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Lv YL, Jia Y, Wan Z, An ZL, Yang S, Han FF, Gong LL, Xuan LL, Ren LL, Zhang W, Liu H, Liu LH. Curcumin inhibits the formation of atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- mice by suppressing cytomegalovirus activity in endothelial cells. Life Sci 2020; 257:117658. [PMID: 32621921 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin (Cur) is a hydrophobic polyphenol compound derived from the rhizome of the herb Curcuma longa. Cur has a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities. It has been shown that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection was an important risk factor for atherosclerosis (AS) and Cur exhibited an outstanding anti-HCMV effect. However, anti-AS effects of Cur remain unclear when HCMV infected endothelial cells. AIMS This study will investigate the anti-AS activities and mechanism of Cur,when HCMV infected in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cur (0.5, 1, and 2 μM) was used to explore the anti-AS activities and mechanism after HCMV infected endothelial cells in vitro. ApoE-/- mice were fed a high fat and cholesterol diet (HD) and given 4000,000 copies/mouse MCMV infection by intraperitoneal and treated with ganciclovir (5 mg/kg/d), Cur (25, 15 mg/kg/d) for 10 weeks in vivo. KEY FINDINGS As our results showed that Cur inhibited CMV replication and proliferation, reduced the intracellular ROS overproduction, decreased the release of inflammatory cytokines, down-regulated the level of HMGB1-TLRS-NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins in vitro experiments. Cur reduced the serum levels of LDL-C, TC and TG, significantly decreased the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in the aorta, reduced the lipid deposition in liver and inflammatory damage in heart, lung and kidney in vivo experiments. SIGNIFICANCE This study showed that Cur prevent AS progression by inhibiting CMV activity and CMV-induced HMGB1-TLRS-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Lv
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Yangjie Jia
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Zirui Wan
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Zhuo-Ling An
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Song Yang
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Fei-Fei Han
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Li-Li Gong
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Ling-Ling Xuan
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Lu-Lu Ren
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - He Liu
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China.
| | - Li-Hong Liu
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China.
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Xu J, Liu X, Zhang X, Marshall B, Dong Z, Liu Y, Espinosa-Heidmann DG, Zhang M. Ocular cytomegalovirus latency exacerbates the development of choroidal neovascularization. J Pathol 2020; 251:200-212. [PMID: 32243583 DOI: 10.1002/path.5447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, multifactorial, progressive disease which represents a leading cause of irreversible visual impairment and blindness in older individuals. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), which infects 50-80% of humans, is usually acquired during early life and persists in a latent state for the life of the individual. In view of its previously described pro-angiogenic properties, we hypothesized that cytomegalovirus might be a novel risk factor for progression to an advanced form, neovascular AMD, which is characterized by choroidal neovascularization (CNV). The purpose of this study was to investigate if latent ocular murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection exacerbated the development of CNV in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-overexpressing VEGF-Ahyper mice. Here we show that neonatal infection with MCMV resulted in dissemination of virus to various organs throughout the body including the eye, where it localized principally to the choroid in both VEGF-overexpressingVEGF-Ahyper and wild-type(WT) 129 mice. By 6 months post-infection, no replicating virus was detected in eyes and extraocular tissues, although virus DNA was still present in all eyes and extraocular tissues of both VEGF-Ahyper and WT mice. Expression of MCMV immediate early (IE) 1 mRNA was detected only in latently infected eyes of VEGF-Ahyper mice, but not in eyes of WT mice. Significantly increased CNV was observed in eyes of MCMV-infected VEGF-Ahyper mice compared to eyes of uninfected VEGF-Ahyper mice, while no CNV lesions were observed in eyes of either infected or uninfected WT mice. Protein levels of several inflammatory/angiogenic factors, particularly VEGF and IL-6, were significantly higher in eyes of MCMV-infected VEGF-Ahyper mice, compared to uninfected controls. Initial studies of ocular tissue from human cadavers revealed that HCMV DNA was present in four choroid/retinal pigment epithelium samples from 24 cadavers. Taken together, our data suggest that ocular HCMV latency could be a significant risk factor for the development of AMD. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxian Xu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xinglou Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xinyan Zhang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Brendan Marshall
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Diego G Espinosa-Heidmann
- The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Pasquereau S, Al Moussawi F, Karam W, Diab Assaf M, Kumar A, Herbein G. Cytomegalovirus, Macrophages and Breast Cancer. Open Virol J 2017; 11:15-27. [PMID: 28567162 PMCID: PMC5420183 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901711010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a betaherpesvirus that is highly host specific, infects among others epithelial cells and macrophages, and has been recently mentioned as having oncomodulatory properties. HCMV is detected in the breast tumor tissue where macrophages, especially tumor associated macrophages, are associated with a poor prognosis. In this review, we will discuss the potential implication of HCMV in breast cancer with emphasis on the role played by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pasquereau
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - F Al Moussawi
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - W Karam
- Université Libanaise, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | | | - A Kumar
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - G Herbein
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besançon, Besançon, France
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Schupp AK, Trilling M, Rattay S, Le-Trilling VTK, Haselow K, Stindt J, Zimmermann A, Häussinger D, Hengel H, Graf D. Bile Acids Act as Soluble Host Restriction Factors Limiting Cytomegalovirus Replication in Hepatocytes. J Virol 2016; 90:6686-6698. [PMID: 27170759 PMCID: PMC4944301 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00299-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The liver constitutes a prime site of cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication and latency. Hepatocytes produce, secrete, and recycle a chemically diverse set of bile acids, with the result that interactions between bile acids and cytomegalovirus inevitably occur. Here we determined the impact of naturally occurring bile acids on mouse CMV (MCMV) replication. In primary mouse hepatocytes, physiological concentrations of taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDC), glycochenodeoxycholic acid, and to a lesser extent taurocholic acid significantly reduced MCMV-induced gene expression and diminished the generation of virus progeny, while several other bile acids did not exert antiviral effects. The anticytomegalovirus activity required active import of bile acids via the sodium-taurocholate-cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) and was consistently observed in hepatocytes but not in fibroblasts. Under conditions in which alpha interferon (IFN-α) lacks antiviral activity, physiological TCDC concentrations were similarly effective as IFN-γ. A detailed investigation of distinct steps of the viral life cycle revealed that TCDC deregulates viral transcription and diminishes global translation in infected cells. IMPORTANCE Cytomegaloviruses are members of the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily. Primary infection leads to latency, from which cytomegaloviruses can reactivate under immunocompromised conditions and cause severe disease manifestations, including hepatitis. The present study describes an unanticipated antiviral activity of conjugated bile acids on MCMV replication in hepatocytes. Bile acids negatively influence viral transcription and exhibit a global effect on translation. Our data identify bile acids as site-specific soluble host restriction factors against MCMV, which may allow rational design of anticytomegalovirus drugs using bile acids as lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Kathrin Schupp
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Rattay
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vu Thuy Khanh Le-Trilling
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katrin Haselow
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan Stindt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Albert Zimmermann
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Virology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Graf
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Erlach KC, Reddehase MJ, Podlech J. Mechanism of tumor remission by cytomegalovirus in a murine lymphoma model: evidence for involvement of virally induced cellular interleukin-15. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 204:355-66. [PMID: 25805565 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A murine model of B and T cell lymphomas in recipients after hematoablative conditioning for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has previously revealed a tumor-repressive, metastasis-inhibiting function of murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV). More recently, this prediction from the experimental model was put on trial in several clinical studies that indeed gave evidence for a lower incidence of tumor relapse associated with early reactivation of latent human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) after allogeneic HCT in patients treated against different types of hematopoietic malignancies, including lymphoma and acute as well as chronic leukemias. Due to the limitations inherent to clinical studies, the tumor-repressive role of hCMV remained observational with no approach to clarify mechanisms. Although the tumor-repressive mechanisms of mCMV and hCMV may differ and depend on the type of tumor, experimental approaches in the murine model might give valuable hints for concepts to follow in clinical research. We have previously shown for the liver-adapted A20-derived B cell lymphoma E12E that mCMV does not infect the lymphoma cells for causing cell death by viral cytopathogenicity but triggers tumor-selective apoptosis at a tissue site of tumor metastasis distant from a local site of infection. This finding suggested involvement of a cytokine that triggers apoptosis, directly or indirectly. Here we used a series of differential high-density microarray analyses to identify cellular genes whose expression is specifically upregulated at the site of virus entry only by viruses capable of triggering lymphoma cell apoptosis. This strategy identified interleukin-15 (IL-15) as most promising candidate, eventually confirmed by lymphoma repression with recombinant IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja C Erlach
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, Hochhaus am Augustusplatz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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Brinkmann MM, Dağ F, Hengel H, Messerle M, Kalinke U, Čičin-Šain L. Cytomegalovirus immune evasion of myeloid lineage cells. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 204:367-82. [PMID: 25776081 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) evades the immune system in many different ways, allowing the virus to grow and its progeny to spread in the face of an adverse environment. Mounting evidence about the antiviral role of myeloid immune cells has prompted the research of CMV immune evasion mechanisms targeting these cells. Several cells of the myeloid lineage, such as monocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages, play a role in viral control, but are also permissive for CMV and are naturally infected by it. Therefore, CMV evasion of myeloid cells involves mechanisms that qualitatively differ from the evasion of non-CMV-permissive immune cells of the lymphoid lineage. The evasion of myeloid cells includes effects in cis, where the virus modulates the immune signaling pathways within the infected myeloid cell, and those in trans, where the virus affects somatic cells targeted by cytokines released from myeloid cells. This review presents an overview of CMV strategies to modulate and evade the antiviral activity of myeloid cells in cis and in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Brinkmann
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Brunswick, Germany
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7
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Lv Y, An Z, Chen H, Wang Z, Liu L. Mechanism of curcumin resistance to human cytomegalovirus in HELF cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:284. [PMID: 25088288 PMCID: PMC4132927 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that curcumin exhibited an outstanding anti-HCMV effect in vitro and in vivo. However, the underlying mechanism for the anti-HCMV effect remains unclear. METHODS Levels of IL-6 and TNF-α cytokine secretions in HELF cells were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); cell cycles were assessed by flow cytometry; ie and ul83 gene expressions were evaluated using reverse transcriptase real-time quantitative PCR; HCMV IE and UL83 antigen expressions were studied using immunofluorescence staining assay and western blot. RESULTS Curcumin reduced HCMV immediate early antigen (IEA) and UL83A expressions and IL-6, and TNF-α secretions and recovered cell proliferation to normal level in HCMV infected HELF cells. CONCLUSIONS Curcumin anti-HCMV effect may possibly be that curcumin concurrently alters host cell microenviroment and inhibits the HCMV antigen expressions. These findings may provide a basic understanding of the curcumin anti-HCMV effect and a novel strategy for further development of curcumin anti-HCMV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Lv
- Department of pharmaceutical affairs, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 GongrenTiyuchangNanlu, Chaoyang District, 100020 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoling An
- Department of pharmaceutical affairs, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 GongrenTiyuchangNanlu, Chaoyang District, 100020 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of pharmaceutical affairs, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 GongrenTiyuchangNanlu, Chaoyang District, 100020 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zihui Wang
- Department of pharmaceutical affairs, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 GongrenTiyuchangNanlu, Chaoyang District, 100020 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of pharmaceutical affairs, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 GongrenTiyuchangNanlu, Chaoyang District, 100020 Beijing, P. R. China
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Alexandre YO, Cocita CD, Ghilas S, Dalod M. Deciphering the role of DC subsets in MCMV infection to better understand immune protection against viral infections. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:378. [PMID: 25120535 PMCID: PMC4114203 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of mice with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) recapitulates many physiopathological characteristics of human CMV infection and enables studying the interactions between a virus and its natural host. Dendritic cells (DC) are mononuclear phagocytes linking innate and adaptive immunity which are both necessary for MCMV control. DC are critical for the induction of cellular immunity because they are uniquely efficient for the activation of naïve T cells during their first encounter with a pathogen. DC are equipped with a variety of innate immune recognition receptors (I2R2) allowing them to detect pathogens or infections and to engulf molecules, microorganisms or cellular debris. The combinatorial engagement of I2R2 during infections controls DC maturation and shapes their response in terms of cytokine production, activation of natural killer (NK) cells and functional polarization of T cells. Several DC subsets exist which express different arrays of I2R2 and are specialized in distinct functions. The study of MCMV infection helped deciphering the physiological roles of DC subsets and their molecular regulation. It allowed the identification and first in vivo studies of mouse plasmacytoid DC which produce high level of interferons-α/β early after infection. Despite its ability to infect DC and dampen their functions, MCMV induces very robust, efficient and long-lasting CD8 T cell responses. Their priming may rely on the unique ability of uninfected XCR1+ DC to cross-present engulfed viral antigens and thus to counter MCMV interference with antigen presentation. A balance appears to have been reached during co-evolution, allowing controlled replication of the virus for horizontal spread without pathological consequences for the immunocompetent host. We will discuss the role of the interplay between the virus and DC in setting this balance, and how advancing this knowledge further could help develop better vaccines against other intracellular infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick O Alexandre
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, UM2 Marseille, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104 Marseille, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7280 Marseille, France
| | - Clément D Cocita
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, UM2 Marseille, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104 Marseille, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7280 Marseille, France
| | - Sonia Ghilas
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, UM2 Marseille, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104 Marseille, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7280 Marseille, France
| | - Marc Dalod
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, UM2 Marseille, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104 Marseille, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7280 Marseille, France
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Seckert CK, Griessl M, Büttner JK, Scheller S, Simon CO, Kropp KA, Renzaho A, Kühnapfel B, Grzimek NKA, Reddehase MJ. Viral latency drives 'memory inflation': a unifying hypothesis linking two hallmarks of cytomegalovirus infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2012; 201:551-66. [PMID: 22991040 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-012-0273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low public awareness of cytomegalovirus (CMV) results from the only mild and transient symptoms that it causes in the healthy immunocompetent host, so that primary infection usually goes unnoticed. The virus is not cleared, however, but stays for the lifetime of the host in a non-infectious, replicatively dormant state known as 'viral latency'. Medical interest in CMV results from the fact that latent virus can reactivate to cytopathogenic, tissue-destructive infection causing life-threatening end-organ disease in immunocompromised recipients of solid organ transplantation (SOT) or hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). It is becoming increasingly clear that CMV latency is not a static state in which the viral genome is silenced at all its genetic loci making the latent virus immunologically invisible, but rather is a dynamic state characterized by stochastic episodes of transient viral gene desilencing. This gene expression can lead to the presentation of antigenic peptides encoded by 'antigenicity-determining transcripts expressed in latency (ADTELs)' sensed by tissue-patrolling effector-memory CD8 T cells for immune surveillance of latency [In Reddehase et al., Murine model of cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 325. Springer, Berlin, pp 315-331, 2008]. A hallmark of the CD8 T cell response to CMV is the observation that with increasing time during latency, CD8 T cells specific for certain viral epitopes increase in numbers, a phenomenon that has gained much attention in recent years and is known under the catchphrase 'memory inflation.' Here, we provide a unifying hypothesis linking stochastic viral gene desilencing during latency to 'memory inflation.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof K Seckert
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, Hochhaus am Augustusplatz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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