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Rahman N, Mian MF, Nazli A, Kaushic C. Human vaginal microbiota colonization is regulated by female sex hormones in a mouse model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1307451. [PMID: 38156321 PMCID: PMC10753781 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1307451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clinically, a Lactobacillus rich vaginal microbiota (VMB) is considered optimal for reproductive outcomes, while a VMB populated by anaerobes is associated with dysbiosis and the clinical condition bacterial vaginosis (BV), which is linked to increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections and adverse reproductive outcomes. Mouse models that mimic eubiotic and dysbiotic VMB are currently lacking but could play a critical role in improving protective interventions. Methods In this study, probiotic, eubiotic, and dysbiotic models were developed in C57BL/6 mice, using probiotic strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14, eubiotic Lactobacillus crispatus, or dysbiotic Gardnerella vaginalis strains. Endogenous sex hormones were manipulated by either ovariectomizing (OVX) mice or administering 17β-estradiol or progesterone pellets in OVX mice. Hormone-altered mice were inoculated with probiotic Lactobacillus species, L. crispatus, or G. vaginalis, and colonization was tracked using quantitative plating assays. Glycogen and MUC-1 levels in hormone-treated mice were determined with ELISA and MUC-1 staining. Results Following a single administration, L. rhamnosus and L. reuteri persisted in the mouse vaginal tract for up to eight days, L. crispatus persisted for up to three days, and G. vaginalis persisted for up to two days, as measured by quantitative plating assays and qPCR. Colonization of G. vaginalis was facilitated by the presence of mucin. The lack of endogenous hormones in OVX mice dramatically decreased VMB bacterial load compared to normal mice. None of the exogenous bacteria including Lactobacilli could colonize OVX mice for more than 24 hours. Treatment with 17β-estradiol but not progesterone restored the endogenous VMB and colonization with Lactobacilli and G. vaginalis. Interestingly, 17β-estradiol treated mice had significantly increased levels of glycogen compared to OVX and progesterone-treated mice. Discussion Based on the results, we have shown that estrogen played a significant role in the ability for human VMB species to colonize in our mouse models, potentially through a glycogen mediated mechanism. These results suggest there is a dynamic interaction between sex hormones and the VMB, which can affect bacterial diversity and the ability for a VMB to colonize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuzhat Rahman
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Center, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - M. Firoz Mian
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Center, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Aisha Nazli
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Center, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Charu Kaushic
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Center, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Bar O, Sudhof LS, Yockey LJ, Bergerat A, Moriel N, Andrews E, Ananthakrishnan AN, Xavier RJ, Yassour M, Mitchell CM. Comparison of vaginal microbiota between women with inflammatory bowel disease and healthy controls. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284709. [PMID: 38019873 PMCID: PMC10686494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota in patients with inflammatory bowel disease are perturbed in both composition and function. The vaginal microbiome and its role in the reproductive health of women with inflammatory bowel disease is less well described. OBJECTIVE We aim to compare the vaginal microbiota of women with inflammatory bowel disease to healthy controls. METHODS Women with inflammatory bowel disease enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study provided self-collected vaginal swabs. Healthy controls underwent provider-collected vaginal swabs at routine gynecologic exams. All participants completed surveys on health history, vulvovaginal symptoms and gastrointestinal symptoms, if applicable. Microbiota were characterized by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Associations between patient characteristics and microbial community composition were evaluated by PERMANOVA and Principal Components Analysis. Lactobacillus dominance of the microbial community was compared between groups using chi-square and Poisson regression. RESULTS The cohort included 54 women with inflammatory bowel disease (25 Ulcerative colitis, 25 Crohn's Disease) and 26 controls. A majority, 72 (90%) were White; 17 (31%) with inflammatory bowel disease and 7 (27%) controls were postmenopausal. The composition of the vaginal microbiota did not vary significantly by diagnosis or severity of inflammatory bowel disease but did vary by menopausal status (p = 0.042). There were no significant differences in Shannon Diversity Index between healthy controls and women with IBD in premenopausal participants. There was no difference in proportion of Lactobacillus dominance according to diagnosis in premenopausal participants. A subgroup of postmenopausal women with Ulcerative colitis showed a significant higher alpha diversity and a lack of Lactobacillus dominance in the vaginal microbiome. CONCLUSIONS Menopausal status had a larger impact on vaginal microbial communities than inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis or severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofri Bar
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Leanna S. Sudhof
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Yockey
- Departments of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Agnes Bergerat
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Nadav Moriel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elizabeth Andrews
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Broad Institute, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Moran Yassour
- The Rachel and Selim Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Caroline M. Mitchell
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
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3
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Holm JB, Carter KA, Ravel J, Brotman RM. Lactobacillus iners and genital health: molecular clues to an enigmatic vaginal species. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2023; 25:67-75. [PMID: 37234911 PMCID: PMC10209668 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-023-00798-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review Vaginal lactobacilli are recognized as important drivers of genital health including protection against bacterial vaginosis and sexually transmitted infections. Lactobacillus iners is distinct from L. crispatus, L. gasseri, and L. jensenii by its high global prevalence in vaginal microbiomes, relatively small genome, production of only L-lactic acid, and inconsistent associations with genital health outcomes. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the role of L. iners in the vaginal microbiome, highlight the importance of strain-level consideration for this species, and explain that while marker gene-based characterization of the composition of the vaginal microbiota does not capture strain-level resolution, whole metagenome sequencing can aid in expanding our understanding of this species in genital health. Recent findings L. iners exists in the vaginal microbiome as a unique combination of strains. The functional repertoires of these strain combinations are likely wide and contribute to the survival of this species in a variety of vaginal microenvironments. In published studies to date, strain-specific effects are aggregated and may yield imprecise estimates of risk associated with this species. Summary The worldwide high prevalence of Lactobacillus iners warrants more research into its functional roles in the vaginal microbiome and how it may directly impact susceptibility to infections. By incorporating strain-level resolution into future research endeavors, we may begin to appreciate L. iners more thoroughly and identify novel therapeutic targets for a variety of genital health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna B. Holm
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of
Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kayla A. Carter
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of
Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Brotman
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of
Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Waltmann A, Thomas C, Duncan JA. The role of the genital microbiota in the acquisition and pathogenesis of sexually transmitted infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2023; 36:35-48. [PMID: 36729748 PMCID: PMC10500551 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There are an estimated 374 million new sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide every year. Our review article examines the current evidence of how STI acquisition, transmission, and pathogenesis is impacted upon by the genital microbiota, with a focus on epidemiological, biochemical, and immunological features. RECENT FINDINGS At least in women, a genital microbiota dominated by lactobacilli has long been considered optimal for reproductive health, while depletion of lactobacilli may lead to a genital microenvironment dominated by anaerobic pathogens, which can manifest clinically as bacterial vaginosis. Recent research efforts have characterized genital microbiota composition in greater resolution, sometimes at species-level, using proteomics, metabolomics, and deep sequencing. This has enhanced our understanding of how specific microbiota members influence acquisition or clinical manifestation of STI pathogen infection. Other advances include a steady, though still slow, increase in the number of studies that sought to determine the genital (penile or urethral) microbiota of males and how it may impact that of their female partners' genital microbiota and risk of STI acquisition. Altogether, these data enabled us to explore the concept that genital microbiota may be sexually transmitted and influence pathogenesis and clinical presentation of other STI. SUMMARY With STI infection rates increasing worldwide, it is important now more than ever to find novel STI prevention strategies. Understanding if and how the genital microbiota is a modifiable risk factor for STI transmission, acquisition, and clinical manifestation may prove to be an important strategy in our efforts to curb morbidity in at risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Waltmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Institute for Global Health & Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Cynthia Thomas
- Graduate Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Joseph A Duncan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Institute for Global Health & Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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5
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Handa VL, Brotman RM, Ravel J, Tuddenham S. Does Bacterial Vaginosis Contribute to Urinary Tract Infection? Curr Infect Dis Rep 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11908-022-00795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Lee H, Jung KB, Kwon O, Son YS, Choi E, Yu WD, Son N, Jeon JH, Jo H, Yang H, Son YR, Yun CS, Cho HS, Kim SK, Kim DS, Park DS, Son MY. Limosilactobacillus reuteri DS0384 promotes intestinal epithelial maturation via the postbiotic effect in human intestinal organoids and infant mice. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2121580. [PMID: 36130031 PMCID: PMC9519030 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2121580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the modulatory capacity of the microbiota in early intestinal development. We examined various intestinal models that respond to gut microbial metabolites based on human pluripotent stem cell-derived human intestinal organoids (hIOs): physiologically relevant in vitro fetal-like intestine, intestinal stem cell, and intestinal disease models. We found that a newly isolated Limosilactobacillus reuteri strain DS0384 accelerated maturation of the fetal intestine using 3D hIO with immature fetal characteristics. Comparative metabolomic profiling analysis revealed that the secreted metabolite N-carbamyl glutamic acid (NCG) is involved in the beneficial effect of DS0384 cell-free supernatants on the intestinal maturation of hIOs. Experiments in an intestinal stem cell spheroid model and hIO-based intestinal inflamed model revealed that the cell-free supernatant from DS0384 comprising NCG promoted intestinal stem cell proliferation and was important for intestinal protection against cytokine-induced intestinal epithelial injury. The probiotic properties of DS0384 were also evaluated, including acid and bile tolerance and ability to adhere to human intestinal cells. Seven-day oral administration of DS0384 and cell-free supernatant promoted the intestinal development of newborn mice. Moreover, NCG exerted a protective effect on experimental colitis in mice. These results suggest that DS0384 is a useful agent for probiotic applications and therapeutic treatment for disorders of early gut development and for preventing intestinal barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Lee
- Stem Cell Research Convergence Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Bo Jung
- Stem Cell Research Convergence Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ohman Kwon
- Stem Cell Research Convergence Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Seul Son
- Stem Cell Research Convergence Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunho Choi
- Stem Cell Research Convergence Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea,KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Dong Yu
- Stem Cell Research Convergence Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea,KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Naeun Son
- Stem Cell Research Convergence Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea,KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyoung Jeon
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, KRIBB, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Jo
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, KRIBB, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Haneol Yang
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, KRIBB, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Rak Son
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, KRIBB, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Seok Yun
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, KRIBB, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Cho
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea,Digital Biotech Innovation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Kim
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corp., Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Soo Kim
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea,Digital Biotech Innovation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Sang Park
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, KRIBB, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea,Doo-Sang Park Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, KRIBB, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Stem Cell Research Convergence Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea,KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea,CONTACT Mi-Young Son Stem Cell Research Convergence Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Starc M, Lučovnik M, Eržen Vrlič P, Jeverica S. Protective Effect of Lactobacillus crispatus against Vaginal Colonization with Group B Streptococci in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090980. [PMID: 36145412 PMCID: PMC9506259 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A normal vaginal microbiota may protect the vaginal mucosa from colonization by potentially pathogenic bacteria, including group B streptococci (GBS). The aim of this study was to investigate the association between colonization with GBS and the presence of specific vaginal microbiota isolated from vaginal swabs in the third trimester of pregnancy. Methods: A semiquantitative culture of 1860 vaginal swabs from consecutive pregnant women in their third trimester was analyzed. The dominant bacteria, including lactobacilli, were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. An enrichment culture for GBS was performed on the swabs. GBS colonization correlated with the bacteria isolated at the same time. Results: Lactobacilluscrispatus was isolated in 27.5% of the cultures, followed by L. jensenii (13.9%), L. gasseri (12.6%), and L. iners (10.1%). The presence of lactobacilli as a group, and of L. crispatus, inversely correlated with GBS colonization (OR = 0.44 and OR = 0.5, respectively; both with p < 0.001). Other microorganisms, including Gardnerella vaginalis, mixed aerobic bacteria and yeasts, were not associated with GBS colonization. Conclusions: Lactobacilli, especially L. crispatus, may prevent GBS colonization in pregnancy. Maintaining a normal vaginal microbiota could be an effective method for the antibiotic-free prevention of invasive GBS infections in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Starc
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital Slovenj Gradec, 2380 Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia
| | - Miha Lučovnik
- Department of Perinatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Eržen Vrlič
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Community Health Center Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Samo Jeverica
- Center for Medical Microbiology, National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-40-300-855
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Hotkani ZG, Ghaedmohammadi S, Mozdoori N. Meta-analysis of race and age influence on the vaginal microbiome in pregnant and nonpregnant healthy women. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:1147-1159. [PMID: 35950983 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The presence of microbial species in reproductive tubes plays an essential protective role against the proliferation of harmful organisms and is an important factor in reproductive health. High-throughput culture-independent technologies allow the study of the vaginal microbiome on a large scale. This study aimed to compare the vaginal microbiota between pregnant and nonpregnant women of different ages and races using the meta-analysis method. Materials & methods: Seven articles with 16S rRNA gene sequences were studied and analyzed using CLC Genomics Workbench 20.1.1. Results & conclusion: This study revealed new insights into the effects of age and ethnicity on the pregnant and nonpregnant vaginal microbiome and found that the microbiome of Chinese women is more distinct than that of other ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra G Hotkani
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Samira Ghaedmohammadi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Estahban Higher Education Center, Estahban, Iran
| | - Najmeh Mozdoori
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Estahban Higher Education Center, Estahban, Iran
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9
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Sakabe Y, Nishizawa H, Kato A, Noda Y, Ohwaki A, Yoshizawa H, Kato T, Sekiya T, Fujii T, Kurahashi H. Longitudinal study of the vaginal microbiome in pregnancies involving preterm labor. FUJITA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022; 8:96-101. [PMID: 35949516 PMCID: PMC9358670 DOI: 10.20407/fmj.2021-017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Alterations in the vaginal bacterial flora reflect the status of various obstetric conditions and are associated with mechanisms that underlie certain pregnancy-associated complications. These changes are also a predictive biomarker for clinical outcomes of these adverse events. Methods We examined the vaginal microbiome in samples from pregnant Japanese women with preterm labor. Results The microbiota composition in preterm delivery (PD) samples differed from those of control or threatened preterm delivery (TPD) samples in principal component analysis. An increase in Firmicutes and a decrease in Actinobacteria were significantly associated with PD only (both P<0.01). In the Firmicutes phylum, Lactobacillus tended to be abundant, and the abundance of L. iners and L. crispatus was especially high, whereas the L. gasseri population was low in PD samples. Longitudinal analysis showed that the abundance of L. iners decreased after commencing tocolytic treatment in TPD samples compared with before treatment, but it remained high in PD samples. Conclusions The vaginal microbiome may be a useful prognostic indicator of preterm labor and a monitoring tool for tocolytic treatment to prevent preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Sakabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan,Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Haruki Nishizawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Asuka Kato
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Noda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan,Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akiko Ohwaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan,Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hikari Yoshizawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan,Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takema Kato
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takao Sekiya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuma Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurahashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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10
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Panthee B, Gyawali S, Panthee P, Techato K. Environmental and Human Microbiome for Health. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030456. [PMID: 35330207 PMCID: PMC8949289 DOI: 10.3390/life12030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are an essential part of life on the earth and can exist in association with virtually any living thing. The environmental microbiome is much more diverse than the human microbiome. It is reported that most microbes existing in the environment are difficult to culture in the laboratory. Whereas both pathogenic and beneficial microbes may be prevailing in the environment, the human body can have three categories of microbes- beneficial, pathogenic, and opportunistic pathogenic. With at least 10-fold more cells than human cells, microbes as normal flora are critical for human survival. The microbes present in the human body play a crucial role in maintaining human health, and the environmental microbiome influences the human microbiome makeup. The interaction between the environmental and human microbiome highly influences human health, however it is poorly understood. In addition, as an established infection is associated with health-seeking behavior, a large number of studies have focused on the transmission and dynamics of infectious microorganisms than the noninfectious or beneficial ones. This review will summarize how the interaction between the environmental and human microbiome affects human health and identify approaches that might be beneficial for humans to improve health by being exposed to the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimala Panthee
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand;
- Sustainable Study and Research Institute, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal;
- Correspondence: (B.P.); (K.T.)
| | - Saroj Gyawali
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand;
- Sustainable Study and Research Institute, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal;
| | | | - Kuaanan Techato
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand;
- Correspondence: (B.P.); (K.T.)
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11
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Engineering of Vaginal Lactobacilli to Express Fluorescent Proteins Enables the Analysis of Their Mixture in Nanofibers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413631. [PMID: 34948426 PMCID: PMC8708671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli are a promising natural tool against vaginal dysbiosis and infections. However, new local delivery systems and additional knowledge about their distribution and mechanism of action would contribute to the development of effective medicine. This will be facilitated by the introduction of the techniques for effective, inexpensive, and real-time tracking of these probiotics following their release. Here, we engineered three model vaginal lactobacilli (Lactobacillus crispatus ATCC 33820, Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 33323, and Lactobacillus jensenii ATCC 25258) and a control Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 to express fluorescent proteins with different spectral properties, including infrared fluorescent protein (IRFP), green fluorescent protein (GFP), red fluorescent protein (mCherry), and blue fluorescent protein (mTagBFP2). The expression of these fluorescent proteins differed between the Lactobacillus species and enabled quantification and discrimination between lactobacilli, with the longer wavelength fluorescent proteins showing superior resolving power. Each Lactobacillus strain was labeled with an individual fluorescent protein and incorporated into poly (ethylene oxide) nanofibers using electrospinning, as confirmed by fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. The lactobacilli retained their fluorescence in nanofibers, as well as after nanofiber dissolution. To summarize, vaginal lactobacilli were incorporated into electrospun nanofibers to provide a potential solid vaginal delivery system, and the fluorescent proteins were introduced to distinguish between them and allow their tracking in the future probiotic-delivery studies.
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12
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Andralojc KM, Molina MA, Qiu M, Spruijtenburg B, Rasing M, Pater B, Huynen MA, Dutilh BE, Ederveen THA, Elmelik D, Siebers AG, Loopik D, Bekkers RLM, Leenders WPJ, Melchers WJG. Novel high-resolution targeted sequencing of the cervicovaginal microbiome. BMC Biol 2021; 19:267. [PMID: 34915863 PMCID: PMC8680041 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cervicovaginal microbiome (CVM) plays a significant role in women's cervical health and disease. Microbial alterations at the species level and characteristic community state types (CST) have been associated with acquisition and persistence of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infections that may result in progression of cervical lesions to malignancy. Current sequencing methods, especially most commonly used multiplex 16S rRNA gene sequencing, struggle to fully clarify these changes because they generally fail to provide sufficient taxonomic resolution to adequately perform species-level associative studies. To improve CVM species designation, we designed a novel sequencing tool targeting microbes at the species taxonomic rank and examined its potential for profiling the CVM. RESULTS We introduce an accessible and practical circular probe-based RNA sequencing (CiRNAseq) technology with the potential to profile and quantify the CVM. In vitro and in silico validations demonstrate that CiRNAseq can distinctively detect species in a mock mixed microbial environment, with the output data reflecting its ability to estimate microbes' abundance. Moreover, compared to 16S rRNA gene sequencing, CiRNAseq provides equivalent results but with improved sequencing sensitivity. Analyses of a cohort of cervical smears from hrHPV-negative women versus hrHPV-positive women with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia confirmed known differences in CST occurring in the CVM of women with hrHPV-induced lesions. The technique also revealed variations in microbial diversity and abundance in the CVM of hrHPV-positive women when compared to hrHPV-negative women. CONCLUSIONS CiRNAseq is a promising tool for studying the interplay between the CVM and hrHPV in cervical carcinogenesis. This technology could provide a better understanding of cervicovaginal CST and microbial species during health and disease, prompting the discovery of biomarkers, additional to hrHPV, that can help detect high-grade cervical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina M. Andralojc
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariano A. Molina
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mengjie Qiu
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Spruijtenburg
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Rasing
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Pater
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A. Huynen
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas E. Dutilh
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science for Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H. A. Ederveen
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Duaa Elmelik
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert G. Siebers
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diede Loopik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud L. M. Bekkers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catharina Hospital, 5602 ZA Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - William P. J. Leenders
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Predica Diagnostics, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J. G. Melchers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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An Insight into Vaginal Microbiome Techniques. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111229. [PMID: 34833105 PMCID: PMC8623751 DOI: 10.3390/life11111229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a unique microbial community in the female lower genital tract known as the vaginal microbiota, which varies in composition and density and provides significant benefits during pregnancy, reproductive cyclicity, healthy newborn delivery, protection from preterm birth, infections such as UTIs, bacterial vaginosis, and so on, and improves the efficacy of treatments for vaginal cancers. Methods: It is necessary to know how the vaginal microbiome is composed in order to make an accurate diagnosis of the diseases listed above. A microbiome’s members are difficult to classify, and the way microbial communities function and influence host–pathogen interactions are difficult to understand. More and more metagenomic studies are able to unravel such complexities due to advances in high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics. When it comes to vaginal microbiota research, we’ll be looking at the use of modern techniques and strategies that can be used to investigate variations in vaginal microbiota in order to detect diseases earlier, better treat vaginal disorders, and boost women’s health. Discussion: The discussed techniques and strategies may improve the treatment of vaginal disorders and may be beneficial for women’s overall health.
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Oh KY, Lee S, Lee MS, Lee MJ, Shim E, Hwang YH, Ha JG, Yang YS, Hwang IT, Park JS. Composition of Vaginal Microbiota in Pregnant Women With Aerobic Vaginitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:677648. [PMID: 34568084 PMCID: PMC8458944 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.677648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaginal dysbiosis, such as bacterial vaginosis (BV) and aerobic vaginitis (AV), is an important cause of premature birth in pregnant women. However, there is very little research on vaginal microbial distribution in AV compared to that in BV. This study aimed to analyze the composition of the vaginal microbiota of pregnant women with AV using microbial community analysis and identify the causative organism using each criterion of the AV scoring system. Also, we compared the quantification of aerobic bacteria using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and their relative abundances (RA) using metagenomics. This prospective case–control study included 228 pregnant Korean women from our previous study. A wet mount test was conducted on 159 women to diagnose AV using the AV scoring system. Vaginal samples were analyzed using metagenomics, Gram staining for Nugent score determination, conventional culture, and qPCR for Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Enterobacteriaceae. The relative abundances (RAs) of eleven species showed significant differences among the three groups (Normal flora (NF), mild AV, and moderate AV). Three species including Lactobacillus crispatus were significantly lower in the AV groups than in the NF group, while eight species were higher in the AV groups, particularly moderate AV. The decrease in the RA of L. crispatus was common in three criteria of the AV scoring system (Lactobacillary, WBC, and background flora grades), while it did not show a significant difference among the three grade groups of the toxic leukocyte criterion. Also, the RAs of anaerobes, such as Gardnerella and Megasphaera, were higher in the AV groups, particularly moderate AV, while the RAs of aerobes were very low (RA < 0.01). Therefore, qPCR was performed for aerobes (Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Enterobacteriaceae); however, their quantification did not show a higher level in the AV groups when compared to that in the NF group. Therefore, AV might be affected by the RA of Lactobacillus spp. and the main anaerobes, such as Gardnerella spp. Activation of leukocytes under specific conditions might convert them to toxic leukocytes, despite high levels of L. crispatus. Thus, the pathogenesis of AV can be evaluated under such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Young Oh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sunghee Lee
- Research Laboratories, Ildong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hwaseong, South Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Myung-Ju Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eunjung Shim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yun Ha Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Joong Gyu Ha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yun Seok Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - In Taek Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jun Sook Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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15
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Vasundhara D, Raju VN, Hemalatha R, Nagpal R, Kumar M. Vaginal & gut microbiota diversity in pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis & effect of oral probiotics: An exploratory study. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:492-502. [PMID: 34380796 PMCID: PMC8354056 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_350_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: The vaginal microbiota undergoes subtle changes during pregnancy and may affect several aspects of pregnancy outcomes. There has been no comprehensive study characterizing the gestational vaginal and gut microbiota and the dynamics of the microbiota with oral probiotics among Indian women. Hence, the study was aimed to explore the microbiota of pregnant women with normal microbiota and bacterial vaginosis (BV) environments and the effect of oral probiotics on the microbiota and the BV status in these women. Methods: Using high-throughput Illumina-MiSeq sequencing approach, the 16S rRNA gene amplicons were analyzed and the vaginal and gut microbiota of pregnant women with and without BV and pre- and post-probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14) intervention for a month was characterized. Results: The study revealed a compositional difference in the vaginal and gut microbiota between BV and healthy pregnant women. The vaginal microbiota of healthy women was characteristically predominated by Lactobacillus helveticus, followed by L. iners and L. gasseri; in contrast, women positive for BV harboured higher α-diversity and had lower abundance of L. helveticus. Similarly, Prevotella copri, a gut microbe, associated with normal environment was detected in the vaginal samples of all pregnant women without BV, it remained undetected in women with the infection, while all women with BV had Gardnerella vaginalis, which decreased significantly with probiotic treatment. Gut microbiota also revealed dominant abundance of P. copri in healthy women, whereas it was significantly lower in women with BV. The bacterial clade, P. copri abundance increased from 9.17 to 16.49 per cent in the probiotic group and reduced from 7.75 to 4.84 per cent in the placebo group. Interpretation & conclusions: This study showed gestational vaginal and gut microbiota differences in normal and BV environments. With probiotic treatment, the dynamics of L. helveticus and P. copri hint towards a possible role of probiotics in modulating the vaginal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donugama Vasundhara
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vankudavath Naik Raju
- Nutrition Information, Communication & Health Education (NICHE), ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest, School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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16
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Phenyl-lactic acid is an active ingredientin bactericidal supernatants of Lactobacillus crispatus. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0036021. [PMID: 34280003 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00360-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus crispatus is a well-established probiotic, with antimicrobial activity against pathogens across several niches of the human body generally attributed to the production of bacteriostatic molecules, including hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid. Here, we show that the cell-free supernatants of clinical isolates of L. crispatus harbor robust bactericidal activity. We further identify phenyl-lactic acid as a bactericidal compound with properties and susceptibility range near-identical to that of the cell-free supernatant. As such, we hypothesize that phenyl-lactic acid is a key active ingredient in L. crispatus supernatant. IMPORTANCE Although Lactobacillus crispatus is an established commensal microbe frequently used in probiotics, its protective role in the bladder microbiome has not been clarified. We report here that some urinary isolates of L. crispatus exhibit bactericidal activity, primarily due to its ability to excrete phenyl-lactic acid into its environment. Both cell free supernatants of L. crispatus isolates and phenyl-lactic acid exhibit bactericidal activity against a wide range of pathogens, including several that are resistant to multiple antibiotics.
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17
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Lim S, Rajagopal S, Jeong YR, Nzegwu D, Wright ML. Group B Streptococcus and the vaginal microbiome among pregnant women: a systematic review. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11437. [PMID: 34046261 PMCID: PMC8136278 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaginal microbiome studies frequently report diversity metrics and communities of microbiomes associated with reproductive health outcomes. Reports of Streptococcus agalactiae (also known as Group B Streptococcus or GBS), the leading cause of neonatal infectious morbidity and mortality, are notably lacking from the studies of the vaginal microbiome, despite being a known contributor to preterm birth and other complications. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to explore the frequency of GBS reporting in vaginal microbiome literature pertaining to pregnancy and to examine methodological bias that contributes to differences in species and genus-level microbiome reporting. Lack of identification of GBS via sequencing-based approaches due to methodologic or reporting bias may result incomplete understanding of bacterial composition during pregnancy and subsequent birth outcomes. METHODOLOGY A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guideline. Three databases (PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science) were used to identify papers for review based on the search terms "vaginal microbiome", "pregnancy", and "16S rRNA sequencing". Articles were evaluated for methods of DNA extraction and sequencing, 16S region, taxonomy classification database, number of participants or vaginal specimens, and pregnancy trimester. RESULTS Forty-five research articles reported employing a metagenomic approach or 16S approach for vaginal microbiome analysis during pregnancy that explicitly reported taxonomic composition and were included in this review. Less than 30% of articles reported the presence of GBS (N = 13). No significant differences in methodology were identified between articles that reported versus did not report GBS. However, there was large variability across research methods used for vaginal microbiome analysis and species-level bacterial community reporting. CONCLUSION Considerable differences in study design and data formatting methods may contribute to underrepresentation of GBS, and other known pathogens, in existing vaginal microbiome literature. Previous studies have identified considerable variation in methodology across vaginal microbiome studies. This study adds to this body of work because in addition to laboratory or statistical methods, how results and data are shared (e.g., only analyzing genus level data or 20 most abundant microbes), may hinder reproducibility and limit our understanding of the influence of less abundant microbes. Sharing detailed methods, analysis code, and raw data may improve reproducibility and ability to more accurately compare microbial communities across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungju Lim
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Shilpa Rajagopal
- College of Natural Sciences, Biology Instructional Office, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Ye Ryn Jeong
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Dumebi Nzegwu
- College of Liberal Arts, Department of Health and Society, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Wright
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
- Dell Medical School, Department of Women’s Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
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18
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Park S, Oh D, Heo H, Lee G, Kim SM, Ansari A, You YA, Jung YJ, Kim YH, Lee M, Kim YJ. Prediction of preterm birth based on machine learning using bacterial risk score in cervicovaginal fluid. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 86:e13435. [PMID: 33905152 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Preterm birth (PTB) is a major cause of increased morbidity and mortality in newborns. The main cause of spontaneous PTB (sPTB) is the activation of an inflammatory response as a result of ascending genital tract infection. Despite various studies on the effects of the vaginal microbiome on PTB, a practical method for its clinical application has yet to be developed. METHOD OF STUDY In this case-control study, 94 Korean pregnant women with PTB (n = 38) and term birth (TB; n = 56) were enrolled. Their cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) was sampled, and a total of 10 bacteria were analyzed using multiplex quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The PTB and TB groups were compared, and a PTB prediction model was created using bacterial risk scores using machine learning techniques (decision tree and support vector machine). The predictive performance of the model was validated using random subsampling. RESULTS Bacterial risk scoring model showed significant differences (P < 0.001). The PTB risk was low when the Lactobacillus iners ratio was 0.812 or more. In groups with a ratio under 0.812, moderate and high risk was classified as a U. parvum ratio of 4.6 × 10-3 . The sensitivity and specificity of the PTB prediction model using bacteria risk score were 71% and 59%, respectively, and 77% and 67%, respectively, when white blood cell (WBC) data were included. CONCLUSION Using machine learning, the bacterial risk score in CVF can be used to predict PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunwha Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Hanna Heo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gain Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.,System Health & Engineering Major in Graduate School (BK21 Plus Program, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Min Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.,System Health & Engineering Major in Graduate School (BK21 Plus Program, Seoul, Korea
| | - AbuZar Ansari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Ah You
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Ji Jung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Han Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Young Ju Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.,System Health & Engineering Major in Graduate School (BK21 Plus Program, Seoul, Korea
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19
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García-Peñarrubia P, Ruiz-Alcaraz AJ, Martínez-Esparza M, Marín P, Machado-Linde F. Hypothetical roadmap towards endometriosis: prenatal endocrine-disrupting chemical pollutant exposure, anogenital distance, gut-genital microbiota and subclinical infections. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 26:214-246. [PMID: 32108227 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a gynaecological hormone-dependent disorder that is defined by histological lesions generated by the growth of endometrial-like tissue out of the uterus cavity, most commonly engrafted within the peritoneal cavity, although these lesions can also be located in distant organs. Endometriosis affects ~10% of women of reproductive age, frequently producing severe and, sometimes, incapacitating symptoms, including chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia, among others. Furthermore, endometriosis causes infertility in ~30% of affected women. Despite intense research on the mechanisms involved in the initial development and later progression of endometriosis, many questions remain unanswered and its aetiology remains unknown. Recent studies have demonstrated the critical role played by the relationship between the microbiome and mucosal immunology in preventing sexually transmitted diseases (HIV), infertility and several gynaecologic diseases. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE In this review, we sought to respond to the main research question related to the aetiology of endometriosis. We provide a model pointing out several risk factors that could explain the development of endometriosis. The hypothesis arises from bringing together current findings from large distinct areas, linking high prenatal exposure to environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals with a short anogenital distance, female genital tract contamination with the faecal microbiota and the active role of genital subclinical microbial infections in the development and clinical progression of endometriosis. SEARCH METHODS We performed a search of the scientific literature published until 2019 in the PubMed database. The search strategy included the following keywords in various combinations: endometriosis, anogenital distance, chemical pollutants, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, the microbiome of the female reproductive tract, microbiota and genital tract, bacterial vaginosis, endometritis, oestrogens and microbiota and microbiota-immune system interactions. OUTCOMES On searching the corresponding bibliography, we found frequent associations between environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals and endometriosis risk. Likewise, recent evidence and hypotheses have suggested the active role of genital subclinical microbial infections in the development and clinical progression of endometriosis. Hence, we can envisage a direct relationship between higher prenatal exposure to oestrogens or estrogenic endocrine-disrupting compounds (phthalates, bisphenols, organochlorine pesticides and others) and a shorter anogenital distance, which could favour frequent postnatal episodes of faecal microbiota contamination of the vulva and vagina, producing cervicovaginal microbiota dysbiosis. This relationship would disrupt local antimicrobial defences, subverting the homeostasis state and inducing a subclinical inflammatory response that could evolve into a sustained immune dysregulation, closing the vicious cycle responsible for the development of endometriosis. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Determining the aetiology of endometriosis is a challenging issue. Posing a new hypothesis on this subject provides the initial tool necessary to design future experimental, clinical and epidemiological research that could allow for a better understanding of the origin of this disease. Furthermore, advances in the understanding of its aetiology would allow the identification of new therapeutics and preventive actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar García-Peñarrubia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular (B) e Inmunología. Facultad de Medicina, IMIB and Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio J Ruiz-Alcaraz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular (B) e Inmunología. Facultad de Medicina, IMIB and Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Martínez-Esparza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular (B) e Inmunología. Facultad de Medicina, IMIB and Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Marín
- Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Machado-Linde
- Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Clínico Universitario Reina Sofía, CARM, Murcia, Spain
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20
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Stern JM, Burk RD, Asplin J, Krieger NS, Suadicani SO, Wang Y, Usyk M, Lee JA, Chen L, Becker J, Chan M, Bushinsky DA. Kidney stone formation and the gut microbiome are altered by antibiotics in genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming rats. Urolithiasis 2020; 49:185-193. [PMID: 33161469 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-020-01223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics can alter the gut microbiome (GMB), which may be associated with stone disease. We sought to determine the effect that antibiotics have on the GMB, urine ion excretion and stone formation in genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming (GHS) rats. 116th generation GHS rats were fed a fixed amount of a normal calcium (1.2%) and phosphate (0.65%) diet, and divided into three groups (n = 10): control (CTL) diet, or supplemented with ciprofloxacin (Cipro, 5 mg/day) or Bactrim (250 mg/day). Urine and fecal pellets were collected over 6, 12 and 18 weeks. Fecal DNA was amplified across the 16S rRNA V4 region. At 18 weeks, kidney stone formation was visualized by Faxitron and blindly assessed by three investigators. After 18 weeks, urine calcium and oxalate decreased with Bactrim compared to CTL and Cipro. Urine pH increased with Bactrim compared to CTL and Cipro. Urine citrate increased with Cipro compared to CTL and decreased by half with Bactrim. Calcification increased with Bactrim compared to CTL and Cipro. Increased microbial diversity correlated with decreased urinary oxalate in all animals (R = - 0.46, p = 0.006). A potential microbial network emerged as significantly associated with shifts in urinary pH. Bactrim and Cipro differentially altered the GMB of GHS rats. The Bactrim group experienced a decrease in urine calcium, increased CaP supersaturation and increased calcification. The GMB is likely a contributing factor to changes in urine chemistry, supersaturation and stone risk. Further investigation is required to fully understand the association between antibiotics, the GMB and kidney stone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Stern
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave. Bronx, New York, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Robert D Burk
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave. Bronx, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - John Asplin
- Litholink, Laboratory Corporation of America® Holdings, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Sylvia O Suadicani
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave. Bronx, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave. Bronx, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Mykhaylo Usyk
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave. Bronx, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Justin A Lee
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave. Bronx, New York, NY, 10461, USA
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21
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Stavropoulou E, Bezirtzoglou E. Probiotics in Medicine: A Long Debate. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2192. [PMID: 33072084 PMCID: PMC7544950 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last years probiotics gained the attention of clinicians for their use in the prevention and treatment of multiple diseases. Probiotics main mechanisms of action include enhanced mucosal barrier function, direct antagonism with pathogens, inhibition of bacterial adherence and invasion capacity in the intestinal epithelium, boosting of the immune system and regulation of the central nervous system. It is accepted that there is a mutual communication between the gut microbiota and the liver, the so-called “microbiota-gut-liver axis” as well as a reciprocal communication between the intestinal microbiota and the central nervous system through the “microbiota-gut-brain axis.” Moreover, recently the “gut-lung axis” in bacterial and viral infections is considerably discussed for bacterial and viral infections, as the intestinal microbiota amplifies the alveolar macrophage activity having a protective role in the host defense against pneumonia. The importance of the normal human intestinal microbiota is recognized in the preservation of health. Disease states such as, infections, autoimmune conditions, allergy and other may occur when the intestinal balance is disturbed. Probiotics seem to be a promising approach to prevent and even reduce the symptoms of such clinical states as an adjuvant therapy by preserving the balance of the normal intestinal microbiota and improving the immune system. The present review states globally all different disorders in which probiotics can be given. To date, Stronger data in favor of their clinical use are provided in the prevention of gastrointestinal disorders, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, allergy and respiratory infections. We hereby discuss the role of probiotics in the reduction of the respiratory infection symptoms and we focus on the possibility to use them as an adjuvant to the therapeutic approach of the pandemic COVID-19. Nevertheless, it is accepted by the scientific community that more clinical studies should be undertaken in large samples of diseased populations so that the assessment of their therapeutic potential provide us with strong evidence for their efficacy and safety in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Stavropoulou
- CHUV (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Institute, Valais Hospital, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Eugenia Bezirtzoglou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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22
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Tu Y, Zheng G, Ding G, Wu Y, Xi J, Ge Y, Gu H, Wang Y, Sheng J, Liu X, Jin L, Huang H. Comparative Analysis of Lower Genital Tract Microbiome Between PCOS and Healthy Women. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1108. [PMID: 33013474 PMCID: PMC7506141 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) often have a history of infertility and poor pregnancy outcome. The character of the lower genital tract (LGT) microbiome of these patients is still unknown. We collected both vaginal and cervical canal swabs from 47 PCOS patients (diagnosed by the Rotterdam Criteria) and 50 healthy reproductive-aged controls in this study. Variable regions 3–4 (V3–4) were sequenced and analyzed. Operational taxonomic unit (OTU) abundance was noted for all samples. Taxa that discriminated between PCOS and healthy women was calculated by linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEFSe). Results from 97 paired vaginal and cervical canal samples collected from 97 women [mean age 30 (±4 years)] were available for analysis. Using the Rotterdam Criteria, 47 women were diagnosed with PCOS (PCOS, n = 47; control, n = 50). There was no significant difference between cervical canal microbiome and vaginal microbiome from the same individual, however, Lactobacillus spp. was less abundant in both vaginal and cervical canal microbiome of PCOS patients. Several non-Lactobacillus taxa including Gardnerella_vaginalis_00703mash, Prevotella_9_other, and Mycoplasma hominis, were more abundant in the LGT microbiota of PCOS patients. There is a difference between the microorganism in the LGT of patients with PCOS and healthy reproductive-aged women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Tu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyong Zheng
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guolian Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanting Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Xi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingzhou Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Hangchao Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianzhong Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinmei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Hefeng Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
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23
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Aslam S, Sayeed Saraf V, Saleem S, Saeed S, Javed S, Junjua M, Bokhari H. Lactobacillus species signature in association with term and preterm births from low-income group of Pakistan. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 35:2843-2852. [PMID: 32892671 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1810660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM/PURPOSE OF STUDY It is estimated that around 15 million babies are born prematurely every year and approximately one million children die each year due to complications of preterm birth (PTB). Many survivors face a lifetime of disability, including learning disabilities and visual and hearing problems. The current study aimed to characterize Lactobacillus species isolated from vaginal swabs and determine their antibiotic susceptibility. MATERIAL AND METHODS 40 term and 20 preterm samples were processed by culturing on MRS agar and initial identification was carried out using sugar fermentation reactions and 16S rRNA PCR. Moreover, Lactobacillus species from preterm and term cases using paired samples, i.e. vaginal swabs and placenta tissues from 8 preterm delivering mothers were further recruited for metagenomics study to possibly detect uncultured Lactobacillus species known to cause PTB. RESULTS 40% samples from preterm delivering mothers lack any Lactobacillus species whereas in contrast vaginal microflora of all term delivering mothers carry one or more species of Lactobacillus. L. crispatus (46% in term group and 25% preterm group) was found to be the most abundant group followed by L. jensenii (25% in both groups) and L. gasseri (19% in term group and 10% in preterm group). The antimicrobial susceptibility profile suggests that preterm isolates were least resistant to linezolid (20% resistance rate) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (22% resistant rate) compared to term isolates (>60% for each drug group). Furthermore, the metagenomics data for paired samples (8 VS and 8 PT) from extreme PTB suggested that Lactobacillus Iners was the main difference between term and preterm deliveries. Moreover, overall lack of lactobacillus species or presence of rogue Lactobacillus species such as L. iners and L. vaginilis is associated with PTB. ERIC-PCR analysis using Lactobacillus crispatus revealed that all the pre-term samples are closely related and fall in same cluster while all the term samples fall in different cluster. CONCLUSION The study not only provides a baseline data of distinct signatures of associated lactobacillus species with the PTB which may be further transmitted to new born infants but also developing further therapeutic interventions to better manage the PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Aslam
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Sidra Saleem
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salma Saeed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sundus Javed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maira Junjua
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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24
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Bordigoni A, Lo C, Yimagou E, Diop K, Nicaise B, Raoult D, Desnues C, Fenollar F. Megasphaera vaginalis sp. nov. and Anaerococcus vaginimassiliensis sp. nov., new bacteria isolated from vagina of French woman with bacterial vaginosis. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 37:100706. [PMID: 32774867 PMCID: PMC7404545 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the culturomics method, two strains were isolated, identified and characterized following the taxonogenomics concept. Megasphaera vaginalis sp. nov. strain Marseille-P4512 (= CSURP4512) and Anaerococcus vaginimassiliensis sp. nov. strain Marseille-P4857 (= CSURP4857) were isolated from the vagina of a French woman. The phylogenic tree, phenotypic criteria and genomic analysis described here clearly show that these two bacteria are different from previously known bacterial species with standing in nomenclature and new members of Firmicutes phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bordigoni
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEФI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - C.I. Lo
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEФI, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - E.K. Yimagou
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEФI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - K. Diop
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEФI, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - B. Nicaise
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEФI, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - D. Raoult
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEФI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - C. Desnues
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEФI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - F. Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEФI, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
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25
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Mehta O, Ghosh TS, Kothidar A, Gowtham MR, Mitra R, Kshetrapal P, Wadhwa N, Thiruvengadam R, Nair GB, Bhatnagar S, Das B. Vaginal Microbiome of Pregnant Indian Women: Insights into the Genome of Dominant Lactobacillus Species. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 80:487-499. [PMID: 32206831 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The trillions of microorganisms residing in the human body display varying degrees of compositional and functional diversities within and between individuals and contribute significantly to host physiology and susceptibility to disease. Microbial species present in the vaginal milieu of reproductive age women showed a large personal component and varies widely in different ethnic groups at the taxonomic, genomic, and functional levels. Lactobacillus iners, L. crispatus, L. gasseri, L. jensenii, and L. johnsonii are most frequently detected bacterial species in the vaginal milieu of reproductive age women. However, we currently lack (i) an understanding of the baseline vaginal microbiota of reproductive age Indian women, (ii) the extent of taxonomic and functional variations of vaginal microbiota between individuals and (iii) the genomic repertoires of the dominant vaginal microbiota associated with the Indian subjects. In our study, we analyzed the metagenome of high vaginal swab (HVS) samples collected from 40 pregnant Indian women enrolled in the GARBH-Ini cohort. Composition and abundance of bacterial species was characterized by pyrosequencing 16S rRNA gene. We identified 3067 OTUs with ≥ 10 reads from four different bacterial phyla. Several species of lactobacilli were clustered into three community state types (CSTs). L. iners, L. crispatus, L. gasseri, and L. jensenii are the most frequently detected Lactobacillus species in the vaginal environment of Indian women. Other than Lactobacillus, several species of Halomonas were also identified in the vaginal environment of most of the women sampled. To gain genomic and functional insights, we isolated several Lactobacillus species from the HVS samples and explored their whole genome sequences by shotgun sequencing. We analyzed the genome of dominant Lactobacillus species, L. iners, L. crispatus, L. gasseri, and L. paragesseri to represent the CSTs and identify functions that may influence the composition of complex vaginal microbial ecology. This study reports for the first time the vaginal microbial ecology of Indian women and genomic insights into L. iners, L. crispatus, L. gasseri, and L. paragesseri commonly found in the genital tract of reproductive age women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojasvi Mehta
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute|, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Tarini Shankar Ghosh
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute|, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Akansha Kothidar
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute|, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - M Rama Gowtham
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute|, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Ridhima Mitra
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute|, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Pallavi Kshetrapal
- Pediatric Biology Center, Translational Health Science and Technology institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Nitya Wadhwa
- Pediatric Biology Center, Translational Health Science and Technology institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Ramachandran Thiruvengadam
- Pediatric Biology Center, Translational Health Science and Technology institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - G Balakrish Nair
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute|, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Shinjini Bhatnagar
- Pediatric Biology Center, Translational Health Science and Technology institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Bhabatosh Das
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute|, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India.
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26
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Ahrens P, Andersen LO, Lilje B, Johannesen TB, Dahl EG, Baig S, Jensen JS, Falk L. Changes in the vaginal microbiota following antibiotic treatment for Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis and bacterial vaginosis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236036. [PMID: 32722712 PMCID: PMC7386580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The human vagina harbor a rich microbiota. The optimal state is dominated by lactobacilli that help to maintain health and prevent various diseases. However, the microbiota may rapidly change to a polymicrobial state that has been linked to a number of diseases. In the present study, the temporal changes of the vaginal microbiota in patients treated for sexually transmitted diseases or bacterial vaginosis (BV) and in untreated controls were studied for 26 days. The patients included 52 women treated with azithromycin, tetracyclines or moxifloxacin for present or suspected infection with Chlamydia trachomatis or Mycoplasma genitalium. Women with concurrent BV were also treated with metronidazole. The controls were 10 healthy women of matching age. The microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene deep sequencing, specific qPCRs and microscopy. There was generally good correlation between Nugent score and community state type (CST) and qPCR confirmed the sequencing results. By sequencing, more than 600 different taxa were found, but only 33 constituted more than 1 ‰ of the sequences. In both patients and controls the microbiota could be divided into three different community state types, CST-I, CST-III and CST-IV. Without metronidazole, the microbiota remained relatively stable regarding CST although changes were seen during menstrual periods. Administration of metronidazole changed the microbiota from CST-IV to CST-III in approximately 50% of the treated patients. In contrast, the CST was generally unaffected by azithromycin or tetracyclines. In 30% of the BV patients, Gardnerella vaginalis was not eradicated by metronidazole. The majority of women colonized with Ureaplasma parvum remained positive after azithromycin while U. urealyticum was eradicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ahrens
- Department of Bacteriology, Parasitology and Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (PA); (JSJ); (LF)
| | - Lee O’Brien Andersen
- Department of Bacteriology, Parasitology and Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit Lilje
- Department of Bacteriology, Parasitology and Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor Bech Johannesen
- Department of Bacteriology, Parasitology and Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ebba Gomez Dahl
- Department of Bacteriology, Parasitology and Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sharmin Baig
- Department of Bacteriology, Parasitology and Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Skov Jensen
- Department of Bacteriology, Parasitology and Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (PA); (JSJ); (LF)
| | - Lars Falk
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail: (PA); (JSJ); (LF)
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27
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Miller-Ensminger T, Mormando R, Maskeri L, Shapiro JW, Wolfe AJ, Putonti C. Introducing Lu-1, a Novel Lactobacillus jensenii Phage Abundant in the Urogenital Tract. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234159. [PMID: 32525961 PMCID: PMC7289420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) play a key role in shaping microbial communities, including those of the human body. Phages are abundant members of the urogenital tract, most often persisting through the lysogenic life cycle as prophages integrated within the genomes of their bacterial hosts. While numerous studies of the urogenital microbiota have focused on the most abundant bacterial member of this niche–Lactobacillus species–very little is known about Lactobacillus phages. Focusing on Lactobacillus jensenii strains from the urinary tract, we identified numerous prophages related to the previously characterized Lv-1 phage from a vaginal L. jensenii strain. Furthermore, we identified a new L. jensenii phage, Lu-1. Evidence suggests that both phages are abundant within the urogenital tract. CRISPR spacer sequences matching to Lv-1 and Lu-1 prophages were identified. While first detected in urinary isolates, the Lu-1 phage was also discovered in L. jensenii isolates from vaginal and perineal swabs, and both phages were found in metagenomic data sets. The prevalence of these phages in the isolates suggests that both phages are active members of the urogenital microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Mormando
- Bioinformatics Program, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Laura Maskeri
- Bioinformatics Program, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Shapiro
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Alan J. Wolfe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States of America
| | - Catherine Putonti
- Bioinformatics Program, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Kacerovsky M, Pliskova L, Bolehovska R, Gerychova R, Janku P, Matlak P, Simetka O, Faist T, Mls J, Vescicik P, Zemlickova H, Jacobsson B, Musilova I. Lactobacilli-dominated cervical microbiota in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:952-960. [PMID: 31791041 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the association between microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and the presence of Lactobacillus crispatus- or Lactobacillus iners-dominated cervical microbiota in pregnancies with preterm prelabor rupture of membrane. Next, to assess the relationship between the presence of L. crispatus- or L. iners-dominated cervical microbiota and short-term neonatal morbidity. METHOD A total of 311 women were included. Cervical samples were obtained using a Dacron polyester swab and amniotic fluid samples were obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis. Bacterial DNA, L. crispatus, and L. iners in the cervical samples were assessed by PCR. Cervical microbiota was assigned as L. crispatus- or L. iners-dominated when the relative abundance of L. crispatus or L. iners was ≥50% of the whole cervical microbiota, respectively. RESULTS Women with MIAC showed a lower rate of L. crispatus-dominated cervical microbiota (21% vs. 39%; p = 0.003) than those without MIAC. Lactobacillus crispatus-dominated cervical microbiota was associated with a lower rate of early-onset sepsis (0% vs. 5%; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The presence of L. crispatus-dominated cervical microbiota in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membrane was associated with a lower risk of intra-amniotic complications and subsequent development of early-onset sepsis of newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Kacerovsky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. .,Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Pliskova
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Bolehovska
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Gerychova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Janku
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Matlak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Simetka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Faist
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mls
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Vescicik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Zemlickova
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Medicine Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Domain of Health Data and Digitalisation, Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivana Musilova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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29
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Li L, Ding L, Gao T, Lyu Y, Wang M, Song L, Li X, Gao W, Han Y, Jia H, Wang J. Association between Vaginal Micro-environment Disorder and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in a Community Based Population in China. J Cancer 2020; 11:284-291. [PMID: 31897224 PMCID: PMC6930421 DOI: 10.7150/jca.35022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There are other factors that contribute to cervical carcinogenesis except HPV infection. This study aimed to investigate the association between vaginal micro-environment factors, including H2O2, vaginal PH value, vagina cleanness, β-glucuronidase, coagulase, neuraminidase and leukocyte esterase and cervical intraeipithelial neoplasia (CIN). In total 1019 participants, including 623 normal cervical (NC) women, 303 patients with low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN1) and 93 patients with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2/3), were enrolled into the study. HPV genotyping was detected by flow-through hybridization and gene chip. Vaginal H2O2, β-glucuronidase, coagulase, neuraminidase and leukocyte esterase were detected by Aerobic Vaginitis (AV) / Bacterial Vaginal Disease (BV) Five Joint Test Kit. Vaginal PH was measured on the glass slide after microscopy, using color strips with a PH range of 3.8-5.4. Vagina cleanness was determined according to the National Clinical Laboratory Practice Guideline. χ2test and Logistic regression were operated using SPSS 22.0 software. Our results showed that HPV16 infection rate and the abnormal rates of H2O2, PH, vagina cleanness, β-glucuronidase or neuraminidase increased gradually along with the severity of CIN (P<0.05). Abnormities of H2O2, cleanness, β-glucuronidase and neuraminidase were risk factors for CIN regardless of HPV16 infection, furthermore, abnormities of PH value, leukocyte esterase could also increase the risk of CIN in HPV16 positive group. In addition, women with abnormal vaginal micro-environment factors in HPV16 positive group had a significantly higher risk of developing CIN than HPV16 negative group. The results from generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) model showed that there was interaction effect with abnormities of vagina cleanness, H2O2, β-glucuronidase and neuraminidase on CIN2/3 in HPV16 negative group, while, there was interaction effect with abnormities of vagina cleanness, β-glucuronidase and neuraminidase on CIN1 and with abnormities of vagina cleanness, PH, H2O2, β-glucuronidase, neuraminidase and leukocyte esterase on CIN2/3 in HPV16 positive group. Our results suggested that vaginal micro-environment disorder could increase the risk of CIN, especially, the abnormality of H2O2, cleanness, β-glucuronidase and neuraminidase. There were interaction effects with abnormities of H2O2, vagina cleanness, β-glucuronidase and neuraminidase on CIN whether HPV16 was infected or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ling Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tao Gao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago 60611, USA
| | - Yuanjing Lyu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Song
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Haixia Jia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jintao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Lucas EJ, Ching CB, Saraswat S, Dabdoub SM, Kumar PP, Justice SS. Acquisition, Divergence, and Personalization of the Female Perineal Microbiomes Are Driven by Developmental Milestones and Disrupted by Urinary Tract Infection: A Pilot Study. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:542413. [PMID: 33364220 PMCID: PMC7752998 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.542413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The pediatric perineal microbiomes inhabit a dynamic environment with changes related to diet, toileting habits, and hormonal development. We hypothesized that next-generation sequencing would reveal different perineal bacterial signatures associated with developmental milestones in premenstrual females. Furthermore, we predicted that these microbial changes would be disrupted in premenstrual females with a history of urinary tract infection (UTI). Study Design: Healthy females were recruited at well-child visits. Subjects were divided into 4 developmental groups: (1) 0-3 month old newborns; (2) 4-10 month old infants transitioning to solid foods; (3) 2-6 year old toddlers peri-toilet training; and (4) 7-12 year old premenstrual girls. A separate group of females with a history of culture proven UTI and off antibiotics >1 month was also recruited. DNA was isolated from swabs of the perineum and subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing. The diversity and species changes between developmental cohorts and age matched children with history of UTI was determined. Results: A total of 75 subjects were recruited: 15 in each group. There was a clear evolution of the perineal microbiomes with development. There was a significant microbial disruption in girls with a history of UTI, irrespective of developmental milestone age group. The periurethral/perivaginal site displayed greater changes in microbiome structure than other sites in girls with a history of UTI. Discussion: This pilot study evaluates the normal microbiome of the premenstrual girl at specific developmental milestones. Although the number of children per cohort was limited to 15, we observed statistical significance corresponding with developmental milestones. This study provides the first, culture independent delineation of the development of the perineal microbiome in girls. Furthermore, the sites closest to the site of infection appear to be more sensitive to antibiotic remodeling than those more distant. The factors that remodel the perineal microbiomes and predispose females, particularly girls, to UTIs (e.g., increase in uropathogen presence, absence of protective organisms) are unclear. Identification of specific signatures that increase susceptibility to UTI and their sequelae will improve patient care and promote personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Lucas
- Division of Complex Healthcare, Pediatrics Department, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christina B Ching
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shweta Saraswat
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shareef M Dabdoub
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Purnima P Kumar
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sheryl S Justice
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
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De Seta F, Campisciano G, Zanotta N, Ricci G, Comar M. The Vaginal Community State Types Microbiome-Immune Network as Key Factor for Bacterial Vaginosis and Aerobic Vaginitis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2451. [PMID: 31736898 PMCID: PMC6831638 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Regarding bacterial vaginosis (BV), the relevance of the vaginal microbiota to the women’s health fulfills a key role, but knowledge gaps regarding aerobic vaginitis (AV) exist. This study aims to characterize vaginal microbiome and its relationship with the local immune mediators, providing an opportunity to define the link between vaginal commensal microorganisms and opportunistic pathogens in the relation of a given vaginal community state type (CST). A total of 90 vaginal samples from Caucasian asymptomatic women of reproductive age (18–40 years) attending the yearly examination and not reporting any vaginal complaints were retrospectively evaluated for microbiome assessment and immune factor dosage. The samples were tested by the Ion Torrent PGM and the Luminex Bio-Plex technologies for the analysis of microbiome and immune factors, respectively. In our study, the CST classification together with the local immune response profiling represented a good predictive indicator of the vaginal health, suggesting that the predominance of a specific Lactobacillus and its relative abundance are pivotal elements to maintain a physiologic status. A vaginal colonization from Bifidobacterium may absolve a protective role similar to that of Lactobacillus, corresponding to a newly identified CST, although studies are needed to better clarify its clinical significance. Moreover, within each CST, a different pattern of inflammation is activated and orchestrated both by the dominant Lactobacillus spp. and by specific non-Lactobacillus bacteria and can give insights into the pathogenic mechanisms. In conclusion, this study contributes to the characterization of vaginal dysbiosis, reshaping this concept by taking into consideration the CST profiling, local immune marker, and immune–microbial network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Seta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health "IRCCS Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Nunzia Zanotta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health "IRCCS Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ricci
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health "IRCCS Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Manola Comar
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health "IRCCS Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Thurman A, Cunningham T, Fichorova R, Herold BC, Hillier SL, Chandra N, Doncel GF. A phase I randomized safety study of a single-size silicone rubber diaphragm used with or without a lactic-acid-containing diaphragm gel. Contraception 2019; 100:430-437. [PMID: 31442441 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate a lactic-acid-containing diaphragm gel (Contragel®) approved outside the United States for use with a silicone rubber diaphragm (Caya®). The study gel is being evaluated as a safer alternative to nonoxynol-9 (N-9) gel, which has been associated with risk of increasing susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). STUDY DESIGN This was a Phase I randomized, parallel study evaluating the safety of the novel diaphragm gel versus hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) universal placebo gel delivered by the study diaphragm for two 7-day test cycles of daily use, without and with intercourse. The primary clinical safety endpoint was treatment emergent adverse events. Mucosal safety endpoints included colposcopic findings, anti-Escherichia coli activity of endocervical and vaginal fluid, immune mediators, Nugent score and ectocervical immune cell density. Endpoints were assessed prior to each test cycle and at day 7 of each test cycle. We compared the two independent groups and also evaluated paired changes from baseline in each gel cohort. RESULTS Twenty-three participants used the study diaphragm with the novel gel (n=11) or with HEC (n=12). Use of either gel resulted in few genital AEs and no colposcopic findings. There were no differences in ectocervical histology and lymphocyte density or phenotype between the two cohorts at baseline or after each test cycle. We found no clinically important differences in the anti-microbial (anti Escherichia coli) activity of endocervical or vaginal fluid or concentrations of genital immune mediators (e.g. anti-inflammatory secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) or pro-inflammatory mediator RANTES) between the two gel cohorts at any visit. There were no important paired changes from baseline among participants using either gel in Nugent score, ectocervical histology or anti-microbial activity of genital secretions. CONCLUSIONS We found no clinically significant differences in clinical and mucosal safety endpoints between the two cohorts. The mucosal safety profiles of the study gel and HEC placebo gel were similar. IMPLICATIONS Our data demonstrate no clinically important differences between the safety profiles of the lactic-acid-containing diaphragm gel versus HEC placebo gel when used with the study diaphragm. N-9 can no longer be used with contraceptive diaphragms in high HIV prevalence regions. Although larger studies are needed, the novel gel appears safe for use with the study diaphragm, which is the first over-the-counter, non-hormonal, diaphragm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Thurman
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 601 Colley Ave, Norfolk, VA, USA 23507.
| | - Tina Cunningham
- Healthcare Delivery Science Program, Healthcare Analytics Program, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 651 Colley Ave, Norfolk, VA, USA 23507
| | - Raina Fichorova
- Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, 221 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Betsy C Herold
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Sharon L Hillier
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and the University of Pittsburgh, 204 Craft Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Neelima Chandra
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 601 Colley Ave, Norfolk, VA, USA 23507
| | - Gustavo F Doncel
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 601 Colley Ave, Norfolk, VA, USA 23507; CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 1911 North Fort Myer Drive, Arlington, Virginia, USA 22209
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Stoyancheva G. Study of helveticin gene in Lactobacillus crispatus strains and evaluation of its use as a phylogenetic marker. Arch Microbiol 2019; 202:205-208. [PMID: 31388693 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacilli are a part of the human microbiome in healthy humans. Studies of their physiological and genetic characteristics are the basis for their use in probiotic preparations. This report is a brief description of the helveticin gene found in two Lactobacillus crispatus strains, which are a part of the human microbiome. Our analysis showed that the two variants of the gene are not solely characteristic of strains isolated from humans. In the phylogenetic analysis, we found that the studied sequence (this gene) showed a significant difference between the species of the genus Lactobacillus and could be used as a phylogenetic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Stoyancheva
- Department of Microbial Genetics, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str. bl. 26, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Adeoshun FG, Ruppitsch W, Allerberger F, Ayeni FA. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Nigerian Women During the Menstrual Cycle. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 68:203-209. [PMID: 31250590 PMCID: PMC7256855 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2019-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of vagina lactic acid bacteria (LAB) differs within the different ethnic group. This study is aimed at determining the prevalence of LAB with their antimicrobial properties in Nigerian women’s vagina during different stages of the menstrual cycle. Microorganisms were isolated from vaginal swabs of ten Nigerian women during different stages of the menstrual cycle and identified by partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The antimicrobial properties of the LAB were tested against the multidrug-resistant uropathogens. The prevalence of LAB was higher during ovulation period while during menstruation period, it declined. Twenty-five LAB isolates were identified as three species, namely: Lactobacillus plantarum (15), Lactobacillus fermentum (9), Lactobacillus brevis (1) and one acetic acid bacteria – Acetobacter pasteurianus. The LAB had antimicrobial activities against the three uropathogens with zones of inhibition from 8 to 22 mm. The presence of LAB inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus sp. GF01 also in the co-culture. High LAB counts were found during ovulation period with L. plantarum as a dominant species while during menstruation, there was a decrease in the LAB counts. The isolated LAB has antimicrobial properties against the urogenital pathogens tested thus exhibiting their potential protective role against uropathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folashade Grace Adeoshun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan , Ibadan, Oyo State , Nigeria
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene , Vienna , Austria
| | - Franz Allerberger
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene , Vienna , Austria
| | - Funmilola Abidemi Ayeni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan , Ibadan, Oyo State , Nigeria
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35
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Murphy K, Keller MJ, Anastos K, Sinclair S, Devlin JC, Shi Q, Hoover DR, Starkman B, McGillick J, Mullis C, Minkoff H, Dominguez-Bello MG, Herold BC. Impact of reproductive aging on the vaginal microbiome and soluble immune mediators in women living with and at-risk for HIV infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216049. [PMID: 31026271 PMCID: PMC6485713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive aging may impact the vaginal microbiome and genital tract mucosal immune environment and contribute to genital tract health in women living with and at-risk for HIV infection. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 102 HIV+ (51 premenopausal, 51 postmenopausal) and 39 HIV-uninfected (HIV-) (20 premenopausal, 19 postmenopausal) women was performed in Bronx and Brooklyn, NY. Cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) was collected for quantification of innate antimicrobial activity against E. coli, HSV-2 and HIV and immune mediators by Luminex and ELISA. Microbiome studies by qPCR and 16S rRNA sequencing were performed on vaginal swabs. RESULTS HIV+ postmenopausal compared to premenopausal participants had lower median E. coli bactericidal activity (41% vs. 62%, p = 0.001), lower median gene copies of Lactobacillus crispatus (p = 0.005) and Lactobacillus iners (p = 0.019), lower proportions of Lactobacillus iners, higher proportions of Gardnerella and Atopobium vaginae and lower levels of human beta defensins (HBD-2, HBD-3) and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), p<0.001. HSV-2 inhibitory activity was higher in HIV+ postmenopausal compared to premenopausal participants (37% vs. 17%, p = 0.001) and correlated with the proinflammatory molecules interleukin (IL) 6, IL-8, human neutrophil peptide (HNP) 1-3, lactoferrin and fibronectin. Similar trends were observed in HIV- postmenopausal compared to premenopausal participants. HIV inhibitory activity did not differ by reproductive status in the HIV+ participants but was significantly higher in HIV- postmenopausal compared to premenopausal participants and in participants with suppressed plasma viral load, and inversely correlated with gene copies of G. vaginalis and BVAB2. A significant proportion of HIV+ participants on ART exhibited HIV enhancing activity. CONCLUSIONS HIV+ postmenopausal compared to premenopausal participants have less CVL E. coli bactericidal activity, reflecting a reduction in Lactobacilli and a greater proportion of Gardnerella and A. vaginae, and more HSV-2 inhibitory activity, reflecting increased mucosal inflammation. The effect of menopause on mucosal immunity was greater in HIV+ participants, suggesting a synergistic impact. Promotion of a lactobacillus dominant vaginal microbiome and reduced mucosal inflammation may improve vaginal health and reduce risk for shedding of HIV and potential for HIV transmission in HIV+ menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Marla J. Keller
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Anastos
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Shada Sinclair
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - J. Cooper Devlin
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Qiuhu Shi
- School of Health Sciences and Practice, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Hoover
- Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Brian Starkman
- State University of New York/Downstate Medical Center School of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Jamie McGillick
- Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Caroline Mullis
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Howard Minkoff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maimonides Medical Center, and State University of New York/Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, and Department of Anthropology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Betsy C. Herold
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Stern JM, Urban‐Maldonado M, Usyk M, Granja I, Schoenfeld D, Davies KP, Agalliu I, Asplin J, Burk R, Suadicani SO. Fecal transplant modifies urine chemistry risk factors for urinary stone disease. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14012. [PMID: 30789675 PMCID: PMC6383111 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary stone disease (USD) is a major health concern. There is a need for new treatment modalities. Recently, our group provided evidence for an association between the GMB composition and USD. The accessibility of the Gut Microbiome (GMB) makes it an attractive target for investigation and therefore, in these studies we have evaluated the extent to which the whole gut microbial community in fecal transplants can affect urinary stone risk parameters in an animal model. Fresh fecal pellets were collected from Zucker lean rats, homogenized in PBS (100 mg/mL), filtered through a 70 μm strainer and then orally gavaged into C57BL/6NTac germ-free mice. Twenty-four hours urine collections and GMB analysis were performed over time for 1 month. Kidney and gut tissue were harvested from transplanted mice for western blot analysis of expression levels of the Slc26a6 transporter involved in oxalate balance. Urinary calcium decreased after fecal transplant by 55% (P < 0.001). Urinary oxalate levels were on average 24% lower than baseline levels (P < 0.001). Clostridiaceae family was negatively correlated with urinary oxalate at 4 weeks after transplant (r = -0.83, P < 0.01). There was a 0.6 unit average increase in urinary pH from a baseline of 5.85 (SE ± 0.028) to 6.49 (SE ± 0.04) (P < 0.001) after transplant. There was a concomitant 29% increase in gastrointestinal alkali absorption (P < 0.001) 4-weeks after fecal transplant. Slc26a6 expression increased by 90% in the cecum after transplant. Our results suggest that the gut microbiome may impact metabolism, alters urinary chemistry, and thereby may influence USD; the accessibility of the GMB can potentially be leveraged for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Stern
- Department of UrologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew York
| | | | - Mykhaylo Usyk
- Department of MicrobiologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew York
| | | | - Daniel Schoenfeld
- Department of UrologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew York
| | - Kelvin P. Davies
- Department of UrologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew York
| | - Ilir Agalliu
- Department of EpidemiologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew York
| | | | - Robert Burk
- Department of MicrobiologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew York
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Côté N, Pasquier JC. [Spontaneous preterm birth and the maternal microbiome]. Med Sci (Paris) 2018; 34:799-805. [PMID: 30451673 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2018205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Despite the efforts spent over the past 40 years to solve the physiopathological processes involved in the triggering of prematurity, efficient therapeutics are still lacking. Recently, growing body of evidence suggests that the maternal microbiome is a major player for a normal pregnancy and that dysbiosis is associated with preterm birth. The vaginal microbiome and its commensal Lactobacillus species may protect the uterus of ascending dissemination of pathogens. The uterus can also be contaminated with oral bacteria by the blood stream. Thus, the maternal microbiome can play both a protective role or a causal role in the triggering of preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Côté
- Département d'obstétrique-gynécologie et département de microbiologie et infectiologie, université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec (J1H 5H3), Canada - Département d'obstétrique-gynécologie, université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec (J1H 5H3), Canada
| | - Jean-Charles Pasquier
- Département d'obstétrique-gynécologie et département de microbiologie et infectiologie, université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec (J1H 5H3), Canada - Département d'obstétrique-gynécologie, université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec (J1H 5H3), Canada
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Anton L, Sierra LJ, DeVine A, Barila G, Heiser L, Brown AG, Elovitz MA. Common Cervicovaginal Microbial Supernatants Alter Cervical Epithelial Function: Mechanisms by Which Lactobacillus crispatus Contributes to Cervical Health. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2181. [PMID: 30349508 PMCID: PMC6186799 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervicovaginal (CV) microbiota is associated with vaginal health and disease in non-pregnant women. Recent studies in pregnant women suggest that specific CV microbes are associated with preterm birth (PTB). While the associations between CV microbiota and adverse outcomes have been demonstrated, the mechanisms regulating the associations remain unclear. As the CV space contains an epithelial barrier, we postulate that CV microbiota can alter the epithelial barrier function. We investigated the biological, molecular, and epigenetic effects of Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus iners, and Gardnerella vaginalis on the cervical epithelial barrier function and determined whether L. crispatus mitigates the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and G. vaginalis on the cervical epithelial barrier as a possible mechanism by which CV microbiota mitigates disease risk. Ectocervical and endocervical cells treated with L. crispatus, L. iners, and G. vaginalis bacteria-free supernatants alone or combined were used to measure cell permeability, adherens junction proteins, inflammatory mediators, and miRNAs. Ectocervical and endocervical permeability increased after L. iners and G. vaginalis exposure. Soluble epithelial cadherin increased after exposure to L. iners but not G. vaginalis or L. crispatus. A Luminex cytokine/chemokine panel revealed increased proinflammatory mediators in all three bacteria-free supernatants with L. iners and G. vaginalis having more diverse inflammatory effects. L. iners and G. vaginalis altered the expression of cervical-, microbial-, and inflammatory-associated miRNAs. L. crispatus mitigated the LPS or G. vaginalis-induced disruption of the cervical epithelial barrier and reversed the G. vaginalis-mediated increase in miRNA expression. G. vaginalis colonization of the CV space of a pregnant C57/B6 mouse resulted in 100% PTB. These findings demonstrate that L. iners and G. vaginalis alter the cervical epithelial barrier by regulating adherens junction proteins, cervical immune responses, and miRNA expressions. These results provide evidence that L. crispatus confers protection to the cervical epithelial barrier by mitigating LPS- or G. vaginalis-induced miRNAs associated with cervical remodeling, inflammation, and PTB. This study provides further evidence that the CV microbiota plays a role in cervical function by altering the cervical epithelial barrier and initiating PTB. Thus, targeting the CV microbiota and/or its effects on the cervical epithelium may be a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Anton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Matsumoto A, Yamagishi Y, Miyamoto K, Oka K, Takahashi M, Mikamo H. Characterization of the vaginal microbiota of Japanese women. Anaerobe 2018; 54:172-177. [PMID: 30291903 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The composition of vaginal microbiota changes throughout life in response to health status, sexual activity, and pregnancy. Here the constitution of the vaginal microbiota among non-pregnant women, pregnant woman, and commercial sex workers (CSWs) in Japan were compared. Vaginal samples were obtained from 54 women between January 2014 and February 2015 and the microbiota of each was analyzed by 16S metagenomics as well as cluster and diversity analyses to identify differences. In addition, vaginal Lactobacillus spp. were isolated for comparison. Furthermore, data regarding the use of ritodrine hydrochloride by pregnant women was collected from medical charts. The vaginal microbiota were clustered into three groups. Group 1 was most often dominated by Lactobacillus spp., whereas groups 2 and 3 included not only Lactobacillus spp. but also Bifidobacterium, Atopobium, Prevotella, and Gardnerella spp., in addition to a few other taxa. In non-pregnant women, the proportions of microbes in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 31.8%, 36.4%, and 31.8%, respectively. In pregnant women, the abundance of group 1 microbes was notably greater than that of groups 2 and 3 (66.7% vs. 12.5% and 20.8%, respectively). In CSWs, the prevalence of group 3 microbes was far greater than that of group 1 (87.5% vs. 12.5%, respectively). The alpha diversity of non-pregnant women was significantly greater than that of pregnant women. The detection rate of live Lactobacillus spp. in CSWs was lower than in pregnant and non-pregnant women (25% vs. 50% and 68.2%, respectively). The vaginal microbiota of most pregnant women (60%) who received ritodrine hydrochloride was not dominated by Lactobacillus spp. These results suggest that there were clear differences in the colonization rate of Lactobacillus spp. among non-pregnant, pregnant, and CSW women groups. In addition, the dominance of Lactobacillus may influence the risk of preterm birth among women who received ritodrine hydrochloride during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan; Tokyo R&D Center, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 2-22-9, Torocho, Kita-ku Saitama-shi, Saitama, 331-0804, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamagishi
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan; Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, 1-1, Yazakokarimata, Nagakute-shi, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Kentaro Miyamoto
- Tokyo R&D Center, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 2-22-9, Torocho, Kita-ku Saitama-shi, Saitama, 331-0804, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oka
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, 1-1, Yazakokarimata, Nagakute-shi, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan; Tokyo R&D Center, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 2-22-9, Torocho, Kita-ku Saitama-shi, Saitama, 331-0804, Japan
| | - Motomichi Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, 1-1, Yazakokarimata, Nagakute-shi, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan; Tokyo R&D Center, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 2-22-9, Torocho, Kita-ku Saitama-shi, Saitama, 331-0804, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Mikamo
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan; Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, 1-1, Yazakokarimata, Nagakute-shi, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
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40
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Pena Cortes LC, LeVeque RM, Funk JA, Marsh TL, Mulks MH. Development of the Tonsil Microbiome in Pigs and Effects of Stress on the Microbiome. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:220. [PMID: 30283792 PMCID: PMC6156429 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tonsils, lympho-epithelial tissues located at the junction of the oropharynx and nasopharynx, play a key role in surveillance, colonization, and persistence of inhaled and ingested pathogens. In pigs, the tonsils are a reservoir for numerous bacteria and viruses, including host-specific pathogens and potential zoonotic pathogens as well as commensal organisms. However, there are no in depth studies of the development of the tonsillar microbiome in pigs, or any mammal, over time. The goal of this study was to follow the development of the tonsil microbiome in healthy pigs from birth to market weight. Samples were collected using tonsil brushes from 16 piglets (4 each from 4 sows) at newborn, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of age, and from 8 of those piglets at 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, and 19 weeks of age. Bacterial DNA was isolated from each sample and 16S rDNA genes were amplified and sequenced. Sequence analysis showed that members of the Streptococcaceae, Pasteurellaceae, and Moraxellaceae were present at all time points and represent the three most abundant families identified. Other community members appeared transiently or increased or decreased significantly with disruption events or stress. We observed four significant shifts in the tonsil community that coincided with well-defined disruption events: weaning plus addition of Carbadox plus movement to the nursery at week 3, removal of Carbadox and addition of Tylan at week 5, removal of Tylan and habitat change at week 9, and habitat change at week 16. Weaning triggered a bloom of Streptococcaeae and decrease of Moraxellaceae. The shift from Carbadox to Tylan led to reduction in Proteobacteria and Streptococcaceae but an increase in other Firmicutes, accompanied by a dramatic increase in community richness. Cessation of Tylan coincided with a return to a less rich community, and a bloom in Clostridiales. The final shift in habitat was accompanied by a decrease in Clostridiales and increase in Proteobacteria. The tonsillar microbiome of older pigs resembled the previously described mature core tonsillar microbiome. This study demonstrates a temporal succession in the development of the pig tonsillar microbiome, and significant community shifts that correlate with disruption events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Carlos Pena Cortes
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia
| | - Rhiannon M LeVeque
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Julie A Funk
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Terence L Marsh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Martha H Mulks
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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41
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Harris L, van Zyl LJ, Kirby-McCullough BM, Damelin LH, Tiemessen CT, Trindade M. Identification and sequence analysis of two novel cryptic plasmids isolated from the vaginal mucosa of South African women. Plasmid 2018; 98:56-62. [PMID: 30240699 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The vaginal mucosa is dominated by Gram positive, rod shaped lactobacilli which serve as a natural barrier against infection. In both healthy- and bacterial vaginosis (BV)-infected women Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus jensenii have been found to be the predominant Lactobacillus species. Many studies have been conducted to assess factors influencing lactobacilli dominance in the vaginal microbiome. In the present study two plasmids, pLc4 and pLc17, isolated from vaginal Lactobacillus strains of both healthy and BV-infected women were characterized. The smaller plasmid, pLc4 (4224 bp), was detected in both L. crispatus and L. jensenii strains, while pLc17 was only detected in L. crispatus. Based on its nucleotide sequence pLc4 appears highly novel, with its replication protein having 44% identity to the replication initiation protein of pSMQ173b_03. Phylogenetic analysis with other Rolling Circle Replication plasmids confirmed that pLc4 shows a low degree of similarity to these plasmids. Plasmid pLc17 (16,663 bp) appears to carry both a RCR replicon and a theta replicon, which is rare in naturally occurring plasmids. pLc4 was maintained at a high copy number of 29, while pLc17 appears to be a medium copy number plasmid maintained at 11 copies per chromosome. While sequence analysis is a valuable tool to study cryptic plasmids, further function-based analysis will be required in order to fully elucidate the role of these plasmids within the vaginal milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle Harris
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leonardo J van Zyl
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bronwyn M Kirby-McCullough
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leonard H Damelin
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Marla Trindade
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
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42
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Akgül T, Karakan T. The role of probiotics in women with recurrent urinary tract infections. Turk J Urol 2018; 44:377-383. [PMID: 30487041 DOI: 10.5152/tud.2018.48742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) still represent a significant bother for women and result in high costs to the health system. Increasing antimicrobial resistance has stimulated interest in non-antibiotic prophylaxis of recurrent UTIs. Evidence shows that the microorganisms inhabit many sites of the body, including the urinary tract which has long been assumed to be sterile in healthy individuals, might have a role in maintaining urinary health. Studies of the urinary microbiota (UM) have identified remarkable differences between healthy populations and those with urologic diseases. The depletion of these organisms in women susceptible to UTIs raised the question of whether artificial supplementation of these microorganisms as probiotics could lower infection rates. In the literature, probiotic interventions were shown to have some efficacy in the treatment and prevention of urogenital infections. Despite previous controversy regarding the use of probiotics, as treatment for UTIs, there are increasing signs that it may be possible to use them as a first step in regulating the UM so as to reduce the risk of or as a treatment for certain urinary diseases. However, further future clinical trials, involving large numbers of patients, will be mandatory to achieve definite evidence of the preventive and curative role of probiotics in UTIs. Details about correct formulations in terms of amount of bacteria, viability and associated growth factors, will be required in order to standardize the administration schedule and achieve homogeneous and comparable results on selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgay Akgül
- Department of Urology, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tolga Karakan
- Department of Urology, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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43
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Molenaar MC, Singer M, Ouburg S. The two-sided role of the vaginal microbiome in Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium pathogenesis. J Reprod Immunol 2018; 130:11-17. [PMID: 30149363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STI) can have major consequences for the reproductive health of women. Mycoplasma genitalium is a STI that is not as well studied but causes pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) among other complications. Another well-known STI is Chlamydia trachomatis, notorious for its capability to cause infertility. Both C. trachomatis and M. genitalium share some of the same clinical aspects. Parts of the pathogenesis of C. trachomatis and M. genitalium infections are unclear but potential factors are the microbiome and other STIs. The healthy vaginal microbiome is dominated by Lactobacillus spp; these bacteria protect the host against invading bacteria like C. trachomatis and M. genitalium by producing antibacterial compounds and providing a mechanical barrier. A dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiome is characterized by a non-Lactobacillus spp. dominated microbiome, also known as bacterial vaginosis (BV). BV and BV associated bacteria play a role in the pathogenesis of STIs such as C. trachomatis and M. genitalium. The different species of BV associated bacteria have distinct characteristics that could play a role in C. trachomatis and M. genitalium infections. Host factors should also be considered when analysing the interaction of C. trachomatis and M. genitalium and the microbiome. One important factor is the hormonal homeostasis. Oral hormonal contraception influences the vaginal milieu and could influence the infection process of STIs. Overall, this review attempts to give an overview of the pathogenesisof C. trachomatis and M. genitalium infections and the relationship between M. genitalium, C. trachomatis, and the vaginal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Molenaar
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Singer
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tubascan, Spin-Off at the Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - S Ouburg
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tubascan, Spin-Off at the Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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44
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Abstract
Cervicovaginal microbiota play a critical role in women's health and reproductive outcomes. Despite being one of the simplest commensal bacterial communities in the human body, we are only beginning to appreciate its complex dynamic nature and important role in host immune modulation. In this review, we discuss the "optimal" cervicovaginal bacterial community composition, the impact of microbiota on gynecologic and obstetric outcomes, and the hurdles to developing a deeper mechanistic understanding of the function of the cervicovaginal microbiome. We then describe efforts to durably alter microbial composition in this compartment by promotion of Lactobacillus colonization with probiotics, modulation of vaginal pH, hormonal administration, and the eradication of pathogenic bacteria with antibiotics. Finally, we draw on lessons learned from the deeply investigated gut microbiome to suggest future avenues of research into host-pathogen interactions in the female genital tract.
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45
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Graspeuntner S, Loeper N, Künzel S, Baines JF, Rupp J. Selection of validated hypervariable regions is crucial in 16S-based microbiota studies of the female genital tract. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9678. [PMID: 29946153 PMCID: PMC6018735 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing-based methods are extensively applied in studies of the human microbiota using partial 16 S rRNA gene amplicons. However, they carry drawbacks that are critical to consider when interpreting results, including differences in outcome based on the hypervariable region(s) used. Here, we show that primers spanning the V3/V4 region identify a greater number of taxa in the vaginal microbiota than those spanning the V1/V2 region. In particular, taxa such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Chlamydia trachomatis, all species that influence vaginal health and disease, are not represented in V1/V2-based community profiles. Accordingly, missing or underestimating the frequency of these species overestimates the abundance of other taxa and fails to correctly assess the bacterial diversity in the urogenital tract. We elaborate that covering these taxa using the V3/V4 region leads to profound changes in the assignment of community state types. Altogether, we show that the choice of primers used for studying the vaginal microbiota has deep implications on the biological evaluation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Graspeuntner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Luebeck, 23538, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Nathalie Loeper
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Luebeck, 23538, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Sven Künzel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306, Ploen, Germany
| | - John F Baines
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306, Ploen, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Luebeck, 23538, Luebeck, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel, Germany.
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46
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Amabebe E, Anumba DOC. The Vaginal Microenvironment: The Physiologic Role of Lactobacilli. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:181. [PMID: 29951482 PMCID: PMC6008313 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to being a passage for sperm, menstruum, and the baby, the human vagina and its microbiota can influence conception, pregnancy, the mode and timing of delivery, and the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections. The physiological status of the vaginal milieu is important for the wellbeing of the host as well as for successful reproduction. High estrogen states, as seen during puberty and pregnancy, promote the preservation of a homeostatic (eubiotic) vaginal microenvironment by stimulating the maturation and proliferation of vaginal epithelial cells and the accumulation of glycogen. A glycogen-rich vaginal milieu is a haven for the proliferation of Lactobacilli facilitated by the production of lactic acid and decreased pH. Lactobacilli and their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory products along with components of the epithelial mucosal barrier provide an effective first line defense against invading pathogens including bacterial vaginosis, aerobic vaginitis-associated bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. An optimal host-microbial interaction is required for the maintenance of eubiosis and vaginal health. This review explores the composition, function and adaptive mechanisms of the vaginal microbiome in health and those disease states in which there is a breach in the host-microbial relationship. The potential impact of vaginal dysbiosis on reproduction is also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Amabebe
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Dilly O C Anumba
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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47
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Pena Cortes LC, LeVeque RM, Funk J, Marsh TL, Mulks MH. Development of the tonsillar microbiome in pigs from newborn through weaning. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:35. [PMID: 29661149 PMCID: PMC5902991 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine tonsils are lympho-epithelial tissues, colonized by numerous bacteria and viruses, that act as a reservoir for both host-specific pathogens and zoonotic pathogens with a high potential of transmission to humans. There are no existing studies describing the development of the tonsillar microbiome. We sequenced 16S rRNA genes from tonsillar samples of pigs to follow the development of the microbial communities from birth through weaning. Samples derived from sows were also analyzed to determine potential sources for the tonsil microbiome in piglets. Results The composition of the newborn piglet tonsil microbiome could be differentiated by litter and had strong similarity to the sow teat skin as well as sow vaginal microbiome. The tonsil microbiome in these young piglets was mainly dominated by members of the Pasteurellaceae, Moraxellaceae, and Streptococcaceae families, while there were some transient members of the microbiome that were abundant at specific times, such as Staphylococcaceae in newborns and Fusobacteriaceae and Leptotrichiaceae in weeks 2 and 3. The microbiome initially differed between litters but over the following 3 weeks the communities of different litters converged in composition and then diverged in week 4 due to a combination of changes and stresses associated with weaning, including a shift from milk to a solid diet, in-feed Carbadox® and room change. Conclusions A significant portion of the tonsil microbiome was acquired either at birth from the sow vaginal tract or within a few hours post-birth from the sow teat skin. Our data demonstrate a temporal succession in the development of the pig tonsillar microbiome through the first weeks of life, with a convergence in the composition of the microbiome in all piglets by 3 weeks of age. The combination of management practices associated with weaning coincided with dramatic shifts in the tonsillar microbiome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1176-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Carlos Pena Cortes
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia.,Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Rhiannon M LeVeque
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Julie Funk
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Terence L Marsh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Martha H Mulks
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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48
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize evidence on the efficacy of nonantibiotic treatments in the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). The need for antibiotic-free regimens seems to be imperative given the worldwide rates of resistance of uropathogens to available antibiotics. RECENT FINDINGS In the recently published literature, cranberry products and probiotics are the focus of research. They both seem to be effective in preventing recurrent UTIs compared with placebo, but their benefit becomes less clear when they are compared with antibiotics. SUMMARY A number of nonantibiotic-containing alternatives are available for the prevention of recurrent UTIs. For the majority of these alternatives, contradictory results have been published. These can be, at least partially, explained by variation in doses administered and duration of treatment. Selection of patients more likely to benefit from these interventions seems to be a realistic approach from a clinical-practice perspective, as well a worthwhile focus for future research.
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49
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Loeper N, Graspeuntner S, Rupp J. Microbiota changes impact on sexually transmitted infections and the development of pelvic inflammatory disease. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:505-511. [PMID: 29452257 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of the human urogenital microbiome is crucial for women's health and well-being. An imbalance of the urogenital microbiota increases the risk for sexually transmitted infections. In this review, we discuss the microbiota composition of the female urogenital tract and its role in protecting from sexually transmitted infections and the emergence of pelvic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Loeper
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Simon Graspeuntner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
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50
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Nelson TM, Borgogna JC, Michalek RD, Roberts DW, Rath JM, Glover ED, Ravel J, Shardell MD, Yeoman CJ, Brotman RM. Cigarette smoking is associated with an altered vaginal tract metabolomic profile. Sci Rep 2018; 8:852. [PMID: 29339821 PMCID: PMC5770521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been associated with both the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and a vaginal microbiota lacking protective Lactobacillus spp. As the mechanism linking smoking with vaginal microbiota and BV is unclear, we sought to compare the vaginal metabolomes of smokers and non-smokers (17 smokers/19 non-smokers). Metabolomic profiles were determined by gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in a cross-sectional study. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene populations revealed samples clustered into three community state types (CSTs) ---- CST-I (L. crispatus-dominated), CST-III (L. iners-dominated) or CST-IV (low-Lactobacillus). We identified 607 metabolites, including 12 that differed significantly (q-value < 0.05) between smokers and non-smokers. Nicotine, and the breakdown metabolites cotinine and hydroxycotinine were substantially higher in smokers, as expected. Among women categorized to CST-IV, biogenic amines, including agmatine, cadaverine, putrescine, tryptamine and tyramine were substantially higher in smokers, while dipeptides were lower in smokers. These biogenic amines are known to affect the virulence of infective pathogens and contribute to vaginal malodor. Our data suggest that cigarette smoking is associated with differences in important vaginal metabolites, and women who smoke, and particularly women who are also depauperate for Lactobacillus spp., may have increased susceptibilities to urogenital infections and increased malodor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Nelson
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - J C Borgogna
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | | | - D W Roberts
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - J M Rath
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
- Truth Initiative, Washington DC, USA
| | - E D Glover
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M D Shardell
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
| | - R M Brotman
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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