1
|
Sugimoto K, Kobayashi D, Ohshima S, Imai M, Ohta N. A novel rhabdovirus detected in Anisakis larvae distributed in the coastal areas of Japan: Viral genome analysis and possible coevolutionary relationship between virus and host nematodes. Parasitol Int 2024; 99:102834. [PMID: 38056761 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, it has become evident that various RNA viruses infect helminths including Order Ascaridida. However, there is still no information available for viruses infecting Anisakis. We herewith demonstrate the presence of a novel rhabdovirus from Anisakis larvae detected by next-generation sequencing analysis and following RT-PCR. We determined the nearly all nucleotide sequence (12,376 nucleotides) of the viral genome composed of seven open reading frames, and we designated the virus as Suzukana rhabdo-like virus (SkRV). BLASTx search indicated that SkRV is a novel virus belonging to the subfamily Betanemrhavirus, rhabdovirus infecting parasitic nematodes of the Order Ascaridida. SkRV sequence was detectable only in the total RNA but not in the genomic DNA of Anisakis, ruling out the possibility of SkRV being an endogenous viral element incorporated into the host genomic DNA. When we individually tested Anisakis larvae obtained from Scomber japonicus migrating in the coastal waters of Japan, not all but around 40% were SkRV-positive. In the phylogenetic trees of Betanemrhavirus and of the host Ascaridida nematodes, we observed that evolutional distances of viruses were, to some extent, parallel with that of host nematodes, suggesting that viral evolution could have been correlated with evolution of the host. Although biological significance of SkRV on Anisakis larvae is still remained unknown, it is interesting if SkRV were somehow related to the pathogenesis of anisakiasis, because it is important matter of public health in Japan and European countries consuming raw marine fishes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kana Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohshima
- Faculty of Laboratory Technology, Yokkaichi University of Nursing and Medical Care, 1200 Kayou, Yokkaichi, Mie 512-8045, Japan
| | - Masaki Imai
- Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, 34 Oyake-cho, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Javor S, Bignardi D, Borro M, Massone C. Anisakis simplex and urticaria. What we know about its real incidence and management in dermatological settings? Dermatol Reports 2024; 16:9819. [PMID: 38623363 PMCID: PMC11017723 DOI: 10.4081/dr.2023.9819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute or chronic infections have been described among causes of chronic urticaria (CU). Anisakidosis is a human disease caused by the ingestion of larval nematodes of the family Anisakidae. The infestation is acquired by eating raw seafood or undercooked fish and squid. There are considerable variations in the frequency of underlying causes in the different studies and in different countries, such as differences in diets and the prevalence of infections. Anisakis simplex has been recognized as a trigger of both acute and CU manifestations. However, there is still a lack of evidence about its management and treatment in dermatology. We, therefore, reviewed some biologic properties of Anisakis simplex in order to understand the relationship between its biology and the mechanism it uses to establish chronic dermatological conditions such as urticaria and cause late complications. In addition, we herein report some concerns about the effectiveness of systemic treatment in preventing complications and management in dermatological settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Javor
- S.C. Dermatologia, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa
| | | | - Matteo Borro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
D’Amelio S, Bellini I, Chiovoloni C, Magliocco C, Pronio A, Di Rocco A, Pentassuglio I, Rosati M, Russo G, Cavallero S. A Case of Gastroallergic and Intestinal Anisakiasis in Italy: Diagnosis Based on Double Endoscopy and Molecular Identification. Pathogens 2023; 12:1172. [PMID: 37764980 PMCID: PMC10535146 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematodes of the genus Anisakis (Rhabditida, Anisakidae) are zoonotic fish-borne parasites and cause anisakiasis, a disease with mild to severe acute or chronic gastrointestinal and allergic symptoms and signs. Anisakiasis can potentially lead to misdiagnosis or delay in diagnosis, and it has been suggested as a risk factor for gastrointestinal tumors. Here, we describe a case report of a 25-year-old woman who presented with gastrointestinal (abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea) and allergic (diffuse skin rash) symptoms and reported ingestion of raw fish contaminated by worms. Gastro and colon endoscopy allowed the visualization and removal of nematodes and collection of bioptic tissue from ulcers and polyps. The removed nematodes were molecularly identified as Anisakis pegreffii. The patient was treated with chlorphenamine maleate, betamethasone, omeprazole, paracetamol, albendazole. We conclude that an upper endoscopy matched with a colonoscopy and molecular characterization of the pathogen yields the most reliable diagnosis and treatment for human anisakiasis, enabling the complete removal of the larvae and preventing chronic inflammation and damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano D’Amelio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (I.B.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Ilaria Bellini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (I.B.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Claudia Chiovoloni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (I.B.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (G.R.)
| | | | - Annamaria Pronio
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties “Paride Stefanini”, Sapienza University of Rome, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Arianna Di Rocco
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (I.B.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (G.R.)
- Sandro Pertini Hospital, 00157 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (I.P.); (M.R.)
| | | | - Marco Rosati
- Sandro Pertini Hospital, 00157 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (I.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Gianluca Russo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (I.B.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Serena Cavallero
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (I.B.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (G.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Morphological and Molecular Identification of Anisakis spp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in Commercial Fish from the Canary Islands Coast (Spain): Epidemiological Data. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192634. [PMID: 36230375 PMCID: PMC9559264 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to perform the molecular identification of Anisakis larvae in commercial fish from the coast of the Canary Islands and to provide data on their infection level for the host and the species of this nematode parasite that we could find in several species of commercial interest in the Canary Archipelago. Fish specimens (n = 172) from the Canary coasts were examined for parasites. In total, 495 larvae were identified; PCR was carried out for the entire ITS rDNA and cox2 mtDNA region, obtaining sixteen sequences for the entire ITS rDNA region and fifteen for the cox2 mtDNA, this being the first contribution of nucleotide sequences of Anisakis species of fish caught from the Canary Islands. An overall prevalence of 25% was obtained in the fish analyzed, and five species of Anisakis were identified, these being Anisakis simplex (s.s.), Anisakis pegreffii, Anisakis physeteris, Anisakis nascettii and Anisakis typica and the hybrid Anisakis simplex x Anisakis pegreffii. The results obtained in this study have relevance for public health, since the pathology will depend on the species of Anisakis, so it is important to know the health status of fish in the waters of the Canary Islands to assure a safer consumption and take adequate measures, in addition to the provision of epidemiological data.
Collapse
|
5
|
Bao M, Cipriani P, Giulietti L, Alam MA, Palomba M, Mattiucci S, Levsen A. Ascaridoid nematodes infecting commercially important marine fish and squid species from Bangladesh waters in the Bay of Bengal. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 27:e00157. [PMID: 35518125 PMCID: PMC9065311 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic ascaridoid nematodes occur in a wide range of marine organisms across the globe. Some species of the anisakid family (Ascaridoidea: Anisakidae) can cause gastrointestinal disease in humans (i. e. anisakidosis). Despite their importance as potentially hazardous parasites, the occurrence and infection characteristics of ascaridoids are still poorly known from many host species and geographical areas. This study investigated the diversity and infection levels of ascaridoid parasites in various commercial fish and squid host species off Bangladesh. Fish and squid specimens were visually inspected for nematodes using the UV-press method. Nematodes were assigned to genus level based on morphology and identified by sequence analyses of the entire ITS region and partial 28S rDNA and mtDNA cox2 genes. Third-stage larvae (L3) of Anisakis typica occurred at low prevalence (P = 10% and 8%, respectively) in the viscera of Selar crumenophthalmus and Trichiurus lepturus, while Hysterothylacium amoyense occurred in the viscera of Sardinella fimbriata (P = 1%) and the viscera and muscle of Harpadon nehereus (P = 32%) and T. lepturus (P = 76%). Lappetascaris sp. Type A L3 occurred in the mantle of the squid Uroteuthis duvaucelii (P = 11%). Anisakis and Lappetascaris species, and H. amoyense were firstly identified in the Bay of Bengal. The potentially zoonotic A. typica was only found in fish viscera. Hysterothylacium amoyense and Lappetascaris sp., both generally regarded as non-zoonotic, occurred at low prevalence in the muscle or mantle of fish or squid, respectively. Since consumption of raw or lightly processed seafood seems to be rare in Bangladesh, the risk of acquiring anisakidosis from consuming fishery products from off Bangladesh appears to be low. Due to its reddish appearance, the visual presence of H. amoyense larvae in fish flesh may represent a food quality issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Bao
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), PO Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Paolo Cipriani
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), PO Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, “Sapienza-University of Rome”, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucilla Giulietti
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), PO Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Marialetizia Palomba
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, “Sapienza-University of Rome”, Rome, Italy
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Simonetta Mattiucci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, “Sapienza-University of Rome”, Rome, Italy
| | - Arne Levsen
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), PO Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
What Do In Vitro and In Vivo Models Tell Us about Anisakiasis? New Tools Still to Be Explored. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030285. [PMID: 35335609 PMCID: PMC8953344 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anisakiasis is a zoonosis caused by the ingestion of raw or undercooked seafood infected with third-stage larvae (L3) of the marine nematode Anisakis. Based on L3 localization in human accidental hosts, gastric, intestinal or ectopic (extra-gastrointestinal) anisakiasis can occur, in association with mild to severe symptoms of an allergic nature. Given the increasing consumption of fish worldwide, the European Food Safety Authority declared Anisakis as an emerging pathogen. Despite its importance for public health and economy, the scientific literature is largely characterized by taxonomic, systematic and ecological studies, while investigations on clinical aspects, such as the inflammatory and immune response during anisakiasis, using a proper model that simulates the niche of infection are still very scarce. The aims of this review are to describe the clinical features of anisakiasis, to report the main evidence from the in vivo and in vitro studies carried out to date, highlighting limitations, and to propose future perspectives in the study field of anisakiasis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu Q, Wang Q, Jiang J, Ma JY, Zhu XQ, Gong QL. Prevalence of Anisakid Nematodes in Fish in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:792346. [PMID: 35265693 PMCID: PMC8899408 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.792346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anisakidosis, caused by anisakid larvae, is an important fish-borne zoonosis. This study aimed to summarize the prevalence of anisakid infection in fish in China. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed using five bibliographic databases (PubMed, CNKI, ScienceDirect, WanFang, and VIP Chinese Journal Databases). A total of 40 articles related to anisakid infection in fish in China were finally included. Anisakid nematodes were prevalent in a wide range of fish species, and the overall pooled prevalence of anisakid nematodes in fish in China was 45.5%. Fresh fish had the highest prevalence rate (58.1%). The highest prevalence rate was observed in Eastern China (55.3%), and fish from East China Sea showed the highest prevalence of anisakid nematodes (76.8%). Subgroup analysis by sampling year suggested that the infection rate was higher during the years 2001–2011 (51.0%) than the other periods. Analysis of study quality revealed that the middle-quality studies reported the highest prevalence (59.9%). Compared with other seasons, winter had the highest prevalence (81.8%). The detection rate of anisakid nematodes in muscle was lower (7.8%, 95% CI: 0.0–37.6) than in other fish organs. Our findings suggested that anisakid infection was still common among fish in China. We recommend avoiding eating raw or undercooked fish. Region, site of infection, fish status and quality level were the main risk factors, and a continuous monitoring of anisakid infection in fish in China is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Jiang
| | - Jun-Yang Ma
- Marine College, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Qing-Long Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Qing-Long Gong
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Santos MJ, Matos M, Guardone L, Golden O, Armani A, Caldeira AJR, Vieira-Pinto M. Preliminary Data on the Occurrence of Anisakis spp. in European Hake (Merluccius merluccius) Caught Off the Portuguese Coast and on Reports of Human Anisakiosis in Portugal. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020331. [PMID: 35208786 PMCID: PMC8876791 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes of the genus Anisakis are among the most important biological hazards associated with seafood. A survey of Anisakis spp. in European hake (Merluccius merluccius) was undertaken as this species is a staple of the Portuguese diet. Moreover, a literature review of cases of anisakiosis reported from Portugal, a country with one of the highest levels of fish consumption in the world, was also carried out. Seventy-five European hake caught in the Atlantic Ocean off the northern coast of Portugal were analyzed to determine the infection levels and site distribution of Anisakis spp. Isolated nematode larvae were identified to species level by molecular analysis. Two sets of samples were collected. Firstly, a total of 46 Anisakis spp. L3 larvae were collected with a prevalence of 76.7% (95% CI 61.5–91.8%) and intensity (mean ± SD, range) of 2.0 ± 1.2 (1–5). Most larvae were found on the liver (45.7%) and on the gonads (32.6%), but none in the muscle. The molecular analysis showed the presence of both A. simplex s.s. (70%) and A. pegreffii (30%). For the second sample, analyzed using the UV-Press method, a total of 473 Anisakis spp. were found, with a prevalence of 95.6% (95% CI 89.5–100.0%), intensity (mean ± SD, range) of 11.3 ± 9.7 (1–41), density of 0.05 ± 0.04 (0–0.16) worms/muscle weight in g, and density of 0.54 ± 0.50 (0–2.53) worms/viscera weight in g. Surprisingly, only three very recent cases of human anisakiosis in Portugal have been reported in the literature. Data from this study contribute towards an updating of the existing epidemiological picture in an area characterized by very high seafood consumption and changing eating habits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Santos
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (O.G.); (A.J.R.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-220-402-805
| | - Matilde Matos
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (O.G.); (A.J.R.C.)
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Lisa Guardone
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Olwen Golden
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (O.G.); (A.J.R.C.)
| | - Andrea Armani
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Andreia J. R. Caldeira
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (O.G.); (A.J.R.C.)
- Academic Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, Goias State University, Campus Central–Sede Anapolis (CET), BR 153, CEP 75132-903 Goias, Brazil
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Menconi V, Pastorino P, Canola S, Pavoletti E, Vitale N, Scanzio T, Righetti M, Mugetti D, Tomasoni M, Bona MC, Prearo M. Occurrence and spatial variation of Anisakis pegreffii in the Atlantic horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus (Carangidae): A three-year monitoring survey in the western Ligurian Sea. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
10
|
|
11
|
Occurrence of larval anisakids in horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) caught in Portuguese waters. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2799-2811. [PMID: 32677004 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06816-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The third-stage larvae (L3) of the Anisakidae family are parasitic nematodes with zoonotic impact and are frequently encountered in the organs and musculature of various fish intended for human consumption. Since Anisakis simplex (s.s.) and A. pegreffii are the major aetiological agents of human disease, this study aims to combine the morphological and molecular data on the recovered anisakid larvae to contribute to a simplified morphological distinction of those species and conducted a survey of anisakid larvae infection in horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). Here, 116 horse mackerel caught in Portuguese waters were analysed for the presence of L3 of anisakids, and 3148 larvae were collected, of which only 30% were retrieved during visual inspection. As such, visual inspection does not appear to be very effective in anisakid detection. A prevalence of 84.5% of infected fish was found, and the mean intensity and mean abundance were 32.1 and 27.1 parasites per fish, respectively. The morphological and molecular analyses of 196 L3 randomly chosen from the total sample of parasites demonstrated the presence of L3 of mostly Anisakis spp., with only one L3 of Hysterothylacium aduncum. Relative frequencies of 62.9% for A. pegreffii and 37.1% for A. simplex (s.s.) were obtained. The morphometry differences between these two sibling species were evaluated, and the results demonstrated significant differences between the length of the ventriculus and the length of the oesophagus. Precisely, A. simplex (s.s.) has a longer oesophagus and ventriculus than A. pegreffii. As such, these differences may be used to distinguish the two species through morphological analysis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Roca-Geronès X, Alcover MM, Godínez-González C, González-Moreno O, Masachs M, Fisa R, Montoliu I. First Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Cases of Gastric Anisakiosis in Spain. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040452. [PMID: 32331208 PMCID: PMC7231215 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anisakiosis is a fish-borne disease with gastrointestinal and/or allergic symptoms caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked fish parasitized with nematode larvae of the genus Anisakis. In Europe, Anisakis pegreffii has been detected as the causative agent, although the sibling species Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) is also known to cause the disease in other parts of the world, and discrepancies exist regarding their respective pathogenic potential. In Spain a high number of cases has been recorded, with marinated anchovies being the main source of infection, although no specific diagnosis has been documented in humans. In this study, we analyzed three cases of anisakiosis in patients from Barcelona (Spain) who had consumed undercooked hake. All patients described epigastric pain and several larval nematodes were removed endoscopically from their stomachs. Larvae were morphologically characterized as third-stage larvae of Anisakis simplex sensu lato (s.l.) and molecularly identified as A. simplex (s.s.) by means of PCR RFLP of the ITS region of the rDNA and sequencing of the elongation factor1 alpha1 (EF1 α-1) nDNA gen. This study represents the first specific identification of Anisakis larvae in clinical cases of anisakiosis reported in Spain. Specific molecular diagnosis is of crucial importance for assessing the health risk of Anisakis sibling species. Hake consumption stands out as a risk factor for anisakiosis, since this fish species can be highly parasitized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Roca-Geronès
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Health and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (X.R.-G.); (M.M.A.); (C.G.-G.); (O.G.-M.); (R.F.)
| | - M. Magdalena Alcover
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Health and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (X.R.-G.); (M.M.A.); (C.G.-G.); (O.G.-M.); (R.F.)
| | - Carla Godínez-González
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Health and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (X.R.-G.); (M.M.A.); (C.G.-G.); (O.G.-M.); (R.F.)
| | - Olga González-Moreno
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Health and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (X.R.-G.); (M.M.A.); (C.G.-G.); (O.G.-M.); (R.F.)
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, SYNLAB Global Diagnostics, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Masachs
- Digestive Endoscopy Service, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Roser Fisa
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Health and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (X.R.-G.); (M.M.A.); (C.G.-G.); (O.G.-M.); (R.F.)
| | - Isabel Montoliu
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Health and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (X.R.-G.); (M.M.A.); (C.G.-G.); (O.G.-M.); (R.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-02-45-00
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yamamoto K, Takahashi O, Kobayashi D. Comparison of risk factors between human intestinal and gastric Anisakiasis. Parasitol Int 2019; 75:102024. [PMID: 31730806 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.102024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known in the difference of host factors between intestinal and gastric anisakiasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the associated factors of intestinal anisakiasis in patient's characteristics and the subsequent variation compared to gastric anisakiasis. METHODS At St. Luke's International Hospital in Tokyo, Japan, a retrospective cohort study was conducted from April 2004 to June 2017. All adult patients who were clinically diagnosed as anisakiasis based on Computed Tomography (CT) scan or endoscopy were included, and anti-Anisakis antibodies (IgG and IgA) were measured for serological validation of anisakiasis, strengthen the diagnosis. Anisakiasis was categorized as either intestinal or gastric depending on its affected site. We compared patients' demographics, social history, and physical and laboratory findings between those with intestinal and gastric anisakiasis by bivariate analyses, followed by multivariate analyses. RESULTS A total of 302 patients were included in this study, where the mean age (SD) was 46.5 (14.4) and 66.6% were male. Ninety-two patients (30.5%) had intestinal anisakiasis. Multivariate regression revealed that patients with intestinal anisakiasis were more 45 years old or older (odds ratio (OR) 3.45, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.53-7.69), male (OR 2.70, 95% CI: 1.20-6.25) and regular alcohol drinker. In terms of the physical and laboratory findings, patients with intestinal anisakiasis had greater heart rate (OR 2.86, 95% CI: 1.33-6.25), higher total protein (OR 2.86, 95% CI: 1.16-6.67), and higher C-reactive protein (CRP) (OR 11.1, 95% CI: 3.03-33.3). CONCLUSIONS Older males who were regular alcohol drinkers were associated with intestinal anisakiasis, and often heart rate, total protein, and CRP were elevated compared to those of patients with gastric anisakiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Yamamoto
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Osamu Takahashi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Daiki Kobayashi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Choi YI, Park DK, Cho HY, Choi SJ, Chung JW, Kim KO, Kwon KA, Kim YJ. Adult intussusception caused by colonic anisakis: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:2536-2541. [PMID: 31559289 PMCID: PMC6745326 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i17.2536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colo-colonic intussusception is an uncommon phenomenon in an adult. Adult intussusception accounts for < 5% of total cases, and the colo-colonic type is < 30% of cases. Although surgical management has been the treatment of choice for intestinal intussusception in adults, because most frequent causes for adult intussusception are malignant in origin, the importance of the roles of preoperative colonoscopic evaluation has recently been emerging.
CASE SUMMARY We report an extremely rare case of adult colo-colonic intussusception caused by colonic anisakiasis and successfully treated by endoscopic removal of the Anisakis body. A 59-year-old man visited the emergency department due to 1 day of lower abdominal colicky pain. Abdominopelvic computed tomography (APCT) revealed the presence of mid-transverse colon intussusception without definite necrosis, which was possibly related with colorectal cancer. Because there was no evidence of necrosis at the intussusception site, a colonoscopy was performed to target the colonic lesion and obtain tissue for a histopathological diagnosis. An Anisakis body was found when inspecting the suspicious colonic lesion recorded by APCT. The Anisakis body was removed with forceps assisted by colonoscopy. The patient’s symptoms improved dramatically after removing the Anisakis. A reduced colon without any pathological findings was seen on the follow-up APCT. Without any further treatment, the patient was discharged 5 d after the endoscopy.
CONCLUSION When colonic intussusception without necrosis occurs in an adult, physician should consider a colonoscopy to exclude causes cured by endoscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youn I Choi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, South Korea
| | - Dong Kyun Park
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, South Korea
| | - Hyun Yee Cho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, South Korea
| | - Seung Joon Choi
- Department of Pathology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, South Korea
| | - Jun-Won Chung
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, South Korea
| | - Kyung Oh Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, South Korea
| | - Kwang An Kwon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, South Korea
| | - Yoon Jae Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pozio E, Ludovisi A, Pezzotti P, Bruschi F, Gómez-Morales MÁ. Retrospective analysis of hospital discharge records for cases of trichinellosis does not allow evaluation of disease burden in Italy. Parasite 2019; 26:42. [PMID: 31309926 PMCID: PMC6632111 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human trichinellosis is a disease caused by nematode worms of the genus Trichinella. In Italy, as well as in most other European countries, notification of Trichinella infections in humans is mandatory; however, no information is available on the number of cases occurring annually. The aim of the present study was to retrospectively evaluate the burden of trichinellosis in Italy from 2005 to 2016. Hospital discharge records (HDRs) showing the code for trichinellosis (124) were registered and screened. Results were then compared with yearly reports issued by the Italian National Reference Laboratory for Trichinella (NRLT), with reports from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), and with literature data. A total of 102 HDRs revealed that the 124 code was erroneously reported in 72 (70.6%) records. Out of the 30 (29.4%) records with a correct diagnosis of trichinellosis, nine cases were reported by HDRs only, 21 cases were documented by both HDRs and the NRLT, whereas the NRLT documented 100 additional cases. In the studied period, the average yearly incidence was 0.01 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. This study highlights the limitations of using HDRs to obtain a clear picture of the prevalence and incidence of trichinellosis in Italy. These findings demonstrate the need to intensify the surveillance system for trichinellosis through the development of an Italian registry. This would allow the identification of patients with severe infections and pauci-symptomatic patients, and would avoid the need for clinical analyses and unnecessary treatments, reducing the resulting economic burden on the Italian National Health Service.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Pozio
-
Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Alessandra Ludovisi
-
Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Patrizio Pezzotti
-
Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bruschi
-
Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S. Università di Pisa via Roma 55 56126 Pisa Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hrabar J, Trumbić Ž, Bočina I, Bušelić I, Vrbatović A, Mladineo I. Interplay between proinflammatory cytokines, miRNA, and tissue lesions in Anisakis-infected Sprague-Dawley rats. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007397. [PMID: 31091271 PMCID: PMC6538193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anisakiasis is an emerging public health problem, caused by Anisakis spp. nematode larvae. Anisakiasis presents as variable and unspecific gastrointestinal and/or allergic clinical symptoms, which accounts for the high rate of misdiagnosed cases. Methodology/Principal findings The aim of this study was to characterize the early cellular (6–72 h p.i.) and molecular (6 h p.i.) immune response and general underlying regulatory mechanism in Anisakis infected rats. Each Sprague-Dawley rat was infected with 10 Anisakis spp. larvae by gastric intubation. Tissues with visible lesions were processed for: i) classic histopathology (HE), immunofluorescence (CD3, iNOS, S100A8/A9), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM); ii) target genes (Il1b, Il6, Il18, Ccl3, Icam1, Mmp9) and microRNA (Rat Immunopathology MIRN-104ZF plate, Quiagen) expression analysis; and iii) global DNA methylation. Histopathology revealed that Anisakis larval migration caused moderate to extensive hemorrhages in submucosal and epimysial/perimysial connective tissue. In stomach and muscle, moderate to abundant mixed inflammatory infiltrate was present, dominated by neutrophils and macrophages, while only mild infiltration was seen in intestine. Lesions were characterized by the presence of CD3+, iNOS+, and S100A8/A9+ cells. The greatest number of iNOS+ and S100A8/A9+ cells was seen in muscle. Il6, Il1b, and Ccl3 showed particularly strong expression in stomach and visceral adipose tissues, but the order of expression differed between tissues. In total, three miRNAs were differentially expressed, two in stomach (miRNA-451 and miRNA-223) and two in intestine (miRNA-451 and miRNA-672). No changes in global DNA methylation were observed in infected tissues relative to controls. Conclusions/Significance Anisakis infection induces strong immune responses in infected rats with marked induction of specific proinflammatory cytokines and miRNA expression. Deciphering the functional role of these cytokines and miRNAs will help in understanding the anisakiasis pathology and controversies surrounding Anisakis infection in humans. Anisakiasis is a zoonotic disease (infection transmitted between animals and humans) contracted by consumption of raw or undercooked seafood contaminated with Anisakis spp. nematode larvae. Anisakiasis usually presents with variable and unspecific gastrointestinal and/or allergic symptoms, which accounts for the high rate of misdiagnosed cases. Due to changes in dietary habits, such as eating raw or undercooked seafood, anisakiasis is considered an emerging public health problem. Despite the increase in number of reported cases worldwide, mechanisms of immune response to this unspecific human pathogen are poorly known. We have shown that in experimentally infected rats, Anisakis larvae cause severe hemorrhages and necrotic changes of affected tissues in the early phase of infections. Neutrophils and macrophages were abundantly present in tissue lesions, while eosinophils, hallmark of helminth infections, were scarcely present. We have also demonstrated particularly strong expression of several inflammatory genes. Moreover, we give for the first-time insight into putative regulatory mechanism mediated via a distinct class of RNA molecules. Our study may provide new opportunities for better understanding of cellular and molecular response to Anisakis spp., aiming at development of more specific therapeutics and alleviation of pathologies associated with Anisakis spp. infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerko Hrabar
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
- * E-mail:
| | - Željka Trumbić
- Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Bočina
- Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Bušelić
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
| | - Anamarija Vrbatović
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivona Mladineo
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Viability of Anisakis spp. Larvae After Direct Exposure to Different Processing Media and Non-Thermal Processing in Anchovy Fillets. FISHES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes4010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anisakiasis is fish-borne zoonoses caused by nematodes of the genus Anisakis, contracted by the ingestion of live L3 infective larvae through consumption of raw, undercooked or thermally unprocessed seafood products, such as carpaccio, and white marinated and dry-salted anchovies. In order to maintain the organoleptic properties of the product, the freezing of fish prior to processing is often ignored, especially in households, and traditional processing methods are not sufficient to kill Anisakis larvae. In this study, we investigated the survival and resistance of Anisakis spp. larvae in different processing solutions including varying salt and sugar content, lemon juice, acetic acid, alcohol, wine, and apple vinegar. We also performed a viability test of larvae during processing in anchovy fillets. When exposed directly to different NaCl concentrations, larvae were killed after approximately three days in the strongest (35%) and 10 days in the weakest solution (5%). In lemon juice and lemon juice with added acetic acid, the survival of larvae was around 5 days. In intact alcohol vinegar, larvae were killed under less than 48 h, while in the solution with water their resistance was prolonged to almost 40 days. In fillets, larvae showed increased resistance during carpaccio and white wine vinegar marinades and only dry salting was effective in destroying Anisakis spp. larvae.
Collapse
|