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Choi M, Shin B, Kim HY. Hygromachines: Humidity-Powered Wheels, Seesaws, and Vehicles. Soft Robot 2023; 10:1171-1180. [PMID: 37339438 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2022.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hygroscopic soft actuators offer an attractive means to convert environmental energy to mechanical motions as they use water vapor, a ubiquitous substance in the atmosphere. To overcome the limits of existing hygroactuators, such as simplistic actuation mode, slow response, and low efficiency, here we present three kinds of humidity-powered soft machines adopting directionally electrospun hygroresponsive nanofibrous sheets. The wheels, seesaws, and vehicles developed in this work utilize spatial humidity gradient naturally established near moist surfaces such as human skin, so that they operate spontaneously, realizing energy scavenging or harvesting. We also constructed a theoretical framework to mechanically analyze their dynamics, which allowed us to optimize their design to obtain the highest motion speed physically possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munkyeong Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Beomjune Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho-Young Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Seoul National University, Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul, South Korea
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2
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Bai Y, Liu C, Li Y, Li J, Qiao L, Zhou J, Bai Y. Modular reprogrammable 3D mechanical metamaterials with unusual hygroscopic deformation modes. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4470-4479. [PMID: 37526630 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00694h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The majority of polymer-based materials demonstrate expansion upon absorbing water from the air. Mechanical metamaterials provide an interesting way to achieve unusual hygroscopic deformation. However, previous studies have only accommodated the limited tunability of negative hygroscopic expansion by theoretical analysis but have never involved other deformation modes. This work proposes modular reprogrammable 3D moisture-sensitive mechanical metamaterials with switchable hygroscopic deformation modes, which are built up of multi-material 3D-printed bi-material curved strips and cubic nodes. Depending on the geometrical parameters and spatial layouts of the curved strips, the metamaterials exhibit tunable coefficient of hygroscopic expansion from negative to positive. In addition to homogeneous deformation, complex 3D hygroscopic deformation modes can be achieved including shear and twist. More interestingly, the metamaterials are reprogrammable since all the deformation modes can be switched by modular disassembling and reassembling of the curved strips, just like LEGO building blocks. This work demonstrates a feasible approach to achieve customized 3D hygroscopic deformation through easy block building for specific engineering applications including eliminating hygroscopic stress, shape morphing structures, and smart actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisong Bai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Chuanbao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jinxu Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lijie Qiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ji Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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3
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Lopes da Costa L, Moreau C, Lourdin D, Cathala B, Villares A. Unraveling the control of reversibility for actuators based on cellulose nanofibers. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 314:120951. [PMID: 37173018 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have prepared cellulose-based actuators taking advantage of the pH-sensitive solubility of chitosan (CH) and the mechanical strength of CNFs. Bilayer films were prepared by vacuum filtration inspired by plant structures that exhibit reversible deformation under pH changes. The presence of CH in one of the layers led to asymmetric swelling at low pH, thanks to the electrostatic repulsion between charged amino groups of CH, and the subsequent twisting with the CH layer on the outside. Reversibility was achieved by substituting pristine CNFs with carboxymethylated CNFs (CMCNFs), that are charged at high pH and thus competed with the effects of amino groups. Swelling and mechanical properties of layers under pH changes were studied by gravimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to quantify the contribution of chitosan and the modified CNFs on the reversibility control. This work evidenced the key role of surface charge and layer stiffness to achieve reversibility. Bending was triggered by the different water uptake of each layer, and shape recovery was achieved when the shrunk layer shower higher rigidity than the swollen layer.
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Chen G, Kumar A, Heidari-Bafroui H, Smith W, Charbaji A, Rahmani N, Anagnostopoulos C, Faghri M. Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Actuator Bending Behavior and Modeling. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14050924. [PMID: 37241548 DOI: 10.3390/mi14050924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the behavior of the Bi-Material Cantilever (B-MaC) response deflection upon fluidic loading was experimentally studied and modeled for bilayer strips. A B-MaC consists of a strip of paper adhered to a strip of tape. When fluid is introduced, the paper expands while the tape does not, which causes the structure to bend due to strain mismatch, similar to the thermal loading of bi-metal thermostats. The main novelty of the paper-based bilayer cantilevers is the mechanical properties of two different types of material layers, a top layer of sensing paper and a bottom layer of actuating tape, to create a structure that can respond to moisture changes. When the sensing layer absorbs moisture, it causes the bilayer cantilever to bend or curl due to the differential swelling between the two layers. The portion of the paper strip that gets wet forms an arc, and as the fluid advances and fully wets the B-MaC, the entire B-MaC assumes the shape of the initial arc. This study showed that paper with higher hygroscopic expansion forms an arc with a smaller radius of curvature, whereas thicker tape with a higher Young's modulus forms an arc with a larger radius of curvature. The results showed that the theoretical modeling could accurately predict the behavior of the bilayer strips. The significance of paper-based bilayer cantilevers lies in their potential applications in various fields, such as biomedicine, and environmental monitoring. In summary, the novelty and significance of paper-based bilayer cantilevers lie in their unique combination of sensing and actuating capabilities using a low-cost and environmentally friendly material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Chen
- Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Hojat Heidari-Bafroui
- Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Winfield Smith
- Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Amer Charbaji
- Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Nassim Rahmani
- Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Constantine Anagnostopoulos
- Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Mohammad Faghri
- Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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5
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Luo D, Maheshwari A, Danielescu A, Li J, Yang Y, Tao Y, Sun L, Patel DK, Wang G, Yang S, Zhang T, Yao L. Autonomous self-burying seed carriers for aerial seeding. Nature 2023; 614:463-470. [PMID: 36792743 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Aerial seeding can quickly cover large and physically inaccessible areas1 to improve soil quality and scavenge residual nitrogen in agriculture2, and for postfire reforestation3-5 and wildland restoration6,7. However, it suffers from low germination rates, due to the direct exposure of unburied seeds to harsh sunlight, wind and granivorous birds, as well as undesirable air humidity and temperature1,8,9. Here, inspired by Erodium seeds10-14, we design and fabricate self-drilling seed carriers, turning wood veneer into highly stiff (about 4.9 GPa when dry, and about 1.3 GPa when wet) and hygromorphic bending or coiling actuators with an extremely large bending curvature (1,854 m-1), 45 times larger than the values in the literature15-18. Our three-tailed carrier has an 80% drilling success rate on flat land after two triggering cycles, due to the beneficial resting angle (25°-30°) of its tail anchoring, whereas the natural Erodium seed's success rate is 0%. Our carriers can carry payloads of various sizes and contents including biofertilizers and plant seeds as large as those of whitebark pine, which are about 11 mm in length and about 72 mg. We compare data from experiments and numerical simulation to elucidate the curvature transformation and actuation mechanisms to guide the design and optimization of the seed carriers. Our system will improve the effectiveness of aerial seeding to relieve agricultural and environmental stresses, and has potential applications in energy harvesting, soft robotics and sustainable buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danli Luo
- Morphing Matter Lab, Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Jiaji Li
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Yang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ye Tao
- School of Art and Archeology, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingyun Sun
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dinesh K Patel
- Morphing Matter Lab, Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guanyun Wang
- Morphing Matter Lab, Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shu Yang
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- BioInspired Syracuse, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Lining Yao
- Morphing Matter Lab, Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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6
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Bai Y, Liu C, Li Y, Li J, Qiao L, Zhou J, Bai Y. Moisture-sensitive mechanical metamaterials with unusual and re-programmable hygroscopic deformation modes. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2835-2845. [PMID: 36043385 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00670g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical metamaterials are of great interest due to their counterintuitive deformation under various physical fields. However, the research on metamaterials responding to moisture is still rare and controllable hygroscopic deformation is vital for sensoring, actuating, and stress elimination in a moisture environment. Inspired by the hygroscopic deformation of pinecones, this work studies 2D moisture-sensitive mechanical metamaterials exploiting bi-material curved strips as building blocks by simulations and experiments, which especially demonstrates repeatable programming ability to realize customized unusual hygroscopic deformations. Depending on the structural design of geometrical parameters and material configurations, the metamaterials exhibit a tunable coefficient of hygroscopic expansion from negative to positive, and unusual hygroscopic deformation modes including anisotropic, shearing, gradient, bending, and 3D deformation of 2D structures. Programmable metamaterials of arbitrary hygroscopic deformation are achieved by pixelated design and coding the building blocks. More importantly, the hygroscopic deformation is re-programmable by adopting erasable moisture-proof coatings on specific areas of metamaterials, i.e., it can continuously provide different customized deformation modes in a sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisong Bai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Chuanbao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jinxu Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lijie Qiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ji Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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7
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Sinn G, Fizek E, Wimmer R, Lichtenegger H. Mechanics of a Biomimetic Moisture Sensitive Actuator Based on Compression Wood. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081624. [PMID: 35458374 PMCID: PMC9031849 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Various mechanisms of plant organ movements have been reported, including the close association of two layers with expressed differences in hygroscopic properties. Following this principle, actuator beams composed of thin veneers out of normal and compression wood cut from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were prepared by using two types of adhesives. The mismatch of the swelling properties of the two layers in tight combination resulted in an expressed bending deflection in response to set humidity changes. The resulting curvatures were measured and analyzed by the Timoshenko bi-metal-model, as well as with an enhanced three-layer model, with the latter also considering the mechanical influence of the glueline on the actuator bending. The thermally induced strain in the original model was replaced by another strain due to moisture changes. The strain was modelled as a function of wood density, along with changes in wood moisture. Experiments with free movement of the bilayer to measure curvature, and with constraints to determine forces, were performed as well. Deformation and magnitude of actuators movements were in close agreement with the enhanced bilayer-model for the phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde adhesive, which deviated substantially from the casein adhesive glued actuators. The obtained results are seen as critical for wood-based actuator systems that are potentially used in buildings or other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Sinn
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (E.F.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elisabeth Fizek
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (E.F.); (H.L.)
| | - Rupert Wimmer
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria;
| | - Helga Lichtenegger
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (E.F.); (H.L.)
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8
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Use of Wood in Additive Manufacturing: Review and Future Prospects. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061174. [PMID: 35335505 PMCID: PMC8949072 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers filled with natural-based fillers have shown growing demand/interest in recent years, including in additive manufacturing. Like most natural fillers in 3D printing, wood particles serve mainly as a filler that lowers the cost of the printing material due to their low price. However, could wood be used as a main ingredient to affect/improve the properties of 3D-printed parts? Several advantages, such as its reinforcing ability, biodegradability, availability as waste material from other industries, ability to be used in different forms or only in partial components, recycling options or even the use of its undesirable hydromorph-induced dimensional instability for 4D printing, indicate the importance of exploring its use in 3D printing. A review of publications on 3D printing with wood biomass and technologies involving the use of wood particles and components was conducted to identify the possibilities of using wood in additive technologies and their potential.
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9
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Zhang Y, Le Ferrand H. Bioinspired Self-Shaping Clay Composites for Sustainable Development. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:13. [PMID: 35076468 PMCID: PMC8788514 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinspired self-shaping is an approach used to transform flat materials into unusual three-dimensional (3D) shapes by tailoring the internal architecture of the flat material. Bioinspiration and bioinspired materials have a high potential for fostering sustainable development, yet are often fashioned out of expensive and synthetic materials. In this work, we use bioinspiration to endow clay with self-shaping properties upon drying. The composites created are based on clay and starch, and the internal architecture is built using celery fibers. The viscosity, shrinkage, and bending of the architected composite monolayers are studied for several compositions by measuring penetration depth and using optical characterization methods. Bilayer structures inspired from plants are then processed using a simple hand layup process to achieve bending, twisting, and combinations of those after drying. By layering a mixture of 32 vol% clay, 25.8 vol% starch, and 42.2 vol% water with 40 wt% embedded aligned celery fibers, it is possible to obtain the desired shape change. The work presented here aims at providing a simple method for teaching the concept of bioinspiration, and for creating new materials using only clay and plant-based ingredients. Rejuvenating clay with endowed self-shaping properties could further expand its use. Furthermore, the materials, methods, and principles presented here are affordable, simple, largely applicable, and could be used for sustainable development in the domain of education as well as materials and structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Zhang
- Queen Mary Engineering School, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Hortense Le Ferrand
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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10
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Whitaker DJ, Park J, Ueda C, Wu G, Harada A, Matsuba G, Takashima Y, Scherman OA. Water content and guest size dictate the mechanical properties of cyclodextrin mediated hydrogels. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00769j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Steric bulkiness and water content plays an important role in mechanical properties of supramolecular hydrogels consisting of host-guest complexation as cross-links. With low and high water contents, the network mobility and the kinetics of the cross-links become dominant to the mechanical properties, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Whitaker
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Junsu Park
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Chiharu Ueda
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Guanglu Wu
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Akira Harada
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Go Matsuba
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takashima
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Oren A. Scherman
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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Cheng T, Wood D, Kiesewetter L, Özdemir E, Antorveza K, Menges A. Programming material compliance and actuation: hybrid additive fabrication of biocomposite structures for large-scale self-shaping. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2021; 16:055004. [PMID: 34198272 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac10af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a hybrid approach to manufacturing a new class of large-scale self-shaping structures through a method of additive fabrication combining fused granular fabrication (FGF) and integrated hygroscopic wood actuators (HWAs). Wood materials naturally change shape with high forces in response to moisture stimuli. The strength and simplicity of this actuation make the material suitable for self-shaping architectural-scale components. However, the anisotropic composition of wood, which enables this inherent behavior, cannot be fully customized within existing stock. On the other hand, FGF allows for the design of large physical parts with multi-functional interior substructures as inspired by many biological materials. We propose to encode passively actuated movement into physical structures by integrating HWAs within 3D-printed meta-structures with functionally graded stiffnesses. By leveraging robotic manufacturing platforms, self-shaping biocomposite material systems can be upscaled with variable resolutions and at high volumes, resulting in large-scale structures capable of transforming from flat to curved simply through changes in relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Cheng
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction, University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dylan Wood
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction, University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Laura Kiesewetter
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction, University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eda Özdemir
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction, University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karen Antorveza
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction, University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Achim Menges
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction, University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
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12
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Krüger F, Thierer R, Tahouni Y, Sachse R, Wood D, Menges A, Bischoff M, Rühe J. Development of a Material Design Space for 4D-Printed Bio-Inspired Hygroscopically Actuated Bilayer Structures with Unequal Effective Layer Widths. Biomimetics (Basel) 2021; 6:biomimetics6040058. [PMID: 34698064 PMCID: PMC8544213 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics6040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Significance of geometry for bio-inspired hygroscopically actuated bilayer structures is well studied and can be used to fine-tune curvatures in many existent material systems. We developed a material design space to find new material combinations that takes into account unequal effective widths of the layers, as commonly used in fused filament fabrication, and deflections under self-weight. (2) For this purpose, we adapted Timoshenko’s model for the curvature of bilayer strips and used an established hygromorphic 4D-printed bilayer system to validate its ability to predict curvatures in various experiments. (3) The combination of curvature evaluation with simple, linear beam deflection calculations leads to an analytical solution space to study influences of Young’s moduli, swelling strains and densities on deflection under self-weight and curvature under hygroscopic swelling. It shows that the choice of the ratio of Young’s moduli can be crucial for achieving a solution that is stable against production errors. (4) Under the assumption of linear material behavior, the presented development of a material design space allows selection or design of a suited material combination for application-specific, bio-inspired bilayer systems with unequal layer widths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Krüger
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: (F.K.); (R.T.)
| | - Rebecca Thierer
- Institute for Structural Mechanics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 7, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany;
- Cluster of Excellence Integrative Computational Design and Construction for Architecture (IntCDC), University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany; (Y.T.); (D.W.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.K.); (R.T.)
| | - Yasaman Tahouni
- Cluster of Excellence Integrative Computational Design and Construction for Architecture (IntCDC), University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany; (Y.T.); (D.W.); (A.M.)
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Renate Sachse
- Institute for Computational Mechanics, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany;
| | - Dylan Wood
- Cluster of Excellence Integrative Computational Design and Construction for Architecture (IntCDC), University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany; (Y.T.); (D.W.); (A.M.)
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Achim Menges
- Cluster of Excellence Integrative Computational Design and Construction for Architecture (IntCDC), University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany; (Y.T.); (D.W.); (A.M.)
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Manfred Bischoff
- Institute for Structural Mechanics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 7, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany;
- Cluster of Excellence Integrative Computational Design and Construction for Architecture (IntCDC), University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany; (Y.T.); (D.W.); (A.M.)
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany;
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Cheng T, Thielen M, Poppinga S, Tahouni Y, Wood D, Steinberg T, Menges A, Speck T. Bio-Inspired Motion Mechanisms: Computational Design and Material Programming of Self-Adjusting 4D-Printed Wearable Systems. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2100411. [PMID: 34258167 PMCID: PMC8261511 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a material programming approach for designing 4D-printed self-shaping material systems based on biological role models. Plants have inspired numerous adaptive systems that move without using any operating energy; however, these systems are typically designed and fabricated in the form of simplified bilayers. This work introduces computational design methods for 4D-printing bio-inspired behaviors with compounded mechanisms. To emulate the anisotropic arrangement of motile plant structures, material systems are tailored at the mesoscale using extrusion-based 3D-printing. The methodology is demonstrated by transferring the principle of force generation by a twining plant (Dioscorea bulbifera) to the application of a self-tightening splint. Through the tensioning of its stem helix, D. bulbifera exhibits a squeezing force on its support to provide stability against gravity. The functional strategies of D. bulbifera are abstracted and translated to customized 4D-printed material systems. The squeezing forces of these bio-inspired motion mechanisms are then evaluated. Finally, the function of self-tightening is prototyped in a wrist-forearm splint-a common orthotic device for alignment. The presented approach enables the transfer of novel and expanded biomimetic design strategies to 4D-printed motion mechanisms, further opening the design space to new types of adaptive creations for wearable assistive technologies and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Cheng
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD)University of StuttgartKeplerstraße 11Stuttgart70174Germany
- Cluster of Excellence IntCDCUniversity of StuttgartKeplerstraße 11Stuttgart70174Germany
| | - Marc Thielen
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic GardenUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1Freiburg79104Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF)University of FreiburgStefan‐Meier‐Straße 21Freiburg79104Germany
| | - Simon Poppinga
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic GardenUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1Freiburg79104Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF)University of FreiburgStefan‐Meier‐Straße 21Freiburg79104Germany
| | - Yasaman Tahouni
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD)University of StuttgartKeplerstraße 11Stuttgart70174Germany
- Cluster of Excellence IntCDCUniversity of StuttgartKeplerstraße 11Stuttgart70174Germany
| | - Dylan Wood
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD)University of StuttgartKeplerstraße 11Stuttgart70174Germany
- Cluster of Excellence IntCDCUniversity of StuttgartKeplerstraße 11Stuttgart70174Germany
| | - Thorsten Steinberg
- Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgHugstetterstraße 55Freiburg79106Germany
| | - Achim Menges
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD)University of StuttgartKeplerstraße 11Stuttgart70174Germany
- Cluster of Excellence IntCDCUniversity of StuttgartKeplerstraße 11Stuttgart70174Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic GardenUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1Freiburg79104Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF)University of FreiburgStefan‐Meier‐Straße 21Freiburg79104Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FITUniversity of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 105Freiburg79110Germany
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14
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Ilami M, Bagheri H, Ahmed R, Skowronek EO, Marvi H. Materials, Actuators, and Sensors for Soft Bioinspired Robots. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003139. [PMID: 33346386 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems can perform complex tasks with high compliance levels. This makes them a great source of inspiration for soft robotics. Indeed, the union of these fields has brought about bioinspired soft robotics, with hundreds of publications on novel research each year. This review aims to survey fundamental advances in bioinspired soft actuators and sensors with a focus on the progress between 2017 and 2020, providing a primer for the materials used in their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ilami
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Hosain Bagheri
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Reza Ahmed
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - E Olga Skowronek
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Hamid Marvi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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15
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Abstract
Moisture plays a central role in the performance of wood products because it affects important material properties such as the resistance to decomposition, the mechanical properties, and the dimensions. To improve wood performance, a wide range of wood modification techniques that alter the wood chemistry in various ways have been described in the literature. Typically, these modifications aim to improve resistance to decomposition, dimensional stability, or, to introduce novel functionalities in the wood. However, wood modification techniques can also be an important tool to improve our understanding of the interactions between wood and moisture. In this review, we describe current knowledge gaps in our understanding of moisture in wood and how modification has been and could be used to clarify some of these gaps. This review shows that introducing specific chemical changes, and even controlling the distribution of these, in combination with the variety of experimental methods available for characterization of moisture in wood, could give novel insights into the interaction between moisture and wood. Such insights could further contribute to applications in several related fields of research such as how to enhance the resistance to decomposition, how to improve the performance of moisture-induced wooden actuators, or how to improve the utilization of wood biomass with challenging swelling anisotropy.
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16
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Heise K, Kontturi E, Allahverdiyeva Y, Tammelin T, Linder MB, Ikkala O. Nanocellulose: Recent Fundamental Advances and Emerging Biological and Biomimicking Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004349. [PMID: 33289188 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the effort toward sustainable advanced functional materials, nanocelluloses have attracted extensive recent attention. Nanocelluloses range from rod-like highly crystalline cellulose nanocrystals to longer and more entangled cellulose nanofibers, earlier denoted also as microfibrillated celluloses and bacterial cellulose. In recent years, they have spurred research toward a wide range of applications, ranging from nanocomposites, viscosity modifiers, films, barrier layers, fibers, structural color, gels, aerogels and foams, and energy applications, until filtering membranes, to name a few. Still, nanocelluloses continue to show surprisingly high challenges to master their interactions and tailorability to allow well-controlled assemblies for functional materials. Rather than trying to review the already extensive nanocellulose literature at large, here selected aspects of the recent progress are the focus. Water interactions, which are central for processing for the functional properties, are discussed first. Then advanced hybrid gels toward (multi)stimuli responses, shape-memory materials, self-healing, adhesion and gluing, biological scaffolding, and forensic applications are discussed. Finally, composite fibers are discussed, as well as nanocellulose as a strategy for improvement of photosynthesis-based chemicals production. In summary, selected perspectives toward new directions for sustainable high-tech functional materials science based on nanocelluloses are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Yagut Allahverdiyeva
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Tekla Tammelin
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, VTT, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
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17
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Suitability of Wooden Shingles for Ventilated Roofs: An Evaluation of Ventilation Efficiency. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10186499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wooden shingles are a traditional roofing material on many culturally important building artifacts. Currently, the roof space of many traditional buildings is used for residential purposes and, consequently, cold roof constructions with ventilation layers are applied. In this study, it is evaluated whether the moisture content of wooden shingles is adversely affected by such constructions, compared with unvented shingle roofs over cold attics and whether a temporary closing of the ventilation gaps at the eaves contributes to a lower wood moisture content. Various sensors were installed in and around a building with wooden shingles on a ventilated roof and temperature, air moisture, and air speed in the ventilation layer were measured throughout a year. The findings show that the air speed in the ventilation layer can be adjusted from 0.06 to 0.25 m/s depending on the layout of the eaves. A hygrothermal model was applied to evaluate the effects of different ventilation operation modes and cardinal orientations of the roof on the moisture content of the wooden shingles. The results show that roof ventilation results in a 1% lower shingle moisture content on average than an unventilated roof over a cold attic. Finally, it is shown that the wood moisture content repeatedly reaches dangerous levels above 25% throughout a year, which is worse on north-facing roofs and, hence, measures to increase the dry-out are relevant.
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18
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Grönquist P, Panchadcharam P, Wood D, Menges A, Rüggeberg M, Wittel FK. Computational analysis of hygromorphic self-shaping wood gridshell structures. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:192210. [PMID: 32874613 PMCID: PMC7428239 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.192210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bi-layered composites capable of self-shaping are of increasing relevance to science and engineering. They can be made out of anisotropic materials that are responsive to changes in a state variable, e.g. wood, which swells and shrinks by changes in moisture. When extensive bending is desired, such bilayers are usually designed as cross-ply structures. However, the nature of cross-ply laminates tends to prevent changes of the Gaussian curvature so that a plate-like geometry of the composite will be partly restricted from shaping. Therefore, an effective approach for maximizing bending is to keep the composite in a narrow strip configuration so that Gaussian curvature can remain constant during shaping. This represents a fundamental limitation for many applications where self-shaped double-curved structures could be beneficial, e.g. in timber architecture. In this study, we propose to achieve double-curvature by gridshell configurations of narrow self-shaping wood bilayer strips. Using numerical mechanical simulations, we investigate a parametric phase-space of shaping. Our results show that double curvature can be achieved and that the change in Gaussian curvature is dependent on the system's geometry. Furthermore, we discuss a novel architectural application potential in the form of self-erecting timber gridshells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Grönquist
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Structural Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dylan Wood
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Achim Menges
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Falk K. Wittel
- Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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19
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Fabrication and Characterization of Thermal-responsive Biomimetic Small-scale Shape Memory Wood Composites with High Tensile Strength, High Anisotropy. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111892. [PMID: 31731800 PMCID: PMC6918127 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Intelligent responsive materials have become one of the most exciting fields in the research of new materials in the past few decades due to their practical and potential applications in aerospace, biomedicine, textile, electronics, and other relative fields. Here, a novel thermal-responsive biomimetic shape memory wood composite is fabricated utilizing polycaprolactone-based (PCL) shape-memory polymer to modify treated-wood. The shape memory wood inherits visual characteristics and the unique three-dimension structure of natural wood that endows the shape memory wood (SMW) with outstanding tensile strength (10.68 MPa) at room temperature. In terms of shape memory performance, the shape recovery ratio is affected by multiple factors including environment temperature, first figuration angle, cycle times, and shows different variation tendency, respectively. Compared with shape recovery ratio, the shape fixity ratio (96%) is relatively high and stable. This study supplies more possibilities for the functional applications of wood, such as biomimetic architecture, self-healing wood veneering, and intelligent furniture.
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20
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Li P, Pan L, Liu D, Tao Y, Shi SQ. A Bio-Hygromorph Fabricated with Fish Swim Bladder Hydrogel and Wood Flour-Filled Polylactic Acid Scaffold by 3D Printing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2896. [PMID: 31500321 PMCID: PMC6766240 DOI: 10.3390/ma12182896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-powered adaptive systems are attractive in the construction of environment actuators, meteorosensitive architectures, biomedical devices, and soft robotics. Combining hydrophilic materials and anisotropic structures to mimic self-morphing plant structures has been demonstrated as an effective approach to creating artificial hygromorphs. The convenience of 3D printing technologies in shaping programmable complex structures facilitates the imitation of complex anisotropic plant structures. In this research, we constructed a bio-hygromorph using fish swim bladder hydrogel as the hydrophilic material and wood flour-filled polylactic acid (WPLA) scaffold, which was printed with fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology (3DP). The environmental benign bio-hygromorph displayed morphing abilities triggered by moisture content changes, as the fish swim bladder hydrogel swelled and shrunk during absorption and desorption cycles. The strain disproportion of the two-layered composite structure in the bio-hygromorph drove the bending deformation. Stress analyses performed with finite element analysis (FEA) also revealed the mechanism behind the moisture content driven morphing of the bio-hygromorph. Notably, the bio-hygromorph exhibited faster response times to moisture absorption than desorption, which may donate actuators' different attributes in distinct moisture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Ling Pan
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Dexi Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Yubo Tao
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China.
| | - Sheldon Q Shi
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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21
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Grönquist P, Wood D, Hassani MM, Wittel FK, Menges A, Rüggeberg M. Analysis of hygroscopic self-shaping wood at large scale for curved mass timber structures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax1311. [PMID: 31548987 PMCID: PMC6744262 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The growing timber manufacturing industry faces challenges due to increasing geometric complexity of architectural designs. Complex and structurally efficient curved geometries are nowadays easily designed but still involve intensive manufacturing and excessive machining. We propose an efficient form-giving mechanism for large-scale curved mass timber by using bilayered wood structures capable of self-shaping by moisture content changes. The challenge lies in the requirement of profound material knowledge for analysis and prediction of the deformation in function of setup and boundary conditions. Using time- and moisture-dependent mechanical simulations, we demonstrate the contributions of different wood-specific deformation mechanisms on the self-shaping of large-scale elements. Our results outline how to address problems such as shape prediction, sharp moisture gradients, and natural variability in material parameters in light of an efficient industrial manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Grönquist
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dylan Wood
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction, University of Stuttgart, Keplerstrasse 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mohammad M. Hassani
- Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Falk K. Wittel
- Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Achim Menges
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction, University of Stuttgart, Keplerstrasse 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Harris M, Potgieter J, Archer R, Arif KM. Effect of Material and Process Specific Factors on the Strength of Printed Parts in Fused Filament Fabrication: A Review of Recent Developments. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1664. [PMID: 31121858 PMCID: PMC6566369 DOI: 10.3390/ma12101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is rapidly evolving as the most comprehensive tool to manufacture products ranging from prototypes to various end-user applications. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is the most widely used AM technique due to its ability to manufacture complex and relatively high strength parts from many low-cost materials. Generally, the high strength of the printed parts in FFF is attributed to the research in materials and respective process factors (process variables, physical setup, and ambient temperature). However, these factors have not been rigorously reviewed for analyzing their effects on the strength and ductility of different classes of materials. This review systematically elaborates the relationship between materials and the corresponding process factors. The main focus is on the strength and ductility. A hierarchical approach is used to analyze the materials, process parameters, and void control before identifying existing research gaps and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Harris
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
| | - Johan Potgieter
- Massey Agritech Partnership Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Richard Archer
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Khalid Mahmood Arif
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
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Grönquist P, Wittel FK, Rüggeberg M. Modeling and design of thin bending wooden bilayers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205607. [PMID: 30325938 PMCID: PMC6191116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent architectural research, thin wooden bilayer laminates capable of self-actuation in response to humidity changes have been proposed as sustainable, programmed, and fully autonomous elements for facades or roofs for shading and climate regulation. Switches, humidistats, or motor elements represent further promising applications. Proper wood-adapted prediction models for actuation, however, are still missing. Here, a simple model that can predict bending deformation as a function of moisture content change, wood material parameters, and geometry is presented. We consider material anisotropy and moisture-dependency of elastic mechanical parameters. The model is validated using experimental data collected on bilayers made out of European beech wood. Furthermore, we present essential design aspects in view of facilitated industrial applications. Layer thickness, thickness-ratio, and growth ring angle of the wood in single layers are assessed by their effect on curvature, stored elastic energy, and generated axial stress. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify primary curvature-impacting model input parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Grönquist
- Empa, Applied Wood Materials, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Building Materials, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Falk K. Wittel
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Building Materials, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Empa, Applied Wood Materials, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Building Materials, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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24
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Berglund LA, Burgert I. Bioinspired Wood Nanotechnology for Functional Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704285. [PMID: 29468736 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It is a challenging task to realize the vision of hierarchically structured nanomaterials for large-scale applications. Herein, the biomaterial wood as a large-scale biotemplate for functionalization at multiple scales is discussed, to provide an increased property range to this renewable and CO2 -storing bioresource, which is available at low cost and in large quantities. The Progress Report reviews the emerging field of functional wood materials in view of the specific features of the structural template and novel nanotechnological approaches for the development of wood-polymer composites and wood-mineral hybrids for advanced property profiles and new functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars A Berglund
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingo Burgert
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Building Materials, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- EMPA-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research, Applied Wood Research Laboratory, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
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25
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Poppinga S, Zollfrank C, Prucker O, Rühe J, Menges A, Cheng T, Speck T. Toward a New Generation of Smart Biomimetic Actuators for Architecture. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1703653. [PMID: 29064124 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Motile plant structures (e.g., leaves, petals, cone scales, and capsules) are functionally highly robust and resilient concept generators for the development of biomimetic actuators for architecture. Here, a concise review of the state-of-the-art of plant movement principles and derived biomimetic devices is provided. Achieving complex and higher-dimensional shape changes and passive-hydraulic actuation at a considerable time scale, as well as mechanical robustness of the motile technical structures, is challenging. For example, almost all currently available bioinspired hydraulic actuators show similar limitations due to the poroelastic time scale. Therefore, a major challenge is increasing the system size to the meter range, with actuation times of minutes or below. This means that response speed and flow rate need significant improvement for the systems, and the long-term performance degradation issue of hygroscopic materials needs to be addressed. A theoretical concept for "escaping" the poroelastic regime is proposed, and the possibilities for enhancing the mechanical properties of passive-hydraulic bilayer actuators are discussed. Furthermore, the promising aspects for further studies to implement tropistic movement behavior are presented, i.e., movement that depends on the direction of the triggering stimulus, which can finally lead to "smart building skins" that autonomously and self-sufficiently react to changing environmental stimuli in a direction-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Poppinga
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, D-79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Cordt Zollfrank
- Chair of Biogenic Polymers, Straubing Center of Science for Renewable Resources, Technical University Munich, D-94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Oswald Prucker
- Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, D-79110, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, D-79110, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, D-79110, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, D-79110, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Achim Menges
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, D-70174, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tiffany Cheng
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, D-70174, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, D-79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, D-79110, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Huss JC, Schoeppler V, Merritt DJ, Best C, Maire E, Adrien J, Spaeker O, Janssen N, Gladisch J, Gierlinger N, Miller BP, Fratzl P, Eder M. Climate-Dependent Heat-Triggered Opening Mechanism of Banksia Seed Pods. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700572. [PMID: 29375977 PMCID: PMC5770687 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Heat-triggered fruit opening and delayed release of mature seeds are widespread among plants in fire-prone ecosystems. Here, the material characteristics of the seed-containing follicles of Banksia attenuata (Proteaceae), which open in response to heat frequently caused by fire, are investigated. Material analysis reveals that long-term dimensional stability and opening temperatures of follicles collected across an environmental gradient increase as habitats become drier, hotter, and more fire prone. A gradual increase in the biaxial curvature of the hygroscopic valves provides the follicles in the driest region with the highest flexural rigidity. The irreversible deformation of the valves for opening is enabled via a temperature-dependent reduction of the elastic modulus of the innermost tissue layer, which then allows releasing the stresses previously generated by shrinkage of the fiber bundles in the adjacent layer during follicle drying. These findings illustrate the level of sophistication by which this species optimizes its fruit opening mechanism over a large distribution range with varying environmental conditions, and may not only have great relevance for developing biomimetic actuators, but also for elucidating the species' capacity to cope with climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Huss
- Department of BiomaterialsMax‐Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesResearch Campus Golm14424PotsdamGermany
| | - Vanessa Schoeppler
- BCUBE‐Center for Molecular BioengineeringTechnische Universität DresdenDresden01307Germany
| | - David J. Merritt
- Kings Park and Botanic GardenKings ParkWA6005Australia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWA6009Australia
| | - Christine Best
- Kings Park and Botanic GardenKings ParkWA6005Australia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWA6009Australia
| | - Eric Maire
- INSA‐LyonMATEISCNRS UMR5510University of LyonF‐69621VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Jérôme Adrien
- INSA‐LyonMATEISCNRS UMR5510University of LyonF‐69621VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Oliver Spaeker
- Department of BiomaterialsMax‐Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesResearch Campus Golm14424PotsdamGermany
| | - Nils Janssen
- Department of BiomaterialsMax‐Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesResearch Campus Golm14424PotsdamGermany
| | | | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Department of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Science (BOKU)Muthgasse 11/II1190ViennaAustria
| | - Ben P. Miller
- Kings Park and Botanic GardenKings ParkWA6005Australia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWA6009Australia
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of BiomaterialsMax‐Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesResearch Campus Golm14424PotsdamGermany
| | - Michaela Eder
- Department of BiomaterialsMax‐Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesResearch Campus Golm14424PotsdamGermany
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Li S, Wang KW. Plant-inspired adaptive structures and materials for morphing and actuation: a review. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2016; 12:011001. [PMID: 27995902 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/12/1/011001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants exhibit a variety of reversible motions, from the slow opening of pine cones to the impulsive closing of Venus flytrap leaves. These motions are achieved without muscles and they have inspired a wide spectrum of engineered materials and structures. This review summarizes the recent developments of plant-inspired adaptive structures and materials for morphing and actuation. We begin with a brief overview of the actuation strategies and physiological features associated to these plant movements, showing that different combinations of these strategies and features can lead to motions with different deformation characteristics and response speeds. Then we offer a comprehensive survey of the plant-inspired morphing and actuation systems, including pressurized cellular structures, osmotic actuation, anisotropic hygroscopic materials, and bistable systems for rapid movements. Although these engineered systems are vastly different in terms of their size scales and intended applications, their working principles are all related to the actuation strategies and physiological features in plants. This review is to promote future cross-disciplinary studies between plant biology and engineering, which can foster new solutions for many applications such as morphing airframes, soft robotics and kinetic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyi Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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Honeycomb Actuators Inspired by the Unfolding of Ice Plant Seed Capsules. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163506. [PMID: 27806052 PMCID: PMC5091791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant hydro-actuated systems provide a rich source of inspiration for designing autonomously morphing devices. One such example, the pentagonal ice plant seed capsule, achieves complex mechanical actuation which is critically dependent on its hierarchical organization. The functional core of this actuation system involves the controlled expansion of a highly swellable cellulosic layer, which is surrounded by a non-swellable honeycomb framework. In this work, we extract the design principles behind the unfolding of the ice plant seed capsules, and use two different approaches to develop autonomously deforming honeycomb devices as a proof of concept. By combining swelling experiments with analytical and finite element modelling, we elucidate the role of each design parameter on the actuation of the prototypes. Through these approaches, we demonstrate potential pathways to design/develop/construct autonomously morphing systems by tailoring and amplifying the initial material’s response to external stimuli through simple geometric design of the system at two different length scales.
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Cabane E, Keplinger T, Künniger T, Merk V, Burgert I. Functional lignocellulosic materials prepared by ATRP from a wood scaffold. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31287. [PMID: 27506369 PMCID: PMC4978991 DOI: 10.1038/srep31287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Wood, a natural and abundant source of organic polymers, has been used as a scaffold to develop novel wood-polymer hybrid materials. Through a two-step surface-initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP), the porous wood structure can be effectively modified with polymer chains of various nature. In the present study, polystyrene and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) were used. As shown with various characterization techniques including confocal Raman microscopy, FTIR, and SEM/EDX, the native wood ultrastructure and features are retained and the polymer chains can be introduced deep within the wood, i.e. inside the wood cell walls. The physical properties of the new materials have been studied, and results indicate that the insertion of polymer chains inside the wood cell wall alters the intrinsic properties of wood to yield a hybrid composite material with new functionalities. This approach to the functionalization of wood could lead to the fabrication of a new class of interesting functional materials and promote innovative utilizations of the renewable resource wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Cabane
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, EMPA – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, EMPA – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tina Künniger
- Applied Wood Materials, EMPA – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Vivian Merk
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, EMPA – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, EMPA – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Le Duigou A, Castro M. Evaluation of force generation mechanisms in natural, passive hydraulic actuators. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18105. [PMID: 26726792 PMCID: PMC4733047 DOI: 10.1038/srep18105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine cones are well known natural actuators that can move their scales upon humidity gradient. The mechanism manifests itself through a displacement easily observable by the naked eye, but coupled with stress generation. In ancient Egypt, wooden wedges were used to break soft blocks of stone by the generated swelling stress. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the ability of pine cone scales to generate forces while being wetted. In our experiments, a blocking force of around 3N is measured depending on the position on the pine cone where the scales are extracted. A fairly good agreement is obtained when theoretical results based on bimetallic strip systems are compared with experimental data, even if overestimation is observed arising from the input data considered for dry tissues. Inspired by a simplified pine cone microstructure, a biocomposite analogue is manufactured and tested. Although an adequate blocking force can be generated, it has a lower value compared to natural pine cones which benefit from optimized swelling tissue content and interfacial bond strength between them. This study provides new insights to understand the generation of force by pine cones as well as to develop novel biocomposite functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Le Duigou
- Polymer and Composite, European University of Brittany (UEB), LIMATB-UBS, Lorient, France
| | - M. Castro
- Smart Plastics Group, European University of Brittany (UEB), LIMATB-UBS, Lorient, France
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