0071063 (30 µM), another KATP channel opener considered to be selective, lowered [Ca2+]c in human CHI islet cell clusters. The compound was also effective in islet cell clusters from SUR1-/- mice, showing that [Ca2+]c is influenced by additional effects besides KATP channels. Contrasting to NN414, the drug depolarized ΔΨ in murine islet cell clusters pointing to severe interference with mitochondrial metabolism. An opener of KCa3.1 channels, DCEBIO (100 µM), significantly decreased [Ca2+]c in SUR1-/- and human CHI islet cell clusters. To target L-type Ca2+ channels we tested two already approved drugs, dextromethorphan (DXM) and simvastatin. DXM (100 µM) efficiently diminished [Ca2+]c in stimulated human CHI islet cell clusters as well as in stimulated SUR1-/- islet cell clusters. Similar effects on [Ca2+]c were observed in experiments with simvastatin (7.2 µM). CONCLUSIONS NN414 seems to provide a good alternative to the currently used KATP channel opener diazoxide. Targeting KCa3.1 channels by channel openers or L-type Ca2+ channels by DXM or simvastatin might be valuable approaches for treatment of CHI caused by mutations of KATP channels not sensitive to KATP channel openers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Sikimic
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Theresa Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anne Gresch
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Kaiser
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Winfried Barthlen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carmen Wolke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ilse Wieland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Lendeckel
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Krippeit-Drews
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Peter Krippeit-Drews,
| | - Martina Düfer
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Gisela Drews
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Meijer FA, Leijten-van de Gevel IA, de Vries RMJM, Brunsveld L. Allosteric small molecule modulators of nuclear receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 485:20-34. [PMID: 30703487 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear Receptors (NRs) are multi-domain proteins, whose natural regulation occurs via ligands for a classical, orthosteric, binding pocket and via intra- and inter-domain allosteric mechanisms. Allosteric modulation of NRs via synthetic small molecules has recently emerged as an interesting entry to address the need for small molecules targeting NRs in pathology, via novel modes of action and with beneficial profiles. In this review the general concept of allosteric modulation in drug discovery is first discussed, serving as a background and inspiration for NRs. Subsequently, the review focuses on examples of small molecules that allosterically modulate NRs, with a strong focus on structural information and the ligand binding domain. Recently discovered nanomolar potent allosteric site NR modulators are catapulting allosteric targeting of NRs to the center of attention. The obtained insights serve as a basis for recommendations for the next steps to take in allosteric small molecular targeting of NRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke A Meijer
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612AZ, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Iris A Leijten-van de Gevel
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612AZ, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rens M J M de Vries
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612AZ, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612AZ, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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Smith TJ, Janssen JAMJL. Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor and Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:236-267. [PMID: 30215690 PMCID: PMC6338478 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a complex disease process presumed to emerge from autoimmunity occurring in the thyroid gland, most frequently in Graves disease (GD). It is disfiguring and potentially blinding, culminating in orbital tissue remodeling and disruption of function of structures adjacent to the eye. There are currently no medical therapies proven capable of altering the clinical outcome of TAO in randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trials. The orbital fibroblast represents the central target for immune reactivity. Recent identification of fibroblasts that putatively originate in the bone marrow as monocyte progenitors provides a plausible explanation for why antigens, the expressions of which were once considered restricted to the thyroid, are detected in the TAO orbit. These cells, known as fibrocytes, express relatively high levels of functional TSH receptor (TSHR) through which they can be activated by TSH and the GD-specific pathogenic antibodies that underpin thyroid overactivity. Fibrocytes also express insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) with which TSHR forms a physical and functional signaling complex. Notably, inhibition of IGF-IR activity results in the attenuation of signaling initiated at either receptor. Some studies suggest that IGF-IR-activating antibodies are generated in GD, whereas others refute this concept. These observations served as the rationale for implementing a recently completed therapeutic trial of teprotumumab, a monoclonal inhibitory antibody targeting IGF-IR in TAO. Results of that trial in active, moderate to severe disease revealed dramatic and rapid reductions in disease activity and severity. The targeting of IGF-IR with specific biologic agents may represent a paradigm shift in the therapy of TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Salehi M, Vella A, McLaughlin T, Patti ME. Hypoglycemia After Gastric Bypass Surgery: Current Concepts and Controversies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2815-2826. [PMID: 30101281 PMCID: PMC6692713 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hypoglycemia, occurring after bariatric and other forms of upper gastrointestinal surgery, is increasingly encountered by clinical endocrinologists. The true frequency of this condition remains uncertain, due, in part, to differences in the diagnostic criteria and in the affected populations, as well as relative lack of patient and physician awareness and understanding of this condition. Postbariatric hypoglycemia can be severe and disabling for some patients, with neuroglycopenia (altered cognition, seizures, and loss of consciousness) leading to falls, motor vehicle accidents, and job and income loss. Moreover, repeated episodes of hypoglycemia can result in hypoglycemia unawareness, further impairing safety and requiring the assistance of others to treat hypoglycemia. OBJECTIVE In this review, we summarize and integrate data from studies of patients affected by hypoglycemia after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, obtained from PubMed searches (1990 to 2017) and reference searches of relevant retrieved articles. Whereas hypoglycemia can also be observed after sleeve gastrectomy and fundoplication, this review is focused on post-RYGB, given the greater body of published clinical studies at present. OUTCOME MEASURES Data addressing specific aspects of diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment were reviewed by the authors; when not available, the authors have provided opinions based on clinical experience with this challenging condition. CONCLUSIONS Hypoglycemia, occurring after gastric bypass surgery, is challenging for patients and physicians alike. This review provides a systematic approach to diagnosis and treatment based on the underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Salehi
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | | | - Mary-Elizabeth Patti
- Research and Clinic Divisions, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Mary-Elizabeth Patti, MD, Research and Clinic Divisions, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, Massachusetts 02215. E-mail:
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Hinke SA, Cieniewicz AM, Kirchner T, D'Aquino K, Nanjunda R, Aligo J, Perkinson R, Cooper P, Boayke K, Chiu ML, Jarantow S, Lacy ER, Liang Y, Johnson DL, Whaley JM, Lingham RB, Kihm AJ. Unique pharmacology of a novel allosteric agonist/sensitizer insulin receptor monoclonal antibody. Mol Metab 2018; 10:87-99. [PMID: 29453154 PMCID: PMC5985231 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Insulin resistance is a key feature of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), and improving insulin sensitivity is important for disease management. Allosteric modulation of the insulin receptor (IR) with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can enhance insulin sensitivity and restore glycemic control in animal models of T2D. Methods A novel human mAb, IRAB-A, was identified by phage screening using competition binding and surface plasmon resonance assays with the IR extracellular domain. Cell based assays demonstrated agonist and sensitizer effects of IRAB-A on IR and Akt phosphorylation, as well as glucose uptake. Lean and diet-induced obese mice were used to characterize single-dose in vivo pharmacological effects of IRAB-A; multiple-dose IRAB-A effects were tested in obese mice. Results In vitro studies indicate that IRAB-A exhibits sensitizer and agonist properties distinct from insulin on the IR and is translated to downstream signaling and function; IRAB-A bound specifically and allosterically to the IR and stabilized insulin binding. A single dose of IRAB-A given to lean mice rapidly reduced fed blood glucose for approximately 2 weeks, with concomitant reduced insulin levels suggesting improved insulin sensitivity. Phosphorylated IR (pIR) from skeletal muscle and liver were increased by IRAB-A; however, phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) levels were only elevated in skeletal muscle and not liver vs. control; immunochemistry analysis (IHC) confirmed the long-lived persistence of IRAB-A in skeletal muscle and liver. Studies in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice with IRAB-A reduced fed blood glucose and insulinemia yet impaired glucose tolerance and led to protracted insulinemia during a meal challenge. Conclusion Collectively, the data suggest IRAB-A acts allosterically on the insulin receptor acting non-competitively with insulin to both activate the receptor and enhance insulin signaling. While IRAB-A produced a decrease in blood glucose in lean mice, the data in DIO mice indicated an exacerbation of insulin resistance; these data were unexpected and suggested the interplay of complex unknown pharmacology. Taken together, this work suggests that IRAB-A may be an important tool to explore insulin receptor signaling and pharmacology. A novel anti-insulin receptor monoclonal antibody (IRAB-A) was identified that has both agonist and sensitizing activities. IRAB-A increases the receptor's affinity for insulin by binding to an allosteric site and does not compete with insulin. Mice injected once with IRAB-A show improved glycemia and reduced insulinemia, indicative of enhanced insulin sensitivity. In diet induced obese mice, the insulin sensitizing effect of IRAB-A appears to depend on the degree of insulin resistance. Chronic treatment of obese mice showed mixed effects on glucose homeostasis under normal fed or meal challenged conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Hinke
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Therapeutic Area, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA.
| | - Anne M Cieniewicz
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House PA 19477, USA
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Therapeutic Area, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Katharine D'Aquino
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Therapeutic Area, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Rupesh Nanjunda
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House PA 19477, USA
| | - Jason Aligo
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House PA 19477, USA
| | - Robert Perkinson
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House PA 19477, USA
| | - Philip Cooper
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House PA 19477, USA
| | - Ken Boayke
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House PA 19477, USA
| | - Mark L Chiu
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House PA 19477, USA
| | - Steve Jarantow
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House PA 19477, USA
| | - Eilyn R Lacy
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House PA 19477, USA
| | - Yin Liang
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Therapeutic Area, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Dana L Johnson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Therapeutic Area, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Jean M Whaley
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Therapeutic Area, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Russell B Lingham
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House PA 19477, USA
| | - Anthony J Kihm
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House PA 19477, USA.
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Changeux JP, Christopoulos A. Allosteric modulation as a unifying mechanism for receptor function and regulation. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19 Suppl 1:4-21. [PMID: 28880476 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Four major receptor families enable cells to respond to chemical and physical signals from their proximal environment. The ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels, G-protein-coupled receptors, nuclear hormone receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases are all allosteric proteins that carry multiple, spatially distinct, yet conformationally linked ligand-binding sites. Recent studies point to common mechanisms governing the allosteric transitions of these receptors, including the impact of oligomerization, pre-existing and functionally distinct conformational ensembles, intrinsically disordered regions, and the occurrence of allosteric modulatory sites. Importantly, synthetic allosteric modulators are being discovered for these receptors, providing an enriched, yet challenging, landscape for novel therapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Allosteric Regulation/drug effects
- Allosteric Site/drug effects
- Animals
- Binding Sites/drug effects
- Dimerization
- Drug Discovery/trends
- Drugs, Investigational/chemistry
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacology
- Humans
- Ligand-Gated Ion Channels/agonists
- Ligand-Gated Ion Channels/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ligand-Gated Ion Channels/chemistry
- Ligand-Gated Ion Channels/metabolism
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Conformation/drug effects
- Protein Multimerization/drug effects
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/agonists
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels/chemistry
- Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052 Parkville, Australia
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11
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Allosteric Modulation as a Unifying Mechanism for Receptor Function and Regulation. Cell 2016; 166:1084-1102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
The drug discovery landscape has been transformed over the past decade by the discovery of allosteric modulators of all major mammalian receptor superfamilies. Allosteric ligands are a rich potential source of drugs and drug targets with clear therapeutic advantages. G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels and intracellular nuclear hormone receptors have all been targeted by allosteric modulators. More recently, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) has been targeted by an extracellular small-molecule allosteric modulator. Allosteric mechanisms of structurally distinct molecules that target the various receptor families are more alike than originally anticipated and include selectivity, orthosteric probe dependence and pathway-biased signaling.
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13
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Abstract
Associated with the obesity epidemic, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the leading liver disease in North America. Approximately 30 % of patients with NAFLD may develop non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Frequently animal models are used to help identify underlying factors contributing to NAFLD including insulin resistance, dysregulated lipid metabolism and mitochondrial stress. However, studying the inflammatory, progressive nature of NASH in the context of obesity has proven to be a challenge in mice. Although the development of effective treatment strategies for NAFLD and NASH is gaining momentum, the field is hindered by a lack of a concise animal model that reflects the development of liver disease during obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Therefore, selecting an animal model to study NAFLD or NASH must be done carefully to ensure the optimal application. The most widely used animal models have been reviewed highlighting their advantages and disadvantages to studying NAFLD and NASH specifically in the context of obesity.
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14
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Wu M, Dai G, Yao J, Hoyt S, Wang L, Mu J. Potentiation of insulin-mediated glucose lowering without elevated hypoglycemia risk by a small molecule insulin receptor modulator. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122012. [PMID: 25799496 PMCID: PMC4370409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is the key feature of type 2 diabetes and is manifested as attenuated insulin receptor (IR) signaling in response to same levels of insulin binding. Several small molecule IR activators have been identified and reported to exhibit insulin sensitization properties. One of these molecules, TLK19781 (Cmpd1), was investigated to examine its IR sensitizing action in vivo. Our data demonstrate that Cmpd1, at doses that produced minimal efficacy in the absence of insulin, potentiated insulin action during an OGTT in non-diabetic mice and enhanced insulin-mediated glucose lowering in diabetic mice. Interestingly, different from insulin alone, Cmpd1 combined with insulin showed enhanced efficacy and duration of action without increased hypoglycemia. To explore the mechanism underlying the apparent glucose dependent efficacy, tissue insulin signaling was compared in healthy and diabetic mice. Cmpd1 enhanced insulin’s effects on IR phosphorylation in both healthy and diabetic mice. In contrast, the compound potentiated insulin’s effects on Akt phosphorylation in diabetic but not in non-diabetic mice. These differential effects on signaling corresponding to glucose levels could be part of the mechanism for reduced hypoglycemia risk. The in vivo efficacy of Cmpd1 is specific and dependent on IR expression. Results from these studies support the idea of targeting IR for insulin sensitization, which carries low hypoglycemia risk by standalone treatment and could improve the effectiveness of insulin therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Wu
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, United States of America
| | - Ge Dai
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, United States of America
| | - Jun Yao
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, United States of America
| | - Scott Hoyt
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, United States of America
| | - Liangsu Wang
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, United States of America
| | - James Mu
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Issafras H, Bedinger DH, Corbin JA, Goldfine ID, Bhaskar V, White ML, Rubin P, Scannon PJ. Selective allosteric antibodies to the insulin receptor for the treatment of hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic disorders. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2014; 8:865-73. [PMID: 24876415 PMCID: PMC4764207 DOI: 10.1177/1932296814529886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Many therapeutic monoclonal antibodies act as antagonists to receptors by targeting and blocking the natural ligand binding site (orthosteric site). In contrast, the use of antibodies to target receptors at allosteric sites (distinct from the orthosteric site) has not been extensively studied. This approach is especially important in metabolic diseases in which endogenous ligand levels are dysregulated. Herein, we review our investigations of 3 categories of human monoclonal antibodies that bind allosterically to the insulin receptor (INSR) and affect its activity: XMetA, XMetS and XMetD. XMetA directly activates the INSR either alone or in combination with insulin. XMetS, in contrast, does not directly activate the INSR but markedly enhances the receptor's ability to bind insulin and potentiate insulin signaling. Both XMetA and XMetS are effective in controlling hyperglycemia in mouse models of diabetes. A third allosteric antibody, XMetD, is an inhibitor of INSR signaling. This antibody reverses insulin-induced hypoglycemia in a mouse model of hyperinsulinemia. These studies indicate, therefore, that allosteric antibodies to INSR can modulate its signaling and correct conditions of glucose dysregulation. These studies also raise the possibility that the use of allosteric antibodies can be expanded to other receptors for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John A Corbin
- Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ira D Goldfine
- Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, CA, USA Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Vinay Bhaskar
- Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mark L White
- Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Paul Rubin
- Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, CA, USA
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