1
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Malik AA, Shariq M, Sheikh JA, Zarin S, Ahuja Y, Fayaz H, Alam A, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE. Activation of the lysosomal damage response and selective autophagy: the coordinated actions of galectins, TRIM proteins, and CGAS-STING1 in providing immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38470107 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2321494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a crucial immune defense mechanism that controls the survival and pathogenesis of M. tb by maintaining cell physiology during stress and pathogen attack. The E3-Ub ligases (PRKN, SMURF1, and NEDD4) and autophagy receptors (SQSTM1, TAX1BP1, CALCOCO2, OPTN, and NBR1) play key roles in this process. Galectins (LGALSs), which bind to sugars and are involved in identifying damaged cell membranes caused by intracellular pathogens such as M. tb, are essential. These include LGALS3, LGALS8, and LGALS9, which respond to endomembrane damage and regulate endomembrane damage caused by toxic chemicals, protein aggregates, and intracellular pathogens, including M. tb. They also activate selective autophagy and de novo endolysosome biogenesis. LGALS3, LGALS9, and LGALS8 interact with various components to activate autophagy and repair damage, while CGAS-STING1 plays a critical role in providing immunity against M. tb by activating selective autophagy and producing type I IFNs with antimycobacterial functions. STING1 activates cGAMP-dependent autophagy which provides immunity against various pathogens. Additionally, cytoplasmic surveillance pathways activated by ds-DNA, such as inflammasomes mediated by NLRP3 and AIM2 complexes, control M. tb. Modulation of E3-Ub ligases with small regulatory molecules of LGALSs and TRIM proteins could be a novel host-based therapeutic approach for controlling TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asrar Ahmad Malik
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Shariq
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Javaid Ahmad Sheikh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheeba Zarin
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Yashika Ahuja
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Haleema Fayaz
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science and Engineering Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Nasreen Z Ehtesham
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Seyed E Hasnain
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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2
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Gerstenmaier L, Colasanti O, Behrens H, Kolonko M, Hammann C, Hagedorn M. Recruitment of both the ESCRT and autophagic machineries to ejecting Mycobacterium marinum. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:385-393. [PMID: 37230756 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic Mycobacterium marinum are ejected from host cells such as macrophages or the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum in a non-lytic fashion. As described previously, the autophagic machinery is recruited to ejecting bacteria and supports host cell integrity during egress. Here, we show that the ESCRT machinery is also recruited to ejecting bacteria, partially dependent on an intact autophagic pathway. As such, the AAA-ATPase Vps4 shows a distinct localization at the ejectosome structure in comparison to fluorescently tagged Vps32, Tsg101 and Alix. Along the bacterium engaged in ejection, ESCRT and the autophagic component Atg8 show partial colocalization. We hypothesize that both, the ESCRT and autophagic machinery localize to the bacterium as part of a membrane damage response, as well as part of a "frustrated autophagosome" that is unable to engulf the ejecting bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hannah Behrens
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Margot Kolonko
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Hammann
- Ribogenetics Biochemistry Lab, Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Bremen, Germany
- Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Monica Hagedorn
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Ribogenetics Biochemistry Lab, Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Bremen, Germany
- Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
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3
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Martin M, López-Madrigal S, Newton ILG. The Wolbachia WalE1 effector alters Drosophila endocytosis. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011245. [PMID: 38547310 PMCID: PMC11003677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The most common intracellular bacterial infection is Wolbachia pipientis, a microbe that manipulates host reproduction and is used in control of insect vectors. Phenotypes induced by Wolbachia have been studied for decades and range from sperm-egg incompatibility to male killing. How Wolbachia alters host biology is less well understood. Previously, we characterized the first Wolbachia effector-WalE1, which encodes an alpha-synuclein domain at the N terminus. Purified WalE1 sediments with and bundles actin and when heterologously expressed in flies, increases Wolbachia titer in the developing oocyte. In this work, we first identify the native expression of WalE1 by Wolbachia infecting both fly cells and whole animals. WalE1 appears as aggregates in the host cell cytosol. We next show that WalE1 co-immunoprecipitates with the host protein Past1, although might not directly interact with it, and that WalE1 manipulates host endocytosis. Yeast expressing WalE1 show deficiency in uptake of FM4-64 dye, and flies harboring mutations in Past1 or overexpressing WalE1 are sensitive to AgNO3, a hallmark of endocytosis defects. We also show that flies expressing WalE1 suffer from endocytosis defects in larval nephrocytes. Finally, we also show that Past1 null flies harbor more Wolbachia overall and in late egg chambers. Our results identify interactions between Wolbachia and a host protein involved in endocytosis and point to yet another important host cell process impinged upon by Wolbachia's WalE1 effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- MaryAnn Martin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana United States of America
| | - Sergio López-Madrigal
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana United States of America
| | - Irene L. G. Newton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana United States of America
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4
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Chandrasekharan G, Unnikrishnan M. High throughput methods to study protein-protein interactions during host-pathogen interactions. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151393. [PMID: 38306772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of a pathogen to survive and cause an infection is often determined by specific interactions between the host and pathogen proteins. Such interactions can be both intra- and extracellular and may define the outcome of an infection. There are a range of innovative biochemical, biophysical and bioinformatic techniques currently available to identify protein-protein interactions (PPI) between the host and the pathogen. However, the complexity and the diversity of host-pathogen PPIs has led to the development of several high throughput (HT) techniques that enable the study of multiple interactions at once and/or screen multiple samples at the same time, in an unbiased manner. We review here the major HT laboratory-based technologies employed for host-bacterial interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meera Unnikrishnan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
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5
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Granados-Tristán AL, Hernández-Luna CE, González-Escalante LA, Camacho-Moll ME, Silva-Ramírez B, Bermúdez de León M, Peñuelas-Urquides K. ESX-3 secretion system in Mycobacterium: An overview. Biochimie 2024; 216:46-55. [PMID: 37879428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteria are microorganisms distributed in the environment worldwide, and some of them, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. leprae, are pathogenic. The hydrophobic mycobacterial cell envelope has low permeation and bacteria need to export products across their structure. Mycobacteria possess specialized protein secretion systems, such as the Early Secretory Antigenic Target 6 secretion (ESX) system. Five ESX loci have been described in M. tuberculosis, called ESX-1 to ESX-5. The ESX-3 secretion system has been associated with mycobacterial metabolism and growth. The locus of this system is highly conserved across mycobacterial species. Metallo-proteins regulate negative ESX-3 transcription in high conditions of iron and zinc. Moreover, this secretion system is part of an antioxidant regulatory pathway linked to Zinc. EccA3, EccB3, EccC3, EccD3, and EccE3 are components of the ESX-3 secretion machinery, whereas EsxG-EsxH, PE5-PPE4, and PE15-PPE20 are proteins secreted by this system. In addition, EspG3 and MycP3 are complementary proteins involved in transport and proteolysis respectively. This system is associated to mycobacterial virulence by releasing the bacteria from the phagosome and inhibiting endomembrane damage response. Furthermore, components of this system inhibit the host immune response by reducing the recognition of M. tuberculosis-infected cells. The components of the ESX-3 secretion system play a role in drug resistance and cell wall integrity. Moreover, the expression data of this system indicated that external and internal factors affect ESX-3 locus expression. This review provides an overview of new findings on the ESX-3 secretion system, its regulation, expression, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Granados-Tristán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, 64720, Nuevo León, Mexico; Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Eduardo Hernández-Luna
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Laura Adiene González-Escalante
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, 64720, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - María Elena Camacho-Moll
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, 64720, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Beatriz Silva-Ramírez
- Departamento de Inmunogenética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, 64720, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Mario Bermúdez de León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, 64720, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Katia Peñuelas-Urquides
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, 64720, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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6
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Zhang Z, Gaetjens TK, Ou J, Zhou Q, Yu Y, Mallory DP, Abel SM, Yu Y. Propulsive cell entry diverts pathogens from immune degradation by remodeling the phagocytic synapse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306788120. [PMID: 38032935 PMCID: PMC10710034 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306788120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a critical immune function for infection control and tissue homeostasis. During phagocytosis, pathogens are internalized and degraded in phagolysosomes. For pathogens that evade immune degradation, the prevailing view is that virulence factors are required to disrupt the biogenesis of phagolysosomes. In contrast, we present here that physical forces from motile pathogens during cell entry divert them away from the canonical degradative pathway. This altered fate begins with the force-induced remodeling of the phagocytic synapse formation. We used the parasite Toxoplasma gondii as a model because live Toxoplasma actively invades host cells using gliding motility. To differentiate the effects of physical forces from virulence factors in phagocytosis, we employed magnetic forces to induce propulsive entry of inactivated Toxoplasma into macrophages. Experiments and computer simulations show that large propulsive forces hinder productive activation of receptors by preventing their spatial segregation from phosphatases at the phagocytic synapse. Consequently, the inactivated parasites are engulfed into vacuoles that fail to mature into degradative units, similar to the live motile parasite's intracellular pathway. Using yeast cells and opsonized beads, we confirmed that this mechanism is general, not specific to the parasite used. These results reveal new aspects of immune evasion by demonstrating how physical forces during active cell entry, independent of virulence factors, enable pathogens to circumvent phagolysosomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405-7102
| | - Thomas K. Gaetjens
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996
| | - Jin Ou
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405-7102
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405-7102
| | - Yanqi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405-7102
| | - D. Paul Mallory
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405-7102
| | - Steven M. Abel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405-7102
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7
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Rahlwes KC, Dias BR, Campos PC, Alvarez-Arguedas S, Shiloh MU. Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Virulence 2023; 14:2150449. [PMID: 36419223 PMCID: PMC9817126 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis, an infectious disease with one of the highest morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Leveraging its highly evolved repertoire of non-protein and protein virulence factors, Mtb invades through the airway, subverts host immunity, establishes its survival niche, and ultimately escapes in the setting of active disease to initiate another round of infection in a naive host. In this review, we will provide a concise synopsis of the infectious life cycle of Mtb and its clinical and epidemiologic significance. We will also take stock of its virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms that modulate host immunity and facilitate its spread. Developing a greater understanding of the interface between Mtb virulence factors and host defences will enable progress toward improved vaccines and therapeutics to prevent and treat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C. Rahlwes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Beatriz R.S. Dias
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Priscila C. Campos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Samuel Alvarez-Arguedas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael U. Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,CONTACT Michael U. Shiloh
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8
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Collars OA, Jones BS, Hu DD, Weaver SD, Sherman TA, Champion MM, Champion PA. An N-acetyltransferase required for ESAT-6 N-terminal acetylation and virulence in Mycobacterium marinum. mBio 2023; 14:e0098723. [PMID: 37772840 PMCID: PMC10653941 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00987-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE N-terminal acetylation is a protein modification that broadly impacts basic cellular function and disease in higher organisms. Although bacterial proteins are N-terminally acetylated, little is understood how N-terminal acetylation impacts bacterial physiology and pathogenesis. Mycobacterial pathogens cause acute and chronic disease in humans and in animals. Approximately 15% of mycobacterial proteins are N-terminally acetylated, but the responsible enzymes are largely unknown. We identified a conserved mycobacterial protein required for the N-terminal acetylation of 23 mycobacterial proteins including the EsxA virulence factor. Loss of this enzyme from M. marinum reduced macrophage killing and spread of M. marinum to new host cells. Defining the acetyltransferases responsible for the N-terminal protein acetylation of essential virulence factors could lead to new targets for therapeutics against mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen A. Collars
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Bradley S. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Daniel D. Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Simon D. Weaver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Taylor A. Sherman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Matthew M. Champion
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Patricia A. Champion
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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9
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Malakar B, Chauhan K, Sanyal P, Naz S, Kalam H, Vivek-Ananth RP, Singh LV, Samal A, Kumar D, Nandicoori VK. Phosphorylation of CFP10 modulates Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence. mBio 2023; 14:e0123223. [PMID: 37791794 PMCID: PMC10653824 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01232-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Secreted virulence factors play a critical role in bacterial pathogenesis. Virulence effectors not only help bacteria to overcome the host immune system but also aid in establishing infection. Mtb, which causes tuberculosis in humans, encodes various virulence effectors. Triggers that modulate the secretion of virulence effectors in Mtb are yet to be fully understood. To gain mechanistic insight into the secretion of virulence effectors, we performed high-throughput proteomic studies. With the help of system-level protein-protein interaction network analysis and empirical validations, we unravelled a link between phosphorylation and secretion. Taking the example of the well-known virulence factor of CFP10, we show that the dynamics of CFP10 phosphorylation strongly influenced bacterial virulence and survival ex vivo and in vivo. This study presents the role of phosphorylation in modulating the secretion of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanti Malakar
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Komal Chauhan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyadarshini Sanyal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Saba Naz
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Haroon Kalam
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - R. P. Vivek-Ananth
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Chennai, India
| | - Lakshya Veer Singh
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Areejit Samal
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Chennai, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Nandicoori
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology Campus, Hyderabad, India
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10
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Deretic V. Atg8ylation as a host-protective mechanism against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FRONTIERS IN TUBERCULOSIS 2023; 1:1275882. [PMID: 37901138 PMCID: PMC10612523 DOI: 10.3389/ftubr.2023.1275882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Nearly two decades have passed since the first report on autophagy acting as a cell-autonomous defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This helped usher a new area of research within the field of host-pathogen interactions and led to the recognition of autophagy as an immunological mechanism. Interest grew in the fundamental mechanisms of antimicrobial autophagy and in the prophylactic and therapeutic potential for tuberculosis. However, puzzling in vivo data have begun to emerge in murine models of M. tuberculosis infection. The control of infection in mice affirmed the effects of certain autophagy genes, specifically ATG5, but not of other ATGs. Recent studies with a more complete inactivation of ATG genes now show that multiple ATG genes are indeed necessary for protection against M. tuberculosis. These particular ATG genes are involved in the process of membrane atg8ylation. Atg8ylation in mammalian cells is a broad response to membrane stress, damage and remodeling of which canonical autophagy is one of the multiple downstream outputs. The current developments clarify the controversies and open new avenues for both fundamental and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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11
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Famelis N, Geibel S, van Tol D. Mycobacterial type VII secretion systems. Biol Chem 2023; 0:hsz-2022-0350. [PMID: 37276364 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteria, such as the pathogen M. tuberculosis, utilize up to five paralogous type VII secretion systems to transport proteins across their cell envelope. Since these proteins associate in pairs that depend on each other for transport to a different extent, the secretion pathway to the bacterial surface remained challenging to address. Structural characterization of the inner-membrane embedded secretion machineries along with recent advances on the substrates' co-dependencies for transport allow for the first time more detailed and testable models for secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Famelis
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Geibel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, NL-2333 CC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Daan van Tol
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, NL-2333 CC Leiden, Netherlands
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12
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Parmar S, Tocheva EI. The cell envelope of Mycobacterium abscessus and its role in pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011318. [PMID: 37200238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is a nontuberculosis mycobacterium (NTM) that has shown an exponential rise in its ability to cause disease. Due to its ubiquitous presence in the environment, M. abscessus is widely implicated in secondary exacerbations of many nosocomial infections and genetic respiratory disorders, such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Contrary to other rapidly growing NTMs, the cell envelope of M. abscessus harbors several prominent features and undergoes modifications that are responsible for its pathogenesis. Compositional changes of the mycobacterial outer membrane (MOM) significantly decrease the presence of glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) and enable the transition from a colonizing, smooth morphotype into a virulent, rough morphotype. The GPLs are transported to the MOM by the Mycobacterial membrane proteins Large (MmpL), which further act as drug efflux pumps and confer antibiotic resistance. Lastly, M. abscessus possesses 2 type VII secretion systems (T7SS): ESX-3 and ESX-4, both of which have recently been implicated in host-pathogen interactions and virulence. This review summarizes the current knowledge of M. abscessus pathogenesis and highlights the clinically relevant association between the structure and functions of its cell envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Parmar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Elitza I Tocheva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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13
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Rivera-Cuevas Y, Carruthers VB. The multifaceted interactions between pathogens and host ESCRT machinery. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011344. [PMID: 37141275 PMCID: PMC10159163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery consists of multiple protein complexes that coordinate vesicle budding away from the host cytosol. ESCRTs function in many fundamental cellular processes including the biogenesis of multivesicular bodies and exosomes, membrane repair and restoration, and cell abscission during cytokinesis. Work over the past 2 decades has shown that a diverse cohort of viruses critically rely upon host ESCRT machinery for virus replication and envelopment. More recent studies reported that intracellular bacteria and the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii benefit from, antagonize, or exploit host ESCRT machinery to preserve their intracellular niche, gain resources, or egress from infected cells. Here, we review how intracellular pathogens interact with the ESCRT machinery of their hosts, highlighting the variety of strategies they use to bind ESCRT complexes using short linear amino acid motifs like those used by ESCRTs to sequentially assemble on target membranes. Future work exposing new mechanisms of this molecular mimicry will yield novel insight of how pathogens exploit host ESCRT machinery and how ESCRTs facilitate key cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Rivera-Cuevas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Vern B. Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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14
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Zhang Z, Gaetjens TK, Yu Y, Paul Mallory D, Abel SM, Yu Y. Propulsive cell entry diverts pathogens from immune degradation by remodeling the phagocytic synapse. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.25.538287. [PMID: 37162866 PMCID: PMC10168248 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.25.538287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a critical immune function for infection control and tissue homeostasis. This process is typically described as non-moving pathogens being internalized and degraded in phagolysosomes. For pathogens that evade immune degradation, the prevailing view is that virulence factors that biochemically disrupt the biogenesis of phagoslysosomes are required. In contrast, here we report that physical forces exerted by pathogens during cell entry divert them away from the canonical phagolysosomal degradation pathway, and this altered intracellular fate is determined at the time of phagocytic synapse formation. We used the eukaryotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii as a model because live Toxoplasma uses gliding motility to actively invade into host cells. To differentiate the effect of physical forces from that of virulence factors in phagocytosis, we developed a strategy that used magnetic forces to induce propulsive entry of inactivated Toxoplasma into macrophage cells. Experiments and computer simulations collectively reveal that large propulsive forces suppress productive activation of receptors by hindering their spatial segregation from phosphatases at the phagocytic synapse. Consequently, the inactivated parasites, instead of being degraded in phagolysosomes, are engulfed into vacuoles that fail to mature into degradative units, following an intracellular pathway strikingly similar to that of the live motile parasite. Using opsonized beads, we further confirmed that this mechanism is general, not specific to the parasite used. These results reveal previously unknown aspects of immune evasion by demonstrating how physical forces exerted during active cell entry, independent of virulence factors, can help pathogens circumvent phagolysosomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102
| | - Thomas K. Gaetjens
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Yanqi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102
| | - D. Paul Mallory
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102
| | - Steven M. Abel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102
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15
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Collars OA, Jones BS, Hu DD, Weaver SD, Champion MM, Champion PA. An N-acetyltransferase required for EsxA N-terminal protein acetylation and virulence in Mycobacterium marinum. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532585. [PMID: 36993388 PMCID: PMC10055061 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
N-terminal protein acetylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification that broadly impacts diverse cellular processes in higher organisms. Bacterial proteins are also N-terminally acetylated, but the mechanisms and consequences of this modification in bacteria are poorly understood. We previously quantified widespread N-terminal protein acetylation in pathogenic mycobacteria (C. R. Thompson, M. M. Champion, and P.A. Champion, J Proteome Res 17(9): 3246-3258, 2018, https:// doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00373). The major virulence factor EsxA (ESAT-6, Early secreted antigen, 6kDa) was one of the first N-terminally acetylated proteins identified in bacteria. EsxA is conserved in mycobacterial pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium marinum, a non-tubercular mycobacterial species that causes tuberculosis-like disease in ectotherms. However, enzyme responsible for EsxA N-terminal acetylation has been elusive. Here, we used genetics, molecular biology, and mass-spectroscopy based proteomics to demonstrate that MMAR_1839 (renamed Emp1, ESX-1 modifying protein, 1) is the putative N-acetyl transferase (NAT) solely responsible for EsxA acetylation in Mycobacterium marinum. We demonstrated that ERD_3144, the orthologous gene in M. tuberculosis Erdman, is functionally equivalent to Emp1. We identified at least 22 additional proteins that require Emp1 for acetylation, demonstrating that this putative NAT is not dedicated to EsxA. Finally, we showed that loss of emp1 resulted in a significant reduction in the ability of M. marinum to cause macrophage cytolysis. Collectively, this study identified a NAT required for N-terminal acetylation in Mycobacterium and provided insight into the requirement of N-terminal acetylation of EsxA and other proteins in mycobacterial virulence in the macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen A. Collars
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Bradley S. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Daniel D. Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Simon D. Weaver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Matthew M. Champion
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Patricia A. Champion
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, USA
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16
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Kim YJ, Park EJ, Lee SH, Silwal P, Kim JK, Yang JS, Whang J, Jang J, Kim JM, Jo EK. Dimethyl itaconate is effective in host-directed antimicrobial responses against mycobacterial infections through multifaceted innate immune pathways. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:49. [PMID: 36882813 PMCID: PMC9993662 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00992-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Itaconate, a crucial immunometabolite, plays a critical role in linking immune and metabolic functions to influence host defense and inflammation. Due to its polar structure, the esterified cell-permeable derivatives of itaconate are being developed to provide therapeutic opportunities in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Yet, it remains largely uncharacterized whether itaconate derivatives have potentials in promoting host-directed therapeutics (HDT) against mycobacterial infections. Here, we report dimethyl itaconate (DMI) as the promising candidate for HDT against both Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and nontuberculous mycobacteria by orchestrating multiple innate immune programs. RESULTS DMI per se has low bactericidal activity against Mtb, M. bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), and M. avium (Mav). However, DMI robustly activated intracellular elimination of multiple mycobacterial strains (Mtb, BCG, Mav, and even to multidrug-resistant Mtb) in macrophages and in vivo. DMI significantly suppressed the production of interleukin-6 and -10, whereas it enhanced autophagy and phagosomal maturation, during Mtb infection. DMI-mediated autophagy partly contributed to antimicrobial host defenses in macrophages. Moreover, DMI significantly downregulated the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling during infection with Mtb, BCG, and Mav. CONCLUSION Together, DMI has potent anti-mycobacterial activities in macrophages and in vivo through promoting multifaceted ways for innate host defenses. DMI may bring light to new candidate for HDT against Mtb and nontuberculous mycobacteria, both of which infections are often intractable with antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jae Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Lee
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Prashanta Silwal
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jeong Seong Yang
- Department of Research and Development, Korea Mycobacterium Resource Center (KMRC), The Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Osong, 28158, South Korea
| | - Jake Whang
- Department of Research and Development, Korea Mycobacterium Resource Center (KMRC), The Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Osong, 28158, South Korea
| | - Jichan Jang
- Division of Life Science, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK21 Four Program), Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea. .,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea. .,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.
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17
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Martin M, Newton ILG. The Wolbachia WalE1 effector alters Drosophila endocytosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.26.530160. [PMID: 36909520 PMCID: PMC10002650 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.26.530160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The most common intracellular bacterial infection is Wolbachia pipientis, a microbe that manipulates host reproduction and is used in control of insect vectors. Phenotypes induced by Wolbachia have been studied for decades and range from sperm-egg incompatibility to male killing. How Wolbachia alters host biology is less well understood. Previously, we characterized the first Wolbachia effector - WalE1, which encodes a synuclein domain at the N terminus. Purified WalE1 sediments with and bundles actin and when heterologously expressed in flies, increases Wolbachia titer in the developing oocyte. In this work, we first identify the native expression WalE1 by Wolbachia infecting both fly cells and whole animals. WalE1 appears as aggregates, separate from Wolbachia cells. We next show that WalE1 co-immunoprecipitates with the host protein Past1 and that WalE1 manipulates host endocytosis. Yeast expressing WalE1 show deficiency in uptake of FM4-64 dye, and flies harboring mutations in Past1 or overexpressing WalE1 are sensitive to AgNO3, a hallmark of endocytosis defects. Finally, we also show that Past1 null flies harbor more Wolbachia overall and in late egg chambers. Our results identify interactions between a Wolbachia secreted effector and a host protein and point to yet another important host cell process impinged upon by Wolbachia.
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Affiliation(s)
- MaryAnn Martin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
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18
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Saelens JW, Sweeney MI, Viswanathan G, Xet-Mull AM, Jurcic Smith KL, Sisk DM, Hu DD, Cronin RM, Hughes EJ, Brewer WJ, Coers J, Champion MM, Champion PA, Lowe CB, Smith CM, Lee S, Stout JE, Tobin DM. An ancestral mycobacterial effector promotes dissemination of infection. Cell 2022; 185:4507-4525.e18. [PMID: 36356582 PMCID: PMC9691622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis typically causes lung disease but can also disseminate to other tissues. We identified a M. tuberculosis (Mtb) outbreak presenting with unusually high rates of extrapulmonary dissemination and bone disease. We found that the causal strain carried an ancestral full-length version of the type VII-secreted effector EsxM rather than the truncated version present in other modern Mtb lineages. The ancestral EsxM variant exacerbated dissemination through enhancement of macrophage motility, increased egress of macrophages from established granulomas, and alterations in macrophage actin dynamics. Reconstitution of the ancestral version of EsxM in an attenuated modern strain of Mtb altered the migratory mode of infected macrophages, enhancing their motility. In a zebrafish model, full-length EsxM promoted bone disease. The presence of a derived nonsense variant in EsxM throughout the major Mtb lineages 2, 3, and 4 is consistent with a role for EsxM in regulating the extent of dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Saelens
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mollie I Sweeney
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gopinath Viswanathan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ana María Xet-Mull
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kristen L Jurcic Smith
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dana M Sisk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Daniel D Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rachel M Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Erika J Hughes
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - W Jared Brewer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Matthew M Champion
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Patricia A Champion
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Craig B Lowe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Clare M Smith
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Jason E Stout
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - David M Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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19
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Singh S, Maurya SK, Aqdas M, Bashir H, Arora A, Bhalla V, Agrewala JN. Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploits MPT64 to generate myeloid-derived suppressor cells to evade the immune system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:567. [DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Kim H, Shin SJ. Pathological and protective roles of dendritic cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: Interaction between host immune responses and pathogen evasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:891878. [PMID: 35967869 PMCID: PMC9366614 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.891878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are principal defense components that play multifactorial roles in translating innate immune responses to adaptive immunity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections. The heterogeneous nature of DC subsets follows their altered functions by interacting with other immune cells, Mtb, and its products, enhancing host defense mechanisms or facilitating pathogen evasion. Thus, a better understanding of the immune responses initiated, promoted, and amplified or inhibited by DCs in Mtb infection is an essential step in developing anti-tuberculosis (TB) control measures, such as host-directed adjunctive therapy and anti-TB vaccines. This review summarizes the recent advances in salient DC subsets, including their phenotypic classification, cytokine profiles, functional alterations according to disease stages and environments, and consequent TB outcomes. A comprehensive overview of the role of DCs from various perspectives enables a deeper understanding of TB pathogenesis and could be useful in developing DC-based vaccines and immunotherapies.
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21
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Bar-Oz M, Meir M, Barkan D. Virulence-Associated Secretion in Mycobacterium abscessus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:938895. [PMID: 35880173 PMCID: PMC9308005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.938895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a heterogeneous group of originally environmental organi3sms, increasingly recognized as pathogens with rising prevalence worldwide. Knowledge of NTM’s mechanisms of virulence is lacking, as molecular research of these bacteria is challenging, sometimes more than that of M. tuberculosis (Mtb), and far less resources are allocated to their investigation. While some of the virulence mechanisms are common to several mycobacteria including Mtb, others NTM species-specific. Among NTMs, Mycobacterium abscessus (Mabs) causes some of the most severe and difficult to treat infections, especially chronic pulmonary infections. Mabs survives and proliferates intracellularly by circumventing host defenses, using multiple mechanisms, many of which remain poorly characterized. Some of these immune-evasion mechanisms are also found in Mtb, including phagosome pore formation, inhibition of phagosome maturation, cytokine response interference and apoptosis delay. While much is known of the role of Mtb-secreted effector molecules in mediating the manipulation of the host response, far less is known of the secreted effector molecules in Mabs. In this review, we briefly summarize the knowledge of secreted effectors in Mtb (such as ESX secretion, SecA2, TAT and others), and draw the parallel pathways in Mabs. We also describe pathways that are unique to Mabs, differentiating it from Mtb. This review will assist researchers interested in virulence-associated secretion in Mabs by providing the knowledge base and framework for their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bar-Oz
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Meir
- The Ruth Rappaport Children’s Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Daniel Barkan
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- *Correspondence: Daniel Barkan,
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22
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Pepperell CS. Evolution of Tuberculosis Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Microbiol 2022; 76:661-680. [PMID: 35709500 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-121321-093031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a globally distributed, lethal pathogen of humans. The virulence armamentarium of M. tuberculosis appears to have been developed on a scaffold of antiphagocytic defenses found among diverse, mostly free-living species of Mycobacterium. Pathoadaptation was further aided by the modularity, flexibility, and interactivity characterizing mycobacterial effectors and their regulators. During emergence of M. tuberculosis, novel genetic material was acquired, created, and integrated with existing tools. The major mutational mechanisms underlying these adaptations are discussed in this review, with examples. During its evolution, M. tuberculosis lost the ability and/or opportunity to engage in lateral gene transfer, but despite this it has retained the adaptability that characterizes mycobacteria. M. tuberculosis exemplifies the evolutionary genomic mechanisms underlying adoption of the pathogenic niche, and studies of its evolution have uncovered a rich array of discoveries about how new pathogens are made. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S Pepperell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA;
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23
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Rodriguez GM, Sharma N, Biswas A, Sharma N. The Iron Response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its Implications for Tuberculosis Pathogenesis and Novel Therapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:876667. [PMID: 35646739 PMCID: PMC9132128 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.876667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most pathogenic bacteria require iron for growth. However, this metal is not freely available in the mammalian host. Due to its poor solubility and propensity to catalyze the generation of reactive oxygen species, host iron is kept in solution bound to specialized iron binding proteins. Access to iron is an important factor in the outcome of bacterial infections; iron limitation frequently induces virulence and drives pathogenic interactions with host cells. Here, we review the response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to changes in iron availability, the relevance of this response to TB pathogenesis, and its potential for the design of new therapeutic interventions.
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24
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Ahmad F, Rani A, Alam A, Zarin S, Pandey S, Singh H, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Macrophage: A Cell With Many Faces and Functions in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:747799. [PMID: 35603185 PMCID: PMC9122124 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.747799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of human tuberculosis (TB) which primarily infects the macrophages. Nearly a quarter of the world's population is infected latently by Mtb. Only around 5%-10% of those infected develop active TB disease, particularly during suppressed host immune conditions or comorbidity such as HIV, hinting toward the heterogeneity of Mtb infection. The aerosolized Mtb first reaches the lungs, and the resident alveolar macrophages (AMs) are among the first cells to encounter the Mtb infection. Evidence suggests that early clearance of Mtb infection is associated with robust innate immune responses in resident macrophages. In addition to lung-resident macrophage subsets, the recruited monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) have been suggested to have a protective role during Mtb infection. Mtb, by virtue of its unique cell surface lipids and secreted protein effectors, can evade killing by the innate immune cells and preferentially establish a niche within the AMs. Continuous efforts to delineate the determinants of host defense mechanisms have brought to the center stage the crucial role of macrophage phenotypical variations for functional adaptations in TB. The morphological and functional heterogeneity and plasticity of the macrophages aid in confining the dissemination of Mtb. However, during a suppressed or hyperactivated immune state, the Mtb virulence factors can affect macrophage homeostasis which may skew to favor pathogen growth, causing active TB. This mini-review is aimed at summarizing the interplay of Mtb pathomechanisms in the macrophages and the implications of macrophage heterogeneity and plasticity during Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmad
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Cell Signaling, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anshu Rani
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT-D), New Delhi, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Cell Signaling, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheeba Zarin
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Cell Signaling, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Hina Singh
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT-D), New Delhi, India
| | - Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT-D), New Delhi, India
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Nasreen Zafar Ehtesham
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Cell Signaling, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
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25
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Wang Z, Li T, Gong Z, Xie J. Role of ISG15 post-translational modification in immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Cell Signal 2022; 94:110329. [PMID: 35390466 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ISG15 encoded by a type I interferon (IFN) inducible gene mediates an important cellular process called ISGylation. ISGylation emerges as a powerful host tactic against intracellular pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, the exact role of ISGylation in immunity remains elusive. To shed light on how ISGylation, which is both interesting and complex, participates in immunity against Mtb, this manuscript summarized the current knowledge about the structural characteristics and targets of ISG15 and how ISGylation cross-talks with other host post-translational modifications to exert its effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilu Wang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tongxin Li
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Southwest University Public Health Hospital, central laboratory Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Zhen Gong
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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26
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Siregar TAP, Prombutara P, Kanjanasirirat P, Kunkaew N, Tubsuwan A, Boonmee A, Palaga T, Khumpanied T, Borwornpinyo S, Chaiprasert A, Utaisincharoen P, Ponpuak M. The autophagy-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strain upregulates KatG to evade starvation-induced autophagic restriction. Pathog Dis 2022; 80:6509485. [PMID: 35038342 PMCID: PMC8829027 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis utilizes several mechanisms to block phagosome–lysosome fusion to evade host cell restriction. However, induction of host cell autophagy by starvation was shown to overcome this block, resulting in enhanced lysosomal delivery to mycobacterial phagosomes and the killing of the M. tuberculosis reference strain H37Rv. Nevertheless, our previous studies found that strains belonging to the M. tuberculosis Beijing genotype can resist starvation-induced autophagic elimination, though the mycobacterial factors involved remain unclear. In this study, we showed that KatG expression is upregulated in the autophagy-resistant M. tuberculosis Beijing strain (BJN) during autophagy induction by the starvation of host macrophages, while such increase was not observed in the H37Rv. KatG depletion using the CRISPR-dCas9 interference system in the BJN resulted in increased lysosomal delivery to its phagosome and decreased its survival upon autophagy induction by starvation. As KatG functions by catabolizing ROS, we determined the source of ROS contributing to the starvation-induced autophagic elimination of mycobacteria. Using siRNA-mediated knockdown, we found that Superoxide dismutase 2, which generates mitochondrial ROS but not NADPH oxidase 2, is important for the starvation-induced lysosomal delivery to mycobacterial phagosomes. Taken together, these findings showed that KatG is vital for the BJN to evade starvation-induced autophagic restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegar Adriansyah Putra Siregar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Pinidphon Prombutara
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Microbiome Research Unit for Probiotics in Food and Cosmetics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Nawapol Kunkaew
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alisa Tubsuwan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Atsadang Boonmee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanawadee Khumpanied
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Angkana Chaiprasert
- Office of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Marisa Ponpuak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Rivera-Cuevas Y, Mayoral J, Di Cristina M, Lawrence ALE, Olafsson EB, Patel RK, Thornhill D, Waldman BS, Ono A, Sexton JZ, Lourido S, Weiss LM, Carruthers VB. Toxoplasma gondii exploits the host ESCRT machinery for parasite uptake of host cytosolic proteins. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010138. [PMID: 34898650 PMCID: PMC8700025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a master manipulator capable of effectively siphoning the resources from the host cell for its intracellular subsistence. However, the molecular underpinnings of how the parasite gains resources from its host remain largely unknown. Residing within a non-fusogenic parasitophorous vacuole (PV), the parasite must acquire resources across the limiting membrane of its replicative niche, which is decorated with parasite proteins including those secreted from dense granules. We discovered a role for the host Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery in host cytosolic protein uptake by T. gondii by disrupting host ESCRT function. We identified the transmembrane dense granule protein TgGRA14, which contains motifs homologous to the late domain motifs of HIV-1 Gag, as a candidate for the recruitment of the host ESCRT machinery to the PV membrane. Using an HIV-1 virus-like particle (VLP) release assay, we found that the motif-containing portion of TgGRA14 is sufficient to substitute for HIV-1 Gag late domain to mediate ESCRT-dependent VLP budding. We also show that TgGRA14 is proximal to and interacts with host ESCRT components and other dense granule proteins during infection. Furthermore, analysis of TgGRA14-deficient parasites revealed a marked reduction in ingestion of a host cytosolic protein compared to WT parasites. Thus, we propose a model in which T. gondii recruits the host ESCRT machinery to the PV where it can interact with TgGRA14 for the internalization of host cytosolic proteins across the PV membrane (PVM). These findings provide new insight into how T. gondii accesses contents of the host cytosol by exploiting a key pathway for vesicular budding and membrane scission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Rivera-Cuevas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Joshua Mayoral
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Manlio Di Cristina
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna-Lisa E. Lawrence
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Einar B. Olafsson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Romir K. Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Dishari Thornhill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Benjamin S. Waldman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Akira Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Z. Sexton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Lourido
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Vern B. Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Categorizing sequences of concern by function to better assess mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2021; 90:e0033421. [PMID: 34780277 PMCID: PMC9119117 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00334-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify sequences with a role in microbial pathogenesis, we assessed the adequacy of their annotation by existing controlled vocabularies and sequence databases. Our goal was to regularize descriptions of microbial pathogenesis for improved integration with bioinformatic applications. Here, we review the challenges of annotating sequences for pathogenic activity. We relate the categorization of more than 2,750 sequences of pathogenic microbes through a controlled vocabulary called Functions of Sequences of Concern (FunSoCs). These allow for an ease of description by both humans and machines. We provide a subset of 220 fully annotated sequences in the supplemental material as examples. The use of this compact (∼30 terms), controlled vocabulary has potential benefits for research in microbial genomics, public health, biosecurity, biosurveillance, and the characterization of new and emerging pathogens.
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29
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Kalra R, Tiwari D, Dkhar HK, Bhagyaraj E, Kumar R, Bhardwaj A, Gupta P. Host factors subverted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Potential targets for host directed therapy. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 42:43-70. [PMID: 34678117 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1990277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite new approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB), it continues to be a major health burden. Several immunotherapies that potentiate the immune response have come up as adjuncts to drug therapies against drug resistant TB strains; however, there needs to be an urgent appraisal of host specific drug targets for improving their clinical management and to curtail disease progression. Presently, various host directed therapies (HDTs) exist (repurposed drugs, nutraceuticals, monoclonal antibodies and immunomodulatory agents), but these mostly address molecules that combat disease progression. AREAS COVERED The current review discusses major Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) survival paradigms inside the host and presents a plethora of host targets subverted by M. tuberculosis which can be further explored for future HDTs. The host factors unique to M. tuberculosis infection (in humans) have also been identified through an in-silico interaction mapping. EXPERT OPINION HDTs could become the next-generation adjunct therapies in order to counter antimicrobial resistance and virulence, as well as to reduce the duration of existing TB treatments. However, current scientific efforts are largely directed toward combatants rather than host molecules co-opted by M. tuberculosis for its survival. This might drive the immune system to a hyper-inflammatory condition; therefore, we emphasize that host factors subverted by M. tuberculosis, and their subsequent neutralization, must be considered for development of better HDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashi Kalra
- Department of Molecular Biology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Drishti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Hedwin Kitdorlang Dkhar
- Department of Molecular Biology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Ella Bhagyaraj
- Department of Molecular Biology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Bioinformatics Center, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Anshu Bhardwaj
- Bioinformatics Center, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Pawan Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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30
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Rheinemann L, Downhour DM, Bredbenner K, Mercenne G, Davenport KA, Schmitt PT, Necessary CR, McCullough J, Schmitt AP, Simon SM, Sundquist WI, Elde NC. RetroCHMP3 blocks budding of enveloped viruses without blocking cytokinesis. Cell 2021; 184:5419-5431.e16. [PMID: 34597582 PMCID: PMC8929533 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many enveloped viruses require the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) pathway to exit infected cells. This highly conserved pathway mediates essential cellular membrane fission events, which restricts the acquisition of adaptive mutations to counteract viral co-option. Here, we describe duplicated and truncated copies of the ESCRT-III factor CHMP3 that block ESCRT-dependent virus budding and arose independently in New World monkeys and mice. When expressed in human cells, these retroCHMP3 proteins potently inhibit release of retroviruses, paramyxoviruses, and filoviruses. Remarkably, retroCHMP3 proteins have evolved to reduce interactions with other ESCRT-III factors and have little effect on cellular ESCRT processes, revealing routes for decoupling cellular ESCRT functions from viral exploitation. The repurposing of duplicated ESCRT-III proteins thus provides a mechanism to generate broad-spectrum viral budding inhibitors without blocking highly conserved essential cellular ESCRT functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Rheinemann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Diane Miller Downhour
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kate Bredbenner
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gaelle Mercenne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kristen A Davenport
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Phuong Tieu Schmitt
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Christina R Necessary
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - John McCullough
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Anthony P Schmitt
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sanford M Simon
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Wesley I Sundquist
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Nels C Elde
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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31
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Marshall EKP, Dionne MS. Drosophila versus Mycobacteria: A model for mycobacterial host-pathogen interactions. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:600-609. [PMID: 34585797 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Animal models have played an essential role in understanding the host-pathogen interactions of pathogenic mycobacteria, including the Mycobacterium tuberculosis and emerging nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species such as M. avium and M. abscessus. Drosophila melanogaster has become a well-established model for the study of innate immunity and is increasingly being used as a tool to study host-pathogen interactions, in part due to its genetic tractability. The use of D. melanogaster has led to greater understanding of the role of the innate immune system in response to mycobacterial infection, including in vitro RNAi screens and in vivo studies. These studies have identified processes and host factors involved in mycobacterial infection, such as those required for cellular entry, those required to control or resist non-pathogenic mycobacteria, or factors that become dysregulated as a result of mycobacterial infection. Developments in genetic tools for manipulating mycobacterial genomes will allow for more detailed studies into how specific host and pathogen factors interact with one another by using D. melanogaster; however, the full potential of this model has not yet been reached. Here we provide an overview of how D. melanogaster has been used to study mycobacterial infection and discuss the current gaps in our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor K P Marshall
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marc S Dionne
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
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32
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Amrollahi P, Zheng W, Monk C, Li CZ, Hu TY. Nanoplasmonic Sensor Approaches for Sensitive Detection of Disease-Associated Exosomes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:6589-6603. [PMID: 35006963 PMCID: PMC9130051 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are abundantly secreted by most cells that carry membrane and cytosolic factors that can reflect the physiologic state of their source cells and thus have strong potential to serve as biomarkers for early diagnosis, disease staging, and treatment monitoring. However, traditional diagnostic or prognostic applications that might use exosomes are hindered by the lack of rapid and sensitive assays that can exploit their biological information. An array of assay approaches have been developed to address this deficit, including those that integrate immunoassays with nanoplasmonic sensors to measure changes in optical refractive indexes in response to the binding of low concentrations of their targeted molecules. These sensors take advantage of enhanced and tunable interactions between the electron clouds of nanoplasmonic particles and structures and incident electromagnetic radiation to enable isolation-free and ultrasensitive quantification of disease-associated exosome biomarkers present in complex biological samples. These unique advantages make nanoplasmonic sensing one of the most competitive approaches available for clinical applications and point-of-care tests that evaluate exosome-based biomarkers. This review will briefly summarize the origin and clinical utility of exosomes and the limitations of current isolation and analysis approaches before reviewing the specific advantages and limitations of nanoplasmonic sensing devices and indicating what additional developments are necessary to allow the translation of these approaches into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Amrollahi
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Wenshu Zheng
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Chandler Monk
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Chen-Zhong Li
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Tony Ye Hu
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
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33
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Ssekamatte P, Nakibuule M, Nabatanzi R, Egesa M, Musubika C, Bbuye M, Hepworth MR, Doherty DG, Cose S, Biraro IA. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Latent Tuberculosis Infection Moderately Influence Innate Lymphoid Cell Immune Responses in Uganda. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716819. [PMID: 34512639 PMCID: PMC8432960 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major risk factor for the acquisition of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI) and development of active tuberculosis (ATB), although the immunological basis for this susceptibility remains poorly characterised. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) immune responses to TB infection in T2DM comorbidity is anticipated to be reduced. We compared ILC responses (frequency and cytokine production) among adult patients with LTBI and T2DM to patients (13) with LTBI only (14), T2DM only (10) and healthy controls (11). Methods Using flow cytometry, ILC phenotypes were categorised based on (Lin−CD127+CD161+) markers into three types: ILC1 (Lin−CD127+CD161+CRTH2-CD117−); ILC2 (Lin−CD127+CD161+CRTH2+) and ILC3 (Lin−CD127+CD161+CRTH2−NKp44+/−CD117+). ILC responses were determined using cytokine production by measuring percentage expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) for ILC1, interleukin (IL)-13 for ILC2, and IL-22 for ILC3. Glycaemic control among T2DM patients was measured using glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Data were analysed using FlowJo version 10.7.1, and GraphPad Prism version 8.3. Results Compared to healthy controls, patients with LTBI and T2DM had reduced frequencies of ILC2 and ILC3 respectively (median (IQR): 0.01 (0.005-0.04) and 0.002 (IQR; 0.002-0.007) and not ILC1 (0.04 (0.02-0.09) as expected. They also had increased production of IFN-γ [median (IQR): 17.1 (5.6-24.9)], but decreased production of IL-13 [19.6 (12.3-35.1)]. We however found that patients with T2DM had lower ILC cytokine responses in general but more marked for IL-22 production (median (IQR): IFN-γ 9.3 (4.8-22.6); IL-13 22.2 (14.7-39.7); IL-22 0.7 (IQR; 0.1-2.1) p-value 0.02), which highlights the immune suppression status of T2DM. We also found that poor glycaemic control altered ILC immune responses. Conclusion This study demonstrates that LTBI and T2DM, and T2DM were associated with slight alterations of ILC immune responses. Poor T2DM control also slightly altered these ILC immune responses. Further studies are required to assess if these responses recover after treatment of either TB or T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Ssekamatte
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Marjorie Nakibuule
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (MRC/UVRI) and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Rose Nabatanzi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Egesa
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (MRC/UVRI) and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, LSHTM, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Musubika
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mudarshiru Bbuye
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Matthew R Hepworth
- Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation and Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stephen Cose
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (MRC/UVRI) and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Irene Andia Biraro
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (MRC/UVRI) and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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34
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Rivera-Calzada A, Famelis N, Llorca O, Geibel S. Type VII secretion systems: structure, functions and transport models. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:567-584. [PMID: 34040228 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type VII secretion systems (T7SSs) have a key role in the secretion of effector proteins in non-pathogenic mycobacteria and pathogenic mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the main causative agent of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis-causing mycobacteria, still accounting for 1.4 million deaths annually, rely on paralogous T7SSs to survive in the host and efficiently evade its immune response. Although it is still unknown how effector proteins of T7SSs cross the outer membrane of the diderm mycobacterial cell envelope, recent advances in the structural characterization of these secretion systems have revealed the intricate network of interactions of conserved components in the plasma membrane. This structural information, added to recent advances in the molecular biology and regulation of mycobacterial T7SSs as well as progress in our understanding of their secreted effector proteins, is shedding light on the inner working of the T7SS machinery. In this Review, we highlight the implications of these studies and the derived transport models, which provide new scenarios for targeting the deathly human pathogen M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Rivera-Calzada
- Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Nikolaos Famelis
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Biomedicine, Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oscar Llorca
- Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sebastian Geibel
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. .,Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Biomedicine, Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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35
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Ge P, Lei Z, Yu Y, Lu Z, Qiang L, Chai Q, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Li B, Pang Y, Liu CH, Wang J. M. tuberculosis PknG manipulates host autophagy flux to promote pathogen intracellular survival. Autophagy 2021; 18:576-594. [PMID: 34092182 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1938912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic-type protein kinase G (PknG), one of the eleven eukaryotic type serine-threonine protein kinase (STPK) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is involved in mycobacterial survival within macrophages, presumably by suppressing phagosome and autophagosome maturation, which makes PknG an attractive drug target. However, the exact mechanism by which PknG inhibits pathogen clearance during mycobacterial infection remains largely unknown. Here, we show that PknG promotes macroautophagy/autophagy induction but inhibits autophagosome maturation, causing an overall effect of blocked autophagy flux and enhanced pathogen intracellular survival. PknG prevents the activation of AKT (AKT serine/threonine kinase) via competitively binding to its pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, leading to autophagy induction. Remarkably, PknG could also inhibit autophagosome maturation to block autophagy flux via targeting host small GTPase RAB14. Specifically, PknG directly interacts with RAB14 to block RAB14-GTP hydrolysis. Furthermore, PknG phosphorylates TBC1D4/AS160 (TBC1 domain family member 4) to suppress its GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity toward RAB14. In macrophages and in vivo, PknG promotes Mtb intracellular survival through blocking autophagy flux, which is dependent on RAB14. Taken together, our data unveil a dual-functional bacterial effector that tightly regulates host autophagy flux to benefit pathogen intracellular survival.Abbreviations: AKT: AKT serine/threonine kinase; ATG5: autophagy related 5; BMDMs: bone marrow-derived macrophages; DTT: dithiothreitol; FBS: fetal calf serum; GAP: GTPase-activating protein; MOI: multiplicity of infection; Mtb: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; OADC: oleic acid-albumin-dextrose-catalase; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PH: pleckstrin homology; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PknG: protein kinase G; PtdIns(3,4,5)P3: phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; STPK: serine-threonine protein kinase; TB: tuberculosis; TBC1D4: TBC1 domain family member 4; TPR: tetratricopeptide repeat; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pupu Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zehui Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Qiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyao Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingxi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Pang
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Bendre AD, Peters PJ, Kumar J. Recent Insights into the Structure and Function of Mycobacterial Membrane Proteins Facilitated by Cryo-EM. J Membr Biol 2021; 254:321-341. [PMID: 33954837 PMCID: PMC8099146 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-021-00179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the deadliest pathogens encountered by humanity. Over the decades, its characteristic membrane organization and composition have been understood. However, there is still limited structural information and mechanistic understanding of the constituent membrane proteins critical for drug discovery pipelines. Recent advances in single-particle cryo-electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography have provided the much-needed impetus towards structure determination of several vital Mtb membrane proteins whose structures were inaccessible via X-ray crystallography and NMR. Important insights into membrane composition and organization have been gained via a combination of electron tomography and biochemical and biophysical assays. In addition, till the time of writing this review, 75 new structures of various Mtb proteins have been reported via single-particle cryo-EM. The information obtained from these structures has improved our understanding of the mechanisms of action of these proteins and the physiological pathways they are associated with. These structures have opened avenues for structure-based drug design and vaccine discovery programs that might help achieve global-TB control. This review describes the structural features of selected membrane proteins (type VII secretion systems, Rv1819c, Arabinosyltransferase, Fatty Acid Synthase, F-type ATP synthase, respiratory supercomplex, ClpP1P2 protease, ClpB disaggregase and SAM riboswitch), their involvement in physiological pathways, and possible use as a drug target. Tuberculosis is a deadly disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The Cryo-EM and tomography have simplified the understanding of the mycobacterial membrane organization. Some proteins are located in the plasma membrane; some span the entire envelope, while some, like MspA, are located in the mycomembrane. Cryo-EM has made the study of such membrane proteins feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya D Bendre
- Laboratory of Membrane Protein Biology, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Peter J Peters
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Nanoscopy, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janesh Kumar
- Laboratory of Membrane Protein Biology, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India.
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37
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Menardo F, Rutaihwa LK, Zwyer M, Borrell S, Comas I, Conceição EC, Coscolla M, Cox H, Joloba M, Dou HY, Feldmann J, Fenner L, Fyfe J, Gao Q, García de Viedma D, Garcia-Basteiro AL, Gygli SM, Hella J, Hiza H, Jugheli L, Kamwela L, Kato-Maeda M, Liu Q, Ley SD, Loiseau C, Mahasirimongkol S, Malla B, Palittapongarnpim P, Rakotosamimanana N, Rasolofo V, Reinhard M, Reither K, Sasamalo M, Silva Duarte R, Sola C, Suffys P, Batista Lima KV, Yeboah-Manu D, Beisel C, Brites D, Gagneux S. Local adaptation in populations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis endemic to the Indian Ocean Rim. F1000Res 2021; 10:60. [PMID: 33732436 PMCID: PMC7921886 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.28318.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lineage 1 (L1) and 3 (L3) are two lineages of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) causing tuberculosis (TB) in humans. L1 and L3 are prevalent around the rim of the Indian Ocean, the region that accounts for most of the world's new TB cases. Despite their relevance for this region, L1 and L3 remain understudied. Methods: We analyzed 2,938 L1 and 2,030 L3 whole genome sequences originating from 69 countries. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of these two lineages and identified genes under positive selection. Results: We found a strongly asymmetric pattern of migration from South Asia toward neighboring regions, highlighting the historical role of South Asia in the dispersion of L1 and L3. Moreover, we found that several genes were under positive selection, including genes involved in virulence and resistance to antibiotics. For L1 we identified signatures of local adaptation at the esxH locus, a gene coding for a secreted effector that targets the human endosomal sorting complex, and is included in several vaccine candidates. Conclusions: Our study highlights the importance of genetic diversity in the MTBC, and sheds new light on two of the most important MTBC lineages affecting humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Menardo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Liliana K Rutaihwa
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Zwyer
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Borrell
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iñaki Comas
- Institute of Biomedicine of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilyn Costa Conceição
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Helen Cox
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Moses Joloba
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Horng-Yunn Dou
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Julia Feldmann
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Fenner
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Janet Fyfe
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Qian Gao
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Darío García de Viedma
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Sebastian M Gygli
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jerry Hella
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Hellen Hiza
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Levan Jugheli
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lujeko Kamwela
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | | - Qingyun Liu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Serej D Ley
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Chloe Loiseau
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Surakameth Mahasirimongkol
- Department of Microbiology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bijaya Malla
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Prasit Palittapongarnpim
- Department of Microbiology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Miriam Reinhard
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Reither
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Sasamalo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Rafael Silva Duarte
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christophe Sola
- Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.,INSERM-Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philip Suffys
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada a Micobactérias, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karla Valeria Batista Lima
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christian Beisel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Brites
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Gagneux
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Zheng DJ, Abou Taka M, Heit B. Role of Apoptotic Cell Clearance in Pneumonia and Inflammatory Lung Disease. Pathogens 2021; 10:134. [PMID: 33572846 PMCID: PMC7912081 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia and inflammatory diseases of the pulmonary system such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality globally. While the etiology of these diseases is highly different, they share a number of similarities in the underlying inflammatory processes driving disease pathology. Multiple recent studies have identified failures in efferocytosis-the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells-as a common driver of inflammation and tissue destruction in these diseases. Effective efferocytosis has been shown to be important for resolving inflammatory diseases of the lung and the subsequent restoration of normal lung function, while many pneumonia-causing pathogens manipulate the efferocytic system to enhance their growth and avoid immunity. Moreover, some treatments used to manage these patients, such as inhaled corticosteroids for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the prevalent use of statins for cardiovascular disease, have been found to beneficially alter efferocytic activity in these patients. In this review, we provide an overview of the efferocytic process and its role in the pathophysiology and resolution of pneumonia and other inflammatory diseases of the lungs, and discuss the utility of existing and emerging therapies for modulating efferocytosis as potential treatments for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jiao Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N0M 2N0, Canada; (D.J.Z.); (M.A.T.)
| | - Maria Abou Taka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N0M 2N0, Canada; (D.J.Z.); (M.A.T.)
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N0M 2N0, Canada; (D.J.Z.); (M.A.T.)
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5K8, Canada
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39
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Pore-forming Esx proteins mediate toxin secretion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:394. [PMID: 33452244 PMCID: PMC7810871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis secretes the tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) to kill host cells. Here, we show that the WXG100 proteins EsxE and EsxF are essential for TNT secretion. EsxE and EsxF form a water-soluble heterodimer (EsxEF) that assembles into oligomers and long filaments, binds to membranes, and forms stable membrane-spanning channels. Electron microscopy of EsxEF reveals mainly pentameric structures with a central pore. Mutations of both WXG motifs and of a GXW motif do not affect dimerization, but abolish pore formation, membrane deformation and TNT secretion. The WXG/GXW mutants are locked in conformations with altered thermostability and solvent exposure, indicating that the WXG/GXW motifs are molecular switches controlling membrane interaction and pore formation. EsxF is accessible on the bacterial cell surface, suggesting that EsxEF form an outer membrane channel for toxin export. Thus, our study reveals a protein secretion mechanism in bacteria that relies on pore formation by small WXG proteins.
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40
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Wu K, Yan B, Lowrie DB, Li T, Fan XY. Tailored co-localization analysis of intracellular microbes and punctum-distributed phagosome-lysosome pathway proteins using ImageJ plugin EzColocalization. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1096. [PMID: 33441638 PMCID: PMC7807018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79425-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunofluorescence is indispensable to monitor redistribution of proteins involved in phagosome-lysosome association pathway-relevant (P-LApr) proteins. The software digitizing the signals of these proteins in an unbiased and automated manner is generally costly and not widely available. The open-source ImageJ plugin EzColocalization, which is for co-localization analysis of reporters in cells, was not straightforward and sufficient for such analysis. We describe here the input of custom Java code in a novel tailored protocol using EzColocalization to digitize the signals of punctum-distributed P-LApr proteins co-localized with phagosomes and to calculate percentages of phagosomes engaged. We showed that SYBR Gold nucleic acid dye could visualize intracellular mycobacteria that did not express a fluorescent protein. This protocol was validated by showing that IFN-γ enhanced the co-localization of a punctum-distributed P-LApr protein (LC3) with Mycobacterium bovis BCG in the monocyte/macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells and that there was greater co-localization of LC3 with BCG than with M. tuberculosis H37Rv in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Although BCG and a derived strain (rBCG-PA) showed a similarly high degree co-localization with LC3 in BMDMs, in RAW264.7 cells BCG showed much less co-localization with LC3 than rBCG-PA indicating the need for caution in interpreting biological significance from studies in cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.,TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Bo Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Douglas B Lowrie
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.,TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Tao Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China. .,TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, 201508, China.
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China. .,TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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41
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Li X, Chen L, Liao J, Hui J, Li W, He ZG. A novel stress-inducible CmtR-ESX3-Zn 2+ regulatory pathway essential for survival of Mycobacterium bovis under oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:17083-17099. [PMID: 33033071 PMCID: PMC7863910 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are an unavoidable host environmental cue for intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis; however, the signaling pathway in mycobacteria for sensing and responding to environmental stress remains largely unclear. Here, we characterize a novel CmtR-Zur-ESX3-Zn2+ regulatory pathway in M. bovis that aids mycobacterial survival under oxidative stress. We demonstrate that CmtR functions as a novel redox sensor and that its expression can be significantly induced under H2O2 stress. CmtR can physically interact with the negative regulator Zur and de-represses the expression of the esx-3 operon, which leads to Zn2+ accumulation and promotion of reactive oxygen species detoxication in mycobacterial cells. Zn2+ can also act as an effector molecule of the CmtR regulator, using which the latter can de-repress its own expression for further inducing bacterial antioxidant adaptation. Consistently, CmtR can induce the expression of EsxH, a component of esx-3 operon involved in Zn2+ transportation that has been reported earlier, and inhibit phagosome maturation in macrophages. Lastly, CmtR significantly contributes to bacterial survival in macrophages and in the lungs of infected mice. Our findings reveal the existence of an antioxidant regulatory pathway in mycobacteria and provide novel information on stress-triggered gene regulation and its association with host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liu Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Liao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiechen Hui
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weihui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zheng-Guo He
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
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42
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Sachdeva K, Sundaramurthy V. The Interplay of Host Lysosomes and Intracellular Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:595502. [PMID: 33330138 PMCID: PMC7714789 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.595502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are an integral part of the intracellular defense system against microbes. Lysosomal homeostasis in the host is adaptable and responds to conditions such as infection or nutritional deprivation. Pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Salmonella avoid lysosomal targeting by actively manipulating the host vesicular trafficking and reside in a vacuole altered from the default lysosomal trafficking. In this review, the mechanisms by which the respective pathogen containing vacuoles (PCVs) intersect with lysosomal trafficking pathways and maintain their distinctness are discussed. Despite such active inhibition of lysosomal targeting, emerging literature shows that different pathogens or pathogen derived products exhibit a global influence on the host lysosomal system. Pathogen mediated lysosomal enrichment promotes the trafficking of a sub-set of pathogens to lysosomes, indicating heterogeneity in the host-pathogen encounter. This review integrates recent advancements on the global lysosomal alterations upon infections and the host protective role of the lysosomes against these pathogens. The review also briefly discusses the heterogeneity in the lysosomal targeting of these pathogens and the possible mechanisms and consequences.
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43
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Augenstreich J, Briken V. Host Cell Targets of Released Lipid and Secreted Protein Effectors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:595029. [PMID: 33194845 PMCID: PMC7644814 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.595029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a very successful pathogen, strictly adapted to humans and the cause of tuberculosis. Its success is associated with its ability to inhibit host cell intrinsic immune responses by using an arsenal of virulence factors of different nature. It has evolved to synthesize a series of complex lipids which form an outer membrane and may also be released to enter host cell membranes. In addition, secreted protein effectors of Mtb are entering the host cell cytosol to interact with host cell proteins. We briefly discuss the current model, involving the ESX-1 type seven secretion system and the Mtb lipid phthiocerol dimycoserosate (PDIM), of how Mtb creates pores in the phagosomal membrane to allow Mtb proteins to access to the host cell cytosol. We provide an exhaustive list of Mtb secreted proteins that have effector functions. They modify (mostly inhibit but sometimes activate) host cell pathways such as: phagosome maturation, cell death, cytokine response, xenophagy, reactive oxygen species (ROS) response via NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), nitric oxide (NO) response via NO Synthase 2 (NOS2) and antigen presentation via MHC class I and class II molecules. We discuss the host cell targets for each lipid and protein effector and the importance of the Mtb effector for virulence of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker Briken
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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44
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Yimer SA, Kalayou S, Homberset H, Birhanu AG, Riaz T, Zegeye ED, Lutter T, Abebe M, Holm-Hansen C, Aseffa A, Tønjum T. Lineage-Specific Proteomic Signatures in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Reveal Differential Abundance of Proteins Involved in Virulence, DNA Repair, CRISPR-Cas, Bioenergetics and Lipid Metabolism. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:550760. [PMID: 33072011 PMCID: PMC7536270 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.550760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the discovery of the tubercle bacillus more than 130 years ago, its physiology and the mechanisms of virulence are still not fully understood. A comprehensive analysis of the proteomes of members of the human-adapted Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) lineages 3, 4, 5, and 7 was conducted to better understand the evolution of virulence and other physiological characteristics. Unique and shared proteomic signatures in these modern, pre-modern and ancient MTBC lineages, as deduced from quantitative bioinformatics analyses of high-resolution mass spectrometry data, were delineated. The main proteomic findings were verified by using immunoblotting. In addition, analysis of multiple genome alignment of members of the same lineages was performed. Label-free peptide quantification of whole cells from MTBC lineages 3, 4, 5, and 7 yielded a total of 38,346 unique peptides derived from 3092 proteins, representing 77% coverage of the predicted proteome. MTBC lineage-specific differential expression was observed for 539 proteins. Lineage 7 exhibited a markedly reduced abundance of proteins involved in DNA repair, type VII ESX-3 and ESX-1 secretion systems, lipid metabolism and inorganic phosphate uptake, and an increased abundance of proteins involved in alternative pathways of the TCA cycle and the CRISPR-Cas system as compared to the other lineages. Lineages 3 and 4 exhibited a higher abundance of proteins involved in virulence, DNA repair, drug resistance and other metabolic pathways. The high throughput analysis of the MTBC proteome by super-resolution mass spectrometry provided an insight into the differential expression of proteins between MTBC lineages 3, 4, 5, and 7 that may explain the slow growth and reduced virulence, metabolic flexibility, and the ability to survive under adverse growth conditions of lineage 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Abebe Yimer
- Unit for Genome Dynamics, Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shewit Kalayou
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Håvard Homberset
- Unit for Genome Dynamics, Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alemayehu Godana Birhanu
- Unit for Genome Dynamics, Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tahira Riaz
- Unit for Genome Dynamics, Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ephrem Debebe Zegeye
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Centre for Applied Biotechnology, Bergen, Norway
| | - Timo Lutter
- Unit for Genome Dynamics, Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Markos Abebe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Carol Holm-Hansen
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tone Tønjum
- Unit for Genome Dynamics, Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Song Y, Hussain T, Wang J, Liao Y, Yue R, Sabir N, Zhao D, Zhou X. Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A Regulates Mycobacterium bovis-Induced IFN-β Production by Modulating Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Macrophages. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:438-448. [PMID: 31495880 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium bovis persistently survives in macrophages by developing multiple strategies to evade host immune responses, and the early induction of interferon-β (IFN-β) is one of these critical strategies. The mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) plays a vital role in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) metabolism and has been suggested to influence IFN-β production in response to viral infection. However, its role in the production of IFN-β by M. bovis has not been elucidated. METHODS In the current study, we investigated the role of TFAM in the production of IFN-β in M. bovis-infected macrophages. RESULTS We found that knockdown of TFAM expression significantly reduced M. bovis-induced IFN-β production, mtDNA copy numbers and cytosolic mtDNA were increased in murine macrophages with M. bovis infection, cytosolic mtDNA contributed to IFN-β production, and TFAM was required for the increase in mtDNA copy numbers induced by M. bovis. We also observed that TFAM affected the intracellular survival of M. bovis. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that TFAM plays an essential role in M. bovis-induced IFN-β production by regulating mtDNA copy numbers. This might be a new strategy adopted by M. bovis for its intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tariq Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruichao Yue
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Naveed Sabir
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Fighting Persistence: How Chronic Infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Evade T Cell-Mediated Clearance and New Strategies To Defeat Them. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00916-19. [PMID: 32094248 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00916-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic bacterial infections are caused by pathogens that persist within their hosts and avoid clearance by the immune system. Treatment and/or detection of such pathogens is difficult, and the resulting pathologies are often deleterious or fatal. There is an urgent need to develop protective vaccines and host-directed therapies that synergize with antibiotics to prevent pathogen persistence and infection-associated pathologies. However, many persistent pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, actively target the very host pathways activated by vaccination. These immune evasion tactics blunt the effectiveness of immunization strategies and are impeding progress to control these infections throughout the world. Therefore, it is essential that M. tuberculosis immune evasion-related pathogen virulence strategies are considered to maximize the effectiveness of potential new treatments. In this review, we focus on how Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects antigen-presenting cells and evades effective immune clearance by the adaptive response through (i) manipulating antigen presentation, (ii) repressing T cell-activating costimulatory molecules, and (iii) inducing ligands that drive T cell exhaustion. In this context, we will examine the challenges that bacterial virulence strategies pose to developing new vaccines. We will then discuss new approaches that will help dissect M. tuberculosis immune evasion mechanisms and devise strategies to bypass them to promote long-term protection and prevent disease progression.
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Granados-Tristán AL, Borrego-Loya A, González-Escalante LA, Esquivel-Lucio GJ, Márquez-Uribe DY, Rigal-Leal J, Robles-González RJ, Arriaga-Guerrero AL, Silva-Ramírez B, Hernández-Luna CE, Contreras-Cordero JF, Villarreal-Treviño L, Mercado Hernández R, Bermúdez De León M, Peñuelas-Urquides K. Role of esxG and esxH Genes in Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26:1279-1290. [PMID: 32379526 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis drug resistance (DR) is a global problem that is not fully elucidated. Previously, overexpression of esxG and esxH genes was reported in a multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate compared with a reference H37Rv strain. To evaluate the roles of esxG and esxH in DR, analysis of their regulatory and coding sequences in sensitive and resistant strains was performed, and the expression levels of their transcriptional regulators IdeR, Zur, and MntR were evaluated. esxG and esxH were expressed heterologously using mycobacterial constructs, and the orthologs Msmeg_0620 and Msmeg_0621 were attenuated in Mycobacterium smegmatis by antisense knockdown. We found no differences in the regulatory and coding sequences of esxG and esxH between the sensitive strain and the MDR isolate. Expression analysis of transcriptional regulators showed that ideR was upregulated in isoniazid (INH)-resistant isolates; in addition, growth inhibition of the M. smegmatis strain was observed in the presence of rifampicin (RIF) and INH when esxG and esxH were expressed heterologously, while faster growth in the presence of RIF was observed when the orthologs were attenuated. In conclusion, the expression of esxG and esxH altered the growth of Mycobacterium in the presence of INH and RIF, suggesting a potential association with DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Granados-Tristán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, México.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Alejandra Borrego-Loya
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, México.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Laura Adiene González-Escalante
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, México
| | - Gladis Janeth Esquivel-Lucio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, México.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Dulce Yesenia Márquez-Uribe
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, México.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Joyce Rigal-Leal
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, México.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Rene J Robles-González
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Ana Leticia Arriaga-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, México.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Beatriz Silva-Ramírez
- Departamento de Inmunogenética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, México
| | | | | | - Licet Villarreal-Treviño
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Roberto Mercado Hernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Mario Bermúdez De León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, México
| | - Katia Peñuelas-Urquides
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, México
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Abstract
The causative agent of human tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has a complex lipid-rich diderm envelope, which acts as a major barrier protecting the bacterium against the hostile environment inside the host cells. For the transfer of diverse molecules across this complex cell envelope, M. tuberculosis has a series of general and specialized protein secretion systems, characterized by the SecA general secretion pathway, the twin-arginine translocation pathway, and five specific ESX type VII secretion systems. In this review, we focus on the latter systems, known as ESX-1 to ESX-5, which were first discovered almost 20 years ago during the in silico analysis of the genome sequence of M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Since then, these systems have been the subject of highly dynamic research due to their involvement in several key biological processes and host-pathogen interactions of the tubercle bacilli.
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious global public health challenge that results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. TB is caused by infection with the bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), which has evolved a wide variety of strategies in order to thrive within its host. Understanding the complex interactions between M. tuberculosis and host immunity can inform the rational design of better TB vaccines and therapeutics. This chapter covers innate and adaptive immunity against M. tuberculosis infection, including insights on bacterial immune evasion and subversion garnered from animal models of infection and human studies. In addition, this chapter discusses the immunology of the TB granuloma, TB diagnostics, and TB comorbidities. Finally, this chapter provides a broad overview of the current TB vaccine pipeline.
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Göser V, Kehl A, Röder J, Hensel M. Role of the ESCRT‐III complex in controlling integrity of the
Salmonella
‐containing vacuole. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13176. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Göser
- Abt. MikrobiologieFachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Alexander Kehl
- Abt. MikrobiologieFachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- Institut für HygieneUniversität Münster Münster Germany
- CellNanOs, Center for Cellular NanoanalyticsFachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Jennifer Röder
- Abt. MikrobiologieFachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. MikrobiologieFachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- CellNanOs, Center for Cellular NanoanalyticsFachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
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