Circular RNA is expressed across the eukaryotic tree of life. PLoS One. 2014;9:e90859. [PMID: 24609083 PMCID: PMC3946582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090859]

Biogenesis of circular RNAs in vitro and in vivo from the Drosophila Nk2.1/scarecrow gene

The scarecrow (scro) gene encodes a fly homolog of mammalian Nkx2.1, which is vital for early fly development and for optic lobe development. Previously, scro was reported to produce a circular RNA in addition to traditional mRNAs. In this study, we report 12 different scro circular RNAs, which are either mono or multiexonic forms. The most abundant ones are circScro(2) carrying the second exon (E2) only and bi-exonic circScro(3,4) having both the third (E3) and fourth exon (E4). Levels of circScro(2) show an age-dependent increase in adult heads, supporting a general trend of high accumulation of circular RNAs in aged fly brains. In silico analysis of the introns flanking circular RNA exons predicts 2 pairs of intronic complementary sequences; 1 pair residing in introns 1 and 2 and the other in introns 2 and 4. The first pair was demonstrated to be essential for the circScro(2) production in cell-based assays; furthermore, deletion of the region including intronic complementary sequence components in the intron-2 reduces in vivo production of both circScro(2) and circScro(3,4) by 80%, indicating them to be essential for the biogenesis of the 2 circular RNAs. Besides the intronic complementary sequence, the intron regions immediately abutting exons seem to be responsible for a basal level of circular RNA formation. Moreover, ectopic intronic complementary sequence derived from the laccase2 locus is comparably effective in circScro production, buttressing the importance of the hairpin loop structure formed by intronic complementary sequence for the biogenesis of circular RNA. Last, overexpressed scro alters outcomes of both linear and circular RNAs from the endogenous scro locus, suggesting that Scro plays a direct or indirect role in regulating the expression levels of either or both forms.

The circular RNA circANK suppresses rice resistance to bacterial blight by inhibiting microRNA398b-mediated defense

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are prevalent in eukaryotic cells and have been linked to disease progressions. Their unique circular structure and stability make them potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Compared with animal models, plant circRNA research is still in its infancy. The lack of effective tools to specifically knock down circRNAs without affecting host gene expression has slowed the progress of plant circRNA research. Here, we have developed a CRISPR-Cas13d tool that can specifically knock down circRNAs in plant systems, successfully achieving the targeted knockdown of circRNAs in rice (Oryza sativa). We further focused on Os-circANK (a circRNA derived from Ankyrin repeat-containing protein), a circRNA differentially expressed in rice upon pathogen infection. Physiological and biochemical experiments revealed that Os-circANK functions as a sponge for miR398b, suppressing the cleavage of Cu/Zn-superoxidase dismutase (CSD)1/CSD2/copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase/superoxidase dismutaseX through competing endogenous RNA, leading to reduced reactive oxygen species levels following Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) infection and a negative regulation of rice resistance to bacterial blight. Our findings indicate Os-circANK inhibits rice resistance to bacterial blight via the microRNA398b(miR398b)/CSD/SOD pathway.

Roles of circRNAs in viral pathogenesis

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs with a covalently closed circular structure, lacking 5'-caps or 3'-poly(A) tails. They are relatively conserved, highly stable, and often exhibit tissue- or cell-specific production in eukaryotic cells. Based on the advances in sequencing technologies and bioinformatics, multiple reports have suggested that viruses and other microorganisms may encode circRNA-like molecules, providing new insights into the physiological and pathological roles of circRNAs. The innate immune system functions as the body's primary defense mechanism against viral infections. It detects pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activates signaling pathways to suppress viral replication and limit their spread. CircRNAs are involved in regulation of the host innate immune signaling pathways and play essential roles in viral pathogenesis. It has been shown that circRNAs can regulate gene expression by acting as miRNA sponges or protein sponges, or encoding small proteins in specific cases. For example, previous studies have revealed that circRNAs participate in the host antiviral immune response through the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network by acting as miRNA sponges. This review highlights research progress in the regulation and functions of host- and virus-encoded circRNAs in host-virus interactions, as well as their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in clinical applications.

Role of circular RNAs in cancer therapy resistance

Over the past decade, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have gained recognition as a novel class of genetic molecules, many of which are implicated in cancer pathogenesis via different mechanisms, including drug resistance, immune escape, and radio-resistance. ExosomalcircRNAs, in particular, facilitatecommunication between tumour cells and micro-environmental cells, including immune cells, fibroblasts, and other components. Notably, micro-environmental cells can reportedly influence tumour progression and treatment resistance by releasing exosomalcircRNAs. circRNAs often exhibit tissue- and cancer-specific expression patterns, and growing evidence highlights their potential clinical relevance and utility. These molecules show strong promise as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, this review aimed to briefly discuss the latest findings on the roles and resistance mechanisms of key circRNAs in the treatment of various malignancies, including lung, breast, liver, colorectal, and gastric cancers, as well as haematological malignancies and neuroblastoma.This review will contribute to the identification of new circRNA biomarkers for the early diagnosis as well as therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer.

The antisense CircRNA VvcircABH controls salt tolerance and the brassinosteroid signaling response by suppressing cognate mRNA splicing in grape

Soil salinization is a major factor limiting the sustainable development of the grape industry. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are more stable than linear mRNAs and are involved in stress responses. However, the biological functions and molecular mechanisms underlying antisense circRNAs in plants remain unclear. We identified the antisense circRNA VvcircABH through high-throughput sequencing. Using genetic transformation methods and molecular biological techniques, we analyzed the effects of VvcircABH on the response to salt stress and the mechanisms underlying its effects. VvcircABH was located in the nucleus and upregulated by salt stress, while the expression level of its cognate gene VvABH (alpha/beta-hydrolase) was downregulated. VvcircABH overexpression or VvABH silencing greatly enhanced grape salt tolerance. VvcircABH could bind to the overlapping region and inhibits VvABH pre-mRNA splicing, thereby decreasing the expression level of VvABH. Additionally, VvcircABH repressed the additive effect of VvABH on the interaction between VvBRI1 (brassinosteroid-insensitive 1) and VvBKI1 (BRI1 kinase inhibitor 1), thus influencing the plant's response to BR, which plays important roles in plant salt tolerance. We conclude that VvcircABH and VvABH play distinct roles in the salt tolerance and brassinosteroid signaling response, and VvcircABH could govern the expression of VvABH by inhibiting its splicing.

Maize transcriptome profiling reveals low temperatures affect photosynthesis during the emergence stage

Introduction

Earlier sowing is a promising strategy of ensuring sufficiently high maize yields in the face of negative environmental factors caused by climate change. However, it leads to the low temperature exposure of maize plants during emergence, warranting a better understanding of their response and acclimation to suboptimal temperatures.

Materials and Methods

To achieve this goal, whole transcriptome sequencing was performed on two maize inbred lines - tolerant/susceptible to low temperatures, at the 5-day-old seedling stage. Sampling was performed after 6h and 24h of treatment (10/8°C). The data was filtered, mapped, and the identified mRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs were quantified. Expression patterns of the RNAs, as well as the interactions between them, were analyzed to reveal the ones important for low-temperature response.

Results and Discussion

Genes involved in different steps of photosynthesis were downregulated in both genotypes: psa, psb, lhc, and cab genes important for photosystem I and II functioning, as well as rca, prk, rbcx1 genes necessary for the Calvin cycle. The difference in low-temperature tolerance between genotypes appeared to arise from their ability to mitigate damage caused by photoinhibition: ctpa2, grx, elip, UF3GT genes showed higher expression in the tolerant genotype. Certain identified lncRNAs also targeted these genes, creating an interaction network induced by the treatment (XLOC_016169-rca; XLOC_002167-XLOC_006091-elip2). These findings shed light on the potential mechanisms of low-temperature acclimation during emergence and lay the groundwork for subsequent analyses across diverse maize genotypes and developmental stages. As such, it offers valuable guidance for future research directions in the molecular breeding of low-temperature tolerant maize.

Circular RNA circBNC2 inhibits tumorigenesis by modulating ferroptosis and acts as a nanotherapeutic target in prostate cancer

BACKGROUND

Metastasis is a leading cause of cancer-related death in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of the metastasis of various cancers. However, the functional effects and regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs in metastatic CRPC (mCRPC) remain largely unknown.

METHODS

The expression of circBNC2 in prostate cancer (PCa), CRPC and neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) tissues was analyzed through bioinformatics analysis. Functional assays, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion and ferroptosis, were conducted in vitro and in vivo. The interactions between circBNC2, miR-4298, and ACSL6 were explored via luciferase reporter assays, RNA immunoprecipitation, and western blotting analysis. In addition, for the first time in PCa, we developed novel nanobowls (NBs) loaded with docetaxel (DTX) and circBNC2 (Dc-NBs) and evaluated the antitumor efficacy of Dc-NBs in a photothermal therapy (PTT) strategy.

RESULTS

We identified a novel tumor-suppressive circRNA, circBNC2, in human PCa, CRPC and NEPC samples via bioinformatic analysis. CircBNC2 expression was significantly downregulated in PCa tissues and PCa cell lines. Functional assays demonstrated that circBNC2 inhibited PCa cell proliferation and migration both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, circBNC2 acted as a sponge for miR-4298, and ACSL6 was identified as a direct target of the circBNC2/miR-4298 axis. Moreover, we demonstrated that ACSL6 is essential for mediating circBNC2-regulated ferroptosis in PCa cells. More importantly, we demonstrated the nanodelivery of Dc-NBs, which exhibited significant antitumor effects in both subcutaneous and metastatic PCa models.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed the tumor-suppressive role of circBNC2 in mCRPC by driving ferroptosis via the circBNC2/miR-4298/ACSL6 axis. Additionally, we developed an efficient and safe PTT strategy based on a nanodelivery system that codelivers circBNC2 and DTX, highlighting its potential as a novel therapeutic approach for mCRPC.

Global research landscape and emerging trends of non-coding RNAs in prostate cancer: a bibliometric analysis

Background

Prostate cancer (PC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and continues to be a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. In recent years, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as a significant focus in molecular biology research, playing a pivotal role in the development and progression of PC. This study employed bibliometric analysis to explore the global outputs, research hotspots, and future trends in ncRNA-related PC research over the past 20 years.

Methods

Publications on PC-related ncRNAs from 2004 to 2023 were retrieved from Web of Science Core Collection. The co-operation network of countries, institutions, and authors on this topic was analyzed using CiteSpace (version 6.2. R6). In addition, co-occurrence analysis of keywords and co-citation analysis of references were performed using CiteSpace, and emergent detection was also performed.

Results

A total of 2,951 articles on PC-related ncRNAs were finally included in this study for analysis. China contributed the largest number of publications, while the United States was the most influential country in this field, with collaborative ties to 26 other countries. Fudan University was identified as the most active institution in this field. Rajvir Dahiya was the most prolific and influential author. Within the co-citation network, clusters labeled "EVs," "circRNA," and "ceRNA" represented current research directions. The cluster labeled "gene" dominated the co-occurrence keywords. "circRNA" showed the highest burst strength among keywords, with "circRNA," "EVs" and "exosome" maintaining sustained burst strength, suggesting these are the emerging research frontiers in this field.

Conclusion

Investigating ncRNAs as pivotal research subjects in PC is essential for addressing the public health impact of the disease and advancing innovative diagnostic and targeted therapeutic strategies. This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of research related to PC-associated ncRNAs, delivering a scientific perspective and identifying potential research directions for scholars in this field.

PlantCircRNA: a comprehensive database for plant circular RNAs

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent recently discovered novel regulatory non-coding RNAs. While they are present in many eukaryotes, there has been limited research on plant circRNAs. We developed PlantCircRNA (https://plant.deepbiology.cn/PlantCircRNA/) to fill this gap. The two most important features of PlantCircRNA are (i) it incorporates circRNAs from 94 plant species based on 39 245 RNA-sequencing samples and (ii) it imports the original AtCircDB and CropCircDB databases. We manually curated all circRNAs from published articles, and imported them into the database. Furthermore, we added detailed information of tissue as well as abiotic stresses to the database. To help users understand these circRNAs, the database includes a detection score to measure their consistency and a naming system following the guidelines recently proposed for eukaryotes. Finally, we developed a comprehensive platform for users to visualize, analyze, and download data regarding specific circRNAs. This resource will serve as a home for plant circRNAs and provide the community with unprecedented insights into these mysterious molecule.

Knockdown of hsa_circ_0102231 Impedes the Progression of Liver Cancer through the miR-873-SOX4 Axis

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most intractable tumors in the world due to its high rate of recurrence and heterogeneity.

AIMS

The objective of this study was to investigate the role of circular RNA 0102231 (hsa_circ_ 0102231) in the progression of liver cancer.

METHODS

In this study, quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments were performed to quantify the hsa_circ_0102231 level in different liver cancer cell lines. Bioinformatics analysis, as well as a dual-luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assay, were used to identify putative hsa_circ_ 0102231 downstream targets. Colony formation and CCK8 assays were utilized to examine cell proliferation, whereas Transwell assays were employed to monitor cell migration. Lastly, the role of hsa_circ_0102231 in liver cancer was assessed in a subcutaneous xenograft model.

RESULTS

The expression of hsa_circ_0102231 increased significantly in HepG2 and Huh-7 cells compared with controls, and hsa_circ_0102231 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and migration in vitro and in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis, as well as a dual-luciferase reporter and RNA pulldown assay, revealed that miR-873 and SOX4 were hsa_circ_0102231 downstream targets. miR-873 inhibition or SOX4 overexpression rescued the proliferation and migration of HepG2 and Huh-7 cells after hsa_circ_0102231 knockdown. Furthermore, SOX4 overexpression reversed the miR-873-induced inhibition of cell migration and proliferation in vitro.

CONCLUSION

These results show that hsa_circ_0102231 knockdown impedes the progression of liver cancer by regulating the miR-873/SOX4 axis. However, further studies are needed to determine whether hsa_circ_0102231 may be a therapeutic target in liver cancer.

Circular RNA LMBR1 inhibits bladder cancer progression by enhancing expression of the protein ALDH1A3

Background

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been identified as playing an integral role in the development of bladder cancer (BC). However, the mechanism by which circRNAs operate in the chemical carcinogenesis of BC remains unclear.

Methods

To explore this mechanism, we used RNA high-throughput sequencing to identify differentially expressed circRNA in bladder epithelial cells and chemically induced malignant transformed BC cells. Subsequently, in vitro experiments were conducted to investigate the biological function and molecular mechanism of circLMBR1 in BC. Finally, animal experiments were conducted to examine the clinical relevance of circLMBR1 in vivo.

Results

Our profiling of circular RNA expression during cellular malignant transformation induced by chemical carcinogens identified a subset of circRNAs associated with cell transformation. We verified that the expression of circLMBR1 in bladder epithelial malignant transformed cells was decreased compared with control cells, as well as in BC tissues and bladder cell lines. Furthermore, circLMBR1 was seen to inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and migration of BC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, circLMBR1 was found to exert its antitumor effect by binding to the protein ALDH1A3.

Conclusions

Our findings have revealed that circLMBR1 inhibits the progression of BC cells by binding to ALDH1A3 and upregulating its expression. As such, circLMBR1 serves as a promising predictor of BC and may provide a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of BC.

Noncoding RNAs in rheumatoid arthritis: modulators of the NF-κB signaling pathway and therapeutic implications

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes joint inflammation and gradual tissue destruction. New research has shown how important noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are for changing immune and inflammatory pathways, such as the WNT signaling pathway, which is important for activating synovial fibroblasts and osteoblasts to work. This article examines the current understanding of several ncRNAs, such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, that influence NF-κB signaling in the pathogenesis of RA. We investigate how these ncRNAs impact NF-κB signaling components, altering cell proliferation, differentiation, and death in joint tissues. The paper also looks at how ncRNAs can be used as potential early detection markers and therapeutic targets in RA because they can change important pathogenic pathways. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting ncRNAs in RA therapy techniques, with the goal of reducing inflammation and stopping disease progression. This thorough analysis opens up new possibilities for understanding the molecular foundations of RA and designing novel ncRNA-based treatments.

Circular RNAs as novel biomarkers in glomerular diseases

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) regulate gene expression and biological procedures by controlling target genes or downstream pathways by sponging their related miRNA (s). Three types of circRNAs have been identified; exonic circRNAs (ecircRNAs), intronic RNAs (ciRNAs), and exon-intron circRNAs (ElciRNAs). It is clarified that altered levels of circRNAs have dynamic pathological and physiological functions in kidney diseases. Evidence suggests that circRNAs can be considered novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for renal diseases. Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a general term used to refer to a wide range of glomerular diseases. GN is an important cause of chronic kidney diseases. Here, we review the biogenesis of circRNAs, and their molecular and physiological functions in the kidney. Moreover, the dysregulated expression of circRNAs and their biological functions are discussed in primary and secondary glomerulonephritis. Moreover, diagnostic and therapeutic values of circRNAs in distinguishing or treating different types of GN are highlighted.

Recent Progress of CircRNAs in Hematological Malignancies

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are now recognized as key regulators in the epigenetic control of genetic expression, being involved in a wide range of cellular activities such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Their unique closed-loop structure endows them with stability and resistance to exonuclease degradation, making them not only key regulatory molecules within the cell but also promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis, particularly in hematological malignancies. This review comprehensively explores the role of circRNAs in the pathogenesis, progression, and therapeutic resistance of common hematological malignancies. Furthermore, the review delves into the prognostic significance of circRNAs, underscoring their potential in predicting disease outcomes and treatment response. Given their extensive involvement in cancer biology, circRNAs present a frontier for novel therapeutic strategies.

Discovering the hidden function in fungal genomes

New molecular technologies have helped unveil previously unexplored facets of the genome beyond the canonical proteome, including microproteins and short ORFs, products of alternative splicing, regulatory non-coding RNAs, as well as transposable elements, cis-regulatory DNA, and other highly repetitive regions of DNA. In this Review, we highlight what is known about this 'hidden genome' within the fungal kingdom. Using well-established model systems as a contextual framework, we describe key elements of this hidden genome in diverse fungal species, and explore how these factors perform critical functions in regulating fungal metabolism, stress tolerance, and pathogenesis. Finally, we discuss new technologies that may be adapted to further characterize the hidden genome in fungi.

CircHTT(2,3,4,5,6) - co-evolving with the HTT CAG-repeat tract - modulates Huntington's disease phenotypes

Circular RNA (circRNA) molecules have critical functions during brain development and in brain-related disorders. Here, we identified and validated a circRNA, circHTT(2,3,4,5,6), stemming from the Huntington's disease (HD) gene locus that is most abundant in the central nervous system (CNS). We uncovered its evolutionary conservation in diverse mammalian species, and a correlation between circHTT(2,3,4,5,6) levels and the length of the CAG-repeat tract in exon-1 of HTT in human and mouse HD model systems. The mouse orthologue, circHtt(2,3,4,5,6), is expressed during embryogenesis, increases during nervous system development, and is aberrantly upregulated in the presence of the expanded CAG tract. While an IRES-like motif was predicted in circH TT (2,3,4,5,6), the circRNA does not appear to be translated in adult mouse brain tissue. Nonetheless, a modest, but consistent fraction of circHtt(2,3,4,5,6) associates with the 40S ribosomal subunit, suggesting a possible role in the regulation of protein translation. Finally, circHtt(2,3,4,5,6) overexpression experiments in HD-relevant STHdh striatal cells revealed its ability to modulate CAG expansion-driven cellular defects in cell-to-substrate adhesion, thus uncovering an unconventional modifier of HD pathology.

The role of circular RNA during the urological cancer metastasis: exploring regulatory mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets

Metastasis is a major contributor to treatment failure and death in urological cancers, representing an important biomedical challenge at present. Metastases form as a result of cancer cells leaving the primary site, entering the vasculature and lymphatic vessels, and colonizing clones elsewhere in the body. However, the specific regulatory mechanisms of action underlying the metastatic process of urological cancers remain incompletely elucidated. With the deepening of research, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been found to not only play a significant role in tumor progression and prognosis but also show aberrant expression in various tumor metastases, consequently impacting tumor metastasis through multiple pathways. Therefore, circRNAs are emerging as potential tumor markers and treatment targets. This review summarizes the research progress on elucidating how circRNAs regulate the urological cancer invasion-metastasis cascade response and related processes, as well as their role in immune microenvironment remodeling and circRNA vaccines. This body of work highlights circRNA regulation as an emerging therapeutic target for urological cancers, which should motivate further specific research in this regard.

Emerging Roles of Circular RNA in Macrophage Activation and Inflammatory Lung Responses

Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of single-stranded RNA that forms a covalently closed continuous loop, unlike linear RNA. The expression of circRNAs in mammals is often conserved across species and shows tissue and cell specificity. Some circRNA serve as gene regulators. However, the biological function of most circRNAs is unclear. CircRNA does not have 5' or 3' ends. The unique structure of circRNAs provides them with a much longer half-life and more resistance to RNase R than linear RNAs. Inflammatory lung responses occur in the pathogenesis and recovery of many lung diseases. Macrophages form the first line of host defense/innate immune responses and initiate/mediate lung inflammation. For example, in bacterial pneumonia, upon pro-inflammatory activation, they release early response cytokines/chemokines that recruit neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes to sites of infection and clear pathogens. The functional effects and mechanisms by which circRNAs exert physiological or pathological roles in macrophage activation and lung inflammation remain poorly understood. In this article, we will review the current understanding and progress of circRNA biogenesis, regulation, secretion, and degradation. Furthermore, we will review the current reports on the role of circRNAs in macrophage activation and polarization, as well as in the process of inflammatory lung responses.

CircCNNs, a convolutional neural network framework to better understand the biogenesis of exonic circRNAs

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) as biomarkers for cancer detection have been extensively explored, however, the biogenesis mechanism is still elusive. In contrast to linear splicing (LS) involved in linear transcript formation, the so-called back splicing (BS) process has been proposed to explain circRNA formation. To investigate the potential mechanism of BS via the machine learning approach, we curated a high-quality BS and LS exon pairs dataset with evidence-based stringent filtering. Two convolutional neural networks (CNN) base models with different structures for processing splicing junction sequences including motif extraction were created and compared after extensive hyperparameter tuning. In contrast to the previous study, we are able to identify motifs corresponding to well-established BS-associated genes such as MBNL1, QKI, and ESPR2. Importantly, despite prevalent high false positive rates in existing circRNA detection pipelines and databases, our base models demonstrated a notable high specificity (greater than 90%). To further improve the model performance, a novo fast numerical method was proposed and implemented to calculate the reverse complementary matches (RCMs) crossing two flanking regions and within each flanking region of exon pairs. Our CircCNNs framework that incorporated RCM information into the optimal base models further reduced the false positive rates leading to 88% prediction accuracy.

CircRNA as an Achilles heel of cancer: characterization, biomarker and therapeutic modalities

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of endogenous noncoding RNAs characterized by their lack of 5' caps and 3' poly(A) tails. These molecules have garnered substantial attention from the scientific community. A wide range of circRNA types has been found to be expressed in various tissues of the human body, exhibiting unique characteristics such as high abundance, remarkable stability, and tissue-specific expression patterns. These attributes, along with their detectability in liquid biopsy samples such as plasma, position circRNAs an ideal choice as cancer diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Additionally, several studies have reported that the functions of circRNAs are associated with tumor proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. They achieve this through various mechanisms, including modulation of parental gene expression, regulation of gene transcription, acting as microRNA (miRNA) sponges, and encoding functional proteins. In recent years, a large number of studies have focused on synthesizing circRNAs in vitro and delivering them to tumor tissue to exert its effects in inhibit tumor progression. Herein, we briefly discuss the biogenesis, characteristics, functions, and detection of circRNAs, emphasizing their clinical potential as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. We also provide an overview the recent techniques for synthesizing circRNAs and delivery strategies, and outline the application of engineered circRNAs in clinical cancer therapy.

Cross-talk between circRNAs and m6A modifications in solid tumors

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) possess unique biological properties and distribution characteristics that enable a variety of biological functions. N6-methyladenosine (m6A), a prevalent epigenetic modification in organisms, is regulated by factors including methyltransferases (writers), demethylases (erasers), and m6A-binding proteins (readers). These factors play critical roles in various pathophysiological processes. There is growing evidence that m6A modifications are common within circRNAs, affecting their synthesis, translation, translocation, degradation, and stability. Additionally, circRNAs regulate biological processes that influence m6A modifications. This review explores the metabolism and functions of m6A modifications and circRNAs, their interactions, and their specific regulatory mechanisms in different tumors, offering insights into m6A-circRNA interaction in cancer.

Advances in CircRNAs in the Past Decade: Review of CircRNAs Biogenesis, Regulatory Mechanisms, and Functions in Plants

Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA with multiple biological functions. Whole circRNA genomes in plants have been identified, and circRNAs have been demonstrated to be widely present and highly expressed in various plant tissues and organs. CircRNAs are highly stable and conserved in plants, and exhibit tissue specificity and developmental stage specificity. CircRNAs often interact with other biomolecules, such as miRNAs and proteins, thereby regulating gene expression, interfering with gene function, and affecting plant growth and development or response to environmental stress. CircRNAs are less studied in plants than in animals, and their regulatory mechanisms of biogenesis and molecular functions are not fully understood. A variety of circRNAs in plants are involved in regulating growth and development and responding to environmental stress. This review focuses on the biogenesis and regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs, as well as their biological functions during growth, development, and stress responses in plants, including a discussion of plant circRNA research prospects. Understanding the generation and regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs is a challenging but important topic in the field of circRNAs in plants, as it can provide insights into plant life activities and their response mechanisms to biotic or abiotic stresses as well as new strategies for plant molecular breeding and pest control.

Identification and Functional Analysis of circRNAs during Goat Follicular Development

Litter size is a crucial quantitative trait in animals, closely linked to follicular development. Circular RNA (circRNA), a type of single-stranded closed-loop endogenous RNA with stable expression, plays pivotal roles in various biological processes, yet its function in goat follicular development remains unclear. In this study, we collected large (follicle diameter > 3 mm) and small (1 mm < follicle diameter < 3 mm) follicles from black goats in the Chuanzhong region for circRNA sequencing, with the aim of elucidating the functional circRNAs that influence follicle development in goats. Differential analysis revealed that 17 circRNAs were upregulated in large follicles, and 28 circRNAs were upregulated in small follicles. Functional enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment of pathways related to reproduction, including cellular response to follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway, and the Notch signaling pathway. Based on the ceRNA mechanism, 45 differentially expressed circRNAs were found to target and bind a total of 418 miRNAs, and an intercalation network including miR-324-3p (circRNA2497, circRNA5650), miR-202-5p (circRNA3333, circRNA5501), and miR-493-3p (circRNA4995, circRNA5508) was constructed. In addition, conservation analysis revealed that 2,239 circRNAs were conserved between goats and humans. Prediction of translation potential revealed that 154 circRNAs may potentially utilize both N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and internal ribosome entry site (IRES) translation mechanisms. Furthermore, the differential expression and circularization cleavage sites of five circRNAs were validated through RT-qPCR and DNA sequencing. Our study constructed a circRNA map in goat follicle development, offering a theoretical foundation for enhancing goat reproductive performance.

Comparative genome-wide analysis of circular RNAs in Brassica napus L.: target-site versus non-target-site resistance to herbicide stress

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a class of non-coding RNA molecules, are recognized for their unique functions; however, their responses to herbicide stress in Brassica napus remain unclear. In this study, the role of circRNAs in response to herbicide treatment was investigated in two rapeseed cultivars: MH33, which confers non-target-site resistance (NTSR), and EM28, which exhibits target-site resistance (TSR). The genome-wide circRNA profiles of herbicide-stressed and non-stressed seedlings were analyzed. The findings indicate that NTSR seedlings exhibited a greater abundance of circRNAs, shorter lengths of circRNAs and their parent genes, and more diverse functions of parent genes compared with TSR seedlings. Compared to normal-growth plants, the herbicide-stressed group exhibited similar trends in the number of circRNAs, functions of parent genes, and differentially expressed circRNAs as observed in NTSR seedlings. In addition, a greater number of circRNAs that function as competing microRNA (miRNA) sponges were identified in the herbicide stress and NTSR groups compared to the normal-growth and TSR groups, respectively. The differentially expressed circRNAs were validated by qPCR. The differntially expressed circRNA-miRNA networks were predicted, and the mRNAs targeted by these miRNAs were annotated. Our results suggest that circRNAs play a crucial role in responding to herbicide stress, exhibiting distinct responses between NTSR and TSR in rapeseed. These findings offer valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying herbicide resistance in rapeseed.

Beyond traditional translation: ncRNA derived peptides as modulators of tumor behaviors

Within the intricate tapestry of molecular research, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) were historically overshadowed by a pervasive presumption of their inability to encode proteins or peptides. However, groundbreaking revelations have challenged this notion, unveiling select ncRNAs that surprisingly encode peptides specifically those nearing a succinct 100 amino acids. At the forefront of this epiphany stand lncRNAs and circRNAs, distinctively characterized by their embedded small open reading frames (sORFs). Increasing evidence has revealed different functions and mechanisms of peptides/proteins encoded by ncRNAs in cancer, including promotion or inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, cellular metabolism (glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism), and promotion or concerted metastasis of cancer cells. The discoveries not only accentuate the depth of ncRNA functionality but also open novel avenues for oncological research and therapeutic innovations. The main difficulties in the study of these ncRNA-derived peptides hinge crucially on precise peptide detection and sORFs identification. Here, we illuminate cutting-edge methodologies, essential instrumentation, and dedicated databases tailored for unearthing sORFs and peptides. In addition, we also conclude the potential of clinical applications in cancer therapy.

Optimal design of synthetic circular RNAs

Circular RNAs are an unusual class of single-stranded RNAs whose ends are covalently linked via back-splicing. Due to their versatility, the need to express circular RNAs in vivo and in vitro has increased. Efforts have been made to efficiently and precisely synthesize circular RNAs. However, a review on the optimization of the processes of circular RNA design, synthesis, and delivery is lacking. Our review highlights the multifaceted aspects considered when producing optimal circular RNAs and summarizes the available options for each step of exogenous circular RNA design and synthesis, including circularization strategies. Additionally, this review describes several potential applications of circular RNAs.

Circular RNAs in Cell Cycle Regulation of Cancers

Cancer has been one of the most problematic health issues globally. Typically, all cancers share a common characteristic or cancer hallmark, such as sustaining cell proliferation, evading growth suppressors, and enabling replicative immortality. Indeed, cell cycle regulation in cancer is often found to be dysregulated, leading to an increase in aggressiveness. These dysregulations are partly due to the aberrant cellular signaling pathway. In recent years, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been widely studied and classified as one of the regulators in various cancers. Numerous studies have reported that circRNAs antagonize or promote cancer progression through the modulation of cell cycle regulators or their associated signaling pathways, directly or indirectly. Mostly, circRNAs are known to act as microRNA (miRNA) sponges. However, they also hold additional mechanisms for regulating cellular activity, including protein binding, RNA-binding protein (RBP) recruitment, and protein translation. This review will discuss the current knowledge of how circRNAs regulate cell cycle-related proteins through the abovementioned mechanisms in different cancers.

A brain-enriched circular RNA controls excitatory neurotransmission and restricts sensitivity to aversive stimuli

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a large class of noncoding RNAs. Despite the identification of thousands of circular transcripts, the biological significance of most of them remains unexplored, partly because of the lack of effective methods for generating loss-of-function animal models. In this study, we focused on circTulp4, an abundant circRNA derived from the Tulp4 gene that is enriched in the brain and synaptic compartments. By creating a circTulp4-deficient mouse model, in which we mutated the splice acceptor site responsible for generating circTulp4 without affecting the linear mRNA or protein levels, we were able to conduct a comprehensive phenotypic analysis. Our results demonstrate that circTulp4 is critical in regulating neuronal and brain physiology, modulating the strength of excitatory neurotransmission and sensitivity to aversive stimuli. This study provides evidence that circRNAs can regulate biologically relevant functions in neurons, with modulatory effects at multiple levels of the phenotype, establishing a proof of principle for the regulatory role of circRNAs in neural processes.

Transcriptome- and proteome-wide effects of a circular RNA encompassing four early exons of the spinal muscular atrophy genes

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) genes, SMN1 and SMN2 (hereinafter referred to as SMN1/2), produce multiple circular RNAs (circRNAs), including C2A-2B-3-4 that encompasses early exons 2A, 2B, 3 and 4. C2A-2B-3-4 is a universally and abundantly expressed circRNA of SMN1/2. Here we report the transcriptome- and proteome-wide effects of overexpression of C2A-2B-3-4 in inducible HEK293 cells. Our RNA-Seq analysis revealed altered expression of ~ 15% genes (4172 genes) by C2A-2B-3-4. About half of the affected genes by C2A-2B-3-4 remained unaffected by L2A-2B-3-4, a linear transcript encompassing exons 2A, 2B, 3 and 4 of SMN1/2. These findings underscore the unique role of the structural context of C2A-2B-3-4 in gene regulation. A surprisingly high number of upregulated genes by C2A-2B-3-4 were located on chromosomes 4 and 7, whereas many of the downregulated genes were located on chromosomes 10 and X. Supporting a cross-regulation of SMN1/2 transcripts, C2A-2B-3-4 and L2A-2B-3-4 upregulated and downregulated SMN1/2 mRNAs, respectively. Proteome analysis revealed 61 upregulated and 57 downregulated proteins by C2A-2B-3-4 with very limited overlap with those affected by L2A-2B-3-4. Independent validations confirmed the effect of C2A-2B-3-4 on expression of genes associated with chromatin remodeling, transcription, spliceosome function, ribosome biogenesis, lipid metabolism, cytoskeletal formation, cell proliferation and neuromuscular junction formation. Our findings reveal a broad role of C2A-2B-3-4, and expands our understanding of functions of SMN1/2 genes.

Global identification of mRNA-interacting circular RNAs by CLiPPR-Seq

Although the functional role of circular RNA (circRNA) interaction with microRNAs and proteins has been studied extensively, circRNA interactions with the protein-coding mRNAs in intact cells remain largely unknown. Here, by employing AMT-mediated proximity ligation of RNA-RNA duplexes followed by circRNA enrichment and deep sequencing, we report a novel Cross-Linking Poly(A) Pulldown RNase R Sequencing (CLiPPR-seq) technology which identified hundreds of mRNA-interacting circRNAs in three different cell types, including βTC6, C2C12 and HeLa cells. Furthermore, CLiPP-seq without RNase R treatment was also performed to identify the mRNA expression in these cells. BLAST analysis of circRNAs in CLiPPR-seq sample with the mRNAs in CLiPP-seq samples determined their potential complementary sequences for circRNA-mRNA interaction. Pulldown of circRNAs and poly(A) RNAs confirmed the direct interaction of circRNAs with target mRNAs. Silencing of mRNA-interacting circRNAs led to the altered expression of target mRNAs in βTC6 cells, suggesting the role of direct interaction of circRNAs with mRNAs in gene expression regulation. CLiPPR-seq thus represents a novel method for illuminating the myriad of uncharacterized circRNA-mRNA hybrids that may regulate gene expression.

Assembling the RNA therapeutics toolbox

From the approval of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines to the 2023 Nobel Prize awarded for nucleoside base modifications, RNA therapeutics have entered the spotlight and are transforming drug development. While the term "RNA therapeutics" has been used in various contexts, this review focuses on treatments that utilize RNA as a component or target RNA for therapeutic effects. We summarize the latest advances in RNA-targeting tools and RNA-based technologies, including but not limited to mRNA, antisense oligos, siRNAs, small molecules and RNA editors. We focus on the mechanisms of current FDA-approved therapeutics but also provide a discussion on the upcoming workforces. The clinical utility of RNA-based therapeutics is enabled not only by the advances in RNA technologies but in conjunction with the significant improvements in chemical modifications and delivery platforms, which are also briefly discussed in the review. We summarize the latest RNA therapeutics based on their mechanisms and therapeutic effects, which include expressing proteins for vaccination and protein replacement therapies, degrading deleterious RNA, modulating transcription and translation efficiency, targeting noncoding RNAs, binding and modulating protein activity and editing RNA sequences and modifications. This review emphasizes the concept of an RNA therapeutic toolbox, pinpointing the readers to all the tools available for their desired research and clinical goals. As the field advances, the catalog of RNA therapeutic tools continues to grow, further allowing researchers to combine appropriate RNA technologies with suitable chemical modifications and delivery platforms to develop therapeutics tailored to their specific clinical challenges.

Biogenesis of circular RNAs in vitro and in vivo from the Drosophila Nk2.1 / scarecrow gene

scarecrow ( scro ) encodes a fly homolog of mammalian Nkx2.1 that is vital for early fly development as well as for optic lobe development. Interestingly, scro was reported to produce a circular RNA (circRNA). In this study, we identified 12 different scro circRNAs, which are either mono- or multi-exonic forms. The most abundant forms are circE2 carrying the second exon only and bi-exonic circE3-E4. Levels of circE2 show an age-dependent increase in adult heads, supporting a general trend of high accumulation of circRNAs in aged fly brains. Aligning sequences of introns flanking exons uncovered two pairs of intronic complementary sequences (ICSs); one pair residing in introns 1 and 2 and the other in introns 2 and 4. The first pair was demonstrated to be essential for the circE2 production in cell-based assays; furthermore, deletion of the region including potential ICS components in the intron-2 reduced in vivo production of circE2 and circE3-E4 by 80%, indicating them to be essential for the biogenesis of these isoforms. Besides the ICS, the intron regions immediately abutting exons seemed to be responsible for a basal level of circRNA formation. Moreover, the replacement of scro -ICS with those derived from laccase2 was comparably effective in scro -circRNA production, buttressing the importance of the hairpin-loop structure formed by ICS for the biogenesis of circRNA. Lastly, overexpressed scro affected outcomes of both linear and circular RNAs from the endogenous scro locus, suggesting that Scro plays a direct or indirect role in regulating expression levels of either or both forms.

Transcriptome- and proteome-wide effects of a circular RNA encompassing four early exons of the spinal muscular atrophy genes

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) genes, SMN1 and SMN2, produce multiple circular RNAs (circRNAs), including C2A-2B-3-4 that encompasses early exons 2A, 2B, 3 and 4. Here we report the transcriptome- and proteome-wide effects of overexpression of C2A-2B-3-4 in inducible HEK293 cells. Our RNA-Seq analysis revealed altered expression of ~ 15% genes (4,172 genes) by C2A-2B-3-4. About half of the affected genes by C2A-2B-3-4 remained unaffected by L2A-2B-3-4, a linear transcript encompassing exons 2A, 2B, 3 and 4 of SMN1/SMN2. These fifindings underscore the unique role of the structural context of C2A-2B-3-4 in gene regulation. A surprisingly high number of upregulated genes by C2A-2B-3-4 were located on chromosomes 4 and 7, whereas many of the downregulated genes were located on chromosomes 10 and X. Supporting a cross-regulation of SMN1/SMN2 transcripts, C2A-2B-3-4 and L2A-2B-3-4 upregulated and downregulated SMN1/SMN2 mRNAs, respectively. Proteome analysis revealed 61 upregulated and 57 downregulated proteins by C2A-2B-3-4 with very limited overlap with those affected by L2A-2B-3-4. Independent validations confirmed the effect of C2A-2B-3-4 on expression of genes associated with chromatin remodeling, transcription, spliceosome function, ribosome biogenesis, lipid metabolism, cytoskeletal formation, cell proliferation and neuromuscular junction formation. Our findings reveal a broad role of C2A-2B-3-4, a universally expressed circRNA produced by SMN1/SMN2.

Expression of circular RNA has-circ-0009158 and identification of associated miRNA-mRNA network in hepatocellular carcinoma

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) affects people all over the world. Circular RNAs are involved in the growth and development of several malignancies and regulate a number of biological processes. However, the roles of has-circ-0009158 in HCC remain unknown. This study explored the expression and associated miRNA-mRNA network of has-circ-0009158 in HCC. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the expression of hsa-circ-0009158 in the HCC tissues of 143 patients and four human HCC cell lines. Then, the potential relationship of hsa-circ-0009158 expression with clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients was analyzed using the GO and KEGG databases. Correlated miRNA-mRNA networks were forecasted using the TCGA database and Cytoscape software. The hsa-circ-0009158 expression was significantly upregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines (P<0.001). The multivariate Cox analysis revealed that HCC patients were associated with high hsa-circ-0009158 expression. The bioinformatics analysis screened 1 miRNA, and 248 mRNAs associated with the circRNA in HCC. A pathway analysis suggested that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) may be linked to the development and growth of HCC tumors. Ten hub genes (MELK, NCAPG, BUB1B, BIRC5, CDCA8, CENPF, BUB1, CDK1, TTK, TPX2) were identified from the PPI network based on the 248 genes. Additionally, the 10 hub genes that were verified had an association between high expression levels and low overall survival rates. As a result, the high expression of hsa-circ-0009158 was found to be a separate risk factor for recurrence and a poor prognosis in HCC patients.

The role of non-protein-coding RNAs in ischemic acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a condition characterized by a rapid decline in kidney function within a span of 48 hours. It is influenced by various factors including inflammation, oxidative stress, excessive calcium levels within cells, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and dysfunction in microcirculation. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is recognized as a major cause of AKI; however, the precise mechanisms behind this process are not yet fully understood and effective treatments are still needed. To enhance the accuracy of diagnosing AKI during its early stages, the utilization of innovative markers is crucial. Numerous studies suggest that certain noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play a central role in regulating gene expression and protein synthesis. These ncRNAs are closely associated with the development and recovery of AKI and have been detected in both kidney tissue and bodily fluids. Furthermore, specific ncRNAs may serve as diagnostic markers and potential targets for therapeutic interventions in AKI. This review aims to summarize the functional roles and changes observed in noncoding RNAs during ischemic AKI, as well as explore their therapeutic potential.

Identification and characterization of circular RNAs involved in the fertility stability of cotton CMS-D2 restorer line under heat stress

BACKGROUND

As a vital type of noncoding RNAs, circular RNAs (circRNAs) play important roles in plant growth and development and stress response. However, little is known about the biological roles of circRNAs in regulating the stability of male fertility restoration for cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) conditioned by Gossypium harknessii cytoplasm (CMS-D2) cotton under high-temperature (HT) stress.

RESULTS

In this study, RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed on pollen grains of isonuclear alloplasmic near-isogenic restorer lines NH [N(Rf1rf1)] and SH [S(Rf1rf1)] with obvious differences in fertility stability under HT stress at two environments. A total of 967 circRNAs were identified, with 250 differentially expressed under HT stress. We confirmed the back-splicing sites of eight selected circRNAs using divergent primers and Sanger sequencing. Tissue-specific expression patterns of five differentially expressed circRNAs (DECs) were also verified by RT-PCR and qRT-PCR. Functional enrichment and metabolic pathway analysis revealed that the parental genes of DECs were significantly enriched in fertility-related biological processes such as pollen tube guidance and cell wall organization, as well as the Pentose and glucuronate interconversions, Steroid biosynthesis, and N-Glycan biosynthesis pathways. Moreover, we also constructed a putative circRNA-mediated competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network consisting of 21 DECs, eight predicted circRNA-binding miRNAs, and their corresponding 22 mRNA targets, especially the two ceRNA modules circRNA346-miR159a-MYB33 and circRNA484-miR319e-MYB33, which might play important biological roles in regulating pollen fertility stability of cotton CMS-D2 restorer line under HT stress.

CONCLUSIONS

Through systematic analysis of the abundance, characteristics and expression patterns of circRNAs, as well as the potential functions of their parent genes, our findings suggested that circRNAs and their mediated ceRNA networks acted vital biological roles in cotton pollen development, and might be also essential regulators for fertility stability of CMS-D2 restorer line under heat stress. This study will open a new door for further unlocking complex regulatory mechanisms underpinning the fertility restoration stability for CMS-D2 in cotton.

Droplet Digital PCR for the Detection and Quantification of Bona Fide CircRNAs

CircRNAs are covalently closed RNA molecules gaining increasing attention over the years. Initially considered mere splicing errors, circRNAs are now recognized as a novel class of endogenous, conserved RNAs, expressed in many different species. The unique structure, the low levels of expression, and the almost complete sequence overlap with the cognate linear RNA make their detection and quantification challenging. Moreover, it has become crucial to prove the circular nature of the targeted transcript and unequivocally distinguish the circRNA from its linear counterpart. Nowadays, the most widely used technique to quantify circRNA expression is real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). However, in the particular case of quantification of circles, it shows several technical shortcomings which affect the accuracy of the quantification. To precisely assess circRNA expression level, droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is rapidly taking over for the more popular qPCR. In this chapter, we describe the detailed procedure based on droplets partitioning to quantify both linear and circRNA abundancy and demonstrate the circularity of the transcript under study with high precision, in a single experiment.

In Vivo Tissue-Specific Knockdown of circRNAs Using shRNAs in Drosophila melanogaster

Studying circular RNAs' function in vivo has been challenging due to the lack of generic tools to manipulate their levels without affecting their linear counterparts. This is particularly challenging as the back-splice junction is the only sequence not shared between the linear and circular version. In this chapter, we describe a method to study circRNA function in vivo targeting shRNAs against the desired back-splice junction to achieve knockdown with tissue-specific resolution in flies.

Directed Circularization of a Short RNA

Basic research and functional analyses of circular RNA (circRNA) have been limited by challenges in circRNA formation of desired length and sequence in adequate yields. Nowadays, circular RNA can be obtained using enzymatic, "ribozymatic," or modulated splice events. However, there are few records for the directed circularization of RNA. Here, we present a proof of principle for an affordable and efficient RNA-based system for the controlled synthesis of circRNA with a physiological 3',5'-phosphodiester conjunction. The engineered hairpin ribozyme variant circular ribozyme 3 (CRZ-3) performs self-cleavage poorly. We designed an activator-polyamine complex to complete cleavage as a prerequisite for subsequent circularization. The developed protocol allows synthesizing circRNA without external enzymatic assistance and adds a controllable way of circularization to the existing methods.

An updated database of virus circular RNAs provides new insights into the biogenesis mechanism of the molecule

Virus circular RNAs (circRNA) have been reported to be extensively expressed and play important roles in viral infections. Previously we build the first database of virus circRNAs named VirusCircBase which has been widely used in the field. This study significantly improved the database on both the data quantity and database functionality: the number of virus circRNAs, virus species, host organisms was increased from 46440, 23, 9 to 60859, 43, 22, respectively, and 1902 full-length virus circRNAs were newly added; new functions were added such as visualization of the expression level of virus circRNAs and visualization of virus circRNAs in the Genome Browser. Analysis of the expression of virus circRNAs showed that they had low expression levels in most cells or tissues and showed strong expression heterogeneity. Analysis of the splicing of virus circRNAs showed that they used a much higher proportion of non-canonical back-splicing signals compared to those in animals and plants, and mainly used the A5SS (alternative 5' splice site) in alternative-splicing. Most virus circRNAs have no more than two isoforms. Finally, human genes associated with the virus circRNA production were investigated and more than 1000 human genes exhibited moderate correlations with the expression of virus circRNAs. Most of them showed negative correlations including 42 genes encoding RNA-binding proteins. They were significantly enriched in biological processes related to cell cycle and RNA processing. Overall, the study provides a valuable resource for further studies of virus circRNAs and also provides new insights into the biogenesis mechanisms of virus circRNAs.

Emerging roles of circular RNAs in the invasion and metastasis of head and neck cancer: Possible functions and mechanisms

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the seventh most prevalent malignancy worldwide in 2020. Cancer metastasis is the main cause of poor prognosis in HNC patients. Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs), initially thought to have no biological function, are attracting increasing attention, and their crucial roles in mediating HNC metastasis are being extensively investigated. Existing studies have shown that circRNAs primarily function through miRNA sponges, transcriptional regulation, interacting with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and as translation templates. Among these functions, the function of miRNA sponge is the most prominent. In this review, we summarized the reported circRNAs involved in HNC metastasis, aiming to elucidate the regulatory relationship between circRNAs and HNC metastasis. Furthermore, we summarized the latest advances in the epidemiological information of HNC metastasis and the tumor metastasis theories, the biogenesis, characterization and functional mechanisms of circRNAs, and their potential clinical applications. Although the research on circRNAs is still in its infancy, circRNAs are expected to serve as prognostic markers and effective therapeutic targets to inhibit HNC metastasis and significantly improve the prognosis of HNC patients.

m6A-Mediated Biogenesis of circDDIT4 Inhibits Prostate Cancer Progression by Sequestrating ELAVL1/HuR

The pathologic significance of the circular RNA DDIT4 (circDDIT4), which is formed by backsplicing at the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) with a 5' splice acceptor site in exon 2 of linear DDIT4 mRNA, has yet to be determined. Our study found that circDDIT4 is downregulated in prostate cancer and functions as a tumor suppressor during prostate cancer progression. By competitively binding to ELAV-like RNA binding protein 1 (ELAVL1/HuR) through its 3'-UTR, circDDIT4 acts as a protein sponge to decrease the expression of prostate cancer-overexpressed anoctamin 7 (ANO7). This promotes prostate cancer cell apoptosis while inhibiting cell proliferation and metastasis. Furthermore, we discovered that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification facilitates the biogenesis of circDDIT4. The methyltransferase complex consisting of WTAP/METTL3/METTL14 increases the level of circDDIT4, while the RNA demethylase FTO decreases it.

IMPLICATIONS

These findings suggest that abnormal cotranscriptional modification of m6A promotes prostate cancer initiation and progression via a circular RNA-protein-cell signaling network.

Versatile toolkit for highly-efficient and scarless overexpression of circular RNAs

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of single-stranded, covalently closed RNA that contain a unique back-splice junction (bsj) sequence created by the ligation of their 5' and 3' ends via spliceosome-catalyzed back-splicing. A key step in illuminating the cellular roles of specific circRNAs is via increasing their expression. This is frequently done by transfecting cells with plasmid DNA containing cloned exons from which the circRNA is transcribed, flanked by sequences that promote back-splicing. We observed that commonly used plasmids lead to the production of circRNAs with molecular scars at the circRNA bsj. Stepwise redesign of the cloning vector corrected this problem, ensuring bona fide circRNAs are produced with their natural bsj at high efficiency. The fidelity of circRNAs produced from this new construct was validated by RNA sequencing and also functionally validated. To increase the utility of this modified resource for expressing circRNA, we developed an expanded set of vectors incorporating this design that (i) enables selection with a variety of antibiotics and fluorescent proteins, (ii) employs a range of promoters varying in promoter strength and (iii) generated a complementary set of lentiviral plasmids for difficult-to-transfect cells. These resources provide a novel and versatile toolkit for high-efficiency and scarless overexpression of circular RNAs that fulfill a critical need for the investigation of circRNA function.

An integrative pipeline for circular RNA quantitative trait locus discovery with application in human T cells

MOTIVATION

Molecular quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping has proven to be a powerful approach for prioritizing genetic regulatory variants and causal genes identified by genome-wide association studies. Recently, this success has been extended to circular RNA (circRNA), a potential group of RNAs that can serve as markers for the diagnosis, prognosis, or therapeutic targets of various human diseases. However, a well-developed computational pipeline for circRNA QTL (circQTL) discovery is still lacking.

RESULTS

We introduce an integrative method for circQTL mapping and implement it as an automated pipeline based on Nextflow, named cscQTL. The proposed method has two main advantages. Firstly, cscQTL improves the specificity by systematically combining outputs of multiple circRNA calling algorithms to obtain highly confident circRNA annotations. Secondly, cscQTL improves the sensitivity by accurately quantifying circRNA expression with the help of pseudo references. Compared to the single method approach, cscQTL effectively identifies circQTLs with an increase of 20%-100% circQTLs detected and recovered all circQTLs that are highly supported by the single method approach. We apply cscQTL to a dataset of human T cells and discover genetic variants that control the expression of 55 circRNAs. By colocalization tests, we further identify circBACH2 and circYY1AP1 as potential candidates for immune disease regulation.

AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION

cscQTL is freely available at: https://github.com/datngu/cscQTL and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7851982.

Panoramic on Epigenetics in Coronary Artery Disease and the Approach of Personalized Medicine

Epigenetic modifications play a fundamental role in the progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). This panoramic review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in CAD pathogenesis and highlights the potential implications for personalized medicine approaches. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes that do not influence alterations in the DNA sequence of the genome. It has been shown that epigenetic processes, including DNA/histone methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation, play an important role. Additionally, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs are also involved in epigenetics, regulating gene expression patterns in response to various environmental factors and lifestyle choices. In the context of CAD, epigenetic alterations contribute to the dysregulation of genes involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and vascular function. These epigenetic changes can occur during early developmental stages and persist throughout life, predisposing individuals to an increased risk of CAD. Furthermore, in recent years, the concept of personalized medicine has gained significant attention. Personalized medicine aims to tailor medical interventions based on an individual's unique genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. In the context of CAD, understanding the interplay between genetic variants and epigenetic modifications holds promise for the development of more precise diagnostic tools, risk stratification models, and targeted therapies. This review summarizes the current knowledge of epigenetic mechanisms in CAD and discusses the fundamental principles of personalized medicine.

Hsa_circ_0007823 Overexpression Suppresses the Progression of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer via Regulating miR-182-5p-FOXO1 Axis

Background

This study aimed to analyze the specific expression of hsa_circ_0007823 in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and explore the roles and related molecular mechanisms of hsa_circ_0007823 in TNBC.

Materials and Methods

Relative hsa_circ_0007823 levels in TNBC tissues and cell lines were examined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The value of hsa_circ_0007823 levels was evaluated in patients' clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic prediction. A dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to determine the relationship between hsa_circ_0007823, miR-182-5p, and FOXO1. The effect of circ_0007823 overexpression on the growth of TNBC cells was investigated in vitro and in vivo.

Results

Lower levels of hsa_circ_0007823 were found in TNBC tissues and cell lines and were closely associated with lymph node metastasis, poorer overall and disease-free survival rates. MiR-182-5p was significantly up-regulated, whereas FOXO1 was down-regulated in TNBC cell lines. The miR-182-5p inhibition up-regulated FOXO1 in TNBC cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that hsa_circ_0007823, miR-182-5p, and FOXO1 interacted with each other. Overexpression of circ_0007823 significantly inhibited the viability, migration, and invasion of TNBC cell lines, but promoted apoptosis. In vivo experiments showed that circ_0007823 overexpression inhibited tumor growth and down-regulated miR-182-5p and up-regulated FOXO1.

Conclusion

Hsa_circ_0007823 overexpression could suppress the growth, invasion, and migration of TNBC cells, and inhibit tumor growth by regulating miR-182-5p/FOXO1.

Perspectives of circular RNAs in diabetic complications from biological markers to potential therapeutic targets (Review)

Chronic complications of diabetes increase mortality and disability of patients. It is crucial to find potential early biomarkers and provide novel therapeutic strategies for diabetic complications. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), covalently closed RNA molecules in eukaryotes, have high stability. Recent studies have confirmed that differentially expressed circRNAs have a vital role in diabetic complications. Certain circRNAs, such as circRNA ankyrin repeat domain 36, circRNA homeodomain‑interacting protein kinase 3 (circHIPK3) and circRNA WD repeat domain 77, are associated with inflammation, endothelial cell apoptosis and smooth muscle cell proliferation, leading to vascular endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. CircRNA LDL receptor related protein 6, circRNA actin related protein 2, circ_0000064, circ‑0101383, circ_0123996, hsa_circ_0003928 and circ_0000285 mediate inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy of podocytes, mesangial cell hypertrophy and proliferation, as well as tubulointerstitial fibrosis, in diabetic nephropathy by regulating the expression of microRNAs and proteins. Circ_0005015, circRNA PWWP domain containing 2A, circRNA zinc finger protein 532, circRNA zinc finger protein 609, circRNA DNA methyltransferase 3β, circRNA collagen type I α2 chain and circHIPK3 widely affect multiple biological processes of diabetic retinopathy. Furthermore, circ_000203, circ_010567, circHIPK3, hsa_circ_0076631 and circRNA cerebellar degeneration‑related protein 1 antisense are involved in the pathology of diabetic cardiomyopathy. CircHIPK3 is the most well‑studied circRNA in the field of diabetic complications and is most likely to become a biological marker and therapeutic target for diabetic complications. The applications of circRNAs may be a promising treatment strategy for human diseases at the molecular level. The relationship between circRNAs and diabetic complications is summarized in the present study. Of note, circRNA‑targeted therapy and the role of circRNAs as biomarkers may potentially be used in diabetic complications in the future.

Vv-circSIZ1 mediated by pre-mRNA processing machinery contributes to salt tolerance

CircRNAs exist widely in plants, but the regulatory mechanisms for the biogenesis and function of plant circRNAs remain largely unknown. Using extensive mutagenesis of expression plasmids and genetic transformation methods, we analyzed the biogenesis and anti-salt functions of a new grape circRNA Vv-circSIZ1. We identified Vv-circSIZ1 that is mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of xylem. CircSIZ1 is species-specific, and genomic circSIZ1-forming region of seven tested species could be backspliced in Nicotiana benthamiana, but not in Arabidopsis. The retention length of Vv-circSIZ1 flanking introns was significantly positively correlated with its generation efficiency. The precise splicing of Vv-circSIZ1 does not depend on its mature exon sequence or internal intron sequences, but on the AG/GT splicing signal sites and branch site of the flanking introns. The spliceosome activity was inversely proportional to the expression level of Vv-circSIZ1. Furthermore, RNA-binding proteins can regulate the expression of Vv-circSIZ1. The overexpression of Vv-circSIZ1 improved salt tolerance of grape and N. benthamiana. Additionally, Vv-circSIZ1 could relieve the repressive effect of VvmiR3631 on its target VvVHAc1. Vv-circSIZ1 also promoted transcription of its parental gene. Overall, these results broaden our understanding of circRNAs in plants.

Vesicular Release and Uptake of Circular LSD1-RNAs from Non-Cancer and Cancer Lung Cells

Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is highly expressed in many cancer types and strongly associated with cancer progression and metastasis. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are produced by back-splicing and influence the interactive RNA network by microRNA and protein sponging. In the present study, we aimedto identify circRNAs that derive from the LSD1-encoding KDM1A gene, and to investigate their potential to be released and uptaken by lung cancer versus non-cancer epithelial cells. We identified four circLSD1-RNAs by RT-PCR with divergent primers, followed by sequencing. The expression level of circLSD1-RNAs was then studied by quantitative PCR on cellular and extracellular fractions of lung cancer (PC9) and non-cancer primary small airway epithelial (PSAE) cells. Moreover, we established the transgenic overexpression of circLSD1-RNAs. We show that circLSD1-RNAs are primarily located in the cytoplasm, but are packaged and released from lung cancer and non-cancer cells by extracellular vesicles (EVs) and ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, respectively. Proteomics demonstrated a different protein pattern of EV fractions released from PC9 versus PSAE cells. Importantly, released circLSD1-RNAs were differently taken up by PSAE and PC9 cells. In conclusion, our findings provide primary evidence that circLSD1-RNAs participate in the intercellular communication of lung cancer cells with the tumor environment.