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Shah H, Gannaban RB, Haque ZF, Dehghani F, Kramer A, Bowers F, Ta M, Huynh T, Ramezan M, Maniates A, Shin AC. BCAAs acutely drive glucose dysregulation and insulin resistance: role of AgRP neurons. Nutr Diabetes 2024; 14:40. [PMID: 38844453 PMCID: PMC11156648 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-024-00298-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-protein diets are often enriched with branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) known to enhance protein synthesis and provide numerous physiological benefits, but recent studies reveal their association with obesity and diabetes. In support of this, protein or BCAA supplementation is shown to disrupt glucose metabolism while restriction improves it. However, it is not clear if these are primary, direct effects of BCAAs or secondary to other physiological changes during chronic manipulation of dietary BCAAs. METHODS Three-month-old C57Bl/6 mice were acutely treated with either vehicle/BCAAs or BT2, a BCAA-lowering compound, and detailed in vivo metabolic phenotyping, including frequent sampling and pancreatic clamps, were conducted. RESULTS Using a catheter-guided frequent sampling method in mice, here we show that a single infusion of BCAAs was sufficient to acutely elevate blood glucose and plasma insulin. While pre-treatment with BCAAs did not affect glucose tolerance, a constant infusion of BCAAs during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps impaired whole-body insulin sensitivity. Similarly, a single injection of BT2 was sufficient to prevent BCAA rise during fasting and markedly improve glucose tolerance in high-fat-fed mice, suggesting that abnormal glycemic control in obesity may be causally linked to high circulating BCAAs. We further show that chemogenetic over-activation of AgRP neurons in the hypothalamus, as present in obesity, significantly impairs glucose tolerance that is completely normalized by acute BCAA reduction. Interestingly, most of these effects were demonstrated only in male, but not in female mice. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that BCAAs per se can acutely impair glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity, thus offering an explanation for how they may disrupt glucose metabolism in the long-term as observed in obesity and diabetes. Our findings also reveal that AgRP neuronal regulation of blood glucose is mediated through BCAAs, further elucidating a novel mechanism by which brain controls glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Shah
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ritchel B Gannaban
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Zobayda Farzana Haque
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Fereshteh Dehghani
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Alyssa Kramer
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Frances Bowers
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Ta
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Thy Huynh
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Marjan Ramezan
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ashley Maniates
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Andrew C Shin
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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Farra SD. Acute consumption of a branched chain amino acid and vitamin B-6 containing sports drink does not improve multiple sprint exercise performance, but increases post-exercise blood glucose. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1266422. [PMID: 38144425 PMCID: PMC10740374 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1266422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the ergogenicity of BioSteel High Performance Sports Drink (B-HPSD), a commercially available branched chain amino acid (BCAA) and vitamin B-6 (VitB-6) supplement, on multiple sprint exercise (MSE). Methods Eleven experienced cyclists completed two MSE trials in counterbalanced order, after ingesting either B-HPSD (2,256 mg of BCAA, 300 mcg of VitB-6) or placebo (PLA). The MSE protocol consisted of five maximal effort 1 km sprints on a cycle ergometer separated by 2 min of active recovery. Power output (PO) was continuously measured throughout the cycling protocol. Heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored following each sprint. Capillary blood samples were collected and analyzed for lactate and glucose before and 2 min post-trial. Cognitive function was assessed before and 15 min after the exercise protocol. Results The PO maintained during each 1 km sprint decreased throughout the protocol (p < 0.05), but the change in PO was similar between conditions. Post-exercise blood glucose was elevated after consuming B-HPSD but not PLA (p < 0.05). Blood lactate (p < 0.05), HR (p < 0.05) and RPE (p < 0.05) increased throughout the trials, however no differences were observed between conditions. Cognitive performance improved after exercise (p < 0.05), but the change was similar between conditions. Conclusion These results demonstrate that acute B-HPSD consumption does not have an ergogenic effect on MSE performance. However, ingestion of B-HPSD increased post-exercise blood glucose concentration when compared to PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saro D. Farra
- Faculty of Applied Health and Community Studies, Sheridan College, Brampton, ON, Canada
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3
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Jung MK, Okekunle AP, Lee JE, Sung MK, Lim YJ. Role of Branched-chain Amino Acid Metabolism in Tumor Development and Progression. J Cancer Prev 2021; 26:237-243. [PMID: 35047449 PMCID: PMC8749315 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2021.26.4.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), isoleucine, leucine and valine, are essential amino acids with vital roles in protein synthesis and energy production. We reviewed the fundamentals of BCAA metabolism in advanced cancer patients. BCAAs and various catabolic products act as signalling molecules, which activate mechanisms ranging from protein synthesis to insulin secretion. Recently, BCAA metabolism has been suggested to contribute to cancer progression. Of particular interest is the modulation of the mTOR activity by BCAAs. There are likely multiple pathways involved in BCAA metabolism implicated in carcinogenesis. Understanding the mechanism(s) underlying altered BCAAs metabolism will significantly advance the current understanding of nutrient involvement in carcinogenesis and direct future studies to unravel the significance of BCCA metabolites in tumor development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyu Jung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Sung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
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4
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Mastrototaro L, Roden M. Insulin resistance and insulin sensitizing agents. Metabolism 2021; 125:154892. [PMID: 34563556 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a common feature of obesity and type 2 diabetes, but novel approaches of diabetes subtyping (clustering) revealed variable degrees of insulin resistance in people with diabetes. Specifically, the severe insulin resistant diabetes (SIRD) subtype not only exhibits metabolic abnormalities, but also bears a higher risk for cardiovascular, renal and hepatic comorbidities. In humans, insulin resistance comprises dysfunctional adipose tissue, lipotoxic insulin signaling followed by glucotoxicity, oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation. Recent studies show that aside from metabolites (free fatty acids, amino acids) and signaling proteins (myokines, adipokines, hepatokines) also exosomes with their cargo (proteins, mRNA and microRNA) contribute to altered crosstalk between skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue during the development of insulin resistance. Reduction of fat mass mainly, but not exclusively, explains the success of lifestyle modification and bariatric surgery to improve insulin sensitivity. Moreover, some older antihyperglycemic drugs (metformin, thiazolidinediones), but also novel therapeutic concepts (new peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, incretin mimetics, sodium glucose cotransporter inhibitors, modulators of energy metabolism) can directly or indirectly reduce insulin resistance. This review summarizes molecular mechanisms underlying insulin resistance including the roles of exosomes and microRNAs, as well as strategies for the management of insulin resistance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mastrototaro
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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5
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Whole-body metabolic fate of branched-chain amino acids. Biochem J 2021; 478:765-776. [PMID: 33626142 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) is tightly regulated in mammals. We review here the distribution and regulation of whole-body BCAA oxidation. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the rate-limiting enzyme, branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex directly regulates BCAA oxidation, and various other indirect mechanisms of regulation also exist. Most tissues throughout the body are capable of BCAA oxidation, and the flux of oxidative BCAA disposal in each tissue is influenced by three key factors: 1. tissue-specific preference for BCAA oxidation relative to other fuels, 2. the overall oxidative activity of mitochondria within a tissue, and 3. total tissue mass. Perturbations in BCAA oxidation have been implicated in many disease contexts, underscoring the importance of BCAA homeostasis in overall health.
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Burgos SA, Chevalier S, Morais JA, Lamarche M, Kellett S, Marliss EB. Acute hyperaminoacidemia does not suppress insulin-mediated glucose turnover in healthy young men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:397-403. [PMID: 33080141 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Elevated circulating amino acids (AA) concentrations are purported to cause insulin resistance (IR) in humans. To quantify hyperaminoacidemia effects on insulin-mediated glucose turnover in healthy men, we performed 2-stage pancreatic clamps using octreotide with glucagon and growth hormone replacement. In the basal stage, insulin was infused to maintain euglycemia at postabsorptive levels. During the clamp stage, insulin was raised to postprandial levels, glycemia clamped at 5.5 mmol/L by glucose infusion, and branched-chain AA (BCAA) maintained at either postabsorptive (Hyper1; n = 8) or postprandial (Hyper2; n = 7) by AA infusion. Glucose turnover was measured by d-3-[3H]glucose dilution. Octreotide suppressed C-peptide; glucagon, growth hormone, and glycemia were maintained at postabsorptive levels throughout. Insulin did not differ at postabsorptive (72 ± 5 vs. 60 ± 5 pmol/L; Hyper1 vs. Hyper2) and increased to similar concentrations at basal (108 ± 11 vs. 106 ± 14) and clamp stages (551 ± 23 vs. 540 ± 25). Postabsorptive BCAA were maintained during Hyper1 and increased >2-fold (830 ± 26 µmol/L) during Hyper2. Endogenous glucose production was similarly suppressed (0.95 ± 0.16 vs. 1.37 ± 0.23 mg/kg lean body mass/min; Hyper1 vs. Hyper2) and basal glucose disposal (3.44 ± 0.12 vs. 3.67 ± 0.14) increased to similar levels (10.89 ± 0.56 vs. 11.11 ± 1.00) during the clamp. Thus, acute physiological elevation of AA for 3 h did not cause IR in healthy men. Novelty: A 2-step pancreatic clamp was used to quantify the effect of AA on insulin sensitivity in humans. Acute physiological elevation of circulating AA to postprandial levels does not cause IR in healthy men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Burgos
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada.,Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Chevalier
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada.,Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.,School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - José A Morais
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada.,Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.,School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Marie Lamarche
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Samantha Kellett
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada.,Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Errol B Marliss
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada.,Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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Ancu O, Mickute M, Guess ND, Hurren NM, Burd NA, Mackenzie RW. Does high dietary protein intake contribute to the increased risk of developing prediabetes and type 2 diabetes? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:1-9. [PMID: 32755490 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a complex metabolic disorder implicated in the development of many chronic diseases. While it is generally accepted that body mass loss should be the primary approach for the management of insulin resistance-related disorders in overweight and obese individuals, there is no consensus among researchers regarding optimal protein intake during dietary restriction. Recently, it has been suggested that increased plasma branched-chain amino acids concentrations are associated with the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The exact mechanism by which excessive amino acid availability may contribute to insulin resistance has not been fully investigated. However, it has been hypothesised that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 hyperactivation in the presence of amino acid overload contributes to reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake because of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) degradation and reduced Akt-AS160 activity. In addition, the long-term effects of high-protein diets on insulin sensitivity during both weight-stable and weight-loss conditions require more research. This review focusses on the effects of high-protein diets on insulin sensitivity and discusses the potential mechanisms by which dietary amino acids can affect insulin signalling. Novelty: Excess amino acids may over-activate mTOR, resulting in desensitisation of IRS-1 and reduced insulin-mediated glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Ancu
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4DJ, UK
| | - Monika Mickute
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester and the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, LE17RH, UK
| | - Nicola D Guess
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, WC2R2LS, UK
| | - Nicholas M Hurren
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4DJ, UK
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
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8
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Telle-Hansen VH, Christensen JJ, Formo GA, Holven KB, Ulven SM. A comprehensive metabolic profiling of the metabolically healthy obesity phenotype. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:90. [PMID: 32386512 PMCID: PMC7211343 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ever-increasing prevalence of obesity constitutes a major health problem worldwide. A subgroup of obese individuals has been described as "metabolically healthy obese" (MHO). In contrast to metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO), the MHO phenotype has a favorable risk profile. Despite this, the MHO phenotype is still sub-optimally characterized with respect to a comprehensive risk assessment. Our aim was to increase the understanding of metabolic alterations associated with healthy and unhealthy obesity. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, men and women (18-70 years) with obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2) or normal weight (NW) (BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2) were classified with MHO (n = 9), MUO (n = 10) or NW (n = 11) according to weight, lipid profile and glycemic regulation. We characterized individuals by comprehensive metabolic profiling using a commercial available high-throughput proton NMR metabolomics platform. Plasma fatty acid profile, including short chain fatty acids, was measured using gas chromatography. RESULTS The concentrations of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) subclasses were overall significantly higher, and high density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses lower in MUO compared with MHO. VLDL and IDL subclasses were significantly lower and HDL subclasses were higher in NW compared with MHO. The concentration of isoleucine, leucine and valine was significantly higher in MUO compared with MHO, and the concentration phenylalanine was lower in NW subjects compared with MHO. The fatty acid profile in MHO was overall more favorable compared with MUO. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive metabolic profiling supports that MHO subjects have intermediate-stage cardiovascular disease risk marker profile compared with NW and MUO subjects. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01034436, Fatty acid quality and overweight (FO-study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke H Telle-Hansen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavsplass, 0130, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jacob J Christensen
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Departmentof Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gulla Aase Formo
- Departmentof Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Departmentof Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine M Ulven
- Departmentof Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are building blocks for all life-forms. We review here the fundamentals of BCAA metabolism in mammalian physiology. Decades of studies have elicited a deep understanding of biochemical reactions involved in BCAA catabolism. In addition, BCAAs and various catabolic products act as signaling molecules, activating programs ranging from protein synthesis to insulin secretion. How these processes are integrated at an organismal level is less clear. Inborn errors of metabolism highlight the importance of organismal regulation of BCAA physiology. More recently, subtle alterations of BCAA metabolism have been suggested to contribute to numerous prevalent diseases, including diabetes, cancer, and heart failure. Understanding the mechanisms underlying altered BCAA metabolism and how they contribute to disease pathophysiology will keep researchers busy for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Neinast
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Danielle Murashige
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
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10
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Gancheva S, Jelenik T, Álvarez-Hernández E, Roden M. Interorgan Metabolic Crosstalk in Human Insulin Resistance. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1371-1415. [PMID: 29767564 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive energy intake and reduced energy expenditure drive the development of insulin resistance and metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolic signals derived from dietary intake or secreted from adipose tissue, gut, and liver contribute to energy homeostasis. Recent metabolomic studies identified novel metabolites and enlarged our knowledge on classic metabolites. This review summarizes the evidence of their roles as mediators of interorgan crosstalk and regulators of insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism. Circulating lipids such as free fatty acids, acetate, and palmitoleate from adipose tissue and short-chain fatty acids from the gut effectively act on liver and skeletal muscle. Intracellular lipids such as diacylglycerols and sphingolipids can serve as lipotoxins by directly inhibiting insulin action in muscle and liver. In contrast, fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids have been recently shown to exert a series of beneficial effects. Also, ketoacids are gaining interest as potent modulators of insulin action and mitochondrial function. Finally, branched-chain amino acids not only predict metabolic diseases, but also inhibit insulin signaling. Here, we focus on the metabolic crosstalk in humans, which regulates insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis in the main insulin-sensitive tissues, skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Gancheva
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Tomas Jelenik
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Elisa Álvarez-Hernández
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
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11
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Elshorbagy AK, Samocha-Bonet D, Jernerén F, Turner C, Refsum H, Heilbronn LK. Food Overconsumption in Healthy Adults Triggers Early and Sustained Increases in Serum Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Changes in Cysteine Linked to Fat Gain. J Nutr 2018; 148:1073-1080. [PMID: 29901727 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasma concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine are associated with obesity and insulin resistance. BCAAs predict future diabetes. Objective We investigated amino acid changes during food overconsumption. Methods Forty healthy men and women with a body mass index (mean ± SEM) of 25.6 ± 0.6 were overfed by 1250 kcal/d for 28 d, increasing consumption of all macronutrients. Insulin sensitivity and body composition were assessed at baseline (day 0) and day 28. Fasting serum amino acids were measured at days 0, 3, and 28. Linear mixed-effects models evaluated the effect of time in the total group and separately in those with low and high body fat gain (below compared with at or above median fat gain, 1.95 kg). At days 0 and 28, insulin-induced suppression of serum amino acids during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp test and, in a subset (n = 20), adipose tissue mRNA expression of selected amino acid metabolizing enzymes were assessed. Results Weight increased by 2.8 kg. High fat gainers gained 2.6 kg fat mass compared with 1.1 kg in low fat gainers. Valine and isoleucine increased at day 3 (+17% and +22%, respectively; P ≤ 0.002) and remained elevated at day 28, despite a decline in valine (P = 0.019) from day 3 values. Methionine, cystathionine, and taurine were unaffected. Serum total cysteine (tCys) transiently increased at day 3 (+11%; P = 0.022) only in high fat gainers (P-interaction = 0.043), in whom the cysteine catabolic enzyme cysteine dioxygenase (CDO1) was induced (+26%; P = 0.025) in adipose tissue (P-interaction = 0.045). Overconsumption did not alter adipose tissue mRNA expression of the BCAA-metabolizing enzymes branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1α polypeptide (BCKDHA) or branched-chain amino transferase 1 (BCAT1). In the total population at day 0, insulin infusion decreased all serum amino acids (-11% to -47%; P < 0.01), except for homocysteine and tCys, which were unchanged, and glutathione, which was increased by 54%. At day 28, insulin increased tCys (+8%), and the insulin-induced suppression of taurine and phenylalanine observed at day 0, but not that of BCAAs, was significantly impaired. Conclusions These findings highlight the role of nutrient oversupply in increasing fasting BCAA concentrations in healthy adults. The link between cysteine availability, CDO1 expression, and fat gain deserves investigation. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00562393.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany K Elshorbagy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Dorit Samocha-Bonet
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fredrik Jernerén
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cheryl Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leonie K Heilbronn
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Lee SG, Yim YS, Lee YH, Lee BW, Kim HS, Kim KS, Lee YW, Kim JH. Fasting serum amino acids concentration is associated with insulin resistance and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 140:107-117. [PMID: 29601913 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We evaluated specific alterations in amino acids (AAs) profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) compared with healthy controls. In addition, we tried to find the mechanisms behind these AA alterations. METHODS Twenty AAs, TNF-α, and IL-6 were analyzed in fasting serum samples from a total of 198 individuals (56 drug-naïve patients with T2DM, 69 patients IFG, and 73 healthy controls). The C2C12 mouse myoblast cell lines were used to examine the changes of MAFbx and MuRF1 expressions, which are muscle specific E3 ligases acting as major mediators of skeletal muscle proteolysis, after development of insulin resistance induced by palmitate treatment. RESULTS In addition to branched chain amino acids BCAAs, fasting serum AAs such as glutamic acid, lysine, phenylalanine, arginine, alanine, tyrosine, aspartic acid, were higher in patients with T2DM and intermediately elevated in patients with IFG compared with normoglycemic controls. These serum AA concentrations positively correlated with fasting glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, HOMA-IR and pro-inflammatory cytokines were two important independent predictors of serum AA levels. In vitro experiments showed that palmitate treatment in C2C12 myotubes induced insulin resistance, increased pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and increased MAFbx gene and protein expression. CONCLUSIONS The increase in fasting serum AAs can be an early manifestation of insulin resistance. Increased muscle proteolysis induced by insulin resistance and inflammatory cytokines can be a possible mechanism for the rise in serum AA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Guk Lee
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Seal Yim
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Wan Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon-Suk Kim
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sup Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Wha Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Kim
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Asghari G, Farhadnejad H, Teymoori F, Mirmiran P, Tohidi M, Azizi F. High dietary intake of branched-chain amino acids is associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance in adults. J Diabetes 2018; 10:357-364. [PMID: 29281182 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the association between branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) intake and markers of insulin metabolism in adults. METHODS This cohort study was conducted within the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study on 1205 subjects, aged ≥20 years, who were followed-up for a mean of 2.3 years. Dietary intake of BCAAs, including valine, leucine, and isoleucine, was determined using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Hyperinsulinemia, β-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance (IR), and insulin insensitivity were determined according to optimal cut-off values. Logistic regression was to estimate the occurrence of IR across tertiles of BCAA intake. RESULTS The mean (± SD) age and BCAA intake of participants (43% male) at baseline were 42.7 ± 13.1 years and 13.8 ± 5.1 g/day, respectively. The incidence of hyperinsulinemia, β-cell dysfunction, insulin insensitivity, and IR was 19.5%, 24.0%, 28.0%, and 12.5%, respectively. After adjustment for confounding variables, subjects in the highest tertile for total BCAAs (odds ratio [OR] 1.67; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-2.71), leucine (OR 1.75; 95% CI 1.09-2.82), and valine (OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.01-2.60) intake had a greater risk of incident IR than subjects in the lowest tertile. A higher intake of isoleucine was not associated with risk of incident IR. There was no association of total BCAAs, leucine, isoleucine, and valine intake with the risk of hyperinsulinemia, insulin insensitivity, or β-cell dysfunction. CONCLUSION The findings of this study support the hypothesis that higher intakes of BCAAs may have adverse effects on the development of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golaleh Asghari
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Farhadnejad
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Teymoori
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Tohidi
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chronic dietary exposure to branched chain amino acids impairs glucose disposal in vegans but not in omnivores. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:594-601. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The concentrations of plasma-free amino acids, such as branched-chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids, are associated with visceral obesity, insulin resistance, and the future development of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This review discusses recent progress in the early assessment of the risk of developing diabetes and the reversal of altered plasma-free amino acids through interventions. Additionally, recent developments that have increased the utility of amino acid profiling technology are also described. RECENT FINDINGS Plasma-free amino acid alterations in the early stage of lifestyle-related diseases are because of obesity and insulin resistance-related inflammation, and these alterations are reversed by appropriate (nutritional, drug, or surgical) interventions that improve insulin sensitivity. For clinical applications, procedures for measuring amino acids are being standardized and automated. SUMMARY Plasma-free amino acid profiles have potential as biomarkers for both assessing diabetes risk and monitoring the effects of strategies designed to lower that risk. In addition, the methodology for measuring amino acids has been refined, with the goal of routine clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nagao
- aInstitute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan bStanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA cCenter for Multiphasic Health Testing and Services, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, Izumicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo dDepartment of Nursing, Ashikaga Institute of Technology, Ashikaga, Tochigi, Japan
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Elshorbagy A, Jernerén F, Basta M, Basta C, Turner C, Khaled M, Refsum H. Amino acid changes during transition to a vegan diet supplemented with fish in healthy humans. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1953-1962. [PMID: 27289540 PMCID: PMC5534203 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To explore whether changes in dietary protein sources can lower plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), aromatic amino acids and sulfur amino acids (SAAs) that are often elevated in the obese, insulin-resistant state and in type 2 diabetes. Methods Thirty-six subjects (mean age 31 ± 2 years) underwent a voluntary abstinence from meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products for 6 weeks, while enriching the diet with fish, in fulfillment of a religious fast. Subjects were assessed 1 week before the fast (V1), 1 week after initiation of the fast (V2) and in the last week of the fast (V3). Thirty-four subjects completed all three visits. Results Fasting plasma BCAAs decreased at V2 and remained low at V3 (P < 0.001 for all). Valine showed the greatest decline, by 20 and 19 % at V2 and V3, respectively. Phenylalanine and tryptophan, but not tyrosine, also decreased at V2 and V3. The two proteinogenic SAAs, methionine and cysteine, remained stable, but the cysteine product, taurine, decreased from 92 ± 7 μmol/L to 66 ± 6 (V2; P = 0.003) and 65 ± 6 μmol/L (V3; P = 0.003). A progressive decline in plasma glutamic acid, coupled with an increase in glutamine, was observed. Plasma total and LDL cholesterol decreased at V2 and V3 (P < 0.001 for all). Conclusion Changing dietary protein sources to plant- and fish-based sources in an ad libitum setting lowers the plasma BCAAs that have been linked to diabetes risk. These findings point to habitual diet as a potentially modifiable determinant of fasting plasma BCAA concentrations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1237-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Elshorbagy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | | | - Marianne Basta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Caroline Basta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Cheryl Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maram Khaled
- Pain Management Unit, Department of Anaesthesia, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Numerous human studies have consistently demonstrated that concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in plasma and urine are associated with insulin resistance and have the quality to predict diabetes development. However, it is not known how altered BCAA levels link to insulin action and diabetes. This review addresses some recent findings in BCAA metabolism and discusses their role as reporter molecules of insulin sensitivity and diabetes and their possible contribution to disease progression. RECENT FINDINGS Changes in plasma and urine levels result mainly from altered metabolism in tissues and recent studies have thus focused on organ-specific changes in BCAA handling using animal models and human tissue samples. A decreased mitochondrial oxidation has been demonstrated in peripheral tissues and that was shown to be associated with an increased inflammatory tone and changes in adipokine levels (adiponectin and leptin). These changes appear already before insulin resistance is established. Key findings demonstrating the discordance between changes in BCAA and insulin resistance are derived from studies using insulin sensitizers and from data collected in patients undergoing Roux-en-Y bypass bariatric surgery. Intermediates derived from BCAA breakdown rather than BCAA itself were recently proposed to contribute to the development of insulin resistance and studies now explore the biomarker qualities of these metabolites. SUMMARY Understanding the mechanisms and putative causalities in the alterations in BCAA levels as found in obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes is crucial for any intervention options but also for the use of BCAA and derivatives as biomarkers in clinical routine.
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