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Böckelmann LC, Felix T, Calabrò S, Schumacher U. YKL-40 protein expression in human tumor samples and human tumor cell line xenografts: implications for its use in tumor models. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:1183-1195. [PMID: 34432260 PMCID: PMC8516773 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND YKL-40, also known as non-enzymatic chitinase-3 like-protein-1 (CHI3L1), is a glycoprotein expressed and secreted mainly by inflammatory cells and tumor cells. Accordingly, several studies demonstrated elevated YKL-40 serum levels in cancer patients and found YKL-40 to be correlated with a poor prognosis and disease severity in some tumor entities. YKL-40 was suggested to be involved in angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling. As yet, however, its precise biological function remains elusive. METHODS As YKL-40 protein expression has only been investigated in few malignancies, we employed immunohistochemical detection in a large multi-tumor tissue microarray consisting of 2,310 samples from 72 different tumor entities. In addition, YKL-40 protein expression was determined in primary mouse xenograft tumors derived from human cancer cell lines. RESULTS YKL-40 could be detected in almost all cancer entities and was differently expressed depending on tumor stage and subtype (e.g., thyroid cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer and ovarian cancer). While YKL-40 was absent in in vitro grown human cancer cell lines, YKL-40 expression was upregulated in xenograft tumor tissues in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These data provide new insights into YKL-40 expression at the protein level in various tumor entities and its regulation in tumor models. Our data suggest that upregulation of YKL-40 expression is a common feature in vivo and is finely regulated by tumor cell-microenvironment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Clemens Böckelmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation With Section Pneumology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Theresa Felix
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simona Calabrò
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Larionova I, Kazakova E, Gerashchenko T, Kzhyshkowska J. New Angiogenic Regulators Produced by TAMs: Perspective for Targeting Tumor Angiogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133253. [PMID: 34209679 PMCID: PMC8268686 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Since the targeting of a single pro-angiogenic factor fails to improve oncological disease outcome, significant efforts have been made to identify new pro-angiogenic factors that could compensate for the deficiency of current therapy or act independently as single drugs. Our review aims to present the state-of-the art for well-known and recently described factors produced by macrophages that induce and regulate angiogenesis. A number of positive and negative regulators of angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment are produced by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Accumulating evidence has indicated that, apart from the well-known angiogenic factors, there are plenty of novel angiogenesis-regulating proteins that belong to different classes. We summarize the data regarding the direct or indirect mechanisms of the interaction of these factors with endothelial cells during angiogenesis. We highlight the recent findings that explain the limitations in the efficiency of current anti-angiogenic therapy approaches. Abstract Angiogenesis is crucial to the supply of a growing tumor with nutrition and oxygen. Inhibition of angiogenesis is one of the main treatment strategies for colorectal, lung, breast, renal, and other solid cancers. However, currently applied drugs that target VEGF or receptor tyrosine kinases have limited efficiency, which raises a question concerning the mechanism of patient resistance to the already developed drugs. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were identified in the animal tumor models as a key inducer of the angiogenic switch. TAMs represent a potent source not only for VEGF, but also for a number of other pro-angiogenic factors. Our review provides information about the activity of secreted regulators of angiogenesis produced by TAMs. They include members of SEMA and S100A families, chitinase-like proteins, osteopontin, and SPARC. The COX-2, Tie2, and other factors that control the pro-angiogenic activity of TAMs are also discussed. We highlight how these recent findings explain the limitations in the efficiency of current anti-angiogenic therapy. Additionally, we describe genetic and posttranscriptional mechanisms that control the expression of factors regulating angiogenesis. Finally, we present prospects for the complex targeting of the pro-angiogenic activity of TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Larionova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
- Laboratory of Cancer Progression Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia;
- Correspondence: (I.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Elena Kazakova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Tatiana Gerashchenko
- Laboratory of Cancer Progression Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg—Hessen, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Correspondence: (I.L.); (J.K.)
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3
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Holst CB, Pedersen H, Obara EAA, Vitting-Seerup K, Jensen KE, Skjøth-Rasmussen J, Lund EL, Poulsen HS, Johansen JS, Hamerlik P. Perspective: targeting VEGF-A and YKL-40 in glioblastoma - matter matters. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:702-715. [PMID: 33779510 PMCID: PMC8078714 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1901037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are heterogeneous highly vascular brain tumors exploiting the unique microenvironment in the brain to resist treatment and anti-tumor responses. Anti-angiogenic agents, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy have been studied extensively in GBM patients over a number of decades with minimal success. Despite maximal efforts, prognosis remains dismal with an overall survival of approximately 15 months. Bevacizumab, a humanized anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody, underwent accelerated approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2009 for the treatment of recurrent GBM based on promising preclinical and early clinical studies. Unfortunately, subsequent clinical trials did not find overall survival benefit. Pursuing pleiotropic targets and leaning toward multitarget strategies may be a key to more effective therapeutic intervention in GBM, but preclinical evaluation requires careful consideration of model choices. In this study, we discuss bevacizumab resistance, dual targeting of pro-angiogenic modulators VEGF and YKL-40 in the context of brain tumor microenvironment, and how model choice impacts study conclusions and its translational significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Bjørnbak Holst
- Department of Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Brain Tumor Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Radiation Biology, Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette Pedersen
- Brain Tumor Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kristoffer Vitting-Seerup
- Brain Tumor Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamilla Ellermann Jensen
- Brain Tumor Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Eva Løbner Lund
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Skovgaard Poulsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julia Sidenius Johansen
- Department of Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petra Hamerlik
- Brain Tumor Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
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p21-activated kinases as viable therapeutic targets for the treatment of high-risk Ewing sarcoma. Oncogene 2021; 40:1176-1190. [PMID: 33414491 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is the second most common bone tumor in children and young adults. Unfortunately, there have been minimal recent advancements in improving patient outcomes, especially in metastatic and recurrent diseases. In this study, we investigated the biological role of p21-activated kinases (PAKs) in ES, and the ability to therapeutically target them in high-risk disease. Via informatics analysis, we established the inverse association of PAK1 and PAK4 expression with clinical stage and outcome in ES patients. Through expression knockdown and small-molecule inhibition of PAKs, utilizing FRAX-597, KPT-9274, and PF-3758309 in multiple ES cell lines and patient-derived xenograft models, we further explored the role of PAKs in ES tumor growth and metastatic capabilities. In vitro studies in several ES cell lines indicated that diminishing PAK1 and PAK4 expression reduces tumor cell viability, migratory, and invasive properties. In vivo studies using PAK4 inhibitors, KPT-9274 and PF-3758309 demonstrated significant inhibition of primary and metastatic tumor formation, while transcriptomic analysis of PAK4-inhibitor-treated tumors identified concomitant suppression of Notch, β-catenin, and hypoxia-mediated signatures. In addition, the analysis showed enrichment of anti-tumor immune regulatory mechanisms, including interferon (IFN)-ɣ and IFN-α responses. Altogether, our molecular and pre-clinical studies are the first to establish a critical role for PAKs in ES development and progression, and consequently as viable therapeutic targets for the treatment of high-risk ES in the near future.
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5
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Kzhyshkowska J, Larionova I, Liu T. YKL-39 as a Potential New Target for Anti-Angiogenic Therapy in Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2930. [PMID: 32038607 PMCID: PMC6988383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
YKL-39 belongs to the evolutionarily conserved family of Glyco_18-containing proteins composed of chitinases and chitinase-like proteins. Chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) are secreted lectins that lack hydrolytic activity due to the amino acid substitutions in their catalytic domain and combine the functions of cytokines and growth factors. One of the major cellular sources that produce CLPs in various pathologies, including cancer, are macrophages. Monocytes recruited to the tumor site and programmed by tumor cells differentiate into tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which are the primary source of pro-angiogenic factors. Tumor angiogenesis is a crucial process for supplying rapidly growing tumors with essential nutrients and oxygen. We recently determined that YKL-39 is produced by tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer. YKL-39 acts as a strong chemotactic factor for monocytes and stimulates angiogenesis. Chemotherapy is a common strategy to reduce tumor size and aggressiveness before surgical intervention, but chemoresistance, resulting in the relapse of tumors, is a common clinical problem that is critical for survival in cancer patients. Accumulating evidence indicates that TAMs are essential regulators of chemoresistance. We have recently found that elevated levels of YKL-39 expression are indicative of the efficiency of the metastatic process in patients who undergo neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We suggest YKL-39 as a new target for anti-angiogenic therapy that can be combined with neoadjuvant chemotherapy to reduce chemoresistance and inhibit metastasis in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany.,Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Irina Larionova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Tengfei Liu
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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6
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Ismail H, Helby J, Hölmich LR, Chakera AH, Bastholt L, Klyver H, Sjøgren P, Schmidt H, Schöllhammer L, Johansen JS, Nordestgaard BG, Bojesen SE. Measured and genetically predicted plasma YKL-40 levels and melanoma mortality. Eur J Cancer 2019; 121:74-84. [PMID: 31563729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE High plasma levels of YKL-40 might be associated with mortality in patients with melanoma, and it is unknown if YKL-40 is causally related to mortality. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We studied two cohorts: 2618 patients with melanoma from hospital clinics and 1413 general population patients with melanoma, totalling 4031 patients followed up for mortality end-points for up to 20 years. All were genotyped for CHI3L1 rs4950928, highly predictive of lifelong plasma YKL-40, and plasma YKL-40 levels were measured in 2165 patients. We tested the hypotheses that measured and genetically predicted high plasma YKL-40 are associated with increased mortality in patients with melanoma. RESULTS For the hospital melanoma cohort, age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratios for death in individuals with measured plasma YKL-40 in the 96-100th percentile versus 1-95th percentile and per 10-percentile increase were 1.52 (95% confidence interval, 1.07-2.16) and 1.07 (1.02-1.11), respectively, most pronounced for patients with localised melanomas. Each C-allele of the CHI3L1 rs4950928 genotype was associated with plasma YKL-40 level increases of 32% in the hospital melanoma cohort (p = 6 × 10-48) and 43% in the general population melanoma cohort (p = 7 × 10-13). Multifactorially adjusted ratios for these increases in the combined cohorts were 1.04 (1.00-1.09) observationally for measured plasma YKL-40 and 0.98 (0.86-1.12) for the genetically predicted plasma YKL-40. CONCLUSION Measured, but not genetically predicted, increasing plasma YKL-40 was associated with increased mortality in patients with melanoma. Plasma YKL-40 is a marker but less likely to be a cause of increased mortality in patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafsa Ismail
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Helby
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbet R Hölmich
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Plastic Surgery, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Annette H Chakera
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Plastic Surgery, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Lars Bastholt
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Helle Klyver
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Pia Sjøgren
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Henrik Schmidt
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Liv Schöllhammer
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Julia S Johansen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Oncology and Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Stig E Bojesen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.
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7
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Donnelly D, Aung PP, Jour G. The "-OMICS" facet of melanoma: Heterogeneity of genomic, proteomic and metabolomic biomarkers. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:165-174. [PMID: 31295564 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In the recent decade, cutting edge molecular and proteomic analysis platforms revolutionized biomarkers discovery in cancers. Melanoma is the prototype with over 51,100 biomarkers discovered and investigated thus far. These biomarkers include tissue based tumor cell and tumor microenvironment biomarkers and circulating biomarkers including tumor DNA (cf-DNA), mir-RNA, proteins and metabolites. These biomarkers provide invaluable information for diagnosis, prognosis and play an important role in prediction of treatment response. In this review, we summarize the most recent discoveries in each of these biomarker categories. We will discuss the challenges in their implementation and standardization and conclude with some perspectives in melanoma biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Donnelly
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Interdisciplinary Melanoma Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Phyu P Aung
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - George Jour
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Interdisciplinary Melanoma Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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8
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Daifuku R, Grimes S, Stackhouse M. NUC041, a Prodrug of the DNA Methytransferase Inhibitor 5-aza-2',2'-Difluorodeoxycytidine (NUC013), Leads to Tumor Regression in a Model of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11020036. [PMID: 29690576 PMCID: PMC6027359 DOI: 10.3390/ph11020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
5-aza-2′,2′-difluorodeoxycytidine (NUC013) has been shown to be significantly safer and more effective than decitabine in xenograft models of human leukemia and colon cancer. However, it suffers from a similar short half-life as other DNA methyltransferase inhibitors with a 5-azacytosine base, which is problematic for nucleosides that primarily target tumor cells in S phase. Because of the relative instability of 5-azanucleosides, a prodrug approach was developed to improve the pharmacology of NUC013. NUC013 was conjugated with trimethylsilanol (TMS) at the 3′ and 5′ position of the sugar, rendering the molecule hydrophobic and producing 3′,5′-di-trimethylsilyl-2′,2′-difluoro-5-azadeoxycytidine (NUC041). NUC041 was designed to be formulated in a hydrophobic vehicle, protecting it from deamination and hydrolysis. In contact with blood, the TMS moieties are readily hydrolyzed to release NUC013. The half-life of NUC013 administered intravenously in mice is 20.1 min, while that of NUC013 derived from intramuscular NUC041 formulated in a pegylated-phospholipid depot is 3.4 h. In a NCI-H460 xenograft of non-small cell lung cancer, NUC013 was shown to significantly inhibit tumor growth and improve survival. Treatment with NUC041 also led to significant tumor growth inhibition. However, NUC041-treated mice had significantly more tumors ulcerate than either NUC013 treated mice or saline control mice, and such ulceration occurred at significantly lower tumor volumes. In these nude mice, tumor regression was likely mediated by the derepression of the tumor suppressor gene p53 and resultant activation of natural killer (NK) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Daifuku
- Epigenetics Pharma, 9270 SE 36th Pl, Mercer Island, WA 98040, USA.
| | - Sheila Grimes
- Southern Research, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA.
| | - Murray Stackhouse
- Southern Research, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA.
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9
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Liu T, Larionova I, Litviakov N, Riabov V, Zavyalova M, Tsyganov M, Buldakov M, Song B, Moganti K, Kazantseva P, Slonimskaya E, Kremmer E, Flatley A, Klüter H, Cherdyntseva N, Kzhyshkowska J. Tumor-associated macrophages in human breast cancer produce new monocyte attracting and pro-angiogenic factor YKL-39 indicative for increased metastasis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1436922. [PMID: 29872578 PMCID: PMC5980380 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1436922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In breast cancer, the tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in the tumor progression and responses to therapy. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are major innate immune cells in tumor microenvironment that regulate intratumoral immunity and angiogenesis by secretion of cytokines, growth factors as well as chitinase-like proteins (CLPs), that combine properties of cytokines and growth factors. YKL-39 is a chitinase-like protein found in human and absent in rodents, and its expression in TAMs and role in breast cancer progression was not studied to date. Here for the first time we demonstrate that YKL-39 is expressed on TAMs, predominantly positive for stabilin-1, but not by malignant cells or other stromal cells in human breast cancer. TGF-beta in combination with IL-4, but not IL-4 alone was responsible of the stimulation of the production of YKL-39 in human primary macrophages. Mechanistically, stabilin-1 directly interacted with YKL-39 and acted as sorting receptor for targeting YKL-39 into the secretory pathway. Functionally, purified YKL-39 acted as a strong chemotactic factor for primary human monocytes, and induced angiogenesis in vitro. Elevated levels of YKL-39 expression in tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) were predictive for increased risk of distant metastasis and for poor response to NAC in patients with nonspecific invasive breast carcinoma. Our findings suggest YKL-39 as a novel therapeutic target, and blocking of its activity can be combined with NAC in order to reduce the risk of metastasis in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Irina Larionova
- Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay Litviakov
- Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir Riabov
- Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Mannheim, Germany.,Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marina Zavyalova
- Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Matvey Tsyganov
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail Buldakov
- Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kondaiah Moganti
- Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Polina Kazantseva
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Elena Slonimskaya
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew Flatley
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Klüter
- Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Mannheim, Germany.,German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nadezhda Cherdyntseva
- Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Mannheim, Germany.,Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
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10
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Erturk K, Tas F, Serilmez M, Bilgin E, Yasasever V. Clinical Signifıcance of Serum Ykl-40 (Chitinase-3-Like-1 Protein) as a Biomarker in Melanoma: an Analysis of 112 Turkish Patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:1383-1387. [PMID: 28612591 PMCID: PMC5555551 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.5.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Angiogenesis plays an essential role in tumor growth and serum levels of YKL-40 , a strong angiogenic
factor that promotes tumor vessel development, has been found to be elevated in various cancers. We here investigated
correlation between melanoma parameters and serum YKL-40 levels, to assess potential diagnostic, prognostic and
predictive values. Material and Methods: Data for 112 pathologically confirmed cutaneous melanomas of any stage
were examined retrospectively. ELISA assays were used to measure serum YKL-40 in plasma samples. Results: The
baseline serum YKL-40 levels were significantly higher in patients than healthy controls (174.88 vs 120.10 ng/mL,
p<0.001). However, values did not correlate with clinicopathological parameters, (p>0.05), and furthermore there was
no apparent prognostic influence on melanoma survival (HR: 1.568; 95% CI, 0.580-3.051; p=0.838). Conclusion:
Serum YKL-40 can be useful for diagnosis of melanoma, but reliability in assessing prognosis is questionable. We
believe that efforts should be made to understand the interaction between YKL-40 and the tumor environment, and
establish whether it might be the target for treatment of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayhan Erturk
- Medical Oncology,Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Lugowska I, Kowalska M, Fuksiewicz M, Kotowicz B, Mierzejewska E, Koseła-Paterczyk H, Szamotulska K, Rutkowski P. Serum markers in early-stage and locally advanced melanoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:8277-85. [PMID: 26002577 PMCID: PMC4672018 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of prognostic factors in cutaneous melanoma allows choosing the most effective treatment, especially in group of patients with locoregional disease. Markers related to carcinogenesis and angiogenesis in particular have effect on the course of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical utility of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), and YKL-40 in serum of melanoma patients at pathological stages I-III. We included 148 adult patients with melanoma. The median follow-up was 40 months. Disease recurrence was observed in 43 patients; 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate was 71.7%; 35 patients died; and the 3-year overall survival (OS) rate was 85%. Concentrations of VEGF, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and YKL-40 were measured by ELISA kits. VEGF, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and YKL-40 were significantly higher in group of patients than in controls. Increased concentrations of TIMP-1 were related to patient survival, which in the group of lower and increased TIMP-1, disease-free survival amounted to 81 vs. 61% (p = 0.014) and overall survival -88 vs. 82% (p = 0.050), respectively. An increased concentration of YKL-40 was observed in 59% of patients with ulceration and in 26% of patients without ulceration (p = 0.012). We have found a clinically significant correlation between YKL-40 and MMP-9 (rho = 0.363; p = 0.004) as well as YKL-40 and VEGF (rho = 0.306; p = 0.018). In melanoma patients at stages I-III, the high concentrations of TIMP-1 in serum predicted adverse prognosis. YKL-40 was associated with ulceration of primary tumor, which is a very important prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Lugowska
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, K.W. Roentgen Street 5, Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Mother and Child, M. Kasprzak Street 17a, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maria Kowalska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Laboratory of Tumor Markers, Maria Sklodowska Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, K.W. Roentgen Street 5, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Fuksiewicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Laboratory of Tumor Markers, Maria Sklodowska Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, K.W. Roentgen Street 5, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Kotowicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Laboratory of Tumor Markers, Maria Sklodowska Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, K.W. Roentgen Street 5, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Mierzejewska
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Mother and Child, M. Kasprzak Street 17a, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Koseła-Paterczyk
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, K.W. Roentgen Street 5, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szamotulska
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Mother and Child, M. Kasprzak Street 17a, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, K.W. Roentgen Street 5, Warsaw, Poland
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Stepanenko A, Andreieva S, Korets K, Mykytenko D, Huleyuk N, Vassetzky Y, Kavsan V. Step-wise and punctuated genome evolution drive phenotype changes of tumor cells. Mutat Res 2015; 771:56-69. [PMID: 25771981 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The pattern of genome evolution can be divided into two phases: the step-wise continuous phase (step-wise clonal evolution, stable dominant clonal chromosome aberrations (CCAs), and low frequency of non-CCAs, NCCAs) and punctuated phase (marked by elevated NCCAs and transitional CCAs). Depending on the phase, system stresses (the diverse CIN promoting factors) may lead to the very different phenotype responses. To address the contribution of chromosome instability (CIN) to phenotype changes of tumor cells, we characterized CCAs/NCCAs of HeLa and HEK293 cells, and their derivatives after genotoxic stresses (a stable plasmid transfection, ectopic expression of cancer-associated CHI3L1 gene or treatment with temozolomide) by conventional cytogenetics, copy number alterations (CNAs) by array comparative genome hybridization, and phenotype changes by cell viability and soft agar assays. Transfection of either the empty vector pcDNA3.1 or pcDNA3.1_CHI3L1 into 293 cells initiated the punctuated genome changes. In contrast, HeLa_CHI3L1 cells demonstrated the step-wise genome changes. Increased CIN correlated with lower viability of 293_pcDNA3.1 cells but higher colony formation efficiency (CFE). Artificial CHI3L1 production in 293_CHI3L1 cells increased viability and further contributed to CFE. The opposite growth characteristics of 293_CHI3L1 and HeLa_CHI3L1 cells were revealed. The effect and function of a (trans)gene can be opposite and versatile in cells with different genetic network, which is defined by genome context. Temozolomide treatment of 293_pcDNA3.1 cells intensified the stochastic punctuated genome changes and CNAs, and significantly reduced viability and CFE. In contrast, temozolomide treatment of HeLa_CHI3L1 cells promoted the step-wise genome changes, CNAs, and increased viability and CFE, which did not correlate with the ectopic CHI3L1 production. Thus, consistent coevolution of karyotypes and phenotypes was observed. CIN as a driving force of genome evolution significantly influences growth characteristics of tumor cells and should be always taken into consideration during the different experimental manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Stepanenko
- Department of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine.
| | - Svitlana Andreieva
- Department of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
| | - Kateryna Korets
- Department of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro Mykytenko
- Department of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
| | - Nataliya Huleyuk
- Institute of Hereditary Pathology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv 79008, Ukraine
| | - Yegor Vassetzky
- CNRS UMR8126, Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Vadym Kavsan
- Department of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
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