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Sreelakshmi BJ, Karthika CL, Ahalya S, Kalpana SR, Kartha CC, Sumi S. Mechanoresponsive ETS1 causes endothelial dysfunction and arterialization in varicose veins via NOTCH4/DLL4 signaling. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151420. [PMID: 38759515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Varicose veins are the most common venous disorder in humans and are characterized by hemodynamic instability due to valvular insufficiency and orthostatic lifestyle factors. It is unclear how changes in biomechanical signals cause aberrant remodeling of the vein wall. Our previous studies suggest that Notch signaling is implicated in varicose vein arterialization. In the arterial system, mechanoresponsive ETS1 is a transcriptional activator of the endothelial Notch, but its involvement in sensing disrupted venous flow and varicose vein formation has not been investigated. Here, we use human varicose veins and cultured human venous endothelial cells to show that disturbed venous shear stress activates ETS1-NOTCH4/DLL4 signaling. Notch components were highly expressed in the neointima, whereas ETS1 was upregulated in all histological layers of varicose veins. In vitro microfluidic flow-based studies demonstrate that even minute changes in venous flow patterns enhance ETS1-NOTCH4/DLL4 signaling. Uniform venous shear stress, albeit an inherently low-flow system, does not induce ETS1 and Notch proteins. ETS1 activation under altered flow was mediated primarily by MEK1/2 and, to a lesser extent, by MEK5 but was independent of p38 MAP kinase. Endothelial cell-specific ETS1 knockdown prevented disturbed flow-induced NOTCH4/DLL4 expression. TK216, an inhibitor of ETS-family, prevented the acquisition of arterial molecular identity and loss of endothelial integrity in cells exposed to the ensuing altered shear stress. We conclude that ETS1 senses blood flow disturbances and may promote venous remodeling by inducing endothelial dysfunction. Targeting ETS1 rather than downstream Notch proteins could be an effective and safe strategy to develop varicose vein therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Sreelakshmi
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
| | - C L Karthika
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
| | - S Ahalya
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - S R Kalpana
- Sri Jayadeva Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences & Research, Bangalore 570016, India
| | - C C Kartha
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
| | - S Sumi
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India.
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2
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Chen T, Liu P, Zhang C, Jin S, Kong Y, Feng Y, Sun Z. Pathophysiology and Genetic Associations of Varicose Veins: A Narrative Review. Angiology 2024:33197241227598. [PMID: 38226614 DOI: 10.1177/00033197241227598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Varicose veins (VVs) have a high prevalence worldwide and have become a major medical burden. Their pathophysiology involves a complex interplay of inflammation and tissue remodeling, and current treatment is limited by its impact on the pathophysiological mechanisms. In addition, despite clear environmental factors, family history is an important risk factor, suggesting a genetic component to the risk of developing VVs. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases has benefited greatly from the expansion of population genetic studies, from pioneering family studies to large genome-wide association studies; we now find multiple risk loci for each venous disease. This review considers the pathophysiology of VVs, highlighting the current state of genetic knowledge. We also propose future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chenguang Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yuhu Kong
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yanan Feng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Ziqiang Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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3
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Karthika CL, Venugopal V, Sreelakshmi BJ, Krithika S, Thomas JM, Abraham M, Kartha CC, Rajavelu A, Sumi S. Oscillatory shear stress modulates Notch-mediated endothelial mesenchymal plasticity in cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:22. [PMID: 36934253 PMCID: PMC10024393 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (cAVM) are a significant cause of intracranial hemorrhagic stroke and brain damage. The arteriovenous junctions in AVM nidus are known to have hemodynamic disturbances such as altered shear stress, which could lead to endothelial dysfunction. The molecular mechanisms coupling shear stress and endothelial dysfunction in cAVMs are poorly understood. We speculated that disturbed blood flow in artery-vein junctions activates Notch receptors and promotes endothelial mesenchymal plasticity during cAVM formation. METHODS We investigated the expression profile of endothelial mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and cell adhesion markers, as well as activated Notch receptors, in 18 human cAVM samples and 15 control brain tissues, by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical evaluation. Employing a combination of a microfluidic system, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, as well as invasion and inhibitor assays, the effects of various shear stress conditions on Notch-induced EndMT and invasive potential of human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/d3) were analyzed. RESULTS We found evidence for EndMT and enhanced expression of activated Notch intracellular domain (NICD3 and NICD4) in human AVM nidus samples. The expression of transmembrane adhesion receptor integrin α9/β1 is significantly reduced in cAVM nidal vessels. Cell-cell adhesion proteins such as VE-cadherin and N-cadherin were differentially expressed in AVM nidus compared with control brain tissues. Using well-characterized hCMECs, we show that altered fluid shear stress steers Notch3 nuclear translocation and promotes SNAI1/2 expression and nuclear localization. Oscillatory flow downregulates integrin α9/β1 and VE-cadherin expression, while N-cadherin expression and endothelial cell invasiveness are augmented. Gamma-secretase inhibitor RO4929097, and to a lesser level DAPT, prevent the mesenchymal transition and invasiveness of cerebral microvascular endothelial cells exposed to oscillatory fluid flow. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides, for the first time, evidence for the role of oscillatory shear stress in mediating the EndMT process and dysregulated expression of cell adhesion molecules, especially multifunctional integrin α9/β1 in human cAVM nidus. Concomitantly, our findings indicate the potential use of small-molecular inhibitors such as RO4929097 in the less-invasive therapeutic management of cAVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Karthika
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Vani Venugopal
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - B J Sreelakshmi
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - S Krithika
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Jaya Mary Thomas
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Mathew Abraham
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695011, India
| | - C C Kartha
- Department of Neurology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Arumugam Rajavelu
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
| | - S Sumi
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India.
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4
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Costa D, Andreucci M, Ielapi N, Serraino GF, Mastroroberto P, Bracale UM, Serra R. Molecular Determinants of Chronic Venous Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031928. [PMID: 36768250 PMCID: PMC9916309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Venous Disease (CVD) refers to several pathological and hemodynamic alterations of the veins of lower limbs causing a wide range of symptoms and signs with a high prevalence in the general population and with disabling consequences in the most severe forms. The etiology and pathophysiology of CVD is complex and multifactorial, involving genetic, proteomic, and cellular mechanisms that result in changes to the venous structure and functions. Expressions of several genes associated with angiogenesis, vascular development, and the regulation of veins are responsible for the susceptibility to CVD. Current evidence shows that several extracellular matrix alterations (ECM) could be identified and in some cases pharmacologically targeted. This review shows the most up to date information on molecular determinants of CVD in order to provide a complete overview of the current knowledge on this topic. In particular, the article explores the genetic influence, the hormonal influence, ECM imbalance, and histopathology of CVD and the role of endothelial dysfunction in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Costa
- Department of Law, Economics and Sociology, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Andreucci
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Ielapi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Filiberto Serraino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pasquale Mastroroberto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Serra
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence:
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5
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Lee ML, Liang C, Chuang CH, Lee PS, Chen TH, Sun S, Liao KW, Huang HD. A genome-wide association study for varicose veins. Phlebology 2022; 37:267-278. [DOI: 10.1177/02683555211069248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim was to compare the genetic information of varicose vein patients with that of a healthy population attempting to identify certain significant genetic associations. Method Patients’ clinical characteristics and demographics were collected, and their genetic samples were examined. The results were compared to the genetic information of one thousand sex-matched healthy controls from Taiwan Biobank database. The Clinical-Etiology-Anatomy-Pathophysiology classification was applied for further subgroup analysis. Results After comparison of genetic information of ninety-six patients to that of healthy controls, two significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. One was in DPYSL2 gene, and the other was in VSTM2L gene. A further comparison between C2-3 patient subgroup and C4-6 subgroup identified another four significant SNPs, which were located in ZNF664-FAM101A, PHF2, ACOT11, and TOM1L1 genes. Conclusion Our preliminary result identified six significant SNPs located in six different genes. All of them and their genetic products may warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Lin Lee
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Republic of China
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Republic of China
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Republic of China
| | - Chao Liang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Republic of China
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chuang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Republic of China
| | - Pei-Shyuan Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Thay-Hsiung Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Shen Sun
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Kuang-Wen Liao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Republic of China
| | - Hsien-Da Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Republic of China
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Republic of China
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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6
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Shear Stress Alterations Activate BMP4/pSMAD5 Signaling and Induce Endothelial Mesenchymal Transition in Varicose Veins. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123563. [PMID: 34944071 PMCID: PMC8700678 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic venous diseases, including varicose veins, are characterized by hemodynamic disturbances due to valve defects, venous insufficiency, and orthostatism. Veins are physiologically low shear stress systems, and how altered hemodynamics drives focal endothelial dysfunction and causes venous remodeling is unknown. Here we demonstrate the occurrence of endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in human varicose veins. Moreover, the BMP4-pSMAD5 pathway was robustly upregulated in varicose veins. In vitro flow-based assays using human vein, endothelial cells cultured in microfluidic chambers show that even minimal disturbances in shear stress as may occur in early stages of venous insufficiency induce BMP4-pSMAD5-based phenotype switching. Furthermore, low shear stress at uniform laminar pattern does not induce EndMT in venous endothelial cells. Targeting the BMP4-pSMAD5 pathway with small molecule inhibitor LDN193189 reduced SNAI1/2 expression in venous endothelial cells exposed to disturbed flow. TGFβ inhibitor SB505124 was less efficient in inhibiting EndMT in venous endothelial cells exposed to disturbed flow. We conclude that disturbed shear stress, even in the absence of any oscillatory flow, induces EndMT in varicose veins via activation of BMP4/pSMAD5-SNAI1/2 signaling. The present findings serve as a rationale for the possible use of small molecular mechanotherapeutics in the management of varicose veins.
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7
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Ortega MA, Fraile-Martínez O, García-Montero C, Pekarek L, Alvarez-Mon MA, Guijarro LG, Del Carmen Boyano M, Sainz F, Álvarez-Mon M, Buján J, García-Honduvilla N, Asúnsolo Á. Tissue remodelling and increased DNA damage in patients with incompetent valves in chronic venous insufficiency. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:7878-7889. [PMID: 34148301 PMCID: PMC8358866 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), in which blood return to the heart is impaired, is a prevalent condition worldwide. Valve incompetence is a complication of CVI that results in blood reflux, thereby aggravating venous hypertension. While CVI has a complex course and is known to produce alterations in the vein wall, the underlying pathological mechanisms remain unclear. This study examined the presence of DNA damage, pro‐inflammatory cytokines and extracellular matrix remodelling in CVI‐related valve incompetence. One hundred and ten patients with CVI were reviewed and divided into four groups according to age (<50 and ≥50 years) and a clinical diagnosis of venous reflux indicating venous system valve incompetence (R) (n = 81) or no reflux (NR) (n = 29). In vein specimens (greater saphenous vein) from each group, PARP, IL‐17, COL‐I, COL‐III, MMP‐2 and TIMP‐2 expression levels were determined by RT‐qPCR and immunohistochemistry. The younger patients with valve incompetence showed significantly higher PARP, IL‐17, COL‐I, COL‐III, MMP‐2 and reduced TIMP‐2 expression levels and a higher COL‐I/III ratio. Young CVI patients with venous reflux suffer chronic DNA damage, with consequences at both the local tissue and systemic levels, possibly associated with ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Cancer Registry and Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Oscar Fraile-Martínez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Cielo García-Montero
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Leonel Pekarek
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis G Guijarro
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of System Biology, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Del Carmen Boyano
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of System Biology, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Felipe Sainz
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Angiology and Vascular Surgery Service, Central University Hospital of Defence-UAH Madrid, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain.,Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology, Oncology Service and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Julia Buján
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalio García-Honduvilla
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Asúnsolo
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of System Biology, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Karthika CL, Ahalya S, Radhakrishnan N, Kartha CC, Sumi S. Hemodynamics mediated epigenetic regulators in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:125-143. [PMID: 32844345 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium of blood vessels is continuously exposed to various hemodynamic forces. Flow-mediated epigenetic plasticity regulates vascular endothelial function. Recent studies have highlighted the significant role of mechanosensing-related epigenetics in localized endothelial dysfunction and the regional susceptibility for lesions in vascular diseases. In this article, we review the epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA de/methylation, histone modifications, as well as non-coding RNAs in promoting endothelial dysfunction in major arterial and venous diseases, consequent to hemodynamic alterations. We also discuss the current challenges and future prospects for the use of mechanoepigenetic mediators as biomarkers of early stages of vascular diseases and dysregulated mechanosensing-related epigenetic regulators as therapeutic targets in various vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Karthika
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - S Ahalya
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - N Radhakrishnan
- St.Thomas Institute of Research on Venous Diseases, Changanassery, Kerala, India
| | - C C Kartha
- Society for Continuing Medical Education & Research (SOCOMER), Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - S Sumi
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India.
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9
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Welsh JD, Hoofnagle MH, Bamezai S, Oxendine M, Lim L, Hall JD, Yang J, Schultz S, Engel JD, Kume T, Oliver G, Jimenez JM, Kahn ML. Hemodynamic regulation of perivalvular endothelial gene expression prevents deep venous thrombosis. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:5489-5500. [PMID: 31710307 DOI: 10.1172/jci124791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and secondary pulmonary embolism cause approximately 100,000 deaths per year in the United States. Physical immobility is the most significant risk factor for DVT, but a molecular and cellular basis for this link has not been defined. We found that the endothelial cells surrounding the venous valve, where DVTs originate, express high levels of FOXC2 and PROX1, transcription factors known to be activated by oscillatory shear stress. The perivalvular venous endothelial cells exhibited a powerful antithrombotic phenotype characterized by low levels of the prothrombotic proteins vWF, P-selectin, and ICAM1 and high levels of the antithrombotic proteins thrombomodulin (THBD), endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). The perivalvular antithrombotic phenotype was lost following genetic deletion of FOXC2 or femoral artery ligation to reduce venous flow in mice, and at the site of origin of human DVT associated with fatal pulmonary embolism. Oscillatory blood flow was detected at perivalvular sites in human veins following muscular activity, but not in the immobile state or after activation of an intermittent compression device designed to prevent DVT. These findings support a mechanism of DVT pathogenesis in which loss of muscular activity results in loss of oscillatory shear-dependent transcriptional and antithrombotic phenotypes in perivalvular venous endothelial cells, and suggest that prevention of DVT and pulmonary embolism may be improved by mechanical devices specifically designed to restore perivalvular oscillatory flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Welsh
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark H Hoofnagle
- Department of Surgery, Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sharika Bamezai
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Oxendine
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lillian Lim
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua D Hall
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jisheng Yang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susan Schultz
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Juan M Jimenez
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark L Kahn
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Zhou Z, Ou X, Zou Q, Chu L, Quan X, Chen Y, Liu Y. Functional polymorphisms in FOXC2 gene and Epithelial ovarian Cancer susceptibility in Chinese population. J Ovarian Res 2020; 13:34. [PMID: 32222147 PMCID: PMC7103066 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-020-00634-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is highly lethal gynecological cancer. Forkhead Box Protein C2 (FOXC2) promotes occurrence and development of various malignant tumors. The present study is aimed at exploring the correlation between the polymorphism of FOXC2 and epithelial ovarian cancer susceptibility in Chinese Han population. Methods A case-control design was used to verify the association between FOXC2 polymorphisms and epithelial ovarian cancer. The genotyping was performed using Taqman® SNP Genotyping kit by qRT-PCR. The genetic variants including rs3751794 C > T, rs1035550 A > G, rs4843163 C > G and rs4843396 C > T in FOXC2 gene were analyzed. The strength of the associations was detected using odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Stratification analyses showed the association between the FOXC2 gene polymorphisms rs3751794 C > T, rs4843163 C > G and rs4843396 C > T with epithelial ovarian cancer susceptibility in terms of age, metastasis status, clinical stage, pathological grade, pregnant times, pausimenia, and the expression of ER, PR, wild p53 and mutant p53. Results Rs3751794 C > T (P = 0.0016), rs4843163 C > G (P < 0.0001) and rs4843396 C > T (P < 0.0001) were significantly associated with increased epithelial ovarian cancer risk. In stratification analyses,rs3751794 C > T, was identified to be dominant in no metastasis patients, clinical stage 4 group, middle grade pathological stage, pregnant time over 3 patients, post-menopause women, strong wild type p53 expression; rs4843163 C > G was dominant in high grade clinical stage, high grade pathological stage, post-menopause women, strong ER expression group and no mutant p53 expression group; rs4843396 C > T was dominant in high grade clinical stage, high grade pathological stage, strong ER expression group. The rs1035550 A > G was not related to epithelial ovarian cancer susceptibility. Conclusions The results of the current study verified that FOXC2 gene polymorphisms were associated with increased epithelial ovarian cancer risk and suggested that FOXC2 gene polymorphisms might be a potential biomarker for epithelial ovarian cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijiao Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya Hospital,Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiong Zou
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya Hospital,Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Chu
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya Hospital,Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xiyun Quan
- Department of Pathology, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya Hospital,Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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11
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Serra R, Ssempijja L, Provenzano M, Andreucci M. Genetic biomarkers in chronic venous disease. Biomark Med 2020; 14:75-80. [PMID: 32053001 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2019-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Serra
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology at the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy.,Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy
| | - Lwanga Ssempijja
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology at the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy.,Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy
| | - Michele Provenzano
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy
| | - Michele Andreucci
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy
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12
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Polvani S, Pepe S, Milani S, Galli A. COUP-TFII in Health and Disease. Cells 2019; 9:E101. [PMID: 31906104 PMCID: PMC7016888 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors (NRs) belong to a vast family of evolutionary conserved proteins acting as ligand-activated transcription factors. Functionally, NRs are essential in embryogenesis and organogenesis and in adulthood they are involved in almost every physiological and pathological process. Our knowledge of NRs action has greatly improved in recent years, demonstrating that both their expression and activity are tightly regulated by a network of signaling pathways, miRNA and reciprocal interactions. The Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter Transcription Factor II (COUP-TFII, NR2F2) is a NR classified as an orphan due to the lack of a known natural ligand. Although its expression peaks during development, and then decreases considerably, in adult tissues, COUP-TFII is an important regulator of differentiation and it is variably implicated in tissues homeostasis. As such, alterations of its expression or its transcriptional activity have been studied and linked to a spectrum of diseases in organs and tissues of different origins. Indeed, an altered COUP-TFII expression and activity may cause infertility, abnormality in the vascular system and metabolic diseases like diabetes. Moreover, COUP-TFII is actively investigated in cancer research but its role in tumor progression is yet to be fully understood. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of COUP-TFII in healthy and pathological conditions, proposing an updated and critical view of the many functions of this NR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Polvani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Florence, viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (S.P.); (S.M.)
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, largo Brambilla 50, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Sara Pepe
- Istituto per la Ricerca, la Prevenzione e la rete Oncologica (ISPRO), viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy;
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, via M. Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Milani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Florence, viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (S.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Andrea Galli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Florence, viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (S.P.); (S.M.)
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13
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Torres C, Machado R, Lima M. Flow cytometric characterization of the saphenous veins endothelial cells in patients with chronic venous disease and in patients undergoing bypass surgery: an exploratory study. Heart Vessels 2019; 35:1-13. [PMID: 31227876 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-019-01451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings have suggested that the primary factors for development of chronic venous disease (CVD), which commonly manifests as varicose veins (VV), are due to structural and biochemical modifications of the vessel wall. The aim of this exploratory study was to characterize by flow cytometry the endothelial cells (EC) mechanically extracted from the varicose saphenous veins (VSV) segments of patients submitted to VV surgery, and to compare the expression of cell surface molecules in these EC with that observed in the EC from the graft SV (GSV) of patients undergoing bypass surgery. EC were isolated from distal- (varicose trunk) and from proximal- (nearly normal) VSV segments of 30 patients submitted to VV surgery, and from proximal GSV segments of 20 patients submitted to bypass surgery (control group), using a mechanical method, and their immunophenotype was characterized by flow cytometry. EC were identified as being CD45negCD146brightCD31bright, and analyzed for expression of activation-related (CD54, CD62E, CD106), procoagulant (CD142), and cell junction (CD31, CD146) molecules, and for the scavenger receptor, CD36. The EC harvested from the SV segments of CVD patients had lower expression of all the molecules evaluated, in comparison to controls; these differences were more evident for the EC isolated from the distal-VSV. The EC extracted from the proximal- and distal-VSV segments of the CVD patients also differ from each other, the first having lower levels of CD62E, CD106, CD142 and CD36. Groups did not match for gender and controls were heterogeneous concerning the underlying pathologies, which may have a confounding effect. Our study revealed that the EC isolated from varicose (distal) and nearly normal (proximal) VSV segments of the CVD patients differ phenotypically from each other, and from the EC of the control group. The VSV segments more affected by the CVD have the lowest expression of the studied markers. We hypothesize that CVD is associated with a decrease on the EC surface molecules, causing EC dysfunctionality. Further studies with a large number of gender-matched participants are needed, to confirm the results obtained in this exploratory study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Torres
- Laboratório de Citometria, Serviço de Hematologia Clínica, Hospital de Santo António (HSA), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP), Rua D. Manuel II 57, 4050-014, Porto, Portugal. .,Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto (UMIB/ICBAS/UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-343, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Machado
- Serviço de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, Hospital de Santo António (HSA), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP), Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Lima
- Laboratório de Citometria, Serviço de Hematologia Clínica, Hospital de Santo António (HSA), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP), Rua D. Manuel II 57, 4050-014, Porto, Portugal.,Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto (UMIB/ICBAS/UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-343, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Shadrina AS, Smetanina MA, Sokolova EA, Shamovskaya DV, Sevost'ianova KS, Shevela AI, Soldatsky EY, Seliverstov EI, Demekhova MY, Shonov OA, Ilyukhin EA, Voronina EN, Pikalov IV, Zolotukhin IA, Kirienko AI, Filipenko ML. Allele rs2010963 C of the VEGFA gene is associated with the decreased risk of primary varicose veins in ethnic Russians. Phlebology 2016; 33:27-35. [PMID: 27932624 DOI: 10.1177/0268355516683611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study the association of polymorphisms rs699947, rs2010963, rs3025039 in the VEGFA gene region and rs1870377, rs2305949, rs2071559 in the VEGFR2 gene region with the risk of primary varicose veins in ethnic Russians. Methods Genotypes were determined by real-time PCR allelic discrimination. The case group consisted of 448 patients with primary varicose veins and the control group comprised 609 individuals without a history of chronic venous disease. Association was studied by logistic regression analysis. Results Allele rs2010963 C was associated with the decreased risk of varicose veins (additive model of inheritance: odds ratio = 0.73, 95% confidence interval = 0.59-0.91, P = 0.004). Conclusions Our results provide evidence that polymorphism rs2010963 located in the 5' untranslated region of the VEGFA gene can influence genetic susceptibility to primary varicose veins in Russians. Otherwise, it can be in linkage disequilibrium with another functional single nucleotide polymorphism that can alter the level of vascular endothelial growth factor A protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Shadrina
- 1 Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Russia
- 2 Novosibirsk State University, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina A Sokolova
- 1 Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Russia
- 2 Novosibirsk State University, Russia
| | | | | | - Andrey I Shevela
- 1 Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elena N Voronina
- 1 Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Russia
- 2 Novosibirsk State University, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Maxim L Filipenko
- 1 Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Russia
- 2 Novosibirsk State University, Russia
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15
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Abstract
Chronic venous disease is highly prevalent in the Western world, with varicose veins being the most common form of clinical manifestation. With recent developments in sequencing technology, clinicians and geneticists alike are embarking on a journey to identify and unravel the genetic candidates of chronic venous disease. There is now currently substantial evidence to suggest the presence of genetic influences in the aetiology and pathology of venous disease. Despite this, the precise nature and profile of the genes involved in chronic venous disease remain a poorly understood entity. Moreover, it is strikingly apparent that the majority of venous genetic studies conducted over the past decade do not adhere to fundamental research principles. The emergence of high-throughput genotyping platforms permits a more systematic search for inherited components of venous disease. Pursuing a genome-wide frontier has the potential to reveal novel critical metabolic pathways and explain the genetic susceptibility of chronic venous disease. An expedited knowledge of the genetic factors in the aetiology of venous disease may translate into better prevention or treatment, which would benefit patients suffering from its clinical sequelae. Researchers should be urged to foster collaborative links and design a genome-wide case-control association study as an international consortium to provide a statistically robust paradigm in the field of chronic venous disease genetics. This will carry promise for clinically relevant progress and represent a first step towards better understanding of the genetics of chronic venous disease aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Grant
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sarah Onida
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alun Davies
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
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16
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Surendran S, S Ramegowda K, Suresh A, Binil Raj SS, Lakkappa RKB, Kamalapurkar G, Radhakrishnan N, C Kartha C. Arterialization and anomalous vein wall remodeling in varicose veins is associated with upregulated FoxC2-Dll4 pathway. J Transl Med 2016; 96:399-408. [PMID: 26808710 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicose veins of lower extremities are a heritable common disorder. Mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis are still vague. Structural failures such as valve weakness and wall dilatation in saphenous vein result in venous retrograde flow in lower extremities of body. Reflux of blood leads to distal high venous pressure resulting in distended veins. In an earlier study, we observed a positive association between c.-512C>T FoxC2 gene polymorphism and upregulated FoxC2 expression in varicose vein specimens. FoxC2 overexpression in vitro in venous endothelial cells resulted in the elevated mRNA expression of arterial endothelial markers such as Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) and Hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif protein 2 (Hey2). We hypothesized that an altered FoxC2-Dll4 signaling underlies saphenous vein wall remodeling in patients with varicose veins. Saphenous veins specimens were collected from 22 patients with varicose veins and 20 control subjects who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. Tissues were processed for paraffin embedding and sections were immunostained for Dll4, Hey2, EphrinB2, α-SMA, Vimentin, and CD31 antigens and examined under microscope. These observations were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis. An examination of varicose vein tissue specimens by immunohistochemistry indicated an elevated expression of Notch pathway components, such as Dll4, Hey2, and EphrinB2, and smooth muscle markers, which was further confirmed by gene and protein expression analyses. We conclude that the molecular alterations in Dll4-Hey2 signaling are associated with smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia in varicose veins. Our observations substantiate a significant role for altered FoxC2-Dll4 signaling in structural alterations of saphenous veins in patients with varicose veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Surendran
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Kalpana S Ramegowda
- Departments of Pathology & Cardiovascular Surgery, Sri Jayadeva Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bangalore, Bangalore, India
| | - Aarcha Suresh
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - S S Binil Raj
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Ravi Kumar B Lakkappa
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Bangalore, India
| | - Giridhar Kamalapurkar
- Departments of Pathology & Cardiovascular Surgery, Sri Jayadeva Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bangalore, Bangalore, India
| | - N Radhakrishnan
- St Thomas Institute of Research on Venous Diseases, Changanassery, Kerala, India
| | - Chandrasekharan C Kartha
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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17
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PPIA rs6850: A > G single-nucleotide polymorphism is associated with raised plasma cyclophilin A levels in patients with coronary artery disease. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 412:259-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2632-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Fish JE, Wythe JD. The molecular regulation of arteriovenous specification and maintenance. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:391-409. [PMID: 25641373 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of a hierarchical vascular network, composed of arteries, veins, and capillaries, is essential for embryogenesis and is required for the production of new functional vasculature in the adult. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate the differentiation of vascular endothelial cells into arterial and venous cell fates is requisite for regenerative medicine, as the directed formation of perfused vessels is desirable in a myriad of pathological settings, such as in diabetes and following myocardial infarction. Additionally, this knowledge will enhance our understanding and treatment of vascular anomalies, such as arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). From studies in vertebrate model organisms, such as mouse, zebrafish, and chick, a number of key signaling pathways have been elucidated that are required for the establishment and maintenance of arterial and venous fates. These include the Hedgehog, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β), Wnt, and Notch signaling pathways. In addition, a variety of transcription factor families acting downstream of, or in concert with, these signaling networks play vital roles in arteriovenous (AV) specification. These include Notch and Notch-regulated transcription factors (e.g., HEY and HES), SOX factors, Forkhead factors, β-Catenin, ETS factors, and COUP-TFII. It is becoming apparent that AV specification is a highly coordinated process that involves the intersection and carefully orchestrated activity of multiple signaling cascades and transcriptional networks. This review will summarize the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the acquisition and maintenance of AV fate, and will highlight some of the limitations in our current knowledge of the molecular machinery that directs AV morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Fish
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Canada
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19
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Shadrina AS, Smetanina MA, Sokolova EA, Sevost'ianova KS, Shevela AI, Demekhova MY, Shonov OA, Ilyukhin EA, Voronina EN, Zolotukhin IA, Kirienko AI, Filipenko ML. Association of polymorphisms near the FOXC2 gene with the risk of varicose veins in ethnic Russians. Phlebology 2015; 31:640-8. [PMID: 26420053 DOI: 10.1177/0268355515607404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of polymorphisms located near the FOXC2 gene with the risk of varicose veins in ethnic Russians. METHODS Allele, genotype, and haplotype frequencies were determined in the sample of 474 patients with primary varicose veins and in the control group of 478 individuals without a history of chronic venous disease. RESULTS Polymorphisms rs7189489, rs4633732, and rs1035550 showed the association with the increased risk of varicose veins, but none of the observed associations remained significant after correction for multiple testing. Haplotype analysis revealed the association of haplotype rs7189489 C-rs4633732 T-rs34221221 C-rs1035550 C-rs34152738 T-rs12711457 G with the increased risk of varicose veins (OR = 2.67, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that the studied polymorphisms do not play a major role in susceptibility to varicose veins development in the Russian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Shadrina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mariya A Smetanina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Sokolova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Andrey I Shevela
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Oleg A Shonov
- Private Surgery Center "Medalp", Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Elena N Voronina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Igor A Zolotukhin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Maxim L Filipenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
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