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Gupta B, Rai RP, Pal PB, Rossmiller D, Chaudhary S, Chiaro A, Seaman S, Singhi AD, Liu S, Monga SP, Iyer SS, Raeman R. Selective Targeting of α 4β 7/MAdCAM-1 Axis Suppresses Fibrosis Progression by Reducing Proinflammatory T Cell Recruitment to the Liver. Cells 2024; 13:756. [PMID: 38727292 PMCID: PMC11083209 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrin α4β7+ T cells perpetuate tissue injury in chronic inflammatory diseases, yet their role in hepatic fibrosis progression remains poorly understood. Here, we report increased accumulation of α4β7+ T cells in the liver of people with cirrhosis relative to disease controls. Similarly, hepatic fibrosis in the established mouse model of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis was associated with enrichment of intrahepatic α4β7+ CD4 and CD8 T cells. Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-mediated blockade of α4β7 or its ligand mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM)-1 attenuated hepatic inflammation and prevented fibrosis progression in CCl4-treated mice. Improvement in liver fibrosis was associated with a significant decrease in the infiltration of α4β7+ CD4 and CD8 T cells, suggesting that α4β7/MAdCAM-1 axis regulates both CD4 and CD8 T cell recruitment to the fibrotic liver, and α4β7+ T cells promote hepatic fibrosis progression. Analysis of hepatic α4β7+ and α4β7- CD4 T cells revealed that α4β7+ CD4 T cells were enriched for markers of activation and proliferation, demonstrating an effector phenotype. The findings suggest that α4β7+ T cells play a critical role in promoting hepatic fibrosis progression, and mAb-mediated blockade of α4β7 or MAdCAM-1 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for slowing hepatic fibrosis progression in chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biki Gupta
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (B.G.); (R.P.R.)
| | - Ravi Prakash Rai
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (B.G.); (R.P.R.)
| | - Pabitra B. Pal
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (B.G.); (R.P.R.)
| | - Daniel Rossmiller
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (B.G.); (R.P.R.)
| | - Sudrishti Chaudhary
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (B.G.); (R.P.R.)
| | - Anna Chiaro
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (B.G.); (R.P.R.)
| | - Shannon Seaman
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (B.G.); (R.P.R.)
| | - Aatur D. Singhi
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Silvia Liu
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (B.G.); (R.P.R.)
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (B.G.); (R.P.R.)
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Smita S. Iyer
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (B.G.); (R.P.R.)
| | - Reben Raeman
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (B.G.); (R.P.R.)
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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2
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Kim MK, Jo SI, Kim SY, Lim H, Kang HS, Moon SH, Ye BD, Soh JS, Hwang SW. PD-1-positive cells contribute to the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease and can aid in predicting response to vedolizumab. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21329. [PMID: 38044341 PMCID: PMC10694145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) from other inflammatory diseases is often challenging. Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) is expressed in T cells and is an indicator of their exhaustion. The role of PD-1 expression in diagnosing IBD and predicting the response of biologic agents remains inconclusive. In this study, endoscopic biopsy samples of 19 patients diagnosed with IBD, intestinal tuberculosis, and intestinal Behcet's disease were analyzed using multiplexed immunohistochemistry. Additionally, a separate "vedolizumab (VDZ) cohort" established in ulcerative colitis patients who underwent endoscopic biopsy before VDZ administration was analyzed to predict response to VDZ. In the immunohistochemistry analysis, the cell density of T cell subsets, including PD-1 + cells, was investigated and compared between IBD and other inflammatory diseases (OID). Cell densities of PD-1 + cells (p = 0.028), PD-1 + helper T cells (p = 0.008), and PD-1 + regulatory T cells (p = 0.024) were higher in IBD compared with OID. In the VDZ cohort, patients with a 14-week steroid-free clinical response had higher levels of PD-1 + cells (p = 0.026), PD-1 + helper T cells (p = 0.026), and PD-1 + regulatory T cells (p = 0.041) than the no response group. PD-1 + immune cells may contribute to the diagnosis of IBD and could be used to predict response to VDZ in ulcerative colitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyu Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Su In Jo
- PrismCDX Co., Ltd., Hwaseong-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Kim
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, University of Hallym College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Suk Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, University of Hallym College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, University of Hallym College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong Duk Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Soh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, University of Hallym College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Wook Hwang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Hermanussen L, Brehm TT, Wolf T, Boesecke C, Schlabe S, Borgans F, Monin MB, Jensen BEO, Windhaber S, Scholten S, Jordan S, Lütgehetmann M, Wiesch JSZ, Addo MM, Mikolajewska A, Niebank M, Schmiedel S. Tecovirimat for the treatment of severe Mpox in Germany. Infection 2023; 51:1563-1568. [PMID: 37273167 PMCID: PMC10240449 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In May 2022, a multi-national mpox outbreak was reported in several non-endemic countries. The only licensed treatment for mpox in the European Union is the orally available small molecule tecovirimat, which in Orthopox viruses inhibits the function of a major envelope protein required for the production of extracellular virus. METHODS We identified presumably all patients with mpox that were treated with tecovirimat in Germany between the onset of the outbreak in May 2022 and March 2023 and obtained demographic and clinical characteristics by standardized case report forms. RESULTS A total of twelve patients with mpox were treated with tecovirimat in Germany in the study period. All but one patient identified as men who have sex with men (MSM) who were most likely infected with mpox virus (MPXV) through sexual contact. Eight of them were people living with HIV (PLWH), one of whom was newly diagnosed with HIV at the time of mpox, and four had CD4+ counts below 200/µl. Criteria for treatment with tecovirimat included severe immunosuppression, severe generalized and/or protracted symptoms, a high or increasing number of lesions, and the type and location of lesions (e.g., facial or oral soft tissue involvement, imminent epiglottitis, or tonsillar swelling). Patients were treated with tecovirimat for between six and 28 days. Therapy was generally well-tolerated, and all patients showed clinical resolution. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of twelve patients with severe mpox, treatment with tecovirimat was well tolerated and all individuals showed clinical improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Hermanussen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Theo Brehm
- Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner-Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timo Wolf
- Internal Medicine II, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Boesecke
- Department of Medicine I, Bonn University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner-Site Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Schlabe
- Department of Medicine I, Bonn University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frauke Borgans
- Internal Medicine II, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Malte B Monin
- Department of Medicine I, Bonn University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Björn-Erik Ole Jensen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Windhaber
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholten
- Praxis Hohenstaufenring in den RingColonnaden, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine Jordan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner-Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner-Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Agata Mikolajewska
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michaela Niebank
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmiedel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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4
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Gupta B, Rai RP, Pal PB, Chaudhary S, Chiaro A, Seaman S, Singhi AD, Monga SP, Iyer SS, Raeman R. Selective targeting of α 4 β 7 /MAdCAM-1 axis suppresses liver fibrosis by reducing proinflammatory T cell recruitment to the liver. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.20.528201. [PMID: 36865167 PMCID: PMC9980010 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.20.528201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Integrin α 4 β 7 + T cells perpetuate tissue injury in chronic inflammatory diseases, yet their role in hepatic fibrosis progression remains poorly understood. Here we report increased accumulation of α 4 β 7 + T cells in the liver of people with cirrhosis relative to disease controls. Similarly, hepatic fibrosis in the established mouse model of CCl 4 -induced liver fibrosis was associated with enrichment of intrahepatic α 4 β 7 + CD4 and CD8 T cells. Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-mediated blockade of α 4 β 7 or its ligand mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM)-1 attenuated hepatic inflammation and prevented fibrosis progression in CCl 4 treated mice. Improvement in liver fibrosis was associated with a significant decrease in the infiltration of α 4 β 7 + CD4 and CD8 T cells suggesting that α 4 β 7 /MAdCAM-1 axis regulates both CD4 and CD8 T cell recruitment to the fibrotic liver, and α 4 β 7 + T cells promote hepatic fibrosis progression. Analysis of hepatic α 4 β 7 + and α 4 β 7 -CD4 T cells revealed that α 4 β 7 + CD4 T cells enriched for markers of activation and proliferation demonstrating an effector phenotype. Notably, blockade of α 4 β 7 or MAdCAM-1 did not affect the recruitment of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, demonstrating the specificity of α 4 β 7 /MAdCAM-1 axis in regulating effector T cell recruitment to the liver. The findings suggest that α 4 β 7 + T cells play a critical role in promoting hepatic fibrosis progression, and mAb-mediated blockade of α 4 β 7 or MAdCAM-1 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for slowing hepatic fibrosis progression in chronic liver diseases.
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5
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Hermanussen L, Grewe I, Tang HT, Nörz D, Bal LC, Pfefferle S, Unger S, Hoffmann C, Berzow D, Kohsar M, Aepfelbacher M, Lohse AW, Addo MM, Lütgehetmann M, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Schmiedel S. Tecovirimat therapy for severe monkeypox infection: Longitudinal assessment of viral titers and clinical response pattern-A first case-series experience. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28181. [PMID: 36177717 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Hermanussen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sections of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ilka Grewe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sections of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hui Ting Tang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Nörz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lukas C Bal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sections of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Pfefferle
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Unger
- Institute for interdisciplinary medicine (ifi), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Matin Kohsar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sections of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Tropical Medicine Berhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sections of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sections of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute for Infection research and Vaccine development (IIRVD), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sections of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmiedel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sections of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Kolbe K, Wittner M, Hartjen P, Hüfner AD, Degen O, Ackermann C, Cords L, Stellbrink HJ, Haag F, Schulze zur Wiesch J. Inversed Ratio of CD39/CD73 Expression on γδ T Cells in HIV Versus Healthy Controls Correlates With Immune Activation and Disease Progression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867167. [PMID: 35529864 PMCID: PMC9074873 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background γδ T cells are unconventional T cells that have been demonstrated to be crucial for the pathogenesis and potentially for the cure of HIV-1 infection. The ectonucleotidase CD39 is part of the purinergic pathway that regulates immune responses by degradation of pro-inflammatory ATP in concert with CD73. Few studies on the expression of the ectoenzymes CD73 and CD39 on human γδ T cells in HIV have been performed to date. Methods PBMC of n=86 HIV-1-infected patients were compared to PBMC of n=26 healthy individuals using 16-color flow cytometry determining the surface expression of CD39 and CD73 on Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells in association with differentiation (CD45RA, CD28, CD27), activation and exhaustion (TIGIT, PD-1, CD38, and HLA-DR), and assessing the intracellular production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, TGF-ß, TNF-α, Granzyme B, IL-10, IFN-γ) after in vitro stimulation with PMA/ionomycin. Results CD39 and CD73 expression on γδ T cells were inversed in HIV infection which correlated with HIV disease progression and immune activation. CD39, but not CD73 expression on γδ T cells of ART-treated patients returned to levels comparable with those of healthy individuals. Only a small subset (<1%) of γδ T cells co-expressed CD39 and CD73 in healthy or HIV-infected individuals. There were significantly more exhausted and terminally differentiated CD39+ Vδ1 T cells regardless of the disease status. Functionally, IL-10 was only detectable in CD39+ γδ T cells after in vitro stimulation in all groups studied. Viremic HIV-infected patients showed the highest levels of IL-10 production. The highest percentage of IL-10+ cells was found in the small CD39/CD73 co-expressing γδ T-cell population, both in healthy and HIV-infected individuals. Also, CD39+ Vδ2 T cells produced IL-10 more frequently than their CD39+ Vδ1 counterparts in all individuals regardless of the HIV status. Conclusions Our results point towards a potential immunomodulatory role of CD39+ and CD73+ γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of chronic HIV infection that needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kolbe
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg Lübeck Borstel Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Wittner
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg Lübeck Borstel Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Melanie Wittner,
| | - Philip Hartjen
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja-Dorothee Hüfner
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Degen
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christin Ackermann
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leon Cords
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze zur Wiesch
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg Lübeck Borstel Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Mechanism of Sishen-Pill-Regulated Special Memory T and mTfh Cell via Involving JAK/STAT5 Pathway in Colitis Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6446674. [PMID: 35388299 PMCID: PMC8979676 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6446674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
It is known that memory T cells (mT cell) and memory T follicular cells (mTfh) play vital roles in the IBD pathogenesis. Sishen Pill (SSP) is a classic prescription used to treat chronic ulcerative colitis (UC). However, it is still unclear whether SSP can regulate immune homeostasis induced by mT cell and mTfh to treat IBD. In this study, we measured mT cell and mTfh level to explore the conceivable mechanism of SSP-treated IBD. The mice colitis were induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and were treated by SSP for 7 days. The therapeutic effect of SSP was evaluated by macroscopic and microscopic observation; the mT cell, mTfh, and their subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. Activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway was analyzed by using a Western blot. In the present study, SSP significantly reversed weight loss and colonic injury (colon weight increase and colonic length shortening) caused by 3% DSS in physiological saline solution. Flow cytometry showed that the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ expressions on central memory T cells were enhanced after SSP treatment, while the CD4+ T cm, CD4+ mTfh (memory T follicular helper) cells and their subpopulations were also significantly increased. Moreover, SSP inhibited the expression of JAK/STAT signaling pathway proteins JAK1, PIAS3, STAT5, p-STAT5, BIM, BAX, caspase-3, and β-casein and promoted the expression of JAK3, PISA1, Bcl-2, and caveolin-1. In summary, SSP can regulate immune homeostasis induced by mT cell and mTfh in DSS-induced colitis, which is potentially correlated with JAK/STAT signaling pathway activation.
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8
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Mijiti Z, Song JW, Jiao YM, Gao L, Ma HM, Guo XY, Zhang Q, Guo YT, Ding JB, Zhang SB, Wang FS. α4β7 high CD4 + T cells are prone to be infected by HIV-1 and associated with HIV-1 disease progression. HIV Med 2022; 23 Suppl 1:106-114. [PMID: 35293101 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To investigate the characteristics of β7high CD4+ T cells during HIV-1 infection and the relationship between β7high CD4+ T cells and HIV-1 disease progress. METHODS This study enrolled 124 HIV-1-infected patients, including 80 treatment naïve patients (TNs), 41 patients who underwent antiretroviral therapy (ARTs), and three long-term no progression patients (LTNPs). Nineteen matched healthy subjects were included as controls (HCs). The characteristics and frequency of β7high CD4+ T cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. An in vitro culture experiment was used to study HIV-1 infection of β7high CD4+ T cells. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to quantify HIV-1 DNA and CA-RNA levels. RESULTS The frequency of β7high CD4+ T in the peripheral blood was significantly decreased and negatively correlated with disease progression during chronic HIV-1 infection. A large proportion of β7high CD4+ T cells showed Th17 phenotype. Furthermore, β7high CD4+ T cells were preferentially infected by HIV-1 in vitro and in vivo. There were no significant differences of HIV-1 DNA, and CA-RNA levels between β7high CD4+ T and β7low CD4+ T subsets in HIV-1 infected individuals after antiviral treatment. CONCLUSION The β7high CD4+ T cells were negatively correlated with disease progression during chronic HIV-1 infection. β7high CD4+ T cells are susceptible to infection with HIV-1 and HIV-1 latent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilaiguli Mijiti
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Mei Ma
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Tian Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Bing Ding
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Shi-Bin Zhang
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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9
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Tyler CJ, Guzman M, Lundborg LR, Yeasmin S, Zgajnar N, Jedlicka P, Bamias G, Rivera-Nieves J. Antibody secreting cells are critically dependent on integrin α4β7/MAdCAM-1 for intestinal recruitment and control of the microbiota during chronic colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:109-119. [PMID: 34433904 PMCID: PMC8732264 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T and B cells employ integrin α4β7 to migrate to intestine under homeostatic conditions. Whether those cells differentially rely on α4β7 for homing during inflammatory conditions has not been fully examined. This may have implications for our understanding of the mode of action of anti-integrin therapies in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here, we examined the role of α4β7 integrin during chronic colitis using IL-10-/- mice, β7-deficient IL-10-/-, IgA-deficient IL-10-/- mice, and antibody blockade of MAdCAM-1. We found that α4β7 was predominantly expressed by B cells. β7 deficiency and MAdCAM-1 blockade specifically depleted antibody secreting cells (ASC) (not T cells) from the colonic LP, leading to a fecal pan-immunoglobulin deficit, severe colitis, and alterations of microbiota composition. Colitis was not due to defective regulation, as dendritic cells (DC), regulatory T cells, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH) expression, activity, and regulatory T/B-cell cytokines were all comparable between the strains/treatment. Finally, an IgA deficit closely recapitulated the clinical phenotype and altered microbiota composition of β7-deficient IL-10-/- mice. Thus, a luminal IgA deficit contributes to accelerated colitis in the β7-deficient state. Given the critical/nonredundant dependence of IgA ASC on α4β7:MAdCAM-1 for intestinal homing, B cells may represent unappreciated targets of anti-integrin therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Tyler
- San Diego VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Mauricio Guzman
- San Diego VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Luke R. Lundborg
- San Diego VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Shaila Yeasmin
- San Diego VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Nadia Zgajnar
- San Diego VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Paul Jedlicka
- grid.241116.10000000107903411Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO USA
| | - Giorgos Bamias
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800GI Unit, 3rd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Jesús Rivera-Nieves
- San Diego VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
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10
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Kasarpalkar NJ, Bhowmick S, Patel V, Savardekar L, Agrawal S, Shastri J, Bhor VM. Frequency of Effector Memory Cells Expressing Integrin α 4β 7 Is Associated With TGF-β1 Levels in Therapy Naïve HIV Infected Women With Low CD4 + T Cell Count. Front Immunol 2021; 12:651122. [PMID: 33828560 PMCID: PMC8019712 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin α4β7 expressing CD4+ T cells are preferred targets for HIV infection and are thought to be predictors of disease progression. Concurrent analysis of integrin α4β7 expressing innate and adaptive immune cells was carried out in antiretroviral (ART) therapy naïve HIV infected women in order to determine its contribution to HIV induced immune dysfunction. Our results demonstrate a HIV infection associated decrease in the frequency of integrin α4β7 expressing endocervical T cells along with an increase in the frequency of integrin α4β7 expressing peripheral monocytes and central memory CD4+ T cells, which are considered to be viral reservoirs. We report for the first time an increase in levels of soluble MAdCAM-1 (sMAdCAM-1) in HIV infected individuals as well as an increased frequency and count of integrin β7Hi CD8+ memory T cells. Correlation analysis indicates that the frequency of effector memory CD8+ T cells expressing integrin α4β7 is associated with levels of both sMAdCAM-1 and TGF-β1. The results of this study also suggest HIV induced alterations in T cell homeostasis to be on account of disparate actions of sMAdCAM-1 and TGF-β1 on integrin α4β7 expressing T cells. The immune correlates identified in this study warrant further investigation to determine their utility in monitoring disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini J Kasarpalkar
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Shilpa Bhowmick
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Vainav Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Lalita Savardekar
- Woman's Health Clinic and Bone Health Clinic, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Sachee Agrawal
- Department of Microbiology, Topiwala National Medical College and Bai Yamunabai Laxman Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Jayanthi Shastri
- Department of Microbiology, Topiwala National Medical College and Bai Yamunabai Laxman Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Vikrant M Bhor
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
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11
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Stem cell-like memory T cells: A perspective from the dark side. Cell Immunol 2021; 361:104273. [PMID: 33422699 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Much attention has been paid to a newly discovered subset of memory T (TM) cells-stem cell-like memory T (TSCM) cells for their high self-renewal ability, multi-differentiation potential and long-term effector function in adoptive therapy against tumors. Despite their application in cancer therapy, an excess of TSCM cells also contributes to the persistence of autoimmune diseases for their immune memory and HIV infection as a long-lived HIV reservoir. Signaling pathways Wnt, AMPK/mTOR and NF-κB are key determinants for TM cell generation, maintenance and proinflammatory effect. In this review, we focus on the phenotypic and functional characteristics of TSCM cells and discuss their role in autoimmune diseases and HIV-1 chronic infection. Also, we explore the potential mechanism and signaling pathways involved in immune memory and look into the future therapy strategies of targeting long-lived TM cells to suppress pathogenic immune memory.
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12
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Libera J, Wittner M, Kantowski M, Woost R, Eberhard JM, de Heer J, Reher D, Huber S, Haag F, Schulze Zur Wiesch J. Decreased Frequency of Intestinal CD39 + γδ + T Cells With Tissue-Resident Memory Phenotype in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:567472. [PMID: 33072107 PMCID: PMC7541837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.567472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73 play a major role in controlling tissue inflammation by regulating the balance between adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine. Still, little is known about the role of these two enzymes and ATP and its metabolites in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We isolated mononuclear cells from peripheral blood and lamina propria of the large intestine of patients diagnosed with IBD and of healthy volunteers. We then comprehensively analyzed the CD39 and CD73 expression patterns together with markers of activation (HLA-DR, CD38), differentiation (CCR7, CD45RA) and tissue-residency (CD69, CD103, CD49a) on CD4+, CD8+, γδ+ T cells and mucosa-associated invariant T cells using flow cytometry. CD39 expression levels of γδ+ and CD8+ T cells in lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) were much higher compared to peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, the frequency of CD39+ CD4+ and CD8+, but not γδ+ LPL positively correlated with T-cell activation. The frequency of CD39+ cells among tissue-resident memory LPL (Trm) was higher compared to non-Trm for all subsets, confirming that CD39 is a marker for the tissue-resident memory phenotype. γδ+ Trm also showed a distinct cytokine profile upon stimulation – the frequency of IFN-γ+ and IL-17A+ cells was significantly lower in γδ+ Trm compared to non-Trm. Interestingly, we observed a decreased frequency of CD39+ γδ+ T cells in IBD patients compared to healthy controls (p = 0.0049). Prospective studies need to elucidate the exact role of this novel CD39+ γδ+ T-cell population with tissue-resident memory phenotype and its possible contribution to the pathogenesis of IBD and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Libera
- I. Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Wittner
- I. Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg Lübeck Borstel Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Kantowski
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Woost
- I. Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg Lübeck Borstel Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna M Eberhard
- I. Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg Lübeck Borstel Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jocelyn de Heer
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Reher
- I. Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- I. Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg Lübeck Borstel Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Herrmann M, Schulte S, Wildner NH, Wittner M, Brehm TT, Ramharter M, Woost R, Lohse AW, Jacobs T, Schulze zur Wiesch J. Analysis of Co-inhibitory Receptor Expression in COVID-19 Infection Compared to Acute Plasmodium falciparum Malaria: LAG-3 and TIM-3 Correlate With T Cell Activation and Course of Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1870. [PMID: 32983106 PMCID: PMC7479337 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which is caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus is a severe flu-like illness which is associated with hyperinflammation and immune dysfunction. The virus induces a strong T and B cell response but little is known about the immune pathology of this viral infection. Acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria also causes acute clinical illness and is characterized by hyperinflammation due to the strong production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a massive activation of T cells. In malaria, T cells express a variety of co-inhibitory receptors which might be a consequence of their activation but also might limit their overwhelming function. Thus, T cells are implicated in protection as well as in pathology. The outcome of malaria is thought to be a consequence of the balance between co-activation and co-inhibition of T cells. Following the hypothesis that T cells in COVID-19 might have a similar, dual function, we comprehensively characterized the differentiation (CCR7, CD45RO) and activation status (HLA-DR, CD38, CD69, CD226), the co-expression of co-inhibitory molecules (PD1, TIM-3, LAG-3, BTLA, TIGIT), as well as the expression pattern of the transcription factors T-bet and eomes of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells of PBMC of n = 20 SARS-CoV-2 patients compared to n = 10 P. falciparum infected patients and n = 13 healthy controls. Overall, acute COVID-19 and malaria infection resulted in a comparably elevated activation and altered differentiation status of the CD8+ and CD4+ T cell populations. T effector cells of COVID-19 and malaria patients showed higher frequencies of the inhibitory receptors T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) and Lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3) which was linked to increased activation levels and an upregulation of the transcription factors T-bet and eomes. COVID-19 patients with a more severe disease course showed higher levels of LAG-3 and TIM-3 than patients with a mild disease course. During recovery, a rapid normalization of these inhibitory receptors could be observed. In summary, comparing the expression of different co-inhibitory molecules in CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in COVID-19 vs. malaria, there is a transient increase of the expression of certain inhibitory receptors like LAG-3 and TIM-3 in COVID-19 in the overall context of acute immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Herrmann
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sophia Schulte
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils H. Wildner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Wittner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Theo Brehm
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Woost
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W. Lohse
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze zur Wiesch
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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