1
|
Werner T, Michel-Kröhler A, Berti S, Wessa M. Not All Injuries Are the Same: Different Patterns in Sports Injuries and Their Psychosocial Correlates. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:237. [PMID: 38133104 PMCID: PMC10747018 DOI: 10.3390/sports11120237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sports injuries are ubiquitous and can have far-reaching consequences for athletes (e.g., health, performance). Previous studies have examined various psychosocial influencing factors (e.g., stress), but have mostly focused on only one or two injury characteristics (e.g., frequency), neglecting the broader injury pattern. Thus, the present study aimed to obtain a more differentiated picture of potentially different injury patterns and related profiles of psychosocial factors. We investigated a sample of 213 athletes from a cross-sectional online study. Current injury status, frequency, severity, chronicity, medical treatment, and rehabilitation measures were subjected to cluster analysis indicating a 3-cluster solution with predominantly chronically injured athletes (n = 54), athletes not seeking treatment (n = 62), and athletes utilizing medical treatment and rehabilitation (n = 97). Building on the Model of Stress and Athletic Injury, we subsequently conducted three multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) to examine whether the obtained clusters differed in terms of personality factors (e.g., athletic identity), history of stressors (e.g., life events), and coping resources (e.g., self-compassion). We observed significant differences in all three categories of psychosocial variables implying different intervention possibilities for different injury patterns in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Werner
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany; (T.W.); (A.M.-K.); (S.B.)
| | - Alena Michel-Kröhler
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany; (T.W.); (A.M.-K.); (S.B.)
| | - Stefan Berti
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany; (T.W.); (A.M.-K.); (S.B.)
| | - Michèle Wessa
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany; (T.W.); (A.M.-K.); (S.B.)
- Research Group Wessa, Leibniz-Institute for Resilience Research, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ussorowska-Krokosz A, Blecharz J, Siekanska M, Grygorowicz M. Coping with COVID-19: Can a Sense of Coherence and Social Support Play a Protective Role in the Perception of COVID-19 by Polish Women Football Players? A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6308. [PMID: 37444155 PMCID: PMC10341721 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20136308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Athletes have demonstrated a significant increase in anxiety and stress connected to the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on the theory of salutogenesis, this study examined the relationship between the sense of coherence and social support and competitive elite-level athletes' perception of the COVID-19 pandemic situation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The perceived secondary gains associated with the pandemic were analysed with a quasi-qualitative research methodology. The sample consisted of 204 competitive elite-level female football players aged 14-36 (M = 17.61, SD = 4.42) who completed the Sense of Coherence Questionnaire (SOC-29), the Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS), and the researchers' own questionnaire to assess the perception of the COVID-19 situation. RESULTS The results confirmed a relationship between a sense of coherence and coping better with the difficult situation caused by the coronavirus pandemic. No protective role of social support in the adaptive perception of the pandemic situation was identified. CONCLUSIONS The data from the quasi-qualitative study testify to the use of the adversity of the pandemic to grow in many areas of female football players' lives. The sense of coherence was a protective factor in mitigating the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ussorowska-Krokosz
- Women’s Football Science Research Group, Department of Women’s Football, Polish Football Association, 02-366 Warsaw, Poland
- Center for Mental Health in Sport, 81-342 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Jan Blecharz
- Department of Psychology, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Siekanska
- Department of Psychology, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Grygorowicz
- Women’s Football Science Research Group, Department of Women’s Football, Polish Football Association, 02-366 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Physiotherapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-545 Poznan, Poland
- Rehasport Clinic FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, 60-201 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hafsteinsson Östenberg A, Enberg A, Pojskic H, Gilic B, Sekulic D, Alricsson M. Association between Physical Fitness, Physical Activity Level and Sense of Coherence in Swedish Adolescents; An Analysis of Age and Sex Differences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12841. [PMID: 36232140 PMCID: PMC9565133 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the association between physical fitness, physical activity, and sense of coherence (SOC) in Swedish adolescents (n = 2028 males, n = 1287 females) aged 14 to 18 using a cross-sectional design. METHODS Using the Swedish Physical power Mental harmony and Social capacity (FMS) student profile, participants performed physical tests measuring their cardiovascular ability (CV) and muscular strength. Questionnaires were used to measure physical activity levels (PA), the participation in organized physical training, sedentary behavior (SB), screen time, and SOC value. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to analyze the association between SOC and independent variables. RESULTS The regression analyses explained a small, shared variance between SOC and the independent variables in boys (4.3%) and girls (3.3%). SB showed a positive association with SOC both in girls (β = 0.114, p = 0.002) and boys (β = 0.109, p = 0.013). Abdominal strength was positively associated, while VO2max was inversely associated, with SOC (β = 0.113, p = 0.022; β = -0.109, p = 0.026, respectively) in boys. Girls had poorer fitness than boys did across all age groups except at age 18. PA levels decreased from age 14 to 18 in girls and boys, but without differences between sexes. Abdominal strength decreased from age 14 to 18 in girls and boys. In general, girls had lower SOC than boys across all age groups. CONCLUSIONS Poor sedentary behavior was significantly associated with weaker SOC for both genders, indicating overall physical activity as the most important factor for stronger SOC. However, emotional support in vulnerable environments may have a bigger impact than physical activity or sedentary behavior on the SOC value for adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anton Enberg
- Department of Sport Science, Linnaeus University, 352 95 Kalmar/Växjö, Sweden
| | - Haris Pojskic
- Department of Sport Science, Linnaeus University, 352 95 Kalmar/Växjö, Sweden
| | - Barbara Gilic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marie Alricsson
- Department of Sport Science, Linnaeus University, 352 95 Kalmar/Växjö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jetzke M, Winter C. Do we need a more flexbible use of Team Timeout calling? Evidence from the Handball Bundesliga. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:878-885. [PMID: 34989309 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.2022860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Calling a Team Timeout (TTO) is one of the coaches' most important tools. Given the key competitive advantage to determine your own timing, it is crucial to make a good decision when to use a TTO. Existing research shows that teams can benefit in general from TTOs and that they are called at the end of the game and when trailing (Gomes et al., 2014; Gutiérrez-Aguilar et al., 2016; Prieto et al., 2016). However, to generate relevant findings, situational variables must be included (Fernandez-Navarro et al., 2020; Gómez, Lago-Peñas et al., 2015). By integrating situational variables like scoring streak and player difference and higher-order interactions, this study aims to identify specific game situations where TTOs are most effective. Based on 850 games of the German Handball Bundesliga, game situations are identified by Classification Tree Analysis and efficacies are evaluated. Findings indicate a strong impact of timing. Frequently used TTOs, e.g., at the end of periods, are beneficial to the teams. However, strongest effect occurs for TTOs taken at the early stages of the game and with a positive run. Results indicate that TTO is a powerful tactical tool and an application at uncommon timings may even enhance the success rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Jetzke
- Social Sciences of Sport, Institute of Sport Science, Westfälische Wilhelms-University MuensterInstitute of Sport Science, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Germany
| | - Christian Winter
- Sport Psychology, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzInstitute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Szczypińska M, Samełko A, Guszkowska M. What Predicts the Mood of Athletes Involved in Preparations for Tokyo 2020/2021 Olympic Games During the Covid - 19 Pandemic? The Role of Sense of Coherence, Hope for Success and Coping Strategies. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:421-430. [PMID: 34267581 PMCID: PMC8256529 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify coherence, hope for success and coping strategies as predictors of mood among this year's Olympians in the context of coronavirus events. The relationships between the above variables and the mood of athletes were analysed. The study group consisted of 57 athletes - women (29) and men (28) between 18 and 39 years of age - representing various sports disciplines who were preparing for the Tokyo Olympics. The research was conducted in the period of April 7-28, 2020 during the first threat of COVID-19 pandemic, following the decision to move the Summer Olympics to the year 2021. It was time of the greatest national restrictions and information about the postponement of the games had been received. As a result of the step regression analysis, three predictors of vigour were established: sense of meaningfulness, coping with stress through positive reframing, and not using the self-blaming strategy. A positive predictor of anger was the use of substances. Confusion was predicted based on the frequency of behavioral disengagement. Behavioral disengagement predicted the severity of depression. Predictors of fatigue were the sense of meaningfulness, and the strategies of positive reframing and self-blaming. The results obtained emphasize the importance of positive reframing as a factor contributing to maintaining a positive mood state. In contrast, behavioral disengagement and self-blaming were strategies that lowered the mood of elite athletes. The results confirm the importance of factors included in the salutogenic model (sense of coherence, coping strategies) as predictors of athletes' mood during a pandemic.
Collapse
|
6
|
Alahmad TA, Tierney AC, Cahalan RM, Almaflehi NS, Clifford AM. Injury risk profile of amateur Irish women soccer players and players' opinions on risk factors and prevention strategies. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 50:184-194. [PMID: 34098324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore injury profile, opinions on risk factors and injury prevention, among Irish amateur women soccer players. DESIGN A cross-sectional online survey. SETTING Irish amateur winter league. PARTICIPANTS Active players ≤18 years of age. MAIN OUTCOMES Differences were found between injured and uninjured groups, and risk factors that significantly predict soccer injury were identified. RESULTS 168 injuries were reported by 83 respondents during the winter season. An increased prevalence of competition anxiety was observed in (53.8%:n = 85 of respondents) compared to other risk factors. There was a negative association between injuries and players' general health state (OR = 0.820, 95% CI 0.7-0.9, p = 0.007). Players' knowledge about some risk factors including playing position, joint hypermobility, and playing during menses contradicts current evidence. 50%; n = 67 of the respondents had not received any education on injury risk or prevention. CONCLUSION This study identified that Irish amateur women soccer players that responded have different characteristics, prevalence of risk factors and injury profiles to women players from different levels and countries. The findings suggest that some players may not be aware of the existing evidence base pertaining to common risk factors for injury. Further research is required to confirm the findings and explore the implementation of injury prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahani A Alahmad
- School of Allied Health, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick, Ireland; College of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Physical Therapy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Audrey C Tierney
- School of Allied Health, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick, Ireland; School of Allied Health and Health Implementation Science and Technology Group, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Roisin M Cahalan
- School of Allied Health, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick, Ireland; Physical Activity for Health Research Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Nassr S Almaflehi
- College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; KSU Chair of Medical Education Research and Development, Collage of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amanda M Clifford
- School of Allied Health, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick, Ireland; Ageing Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Leisterer S, Lautenbach F, Walter N, Kronenberg L, Elbe AM. Development of a Salutogenesis Workshop for SPPs to Help Them, Their Athletes, and the Athlete's Entourage Better Cope With Uncertainty During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:612264. [PMID: 34093305 PMCID: PMC8177668 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.612264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is also called a crisis of uncertainty because of so many unforeseeable events like canceled qualification competitions, loss of training facilities, and postponement of the Olympic games. Athletes and their entourage experience this uncertainty as stressful. Sport psychology practitioners (SPPs) are in a key position to support athletes in coping with these unforeseeable stressors. However, SPPs are similarly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and simultaneously have to cope with stress. Salutogenesis, which describes how to manage stress and to stay well, provides a theoretical approach to how to cope with uncertainty. The salutogenetic approach aims at strengthening individuals’ sense of coherence (SoC) and consists of three components, namely comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness. Although it is known that the SoC can be enhanced via psychological skills training, so far, this approach has not been systematically applied to the elite sport context. Athletes have been advised to see SPPs for help; thus, the question of how SPPs handle the time of uncertainty while supporting others emerges. The aim of this contribution was to outline how the salutogenetic approach can be applied to strengthening SPPs’ SoC via a single-day four-part workshop. Additionally, we applied the workshop to N = 26 volleyball coaches and evaluated the workshop’s effects on participants’ psychological aspects [i.e., the Sense of Coherence—Leipziger short version (SoC-L9), resilience (RS-13): coping with uncertainty, affective response, and stress via semantic differentials] and the workshop’s quality ratings (i.e., Quality Questionnaire for Sport Psychological Coaching, QS-17). The evaluation provides results that show a positive impact on a descriptive level of the participants’ SoC, uncertainty, affect, and stress perception; however, the results show no significant main effect of time [F(8, 10) = 1.04, p = 0.467, ηp2 = 0.454]. Workshop quality (on average, 3.60 ± 0.35 out of 4.00) and skill acquisition (on average, 3.00 ± 0.64 out of 4.00) were positively evaluated; 82.00% of the participants would use the learned tools in the future. Thus, we outline how this workshop might help strengthen SPPs’ SoC and at the same time empower them to strengthen their athletes’ SoC. Overall, we add a theoretical (i.e., salutogenesis in sports) and a practical perspective (i.e., coping techniques based on salutogenesis) on how to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic for SPPS, athletes, and their support network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Leisterer
- Department of Sport Psychology, Institute of Sport Psychology and Sport Pedagogy, Faculty of Sports Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Lautenbach
- Department of Sport Psychology, Institute of Sport Psychology and Sport Pedagogy, Faculty of Sports Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Sport Psychology, Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadja Walter
- Department of Sport Psychology, Institute of Sport Psychology and Sport Pedagogy, Faculty of Sports Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lara Kronenberg
- Department of Sport Psychology, Institute of Sport Psychology and Sport Pedagogy, Faculty of Sports Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne-Marie Elbe
- Department of Sport Psychology, Institute of Sport Psychology and Sport Pedagogy, Faculty of Sports Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Szczypińska M, Samełko A, Guszkowska M. Strategies for Coping With Stress in Athletes During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Predictors. Front Psychol 2021; 12:624949. [PMID: 33737896 PMCID: PMC7960646 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.624949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the strategies of coping with stress during the COVID-19 epidemic in athletes involved in Olympic preparations (57 potential Olympians) and students of physical education (54 extramural students), and to determine their depending on the variable gender. The research was conducted in the form of an on-line survey in the period of April 7–28 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Four standard psychological questionnaires were used. Elite athletes and physical education students practicing sports most often dealt with the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic using cognitive and behavioral coping strategies. The sports level depended on the strategies of coping with the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic more strongly than gender. The relationship between the sense of coherence (mainly comprehensibility) and the hope for success treated as a generalized immune resource with coping strategies in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic postulated by Antonovsky was confirmed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Szczypińska
- Faculty of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Samełko
- Faculty of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Guszkowska
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Malagon-Aguilera MC, Suñer-Soler R, Bonmatí-Tomas A, Bosch-Farré C, Gelabert-Vilella S, Juvinyà-Canal D. Relationship between sense of coherence, health and work engagement among nurses. J Nurs Manag 2019; 27:1620-1630. [PMID: 31444895 DOI: 10.1111/jonm.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the sense of coherence among registered nurses and its relationship with health and work engagement. BACKGROUND Sense of coherence is a global orientation to view life as structured, manageable and meaningful and have the capacity to cope with stressful situations. A high sense of coherence score indicates that an individual can understand, manage and attribute meaning to events in his or her life as well as in the work environment. Registered nurses face many workplace stressors that may be easier to manage with a strong sense of coherence; however, the effect of this score on their self-reported health status and work engagement remains unknown. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 109 registered nurses working in a long-term care setting responded to a self-administered questionnaire. Social support, work-related family conflicts, sense of coherence, self-reported health status and work engagement variables were analysed using multiple linear regression models. RESULTS Nurses with a high sense of coherence score reported no work-related family conflicts (mean difference -6.91; 95% CI -10.65 to -3.18; p = .000), better health (r = .408) and greater work engagement (r = .223), compared to their peers with lower sense of coherence. The association between sense of coherence and self-reported health was confirmed by linear regression modelling (β = .276, p = .003). CONCLUSIONS Nurses with a higher sense of coherence had better health and greater work engagement. The work engagement variable showing the highest association with sense of coherence was dedication. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT Implementing interventions that increase sense of coherence among nurses can increase commitment to their work, to the institution and to building more engaged teams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Malagon-Aguilera
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.,Nursing Department, Health and Health Care Research Group, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Rosa Suñer-Soler
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.,Nursing Department, Health and Health Care Research Group, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Bonmatí-Tomas
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.,Nursing Department, Health and Health Care Research Group, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Cristina Bosch-Farré
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.,Nursing Department, Health and Health Care Research Group, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Sandra Gelabert-Vilella
- Nursing Department, Health and Health Care Research Group, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Dolors Juvinyà-Canal
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.,Nursing Department, Health and Health Care Research Group, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Thiel A, Thedinga HK, Barkhoff H, Giel K, Schweizer O, Thiel S, Zipfel S. Why are some groups physically active and others not? A contrast group analysis in leisure settings. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:377. [PMID: 29558922 PMCID: PMC5859510 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This field study aims to investigate the determinants of physical activity of particularly active and inactive groups in their leisure environments. In order to consider the context in which physical activity occurs and to investigate whether cultural settings may influence physical activity, we conducted the study at pools in different cultural environments - Hawai'i and Germany. METHODS This study presents the quantitative data of a systematic (covert) participant observation. We recorded the physical activity of face-to-face interacting groups and analysed categories such as group size, estimated age of the group members, and verbal communication patterns. Total observation period was eight and a half months. In total, we observed 907 groups with the groups' size varying between 2 and 8 members. For the general statistics, we accessed the significance of differences regarding the degree of physical activity dependent on the target variables. To better understand activity promoting and hindering mechanisms, special attention is given to the identification of contrasting factors that characterise groups which are very active or very inactive. For this, we conducted a classification tree analysis. RESULTS General statistical analysis shows that, overall, the most differentiating factor regarding physical activity was the body shape of the group members. While obese groups had the lowest average activity level, groups mainly consisting of people with an athletic body shape were the most physically active. Yet, classification tree analysis reveals that obesity itself does not necessarily determine physical inactivity levels. The identification of six contrasting clusters highlights that besides the body shape several factors interact regarding a group's physical level. Such interacting factors were for example the degree of communication within the group, the gender- and age-related composition of the group, but also the equipment that had been brought to the beach/pool. Obese people were particularly inactive when they were members of frequently communicating, age-heterogeneous groups. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that several social factors determine the physical activity of very active and very inactive groups. In order to promote physical activity, future health initiatives should target these factors of a person's network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar Thiel
- Institute of Sport Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik K. Thedinga
- Institute of Sport Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Barkhoff
- Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences, University of Hawai’i, Hilo, USA
| | - Katrin Giel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olesia Schweizer
- Institute of Sport Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Syra Thiel
- Institute of Sport Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Baxevanos K, Topitsoglou V, Menexes G, Kalfas S. Psychosocial factors and traumatic dental injuries among adolescents. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2017; 45:449-457. [PMID: 28561901 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) and psychosocial factors in adolescents and to identify psychological profiles associated with TDI. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 531 students aged 13-16 years. Data were collected through oral examination and a structured interview with the adolescents, in conjunction with a questionnaire answered by their mothers. Associations between TDI and independent variables were analysed using a model-based approach, while an exploratory data analysis was applied to identify homogenous clusters of adolescents in relation to their sense of coherence (SoC), perception of parental support and their mothers' SoC. These clusters were examined further for associations with TDI and psychosocial variables. RESULTS The prevalence of TDI was 15.8%. Adolescents with high TDI prevalence were males, nonfirstborns, or those frequently engaging in physical activity. In addition, both their own SoC and that of their mother were low and they reported low parental support. They were also prone to complaining about the behaviour of their peer group. The hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) demonstrated three homogenous clusters. The cluster with the highest scores for all psychological variables included adolescents with low TDI prevalence, low paternal punishment, spacious home environment, high Family Affluence Scale (FAS) score, good school grades, few complaints about schoolmates and higher maternal education. CONCLUSIONS Psychosocial factors appear to influence an adolescent's risk of TDI. High parental support, high own and maternal SoC and a higher socioeconomic status (SES) are typical of adolescents with low TDI experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Baxevanos
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology & Implant Biology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Topitsoglou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology & Implant Biology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Menexes
- Laboratory of Agronomy, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sotirios Kalfas
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology & Implant Biology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|