1
|
Lee DH, Kim MT, Han JH. GPR41 and GPR43: From development to metabolic regulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116735. [PMID: 38744220 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors are a diverse class of cell surface receptors that orchestrate numerous physiological functions. The G-protein-coupled receptors, GPR41 and GPR43, sense short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are metabolites of dietary fermentation by the host's intestinal bacteria. These receptors have gained attention as potential therapeutic targets against various diseases because of their SCFA-mediated beneficial effects on the host's intestinal health. Mounting evidence has associated the activity of these receptors with chronic metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. However, despite intensive research using various strategies, including gene knockout (KO) mouse models, evidence about the precise roles of GPR41 and GPR43 in disease treatment remains inconsistent. Here, we comprehensively review the latest findings from functional studies of the signaling mechanisms that underlie the activities of GPR41 and GPR43, as well as highlight their multifaceted roles in health and disease. We anticipate that this knowledge will guide future research priorities and the development of effective therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, the Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Tae Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, KyongBo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 174, Sirok-ro, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31501, the Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hui Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, the Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li H, Liu S, Chen H, Zhou L, Chen B, Wang M, Zhang D, Han TL, Zhang H. Gut dysbiosis contributes to SCFAs reduction-associated adipose tissue macrophage polarization in gestational diabetes mellitus. Life Sci 2024; 350:122744. [PMID: 38810793 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has spurred investigations into various interconnected factors, among which gut dysbiosis is notably prominent. Although gut dysbiosis is strongly associated with GDM, the specific role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of GDM remains unknown. This study aims to explore the pathogenesis of GDM from gut microbiota. MATERIALS AND METHODS In our study, we constructed two GDM mice models: one induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and the other through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from GDM patients. In vitro, we used a co-culture system of RAW264.7 and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. KEY FINDINGS We induced a GDM-like state in pregnant mice by FMT from GDM patients, which was consistent with the HFD model. A potential mechanism identified involves the diminished abundance of SCFA-producing microbiota, which reduces SCFAs, particularly propionic acid and butyric acid. In vitro, butyric and propionic acids were observed to alleviate LPS-induced TLR4-NF-κB activation, thereby reducing inflammation levels and inhibiting adipose insulin resistance via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This reduction appears to trigger the polarization of adipose tissue macrophages toward M1 and promote insulin resistance in adipose tissue. SIGNIFICANCE Our study fills this knowledge gap by finding that alterations in gut microbiota have an independent impact on hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in the GDM state. In vivo and in vitro, gut dysbiosis is linked to adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance via the bacterial product SCFAs in the GDM state, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of GDM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Linwei Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Bingnan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ting-Li Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Van K, Burns JL, Monk JM. Effect of Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Inflammatory and Metabolic Function in an Obese Skeletal Muscle Cell Culture Model. Nutrients 2024; 16:500. [PMID: 38398822 PMCID: PMC10891728 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which have been shown to impact both skeletal muscle metabolic and inflammatory function; however, their effects within the obese skeletal muscle microenvironment are unknown. In this study, we developed a skeletal muscle in vitro model to mimic the critical features of the obese skeletal muscle microenvironment using L6 myotubes co-treated with 10 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 500 µM palmitic acid (PA) for 24 h ± individual SCFAs, namely acetate, propionate and butyrate at 0.5 mM and 2.5 mM. At the lower SCFA concentration (0.5 mM), all three SCFA reduced the secreted protein level of RANTES, and only butyrate reduced IL-6 protein secretion and the intracellular protein levels of activated (i.e., ratio of phosphorylated-total) NFκB p65 and STAT3 (p < 0.05). Conversely, at the higher SCFA concentration (2.5 mM), individual SCFAs exerted different effects on inflammatory mediator secretion. Specifically, butyrate reduced IL-6, MCP-1 and RANTES secretion, propionate reduced IL-6 and RANTES, and acetate only reduced RANTES secretion (p < 0.05). All three SCFAs reduced intracellular protein levels of activated NFκB p65 and STAT3 (p < 0.05). Importantly, only the 2.5 mM SCFA concentration resulted in all three SCFAs increasing insulin-stimulated glucose uptake compared to control L6 myotube cultures (p < 0.05). Therefore, SCFAs exert differential effects on inflammatory mediator secretion in a cell culture model, recapitulating the obese skeletal muscle microenvironment; however, all three SCFAs exerted a beneficial metabolic effect only at a higher concentration via increasing insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, collectively exerting differing degrees of a beneficial effect on obesity-associated skeletal muscle dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Van
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Jessie L. Burns
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
| | - Jennifer M. Monk
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wen C, Wang Q, Gu S, Jin J, Yang N. Emerging perspectives in the gut-muscle axis: The gut microbiota and its metabolites as important modulators of meat quality. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14361. [PMID: 37902307 PMCID: PMC10832551 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal breeding has made great genetic progress in increasing carcass weight and meat yield in recent decades. However, these improvements have come at the expense of meat quality. As the demand for meat quantity continues to rise, the meat industry faces the great challenge of maintaining and even increasing product quality. Recent research, including traditional statistical analyses and gut microbiota regulation research, has demonstrated that the gut microbiome exerts a considerable effect on meat quality, which has become increasingly intriguing in farm animals. Microbial metabolites play crucial roles as substrates or signalling factors to distant organs, influencing meat quality either beneficially or detrimentally. Interventions targeting the gut microbiota exhibit excellent potential as natural ways to foster the conversion of myofibres and promote intramuscular fat deposition. Here, we highlight the emerging roles of the gut microbiota in various dimensions of meat quality. We focus particularly on the effects of the gut microbiota and gut-derived molecules on muscle fibre metabolism and intramuscular fat deposition and attempt to summarize the potential underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoliang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding and Frontier Science Center for Molecular Design BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural UniversityHainanChina
| | - Qunpu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding and Frontier Science Center for Molecular Design BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shuang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding and Frontier Science Center for Molecular Design BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiaming Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding and Frontier Science Center for Molecular Design BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding and Frontier Science Center for Molecular Design BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural UniversityHainanChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pitzer CR, Paez HG, Ferrandi PJ, Mohamed J, Alway SE. Extracellular vesicles from obese and diabetic mouse plasma alter C2C12 myotube glucose uptake and gene expression. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15898. [PMID: 38169108 PMCID: PMC10761623 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated a role for circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. However, most in vitro studies have used variable and arbitrary doses of EVs rather than interpreting EVs as an existing component of standard skeletal muscle cell culture media. The current study provides an initial investigation into the effects of circulating EVs on the metabolic phenotype of C2C12 myotubes by replacing EVs from fetal bovine serum with circulating EVs from control mice or mice with obesity and type 2 diabetes (OT2D). We report that EVs associated with OT2D decrease 2-NBDG uptake (a proxy measure of glucose uptake) in the insulin-stimulated state compared to controls. OT2D associated EV treatment also significantly decreased myosin heavy chain type 1 (MHCI) mRNA abundance in myotubes but had no effect on mRNA expression of any other myosin heavy chain isoforms. OT2D-associated circulating EVs also significantly increased lipid accumulation within myotubes without altering the expression of a selection of genes important for lipid entry, synthesis, or catabolism. The data indicate that, in a severely diabetic state, circulating EVs may contribute to insulin resistance and alter gene expression in myotubes in a manner consistent with the skeletal muscle phenotype observed in OT2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Pitzer
- Center for Muscle, Metabolism and Neuropathology, Division of Regenerative and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health ProfessionsThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
- Department of Physiology, College of MedicineThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Graduate Health SciencesThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health ProfessionsThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Hector G. Paez
- Center for Muscle, Metabolism and Neuropathology, Division of Regenerative and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health ProfessionsThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
- Department of Physiology, College of MedicineThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Graduate Health SciencesThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health ProfessionsThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Peter J. Ferrandi
- Center for Muscle, Metabolism and Neuropathology, Division of Regenerative and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health ProfessionsThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Graduate Health SciencesThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
- Laboratory of Muscle and Nerve, Department of Diagnostic and Health Sciences, College of Health ProfessionsThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Junaith S. Mohamed
- Center for Muscle, Metabolism and Neuropathology, Division of Regenerative and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health ProfessionsThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
- Laboratory of Muscle and Nerve, Department of Diagnostic and Health Sciences, College of Health ProfessionsThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
- Tennessee Institute of Regenerative MedicineThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Stephen E. Alway
- Center for Muscle, Metabolism and Neuropathology, Division of Regenerative and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health ProfessionsThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
- Department of Physiology, College of MedicineThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health ProfessionsThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
- Tennessee Institute of Regenerative MedicineThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu Y, Wang D, Liu YP. Metabolite profiles of diabetes mellitus and response to intervention in anti-hyperglycemic drugs. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1237934. [PMID: 38027178 PMCID: PMC10644798 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1237934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a major health problem, threatening the quality of life of nearly 500 million patients worldwide. As a typical multifactorial metabolic disease, T2DM involves the changes and interactions of various metabolic pathways such as carbohydrates, amino acid, and lipids. It has been suggested that metabolites are not only the endpoints of upstream biochemical processes, but also play a critical role as regulators of disease progression. For example, excess free fatty acids can lead to reduced glucose utilization in skeletal muscle and induce insulin resistance; metabolism disorder of branched-chain amino acids contributes to the accumulation of toxic metabolic intermediates, and promotes the dysfunction of β-cell mitochondria, stress signal transduction, and apoptosis. In this paper, we discuss the role of metabolites in the pathogenesis of T2DM and their potential as biomarkers. Finally, we list the effects of anti-hyperglycemic drugs on serum/plasma metabolic profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi-Ping Liu
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao R, Fajardo J, Shen GX. Influence of Brown or Germinated Brown Rice Supplementation on Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Microbiome in Diet-Induced Insulin-Resistant Mice. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2629. [PMID: 38004641 PMCID: PMC10673137 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intake of whole grain foods is associated with improving metabolic profile compared to refined grain products, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The present study examined the effects of brown rice (BRR) or germinated brown rice (GBR) supplementation on fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and relationship with gut microbiota, metabolism and inflammation in high fat (HF)-diet-fed mice. The results demonstrated that an HF diet supplemented with BRR or GBR comparably increased the abundance of fecal isobutyric acid compared to that in mice receiving HF+white rice (WHR) diet (p < 0.01). The abundance of valeric acid in HF+GBR-diet-fed mice was higher than those receiving HF+WHR diet (p < 0.05). The abundances of fecal isobutyric acid negatively correlated with fasting plasma glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, tumor necrosis factor-α, plasminogen activator inhibit-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (p < 0.01). The abundance of valeric acids negatively correlated with insulin resistance (p < 0.05). The abundances of isobutyric acid positively correlated with Lactobacillus, but negatively correlated with Dubosiella genus bacteria (p < 0.05). The findings demonstrated that the increases in SCFAs in the feces of BRR and GBR-treated mice were associated with improvements in gut microbiome, metabolic and inflammatory profile, which may contribute to the antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of the whole grains in HF-diet-fed mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Garry X. Shen
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Food and Human Nutritional Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada; (R.Z.); (J.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cutuli D, Decandia D, Giacovazzo G, Coccurello R. Physical Exercise as Disease-Modifying Alternative against Alzheimer's Disease: A Gut-Muscle-Brain Partnership. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14686. [PMID: 37834132 PMCID: PMC10572207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common cause of dementia characterized by neurodegenerative dysregulations, cognitive impairments, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Physical exercise (PE) has emerged as a powerful tool for reducing chronic inflammation, improving overall health, and preventing cognitive decline. The connection between the immune system, gut microbiota (GM), and neuroinflammation highlights the role of the gut-brain axis in maintaining brain health and preventing neurodegenerative diseases. Neglected so far, PE has beneficial effects on microbial composition and diversity, thus providing the potential to alleviate neurological symptoms. There is bidirectional communication between the gut and muscle, with GM diversity modulation and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production affecting muscle metabolism and preservation, and muscle activity/exercise in turn inducing significant changes in GM composition, functionality, diversity, and SCFA production. This gut-muscle and muscle-gut interplay can then modulate cognition. For instance, irisin, an exercise-induced myokine, promotes neuroplasticity and cognitive function through BDNF signaling. Irisin and muscle-generated BDNF may mediate the positive effects of physical activity against some aspects of AD pathophysiology through the interaction of exercise with the gut microbial ecosystem, neural plasticity, anti-inflammatory signaling pathways, and neurogenesis. Understanding gut-muscle-brain interconnections hold promise for developing strategies to promote brain health, fight age-associated cognitive decline, and improve muscle health and longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debora Cutuli
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Davide Decandia
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Giacovazzo
- European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy;
- Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Teramo (UniTE), 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy;
- Institute for Complex Systems (ISC), National Council of Research (CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Koh YC, Lin SJ, Hsu KY, Nagabhushanam K, Ho CT, Pan MH. Pterostilbene Enhances Thermogenesis and Mitochondrial Biogenesis by Activating the SIRT1/PGC-1α/SIRT3 Pathway to Prevent Western Diet-Induced Obesity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300370. [PMID: 37485771 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Sirtuin 1/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 alpha (SIRT1/PGC-1α) pathway activation is known to promote thermogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. Pterostilbene (PSB) and pinostilbene (PIN), the methylated analogs of resveratrol, are potential candidates to enhance thermogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. METHOD AND RESULTS A model of Western diet-induced obesity in mice is designed. Either PSB or PIN is supplemented in the diet for 16 weeks. Both samples can significantly reduce body weight gain but only PSB can decrease inguinal adipose tissue weight. Besides, both samples can promote lipolysis but only PSB supplementation activates the SIRT1/PGC-1α/SIRT3 pathway to enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and thermogenesis in the inguinal adipose tissue. In addition, although both samples exert a modulatory effect on gut microbiota but significant increments in fecal isobutyric acid, valeric acid, and isovaleric acid are only observed in the PSB group, functioning as gut microbial metabolites. CONCLUSION Overall, these findings suggest PSB and PIN as potential candidates for the improvement of obesity and gut microbiota dysbiosis. With its higher stability, PSB exerts a greater effect than PIN by promoting thermogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis via SIRT1 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Koh
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Jhih Lin
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yu Hsu
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | | | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City, 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung City, 41354, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Marullo AL, O'Halloran KD. Microbes, metabolites and muscle: Is the gut-muscle axis a plausible therapeutic target in Duchenne muscular dystrophy? Exp Physiol 2023; 108:1132-1143. [PMID: 37269541 PMCID: PMC10988500 DOI: 10.1113/ep091063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? The contribution of gut microbial signalling to skeletal muscle maintenance and development and identification of potential therapeutic targets in progressive muscle degenerative diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. What advances does it highlight? Gut microbe-derived metabolites are multifaceted signalling molecules key to muscle function, modifying pathways contributing to skeletal muscle wasting, making them a plausible target for adjunctive therapy in muscular dystrophy. ABSTRACT Skeletal muscle is the largest metabolic organ making up ∼50% of body mass. Because skeletal muscle has both metabolic and endocrine properties, it can manipulate the microbial populations within the gut. In return, microbes exert considerable influence on skeletal muscle via numerous signalling pathways. Gut bacteria produce metabolites (i.e., short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids and neurotransmitter substrates) that act as fuel sources and modulators of inflammation, influencing host muscle development, growth and maintenance. The reciprocal interactions between microbes, metabolites and muscle establish a bidirectional gut-muscle axis. The muscular dystrophies constitute a broad range of disorders with varying disabilities. In the profoundly debilitating monogenic disorder Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), skeletal muscle undergoes a reduction in muscle regenerative capacity leading to progressive muscle wasting, resulting in fibrotic remodelling and adipose infiltration. The loss of respiratory muscle in DMD culminates in respiratory insufficiency and eventually premature death. The pathways contributing to aberrant muscle remodelling are potentially modulated by gut microbial metabolites, thus making them plausible targets for pre- and probiotic supplementation. Prednisone, the gold standard therapy for DMD, drives gut dysbiosis, inducing a pro-inflammatory phenotype and leaky gut barrier contributing to several of the well-known side effects associated with chronic glucocorticoid treatment. Several studies have observed that gut microbial supplementation or transplantation exerts positive effects on muscle, including mitigating the side effects of prednisone. There is growing evidence in support of the potential for an adjunctive microbiota-directed regimen designed to optimise gut-muscle axis signalling, which could alleviate muscle wasting in DMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L. Marullo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and HealthUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Ken D. O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and HealthUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang T, Liu C, Cui C, Zhang N, Cheung WH, Wong RMY. Potential of Fatty Acids in Treating Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3613. [PMID: 37630803 PMCID: PMC10459935 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a systematic review of studies investigating the effects of fatty acid supplementation in potentially preventing and treating sarcopenia. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched using the keywords 'fatty acid' and 'sarcopenia'. Results: A total of 14 clinical and 11 pre-clinical (including cell and animal studies) studies were included. Of the 14 clinical studies, 12 used omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as supplements, 1 study used ALA and 1 study used CLA. Seven studies combined the use of fatty acid with resistant exercises. Fatty acids were found to have a positive effect in eight studies and they had no significant outcome in six studies. The seven studies that incorporated exercise found that fatty acids had a better impact on elderlies. Four animal studies used novel fatty acids including eicosapentaenoic acid, trans-fatty acid, and olive leaf extraction as interventions. Three animal and four cell experiment studies revealed the possible mechanisms of how fatty acids affect muscles by improving regenerative capacity, reducing oxidative stress, mitochondrial and peroxisomal dysfunctions, and attenuating cell death. Conclusion: Fatty acids have proven their value in improving sarcopenia in pre-clinical experiments. However, current clinical studies show controversial results for its role on muscle, and thus the mechanisms need to be studied further. In the future, more well-designed randomized controlled trials are required to assess the effectiveness of using fatty acids in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ronald Man Yeung Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (T.H.); (C.L.); (C.C.); (N.Z.); (W.H.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guan L, Cao Z, Pan Z, Zhao C, Xue M, Yang F, Chen J. Butyrate promotes C2C12 myoblast proliferation by activating ERK/MAPK pathway. Mol Omics 2023; 19:552-559. [PMID: 37204279 DOI: 10.1039/d2mo00256f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia has garnered considerable interest in recent years as ageing-associated diseases constitute a significant worldwide public health burden. Nutritional supplements have received much attention as potential tools for managing sarcopenia. However, the specific nutrients responsible are still under-investigated. In the current study, we first determined the levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and intestinal flora in the feces of elderly sarcopenia subjects and elderly healthy individuals by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Then cell viability detection, flow cytometry and transcriptome analysis were adopted to experimentally evaluate the effect and the underlying mechanism of SCFA on C2C12 cells proliferation in vitro. The results suggested that patients with sarcopenia exhibited decreased levels of butyrate. And butyrate may stimulate C2C12 myocyte proliferation via promoting G1/S cell cycle transition. Transcriptomic analyses pointed to upregulation of the Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in butyrate-treated cells. In addition, the above proliferative phenotypes could be suppressed by the combination of ERK/MAPK inhibitor. A combined transcriptomic and metabolomic approach was applied in our study to investigate the potential effect of microbiota-derived butyrate yield on muscular proliferation which may indicate a protective effect of nutritional supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Guan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ziyi Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ziyue Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Minhang Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan university, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjuan Xue
- Department of Endocrine, Huadong Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rosli NSA, Abd Gani S, Khayat ME, Zaidan UH, Ismail A, Abdul Rahim MBH. Short-chain fatty acids: possible regulators of insulin secretion. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:517-530. [PMID: 35943655 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) towards health and metabolism have been emerging since the past decade. Extensive studies have been carried out to understand the mechanisms responsible in initiating the functionalities of these SCFAs towards body tissues, which greatly involves the SCFA-specific receptors free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) and free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFAR3). This review intends to discuss the potential of SCFAs particularly in regulating insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells, by explaining the production of SCFAs in the gut, the fate of each SCFAs after their production, involvement of FFAR2 and FFAR3 signalling mechanisms and their impacts on insulin secretion. Increased secretion of insulin after SCFAs treatments were reported in many studies, but contradicting evidence also exist in several other studies. Hence, no clear consensus was achieved in determining the true potential of SCFA in regulating insulin secretion. In this review, we explore how such differences were possible and hopefully be able to shed some perspectives in understanding SCFAs-signalling behaviour and preferences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Suraya Ashikin Rosli
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Shafinaz Abd Gani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ezuan Khayat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Amin Ismail
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Badrin Hanizam Abdul Rahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia. .,Institut Biosains, NaturMeds, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Propionate-producing Veillonella parvula regulates the malignant properties of tumor cells of OSCC. Med Oncol 2023; 40:98. [PMID: 36808012 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-01962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), main head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), remains a global health concern with unknown pathogenesis. Veillonella parvula NCTC11810 was observed to decrease in saliva microbiome of OSCC patients in this study and the aim was to detect the novel role of Veillonella parvula NCTC11810 in regulating the biological characteristics of OSCC through TROP2/PI3K/Akt pathway. Oral microbial community changes of OSCC patients were detected by 16S rDNA gene sequencing technology. CCK8 assay, Transwell assay, and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining were used for proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis analysis of OSCC cell lines. Expression of proteins were determined by Western blotting analysis. Veillonella parvula NCTC11810 showed decreased in saliva microbiome of TROP2 high-expressed OSCC patients. Culture supernatant of Veillonella parvula NCTC11810 promoted the apoptosis and inhibited the proliferation and invasion ability of HN6 cells, while sodium propionate (SP), the main metabolite of Veillonella parvula NCTC11810, played a similar role through the inhibition of TROP2/PI3K/Akt pathway. Studies above supported the proliferation-inhibiting, invasion-inhibiting, and apoptosis-promoting function of Veillonella parvula NCTC11810 in OSCC cells which provided new insights into oral microbiota and their metabolite as a therapeutic method for OSCC patients with TROP2 high expressing.
Collapse
|
15
|
May KS, den Hartigh LJ. Gut Microbial-Derived Short Chain Fatty Acids: Impact on Adipose Tissue Physiology. Nutrients 2023; 15:272. [PMID: 36678142 PMCID: PMC9865590 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global public health issue and major risk factor for pathological conditions, including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, hepatic steatosis, and certain types of cancer. These metabolic complications result from a combination of genetics and environmental influences, thus contributing to impact whole-body homeostasis. Mechanistic animal and human studies have indicated that an altered gut microbiota can mediate the development of obesity, leading to inflammation beyond the intestine. Moreover, prior research suggests an interaction between gut microbiota and peripheral organs such as adipose tissue via different signaling pathways; yet, to what degree and in exactly what ways this inter-organ crosstalk modulates obesity remains elusive. This review emphasizes the influence of circulating gut-derived short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) i.e., acetate, propionate, and butyrate, on adipose tissue metabolism in the scope of obesity, with an emphasis on adipocyte physiology in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we discuss some of the well-established mechanisms via which microbial SCFAs exert a role as a prominent host energy source, hence regulating overall energy balance and health. Collectively, exploring the mechanisms via which SCFAs impact adipose tissue metabolism appears to be a promising avenue to improve metabolic conditions related to obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolline S. May
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican Street, Box 358062, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Laura J. den Hartigh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican Street, Box 358062, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sales KM, Reimer RA. Unlocking a novel determinant of athletic performance: The role of the gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and "biotics" in exercise. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:36-44. [PMID: 36089243 PMCID: PMC9923434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota refers to the collection of trillions of intestinal microorganisms that modulate central aspects of health and disease through influential effects on host physiology. Recently, a connection has been made between the gut microbiota and exercise. Initial investigations demonstrated the beneficial effects of exercise on the gut microbiota, with cross-sectional studies revealing positive correlations between exercise-associated states, and healthy gut microbiota and exercise interventions showed post-intervention increases in the abundance of beneficial bacterial taxa. More recent investigations have focused on exploring the reverse relationship: the influence of the gut microbiota on exercise performance. Murine investigations have revealed that certain bacterial taxa may enhance endurance exercise performance by augmenting various aspects of lactate metabolism. Further, short-chain fatty acids-which modulate metabolism at various organ sites, including within skeletal muscle-have been shown to enhance endurance exercise capacity in mice. This review highlights what is currently known about the connection between the gut microbiota and exercise, with a particular focus on the ergogenic potential of the gut microbiota and how it may be leveraged to enhance endurance exercise performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Sales
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yin Y, Guo Q, Zhou X, Duan Y, Yang Y, Gong S, Han M, Liu Y, Yang Z, Chen Q, Li F. Role of brain-gut-muscle axis in human health and energy homeostasis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:947033. [PMID: 36276808 PMCID: PMC9582522 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.947033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The interrelationship between brain, gut and skeletal muscle plays a key role in energy homeostasis of the body, and is becoming a hot topic of research. Intestinal microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs) and tryptophan metabolites, communicate with the central nervous system (CNS) by binding to their receptors. In fact, there is a cross-talk between the CNS and the gut. The CNS, under the stimulation of pressure, will also affect the stability of the intestinal system, including the local intestinal transport, secretion and permeability of the intestinal system. After the gastrointestinal tract collects information about food absorption, it sends signals to the central system through vagus nerve and other channels to stimulate the secretion of brain-gut peptide and produce feeding behavior, which is also an important part of maintaining energy homeostasis. Skeletal muscle has receptors for SCFAs and BAs. Therefore, intestinal microbiota can participate in skeletal muscle energy metabolism and muscle fiber conversion through their metabolites. Skeletal muscles can also communicate with the gut system during exercise. Under the stimulation of exercise, myokines secreted by skeletal muscle causes the secretion of intestinal hormones, and these hormones can act on the central system and affect food intake. The idea of the brain-gut-muscle axis is gradually being confirmed, and at present it is important for regulating energy homeostasis, which also seems to be relevant to human health. This article focuses on the interaction of intestinal microbiota, central nervous, skeletal muscle energy metabolism, and feeding behavior regulation, which will provide new insight into the diagnostic and treatment strategies for obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunju Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Xihong Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Yehui Duan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Yuhuan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Saiming Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Mengmeng Han
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yating Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhikang Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang S, Liu Y, Qin S, Yang H. Composition of Maternal Circulating Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Their Associations with Placental Metabolism. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183727. [PMID: 36145103 PMCID: PMC9505713 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are produced by gut microbiota from dietary fiber, have become candidates for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) treatment. However, the associations of circulating SCFAs with maternal-neonatal clinical parameters in GDM and further influences on placental immune-metabolic responses are unclear. Acetate, propionate, and butyrate were decreased in GDM during the second and third trimesters, especially in those with abnormal glucose tolerance at three "oral glucose tolerance test" time points. Butyrate was closely associated with acetate and propionate in correlation and dynamic trajectory analysis. Moreover, butyrate was negatively correlated with white blood cell counts, neutrophil counts, prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain per week before GDM diagnosis, and ponderal index but positively correlated with total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels in all pregnancies. On the premise of reduced SCFA contents in GDM, the placental G-protein-coupled receptors 41 and 43 (GPR41/43) were decreased, and histone deacetylases (HDACs) were increased, accompanied by enhanced inflammatory responses. The metabolic status was disturbed, as evidenced by activated glycolysis in GDM. Maternal circulating acetate, propionate, and butyrate levels were associated with demographic factors in normal and GDM women. They influenced placental function and fetal development at birth through GPRs or HDACs, providing more evidence of their therapeutic capacity for GDM pregnancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Shengtang Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Huixia Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Beijing 100034, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Martin JLA, Cartwright NM, Hutchinson AL, Robinson LE, Ma DWL, Monk JM. Differential Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids on L6 Myotube Inflammatory Mediator Production in Response to Lipopolysaccharide- or Palmitic Acid-Stimulation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142826. [PMID: 35889783 PMCID: PMC9320465 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced from dietary non-digestible carbohydrate fermentation have metabolic effects in skeletal muscle; however, their effect on inflammatory mediator production is unknown. In this study, L6 myotubes were cultured with individual SCFA (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) at 0.5 mM and 2.5 mM ± 10 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or ± 500 µM palmitic acid (PA) for 24 h. In response to LPS, only butyrate had an effect at the lower concentration (0.5 mM), whereas at the higher concentration (2.5 mM) both propionate and butyrate reduced MCP-1, MIP-1α, and RANTES secretion (p < 0.05), and only butyrate reduced IL-6 secretion and intracellular protein levels of phospho-STAT3 (p < 0.05). In response to PA, 0.5 mM butyrate reduced protein expression of phospho-NFκB p65 and the secretion of IL-6, MIP-1α, and MCP-1, whereas all three SCFA reduced RANTES secretion (p < 0.05). At the 2.5 mM SCFA concentration combined with PA stimulation, all three SCFA reduced intracellular protein expression of phospho-NFκB p65 and phospho-STAT3 and secreted protein levels of MCP-1, IL-6, and RANTES, whereas only butyrate reduced secretion of MIP-1α (p < 0.05). Thus, SCFA exhibit differential effects on inflammatory mediator expression in response to LPS and PA stimulation, which has implications for their individual impacts on inflammation-mediated skeletal muscle dysfunction.
Collapse
|
20
|
Marazzato M, Iannuccelli C, Guzzo MP, Nencioni L, Lucchino B, Radocchia G, Gioia C, Bonfiglio G, Neroni B, Guerrieri F, Pantanella F, Garzoli S, Vomero M, Barbati C, Di Franco M, Schippa S. Gut Microbiota Structure and Metabolites, Before and After Treatment in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Pilot Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:921675. [PMID: 35872763 PMCID: PMC9304627 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.921675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease. Modifications of gut microbiota seem to be associated with the disease, but the impact of gut microbiota on therapies’ outcome remains unclear. A role of T cells in RA pathogenesis has been addressed, particularly on the Th17/Treg cells balance. Our study aimed to evaluate in early RA (ERA) patients compared to a control group, fecal gut microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acids concentrations, and the levels of circulating Th17/Treg and their own cytokines, before and after 3 months of standard treatment (Methotrexate (MTX) plus glucocorticoids). Fecal microbiota characterization was carried out on 19 ERA patients and 20 controls matched for sex and age. Significant decreased biodiversity levels, and a partition on the base of the microbiota composition, between the ERA patients at baseline compared to controls, were observed. The co-occurrent analysis of interactions revealed a characteristic clustered structure of the microbial network in controls that is lost in ERA patients where an altered connection between microbes and clinical parameters/metabolites has been reported. Microbial markers such as Acetanaerobacterium elongatum, Cristiansella massiliensis, and Gracilibacter thermotolerans resulted significantly enriched in control group while the species Blautia gnavus emerged to be more abundant in ERA patients. Our results showed an alteration in Th17/Treg balance with higher Th17 levels and lower Treg levels in ERA group respect to control at baseline, those data improved after therapy. Treatment administration and the achievement of a low disease activity/remission appear to exert a positive pressure on the structure of intestinal microbiota with the consequent restoration of biodiversity, of the structure of microbial network, and of the abundance of taxa that became closer to those presented by the subject without the disease. We also found an association between Blautia gnavus and ERA patients characterized by a significant reduction of propionic acid level. Furthermore significant differences highlighted at baseline among controls and ERA patients are no more evident after treatment. These data corroborate the role played by gut microbiota in the disease and suggest that therapy aimed to restore gut microbiota would improve treatment outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Marazzato
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Iannuccelli
- Early Arthritis Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Guzzo
- Early Arthritis Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Lucchino
- Early Arthritis Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Radocchia
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Gioia
- Early Arthritis Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Bonfiglio
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Radiology, UOC Clinical Pathology, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruna Neroni
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Radiology, UOC Clinical Pathology, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Pantanella
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Vomero
- Early Arthritis Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Barbati
- Early Arthritis Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Di Franco
- Early Arthritis Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Manuela Di Franco,
| | - Serena Schippa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Serena Schippa,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang W, Gao B, Qin L, Wang X. Puerarin improves skeletal muscle strength by regulating gut microbiota in young adult rats. J Orthop Translat 2022; 35:87-98. [PMID: 36196075 PMCID: PMC9508383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcopenia is an age-related skeletal muscle dysfunction syndrome that is lacking validated treatments. Maximizing muscle strength in young adulthood may be a promising way to prevent sarcopenia in the elderly. The phytomolecule puerarin has been extensively used in clinical practice and reported to increase energy metabolism in skeletal muscle by directly targeting the skeletal muscle fiber. However, the bioavailability of puerarin is very poor, and almost 93% of puerarin stays in the intestine until excretion. Therefore, we hypothesize that puerarin may regulate gut microbiota to improve skeletal muscle strength and/or mass in adults. Methods Twenty three-month old male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups according to average weights, puerarin group (puerarin dissolved in 0.5% CMC-Na, 150 mg/kg/day, N = 10), and control group (equal volume 0.5% CMC-Na, N = 10). The treatment lasted for 8 weeks. Muscle weight, muscle fiber types and cross-sectional area (CSA), ex vivo muscle contraction test and grip strength were measured. 16S rDNA sequencing was employed to evaluate the gut microbiota composition in the sample of cecal content. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in cecal and serum were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration in skeletal muscle was also detected. Pearson's correlation was used to analyze the relations between SCFAs, ATP concentration and muscle function. Results After puerarin treatment, grip strength, the specific twitch force, and the tetanic forces in the soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle were significantly higher than those of the control group. The percentage and CSA of type II muscle fiber in EDL was higher in the puerarin group than those in the control group. Puerarin treatment significantly changed the gut microbial constitutes. Two SCFAs-productive microbiota, the families Peptococcaceae and Closteridiales, were significantly higher in the puerarin group than those in the control group, while the ratio of Prevotellaceae/Bacteroidaceae (P/B), a muscle atrophy indicator, was lower in the puerarin group. As expected, there were significant linear correlations between the concentrations of SCFAs, including cecal total SCFAs, serum n-butyric acid and total SCFAs, and skeletal muscle strength and function, including the twitch force and tetanic force of SOL and EDL, as well as the forelimb grip strength. Conclusion In conclusion, puerarin improved the forelimb grip strength and muscle contraction function in young adult rats. The underlying mechanism may include that puerarin increased SCFAs production by regulating gut microbiota, augmented ATP synthesis and skeletal muscle strength. The translational potential of this article: Our study finds that a clinical used phytomolecule puerarin has the potential of improving skeletal muscle strength in young adult rats. As puerarin has long-term clinical experience and shows good safety, it might be a potential candidate for developing muscle strengthening agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyao Yang
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Laboratory of Chinese Academic of Science and Hong Kong for Biomaterials of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bimin Gao
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Laboratory of Chinese Academic of Science and Hong Kong for Biomaterials of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Laboratory of Chinese Academic of Science and Hong Kong for Biomaterials of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinluan Wang
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Laboratory of Chinese Academic of Science and Hong Kong for Biomaterials of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- Corresponding author. Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Skeletal Muscle Development and Fat Deposition in Pigs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060793. [PMID: 35740199 PMCID: PMC9220283 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pork quality is a factor increasingly considered in consumer preferences for pork. The formation mechanisms determining meat quality are complicated, including endogenous and exogenous factors. Despite a lot of research on meat quality, unexpected variation in meat quality is still a major problem in the meat industry. Currently, gut microbiota and their metabolites have attracted increased attention in the animal breeding industry, and recent research demonstrated their significance in muscle fiber development and fat deposition. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the research on the effects of gut microbiota on pig muscle and fat deposition. The factors affecting gut microbiota composition will also be discussed, including host genetics, dietary composition, antibiotics, prebiotics, and probiotics. We provide an overall understanding of the relationship between gut microbiota and meat quality in pigs, and how manipulation of gut microbiota may contribute to increasing pork quality for human consumption.
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang M, Wang Y, Zhao X, Liu C, Wang B, Zhou J. Mechanistic basis and preliminary practice of butyric acid and butyrate sodium to mitigate gut inflammatory diseases: a comprehensive review. Nutr Res 2021; 95:1-18. [PMID: 34757305 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A key event featured in the early stage of chronic gut inflammatory diseases is the disordered recruitment and excess accumulation of immune cells in the gut lamina propria. This process is followed by the over-secretion of pro-inflammatory factors and the prolonged overactive inflammatory responses. Growing evidence has suggested that gut inflammatory diseases may be mitigated by butyric acid (BA) or butyrate sodium (NaB). Laboratory studies show that BA and NaB can enhance gut innate immune function through G-protein-mediated signaling pathways while mitigating the overactive inflammatory responses by inhibiting histone deacetylase. The regulatory effects may occur in both epithelial enterocytes and the immune cells in the lamina propria. Prior to further clinical trials, comprehensive literature reviews and rigid examination concerning the underlying mechanism are necessary. To this end, we collected and reviewed 197 published reports regarding the mechanisms, bioactivities, and clinical effects of BA and NaB to modulate gut inflammatory diseases. Our review found insufficient evidence to guarantee the safety of clinical practice of BA and NaB, either by anal enema or oral administration of capsule or tablet. The safety of clinical use of BA and NaB should be further evaluated. Alternatively, dietary patterns rich in "fruits, vegetables and beans" may be an effective and safe approach to prevent gut inflammatory disease, which elevates gut microbiota-dependent production of BA. Our review provides a comprehensive reference to future clinical trials of BA and NaB to treat gut inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingbao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Xianqi Zhao
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Baozhen Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nugraheni M, Purwanti S, Ekawatiningsih P. Impact of Analog Rice Derived from Different Composite Flours from Tubers, Germinated Legumes, and Cereals on Improving Serum Markers in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2021; 26:296-306. [PMID: 34737990 PMCID: PMC8531424 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2021.26.3.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the consumption of four types of analog rice made from different composite flours in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Forty-two male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups and fed different food for six weeks: normal standard food (NSF), diabetic standard food (DSF), diabetic commercial rice (DCR), and diabetic analog rice (DAR) I∼IV. Total phenolic, dietary fiber, and resistant starch contents were evaluated in every analog and commercial type of rice. The parameters studied were fasting blood glucose, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) insulin resistance (IR), HOMA β, lipid profile, atherogenic indexes (AI), weight changes, serum insulin and antioxidant activities. Total phenol, dietary fiber, and resistant starch were higher for analog rice IV than the other three analog rice. In addition, analog rice IV had a greater ability to lower fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein levels. High density lipoprotein levels increased in all groups fed analog rice, and all diabetic rats fed four types of analog rice had improved weight, antioxidant activity, serum insulin levels, HOMA IR, HOMA β, and AI. Commercial rice consumption did not improve glucose or lipids profiles, antioxidant activity, serum insulin level, HOMA IR, HOMA β, or AI in diabetic mice. These results show that the four types of analog rice significantly improved serum markers in diabetic rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mutiara Nugraheni
- Culinary Art Vocational Education, Faculty of Engineering, Yogyakarta State University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Sutriyati Purwanti
- Culinary Art Vocational Education, Faculty of Engineering, Yogyakarta State University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Prihastuti Ekawatiningsih
- Culinary Art Vocational Education, Faculty of Engineering, Yogyakarta State University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Park HS, Han JH, Park JW, Lee DH, Jang KW, Lee M, Heo KS, Myung CS. Sodium propionate exerts anticancer effect in mice bearing breast cancer cell xenograft by regulating JAK2/STAT3/ROS/p38 MAPK signaling. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1311-1323. [PMID: 32973326 PMCID: PMC8285538 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Propionate is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) mainly produced from carbohydrates by gut microbiota. Sodium propionate (SP) has shown to suppress the invasion in G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41) and GPR43-overexpressing breast cancer cells. In this study we investigated the effects of SP on the proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and antioxidant production of breast cancer cells. We showed that SP (5-20 mM) dose-dependently inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines JIMT-1 (ER-negative and HER2-expressing) and MCF7 (ER-positive type), and this effect was not affected by PTX, thus not mediated by the GPR41 or GPR43 SCFA receptors. Meanwhile, we demonstrated that SP treatment increased autophagic and antioxidant activity in JIMT-1 and MCF7 breast cancer cells, which might be a compensatory mechanism to overcome SP-induced apoptosis, but were not sufficient to overcome SP-mediated suppression of proliferation and induction of apoptosis. We revealed that the anticancer effect of SP was mediated by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 signaling which led to cell-cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, and increasing levels of ROS and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK which induced apoptosis. In nude mice bearing JIMT-1 and MCF7 cells xenograft, administration of SP (20 mg/mL in drinking water) significantly suppressed tumor growth by regulating STAT3 and p38 in tumor tissues. These results suggest that SP suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells by inhibiting STAT3, increasing the ROS level and activating p38. Therefore, SP is a candidate therapeutic agent for breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Soo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hui Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Won Park
- Department of Lifetech.Institute, iNtRON Biotechnology, Seongnam-si, 13202, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Woo Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Miji Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Heo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Myung
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Massier L, Blüher M, Kovacs P, Chakaroun RM. Impaired Intestinal Barrier and Tissue Bacteria: Pathomechanisms for Metabolic Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:616506. [PMID: 33767669 PMCID: PMC7985551 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.616506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An intact intestinal barrier, representing the interface between inner and outer environments, is an integral regulator of health. Among several factors, bacteria and their products have been evidenced to contribute to gut barrier impairment and its increased permeability. Alterations of tight junction integrity - caused by both external factors and host metabolic state - are important for gut barrier, since they can lead to increased influx of bacteria or bacterial components (endotoxin, bacterial DNA, metabolites) into the host circulation. Increased systemic levels of bacterial endotoxins and DNA have been associated with an impaired metabolic host status, manifested in obesity, insulin resistance, and associated cardiovascular complications. Bacterial components and cells are distributed to peripheral tissues via the blood stream, possibly contributing to metabolic diseases by increasing chronic pro-inflammatory signals at both tissue and systemic levels. This response is, along with other yet unknown mechanisms, mediated by toll like receptor (TLR) transduction and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which in turn can further increase intestinal permeability leading to a detrimental positive feedback loop. The modulation of gut barrier function through nutritional and other interventions, including manipulation of gut microbiota, may represent a potential prevention and treatment target for metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Massier
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München, University Hospital Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rima M. Chakaroun
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Rima M. Chakaroun,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Frampton J, Murphy KG, Frost G, Chambers ES. Short-chain fatty acids as potential regulators of skeletal muscle metabolism and function. Nat Metab 2020; 2:840-848. [PMID: 32694821 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A key metabolic activity of the gut microbiota is the fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrate, which generates short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as the principal end products. SCFAs are absorbed from the gut lumen and modulate host metabolic responses at different organ sites. Evidence suggests that these organ sites include skeletal muscle, the largest organ in humans, which plays a pivotal role in whole-body energy metabolism. In this Review, we evaluate the evidence indicating that SCFAs mediate metabolic cross-talk between the gut microbiota and skeletal muscle. We discuss the effects of three primary SCFAs (acetate, propionate and butyrate) on lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism in skeletal muscle, and we consider the potential mechanisms involved. Furthermore, we highlight the emerging roles of these gut-derived metabolites in skeletal muscle function and exercise capacity, present limitations in current knowledge and provide suggestions for future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Frampton
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin G Murphy
- Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gary Frost
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Edward S Chambers
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Free Fatty Acid Receptors 2 and 3 as Microbial Metabolite Sensors to Shape Host Health: Pharmacophysiological View. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8060154. [PMID: 32521775 PMCID: PMC7344995 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the gut microbiome in human health is becoming apparent. The major functional impact of the gut microbiome is transmitted through the microbial metabolites that are produced in the gut and interact with host cells either in the local gut environment or are absorbed into circulation to impact distant cells/organs. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the major microbial metabolites that are produced in the gut through the fermentation of non-digestible fibers. SCFAs are known to function through various mechanisms, however, their signaling through free fatty acid receptors 2 and 3 (FFAR2/3; type of G-coupled protein receptors) is a new therapeutic approach. FFAR2/3 are widely expressed in diverse cell types in human and mice, and function as sensors of SCFAs to change several physiological and cellular functions. FFAR2/3 modulate neurological signaling, energy metabolism, intestinal cellular homeostasis, immune response, and hormone synthesis. FFAR2/3 function through Gi and/or Gq signaling, that is mediated through specific structural features of SCFAs-FFAR2/3 bindings and modulating specific signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the wide-spread expression and structural homologies between human and mice FFAR2/3, and their role in different human health conditions. This information can unlock opportunities to weigh the potential of FFAR2/3 as a drug target to prevent human diseases.
Collapse
|
29
|
Onyszkiewicz M, Jaworska K, Ufnal M. Short chain fatty acids and methylamines produced by gut microbiota as mediators and markers in the circulatory system. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:166-175. [PMID: 31948289 PMCID: PMC7016413 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219900898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ample evidence suggests that gut microbiota-derived products affect the circulatory system functions. For instance, short chain fatty acids, that are the products of dietary fiber bacterial fermentation, have been found to dilate blood vessels and lower blood pressure. Trimethylamine, a gut bacteria metabolite of carnitine and choline, has recently emerged as a potentially toxic molecule for the circulatory system. To enter the bloodstream, microbiota products cross the gut–blood barrier, a multilayer system of the intestinal wall. Notably, experimental and clinical studies show that cardiovascular diseases may compromise function of the gut–blood barrier and increase gut-to-blood penetration of microbiota-derived molecules. Hence, the bacteria products and the gut–blood barrier may be potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases. In this paper, we review research on the cardiovascular effects of microbiota-produced short chain fatty acids and methylamines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Onyszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Kinga Jaworska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Harris KF. An introductory review of resistant starch type 2 from high-amylose cereal grains and its effect on glucose and insulin homeostasis. Nutr Rev 2019; 77:748-764. [PMID: 31343688 PMCID: PMC6786898 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Refined carbohydrates result from milling techniques that remove the outer layers of a cereal grain and grind the endosperm into a flour ingredient that is devoid of dietary fiber. Technologies have been developed to produce high-amylose cereal grains that have a significantly higher resistant starch type 2 and thus dietary fiber content in the endosperm of the cereal grain, which has positive implications for human health. A review of the literature was conducted to study the effects of resistant starch type 2 derived from high-amylose grains on glucose and insulin response. While thousands of articles have been published on resistant starch, only 30 articles have focused on how resistant starch type 2 from high-amylose grains affects acute and long-term responses of glucose and insulin control. The findings showed that resistant starch has the ability to attenuate acute postprandial responses when replacing rapidly digestible carbohydrate sources, but there is insufficient evidence to conclude that resistant starch can improve insulin resistance and/or sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn F Harris
- Research and Development Department, Bay State Milling Company, Quincy, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Silva JC, Jones JG. Improving Metabolic Control Through Functional Foods. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3424-3438. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170523130123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Functional foods are designed to have physiological benefits and reduce the
risk of chronic disease beyond basic nutritional functions. Conditions related to overnutrition such as
Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 diabetes are increasingly serious concerns in Western societies. Several
nutrient classes are considered to protect against these conditions and this review focuses on the latest
clinical and preclinical evidence supporting their efficacy and the molecular mechanisms by which they
act.
Methods:
The review searched the literature for information and data on the following functional food
components and their protective effects against Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes: Dietary fiber;
Medium-chain triglycerides and Ketone esters; ω3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and Antioxidants.
Results:
Data from a hundred and four studies were reviewed and summarized. They indicate that dietary
fiber results in the production of beneficial short chain fatty acids via intestinal microbiota, as well
as increasing intestinal secretion of incretins and satiety peptides. Medium chain triglycerides and ketone
esters promote thermogenesis, inhibit lipolysis and reduce inflammation. They also decrease endogenous
synthesis of triglycerides and fatty acids. ω3-PUFA’s act to soften inflammation through an
increase in adiponectin secretion. Antioxidants are involved in the protection of insulin sensitivity by
PTP1B suppression and SIRT1 activation.
Conclusion:
Functional foods have actions that complement and/or potentiate other lifestyle interventions
for reversing Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes. Functional foods contribute to reduced
food intake by promoting satiety, less weight gain via metabolic uncoupling and improved insulin sensitivity
via several distinct mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João C.P. Silva
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, UC Biotech, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - John G. Jones
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, UC Biotech, Cantanhede, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Circulating but not faecal short-chain fatty acids are related to insulin sensitivity, lipolysis and GLP-1 concentrations in humans. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12515. [PMID: 31467327 PMCID: PMC6715624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) acetate, propionate and butyrate may provide a link between gut microbiota and whole-body insulin sensitivity (IS). In this cross-sectional study (160 participants, 64% male, BMI: 19.2–41.0 kg/m2, normal or impaired glucose metabolism), associations between SCFA (faecal and fasting circulating) and circulating metabolites, substrate oxidation and IS were investigated. In a subgroup (n = 93), IS was determined using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for sex, age and BMI. Fasting circulating acetate, propionate and butyrate concentrations were positively associated with fasting GLP-1 concentrations. Additionally, circulating SCFA were negatively related to whole-body lipolysis (glycerol), triacylglycerols and free fatty acids levels (standardized (std) β adjusted (adj) −0.190, P = 0.023; std β adj −0.202, P = 0.010; std β adj −0.306, P = 0.001, respectively). Circulating acetate and propionate were, respectively, negatively and positively correlated with IS (M-value: std β adj −0.294, P < 0.001; std β adj 0.161, P = 0.033, respectively). We show that circulating rather than faecal SCFA were associated with GLP-1 concentrations, whole-body lipolysis and peripheral IS in humans. Therefore, circulating SCFA are more directly linked to metabolic health, which indicates the need to measure circulating SCFA in human prebiotic/probiotic intervention studies as a biomarker/mediator of effects on host metabolism.
Collapse
|
33
|
Jung SH, Han JH, Park HS, Lee DH, Kim SJ, Cho HS, Kang JS, Myung CS. Effects of unaltered and bioconverted mulberry leaf extracts on cellular glucose uptake and antidiabetic action in animals. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:55. [PMID: 30841887 PMCID: PMC6404318 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2460-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Mulberry is a Korean medicinal herb that shows effective prevention and treatment of obesity and diabetes. Bioconversion is the process of producing active ingredients from natural products using microorganisms or enzymes. Methods In this study, we prepared bioconverted mulberry leaf extract (BMLE) with Viscozyme L, which we tested in insulin-sensitive cells (i.e., skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes) and insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells, as well as obese diabetic mice induced by co-administration of streptozotocin (100 mg/kg, IP) and nicotinamide (240 mg/kg, IP) and feeding high-fat diet, as compared to unaltered mulberry leaf extract (MLE). Results BMLE increased the glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes and 3 T3-L1 adipocytes and increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in HIT-T15 pancreatic β-cells. The fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic mice treated with BMLE or MLE (300 and 600 mg/kg, PO, 7 weeks) were significantly lower than those of the vehicle-treated group. At the same concentration, BMLE-treated mice showed better glucose tolerance than MLE-treated mice. Moreover, the blood concentration of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) in mice treated with BMLE was lower than that in the MLE group at the same concentration. Plasma insulin levels in mice treated with BMLE or MLE tended to increase compared to the vehicle-treated group. Treatment with BMLE yielded significant improvements in insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity. Conclusion These results indicate that in the management of diabetic condition, BMLE is superior to unaltered MLE due to at least, in part, high concentrations of maker compounds (trans-caffeic acid and syringaldehyde) in BMLE. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-019-2460-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
34
|
Gut microbiota: a potential manipulator for host adipose tissue and energy metabolism. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 64:206-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
35
|
Ge M, Guo R, Lou HX, Zhang W. Extract of Paecilomyces hepiali mycelia induces lipolysis through PKA-mediated phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase and ERK-mediated downregulation of perilipin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:326. [PMID: 30526586 PMCID: PMC6286538 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Cordyceps sinensis has been used for centuries in China as one of the most valued herbal medicine and tonic food. Paecilomyces hepiali, a fungal strain isolated from natural C. sinensis, has been used widely as a substitute of C. sinensis in medicine and health food. P. hepiali has been reported to have various pharmaceutical benefits, including triglyceride-lowing activity. However, its effects on triglyceride metabolism in adipocytes remain unknown. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of P. hepiali mycelia on adipocyte lipolysis and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. Methods The fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with methanol extract of Paecilomyces hepiali mycelia (PHME). Contents of glycerol released into the culture medium and intracellular triglyceride were measured as indices of lipolysis using glycerol assay kit and Oil red O staining, respectively. Then, effects of PHME on the main lipases or kinases involved in lipolysis regulation were investigated. Protein expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and perilipin, as well as phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were determined by western blotting. Moreover, nucleosides, important constituents of PHME, were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results Treatment with PHME led to a significant increase in glycerol release thereby reduced intracellular triglyceride accumulation in fully differentiated adipocytes. PHME upregulated protein kinase (PK) A-mediated phosphorylation of HSL at serine residues of 563 and 660. Meanwhile, PHME treatment also upregulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and downregulated the protein level of perilipin. Pretreatment with the PKA inhibitor, H89, blunted the PHME-induced lipolysis and the phosphorylation of HSL (Ser 563 and 660). Moreover, pretreatment with ERK inhibitor, PD98059, weakened the PHME-caused glycerol release and downregulation of perilipin expression. HPLC analysis indicated there were adenosine, cordycepin, uridine and vernine in PHME. Conclusions Our results showed that PHME significantly induced lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which is mainly mediated by activation of HSL through PKA pathway and by downregulation of perilipin through activation of ERK pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2389-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
36
|
Priyadarshini M, Kotlo KU, Dudeja PK, Layden BT. Role of Short Chain Fatty Acid Receptors in Intestinal Physiology and Pathophysiology. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1091-1115. [PMID: 29978895 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient sensing is a mechanism for organisms to sense their environment. In larger animals, including humans, the intestinal tract is a major site of nutrient sensing for the body, not surprisingly, as this is the central location where nutrients are absorbed. In the gut, bacterial fermentation results in generation of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), a class of nutrients, which are sensed by specific membrane bound receptors, FFA2, FFA3, GPR109a, and Olfr78. These receptors are expressed uniquely throughout the gut and signal through distinct mechanisms. To date, the emerging data suggests a role of these receptors in normal and pathological conditions. The overall function of these receptors is to regulate aspects of intestinal motility, hormone secretion, maintenance of the epithelial barrier, and immune cell function. Besides in intestinal health, a prominent role of these receptors has emerged in modulation of inflammatory and immune responses during pathological conditions. Moreover, these receptors are being revealed to interact with the gut microbiota. This review article updates the current body of knowledge on SCFA sensing receptors in the gut and their roles in intestinal health and disease as well as in whole body energy homeostasis. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1091-1115, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Medha Priyadarshini
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kumar U Kotlo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wolf MKF, Closet A, Bzowska M, Bielser J, Souquet J, Broly H, Morbidelli M. Improved Performance in Mammalian Cell Perfusion Cultures by Growth Inhibition. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1700722. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz K. F Wolf
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesInstitute of Chemical and BioengineeringETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Closet
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesInstitute of Chemical and BioengineeringETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Monika Bzowska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and BiotechnologyDepartment of Cell BiochemistryJagiellonian UniversityKrakow31‐007Poland
| | - Jean‐Marc Bielser
- Biotech Process SciencesMerck BiopharmaCorsier‐sur‐Vevey1804Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Biotech Process SciencesMerck BiopharmaCorsier‐sur‐Vevey1804Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Biotech Process SciencesMerck BiopharmaCorsier‐sur‐Vevey1804Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesInstitute of Chemical and BioengineeringETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Muredda L, Kępczyńska MA, Zaibi MS, Alomar SY, Trayhurn P. IL-1β and TNFα inhibit GPR120 (FFAR4) and stimulate GPR84 (EX33) and GPR41 (FFAR3) fatty acid receptor expression in human adipocytes: implications for the anti-inflammatory action of n-3 fatty acids. Arch Physiol Biochem 2018; 124:97-108. [PMID: 28835131 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1364774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the expression of GPCR fatty acid receptor genes has been examined in human adipocytes differentiated in culture. TNFα and IL-1β induced a marked reduction in GPR120 expression, mRNA level falling 17-fold at 24 h in adipocytes incubated with TNFα. In contrast, GPR84 mRNA was dramatically increased by these cytokines (>500-fold for IL-1β at 4 h); GPR41 expression was also stimulated. Rosiglitazone did not affect GPR84 expression, but GPR120 and GPR41 expression increased. Dexamethasone, insulin, linoleic and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), and TUG891 (GPR120 agonist) had little effect on GPR120 and GPR84 expression. TUG891 did not attenuate the pro-inflammatory actions of TNFα and IL-1β. DHA slightly countered the actions of IL-1β on CCL2, IL6 and ADIPOQ expression, though not on secretion of these adipokines. GPR120 and GP84 gene expression in human adipocytes is highly sensitive to pro-inflammatory mediators; the inflammation-induced inhibition of GPR120 expression may compromise the anti-inflammatory action of GPR120 agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Muredda
- a Clore Laboratory , University of Buckingham , Buckingham , UK
| | | | - Mohamed S Zaibi
- a Clore Laboratory , University of Buckingham , Buckingham , UK
| | - Suliman Y Alomar
- b Department of Zoology, College of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul Trayhurn
- a Clore Laboratory , University of Buckingham , Buckingham , UK
- b Department of Zoology, College of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
- c Obesity Biology Unit , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Butyrate enhances mitochondrial function during oxidative stress in cell lines from boys with autism. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:42. [PMID: 29391397 PMCID: PMC5804031 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Butyrate (BT) is a ubiquitous short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) principally derived from the enteric microbiome. BT positively modulates mitochondrial function, including enhancing oxidative phosphorylation and beta-oxidation and has been proposed as a neuroprotectant. BT and other SCFAs have also been associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), a condition associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. We have developed a lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) model of ASD, with a subset of LCLs demonstrating mitochondrial dysfunction (AD-A) and another subset of LCLs demonstrating normal mitochondrial function (AD-N). Given the positive modulation of BT on mitochondrial function, we hypothesized that BT would have a preferential positive effect on AD-A LCLs. To this end, we measured mitochondrial function in ASD and age-matched control (CNT) LCLs, all derived from boys, following 24 and 48 h exposure to BT (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mM) both with and without an in vitro increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). We also examined the expression of key genes involved in cellular and mitochondrial response to stress. In CNT LCLs, respiratory parameters linked to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production were attenuated by 1 mM BT. In contrast, BT significantly increased respiratory parameters linked to ATP production in AD-A LCLs but not in AD-N LCLs. In the context of ROS exposure, BT increased respiratory parameters linked to ATP production for all groups. BT was found to modulate individual LCL mitochondrial respiration to a common set-point, with this set-point slightly higher for the AD-A LCLs as compared to the other groups. The highest concentration of BT (1 mM) increased the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial fission (PINK1, DRP1, FIS1) and physiological stress (UCP2, mTOR, HIF1α, PGC1α) as well as genes thought to be linked to cognition and behavior (CREB1, CamKinase II). These data show that the enteric microbiome-derived SCFA BT modulates mitochondrial activity, with this modulation dependent on concentration, microenvironment redox state, and the underlying mitochondrial function of the cell. In general, these data suggest that BT can enhance mitochondrial function in the context of physiological stress and/or mitochondrial dysfunction, and may be an important metabolite that can help rescue energy metabolism during disease states. Thus, insight into this metabolic modulator may have wide applications for both health and disease since BT has been implicated in a wide variety of conditions including ASD. However, future clinical studies in humans are needed to help define the practical implications of these physiological findings.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Overfeeding of fat can cause various metabolic disorders including obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Diet provided free fatty acids (FFAs) are not only essential nutrients, but they are also recognized as signaling molecules, which stimulate various important biological functions. Recently, several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including FFA1-4, have been identified as receptors of FFAs by various physiological and pharmacological studies. FFAs exert physiological functions through these FFA receptors (FFARs) depending on carbon chain length and degree of unsaturation. Functional analyses have revealed that several important metabolic processes, such as peptide hormone secretion, cell maturation and nerve activities, are regulated by FFARs and thereby FFARs contribute to the energy homeostasis through these physiological functions. Hence, FFARs are expected to be promising pharmacological targets for metabolic disorders since imbalances in energy homeostasis lead to metabolic disorders. In human, it is established that different responses of individuals to endogenous ligands and chemical drugs may be due to differences in the ability of such ligands to activate nucleotide polymorphic variants of receptors. However, the clear links between genetic variations that are involved in metabolic disorders and polymorphisms receptors have been relatively difficult to assess. In this review, I summarize current literature describing physiological functions of FFARs and genetic variations of those receptors to discuss the potential of FFARs as drug targets for metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiko Ichimura
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29, Sakyo-ku, yoshidashimoadachi-cho, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Slattery J, MacFabe DF, Frye RE. The Significance of the Enteric Microbiome on the Development of Childhood Disease: A Review of Prebiotic and Probiotic Therapies in Disorders of Childhood. Clin Med Insights Pediatr 2016; 10:91-107. [PMID: 27774001 PMCID: PMC5063840 DOI: 10.4137/cmped.s38338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the fact that the enteric microbiome, the trillions of microbes that inhabit the human digestive tract, has a significant effect on health and disease. Methods for manipulating the enteric microbiome, particularly through probiotics and microbial ecosystem transplantation, have undergone some study in clinical trials. We review some of the evidence for microbiome alteration in relation to childhood disease and discuss the clinical trials that have examined the manipulation of the microbiome in an effort to prevent or treat childhood disease with a primary focus on probiotics, prebiotics, and/or synbiotics (ie, probiotics + prebiotics). Studies show that alterations in the microbiome may be a consequence of events occurring during infancy and/or childhood such as prematurity, C-sections, and nosocomial infections. In addition, certain childhood diseases have been associated with microbiome alterations, namely necrotizing enterocolitis, infantile colic, asthma, atopic disease, gastrointestinal disease, diabetes, malnutrition, mood/anxiety disorders, and autism spectrum disorders. Treatment studies suggest that probiotics are potentially protective against the development of some of these diseases. Timing and duration of treatment, the optimal probiotic strain(s), and factors that may alter the composition and function of the microbiome are still in need of further research. Other treatments such as prebiotics, fecal microbial transplantation, and antibiotics have limited evidence. Future translational work, in vitro models, long-term and follow-up studies, and guidelines for the composition and viability of probiotic and microbial therapies need to be developed. Overall, there is promising evidence that manipulating the microbiome with probiotics early in life can help prevent or reduce the severity of some childhood diseases, but further research is needed to elucidate biological mechanisms and determine optimal treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Slattery
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Derrick F. MacFabe
- The Kilee Patchell-Evans Autism Research Group, Departments of Psychology (Neuroscience) and Psychiatry, Division of Developmental Disabilities, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Richard E. Frye
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Milligan G, Shimpukade B, Ulven T, Hudson BD. Complex Pharmacology of Free Fatty Acid Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:67-110. [PMID: 27299848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are historically the most successful family of drug targets. In recent times it has become clear that the pharmacology of these receptors is far more complex than previously imagined. Understanding of the pharmacological regulation of GPCRs now extends beyond simple competitive agonism or antagonism by ligands interacting with the orthosteric binding site of the receptor to incorporate concepts of allosteric agonism, allosteric modulation, signaling bias, constitutive activity, and inverse agonism. Herein, we consider how evolving concepts of GPCR pharmacology have shaped understanding of the complex pharmacology of receptors that recognize and are activated by nonesterified or "free" fatty acids (FFAs). The FFA family of receptors is a recently deorphanized set of GPCRs, the members of which are now receiving substantial interest as novel targets for the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Further understanding of the complex pharmacology of these receptors will be critical to unlocking their ultimate therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Bharat Shimpukade
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Brian D Hudson
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wada Y, Sakiyama S, Sakai H, Sakane F. Myristic Acid Enhances Diacylglycerol Kinase δ-Dependent Glucose Uptake in Myotubes. Lipids 2016; 51:897-903. [PMID: 27206979 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Decreased expression of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) δ in skeletal muscles attenuates glucose uptake and is closely related to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, up-regulation of DGKδ expression is thought to protect and improve glucose homoeostasis in type 2 diabetes. We recently determined that myristic acid (14:0), but not palmitic (16:0) or stearic (18:0) acid, significantly increased DGKδ2 protein expression in mouse C2C12 myotubes. In the current study, we analyzed whether myristic acid indeed enhances glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes. We observed that myristic acid caused ~1.4-fold increase in insulin-independent glucose uptake. However, palmitic and stearic acids failed to enhance glucose uptake. DGKδ-specific siRNA decreased myristic acid-dependent increase of glucose uptake. Moreover, overexpression of DGKδ2 enhanced glucose uptake in C2C12 cells in the absence of myristic acid treatment. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that myristic acid enhances basal glucose uptake in myotubes in a DGKδ2 expression-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Wada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Shizuka Sakiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Björk C, Wilhelm U, Mandrup S, Larsen BD, Bordoni A, Hedén P, Rydén M, Arner P, Laurencikiene J. Effects of selected bioactive food compounds on human white adipocyte function. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:4. [PMID: 26788115 PMCID: PMC4717570 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies suggest that intake of specific bioactive compounds may have beneficial clinical effects on adipose tissue partly due to their anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing properties. With the overall aim to contribute to better understanding of the mechanisms of selected bioactive nutrients on fat metabolism, we investigated their role on human white adipocyte function. Methods The influence of the omega-3-fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the anthocyanin (AC) cyanidin-3-glucoside and its metabolite protocatechuic acid, and the beta-glucan metabolite propionic acid (PI) on adipokine secretion, fatty acid metabolism (lipolysis/lipogenesis) and adipocyte differentiation (lipid accumulation) was studied in human fat cells differentiated in vitro. To investigate possible synergistic, additive or antagonistic effects, DHA was also combined with AC or PI. Results Each compound, alone or together with DHA, suppressed basal adipocyte lipolysis compared to control treated cells. DHA alone attenuated the secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines such as chemerin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), whereas AC suppressed only the latter two. Treatment with PI decreased IL-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and adiponectin secretion. A combination of DHA and AC decreased TNFα secretion and increased insulin-stimulated lipogenesis. No effect was found on adipocyte differentiation. At the selected concentrations, none of the compounds was found to be cytotoxic. Conclusion The studied bioactive food compounds or their metabolites have beneficial effects in human primary fat cells measured as decreased basal lipolytic activity and secretion of inflammatory markers. A minor effect was also observed on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake albeit only with the combination of DHA and AC. Taken together, our results may link the reported health benefits of the selected bioactives on metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia to effects on white adipocytes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0064-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christel Björk
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Lipid Laboratory, Novum, NVS D4, Hälsovägen 7, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Uta Wilhelm
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Bjørk Ditlev Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Alessandra Bordoni
- Department of Agro-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Per Hedén
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Akademikliniken, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Arner
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jurga Laurencikiene
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Han JH, Zhou W, Li W, Tuan PQ, Khoi NM, Thuong PT, Na M, Myung CS. Pentacyclic Triterpenoids from Astilbe rivularis that Enhance Glucose Uptake via the Activation of Akt and Erk1/2 in C2C12 Myotubes. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1005-1014. [PMID: 25894669 DOI: 10.1021/np5009174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucose uptake into insulin-sensitive tissues is important for the regulation of blood glucose. This study has investigated whether the pentacyclic triterpenoids substituted with a carboxylic acid at the C-27 position isolated from Astilbe rivularis can enhance glucose uptake and subsequently to also examine their underlying molecular mechanisms. The structure of the new pentacyclic triterpenoid 1 was assigned by spectroscopic data interpretation. To evaluate the activity of compounds 1 and 2, glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation were measured in C2C12 myotubes. The C-27-carboxylated triterpenoids 1 and 2 significantly increased basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation to plasma membrane. Both compounds stimulated the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), protein kinase B (Akt), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2). Pretreatment with the Akt inhibitor triciribine or the Erk1/2 inhibitor U0126 decreased the ability of both compounds to enhance basal- and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and stimulate GLUT4 translocation. These results indicate that compounds 1 and 2 activated both the IRS-1/Akt and Erk1/2 pathways and subsequently stimulated GLUT4 translocation, leading to enhanced glucose uptake. Thus, these observations suggest that C-27-carboxylated-pentacyclic triterpenoids may serve as scaffolds for development as agents for the management of blood glucose levels in disease states such as diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Zhou
- §College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- ⊥School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Pham Quoc Tuan
- ∥National Institute of Medicinal Materials, 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Minh Khoi
- ∥National Institute of Medicinal Materials, 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Thien Thuong
- ∥National Institute of Medicinal Materials, 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wu J, Jiao ZY, Zhang Z, Tang ZH, Zhang HH, Lu HL, Cianflone K. Cross-talk between α7 nAChR-mediated cholinergic pathway and acylation stimulating protein signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: role of NFκB and STAT3. Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 93:335-42. [PMID: 25985797 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2015-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key feature in adipose tissue, especially in association with obesity comorbidies. The novel adipokine acylation stimulating protein (ASP) is one factor implicated in the inflammatory response. The disruption of the α7 nicotine acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), an important component of the endogenous non-neural cholinergic defense system, may exacerbate sustained inflammatory phenotype. We examined cholinergic regulation of ASP-initiated inflammatory response in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our results show that preincubation of 3T3-L1 cells with α7nAChR agonist GTS-21 significantly reduces ASP-mediated chemokine MCP-1 secretion, which is regulated though nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with GTS-21 significantly reduced NFκB activation by DNA binding and STAT3 activation by disturbing post-translational modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- a Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhou-yang Jiao
- b Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- c Department of Histology & Embryology, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhi-hui Tang
- a Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Hao-hao Zhang
- d Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Hui-ling Lu
- e Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Katherine Cianflone
- f Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
The role of short chain fatty acids in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:1331-8. [PMID: 25971927 PMCID: PMC4564526 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 20 years there has been an increasing interest in the influence of the gastrointestinal tract on appetite regulation. Much of the focus has been on the neuronal and hormonal relationship between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. There is now mounting evidence that the colonic microbiota and their metabolic activity have a significant role in energy homeostasis. The supply of substrate to the colonic microbiota has a major impact on the microbial population and the metabolites they produce, particularly short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs are produced when non-digestible carbohydrates, namely dietary fibres and resistant starch, undergo fermentation by the colonic microbiota. Both the consumption of fermentable carbohydrates and the administration of SCFAs have been reported to result in a wide range of health benefits including improvements in body composition, glucose homeostasis, blood lipid profiles and reduced body weight and colon cancer risk. However, published studies tend to report the effects that fermentable carbohydrates and SCFAs have on specific tissues and metabolic processes, and fail to explain how these local effects translate into systemic effects and the mitigation of disease risk. Moreover, studies tend to investigate SCFAs collectively and neglect to report the effects associated with individual SCFAs. Here, we bring together the recent evidence and suggest an overarching model for the effects of SCFAs on one of their beneficial aspects: appetite regulation and energy homeostasis.
Collapse
|
48
|
Frye RE, Rose S, Slattery J, MacFabe DF. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder: the role of the mitochondria and the enteric microbiome. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2015; 26:27458. [PMID: 25956238 PMCID: PMC4425813 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.27458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects a significant number of individuals worldwide with the prevalence continuing to grow. It is becoming clear that a large subgroup of individuals with ASD demonstrate abnormalities in mitochondrial function as well as gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Interestingly, GI disturbances are common in individuals with mitochondrial disorders and have been reported to be highly prevalent in individuals with co-occurring ASD and mitochondrial disease. The majority of individuals with ASD and mitochondrial disorders do not manifest a primary genetic mutation, raising the possibility that their mitochondrial disorder is acquired or, at least, results from a combination of genetic susceptibility interacting with a wide range of environmental triggers. Mitochondria are very sensitive to both endogenous and exogenous environmental stressors such as toxicants, iatrogenic medications, immune activation, and metabolic disturbances. Many of these same environmental stressors have been associated with ASD, suggesting that the mitochondria could be the biological link between environmental stressors and neurometabolic abnormalities associated with ASD. This paper reviews the possible links between GI abnormalities, mitochondria, and ASD. First, we review the link between GI symptoms and abnormalities in mitochondrial function. Second, we review the evidence supporting the notion that environmental stressors linked to ASD can also adversely affect both mitochondria and GI function. Third, we review the evidence that enteric bacteria that are overrepresented in children with ASD, particularly Clostridia spp., produce short-chain fatty acid metabolites that are potentially toxic to the mitochondria. We provide an example of this gut–brain connection by highlighting the propionic acid rodent model of ASD and the clinical evidence that supports this animal model. Lastly, we discuss the potential therapeutic approaches that could be helpful for GI symptoms in ASD and mitochondrial disorders. To this end, this review aims to help better understand the underlying pathophysiology associated with ASD that may be related to concurrent mitochondrial and GI dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Frye
- Autism Research Program, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA;
| | - Shannon Rose
- Autism Research Program, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - John Slattery
- Autism Research Program, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Derrick F MacFabe
- Kilee Patchell-Evans Autism Research Group, Division of Developmental Disabilities, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kang C, Han JH, Oh J, Kulkarni R, Zhou W, Ferreira D, Jang TS, Myung CS, Na M. Steroidal Alkaloids from Veratrum nigrum Enhance Glucose Uptake in Skeletal Muscle Cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:803-10. [PMID: 25835537 DOI: 10.1021/np501049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Veratrum nigrum is recognized as a medicinal plant used for the treatment of hypertension, stroke, and excessive phlegm. Chemical investigation of the roots and rhizomes led to the isolation of five new steroidal alkaloids, jervine-3-yl formate (1), veramarine-3-yl formate (2), jerv-5,11-diene-3β,13β-diol (3), (1β,3β,5β)-1,3-dihydroxyjervanin-12(13)-en-11-one (4), and veratramine-3-yl acetate (5). Compounds 1 and 5 exhibited potent inhibitory activity (11.3 and 4.7 μM, respectively) against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), which has emerged as a viable target for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. On the basis of their PTP1B inhibitory activity, the compounds were evaluated for their potential to enhance glucose uptake in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. The insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was enhanced upon treatment with compounds 1 and 5 (10 μM) by 49.9 ± 6.5% and 56.0 ± 9.7%, respectively, in a more potent manner than that with the positive control rosiglitazone (47.3 ± 3.4% at 30 μM). These results suggest that steroidal alkaloids serve as practical antidiabetes mellitus leads capable of enhancing glucose uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ChuHyun Kang
- †College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hui Han
- †College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonseok Oh
- ‡Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Roshan Kulkarni
- †College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Zhou
- †College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Daneel Ferreira
- ‡Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Tae Su Jang
- §Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Myung
- †College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - MinKyun Na
- †College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|