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López-Botet M, De Maria A, Muntasell A, Della Chiesa M, Vilches C. Adaptive NK cell response to human cytomegalovirus: Facts and open issues. Semin Immunol 2023; 65:101706. [PMID: 36542944 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection exerts broad effects on the immune system. These include the differentiation and persistent expansion of a mature NK cell subset which displays a characteristic phenotypic and functional profile hallmarked by expression of the HLA-E-specific CD94/NKG2C activating receptor. Based on our experience and recent advances in the field, we overview the adaptive features of the NKG2C+ NK cell response, discussing observations and open questions on: (a) the mechanisms and influence of viral and host factors; (b) the existence of other NKG2C- NK cell subsets sharing adaptive features; (c) the development and role of adaptive NKG2C+ NK cells in the response to HCMV in hematopoietic and solid organ transplant patients; (d) their relation with other viral infections, mainly HIV-1; and (e) current perspectives for their use in adoptive immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel López-Botet
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM). Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine and Life Sciences. Univ. Pompeu Fabra. Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andrea De Maria
- Division of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Aura Muntasell
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM). Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERonc), Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Carlos Vilches
- Immunogenetics & Histocompatibility Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro - Segovia de Arana, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Patil ND, Domingues O, Masquelier C, Theresine M, Schlienger O, Njinju Amin Asaba C, Thomas M, Seguin-Devaux C, Slevogt H, Ollert M, Zimmer J. Imprint of Initial Education and Loss of Ly49C/I in Activated Natural Killer Cells of TAP1-KO and C57BL/6 Wildtype Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:818015. [PMID: 35911713 PMCID: PMC9329629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.818015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important effectors of the innate immune system and participate in the first line of defense against infections and tumors. Prior to being functional, these lymphocytes must be educated or licensed through interactions of their major histocompatibility complex class I molecules with self-specific inhibitory receptors that recognize them. In the absence of such contacts, caused by either the lack of expression of the inhibitory receptors or a very low level of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) proteins, NK cells are hypo-reactive at baseline (ex vivo). After stimulation (assessed through plate-bound antibodies against activating receptors or culture in the presence of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2 or IL-15) however, they can become cytotoxic and produce cytokines. This is particularly the case in transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-deficient mice, which we investigated in the present study. Transporter associated with antigen processing transports endogenous peptides from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are loaded on nascent MHC class I molecules, which then become stable and expressed at the cell surface. Consequently, TAP-KO mice have very low levels of MHC class I expression. We present a study about phenotypic and functional aspects of NK cells in two mouse strains, C57BL/6 wildtype and TAP1-KO in spleen and lung. We observed that in both types of mice, on the same genetic background, the initial pattern of education, conferred to the cells via the inhibitory receptors Ly49C/I and NKG2A, was maintained even after a strong stimulation by the cytokines interleukin-2, interleukin-12, interleukin-15 and interleukin-18. Furthermore, the percentages of activated NK cells expressing Ly49C/I and Ly49I were strongly down-modulated under these conditions. We completed our investigations with phenotypic studies of NK cells from these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha D. Patil
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Doctoral School in Systems and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Olivia Domingues
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Cécile Masquelier
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Maud Theresine
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Oceane Schlienger
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Clinton Njinju Amin Asaba
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marine Thomas
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Carole Seguin-Devaux
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Centre for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Septomics, Host Septomics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacques Zimmer
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- *Correspondence: Jacques Zimmer,
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3
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Potempa M, Aguilar OA, Gonzalez-Hinojosa MDR, Tenvooren I, Marquez DM, Spitzer MH, Lanier LL. Influence of Self-MHC Class I Recognition on the Dynamics of NK Cell Responses to Cytomegalovirus Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1742-1754. [PMID: 35321880 PMCID: PMC8976824 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although interactions between inhibitory Ly49 receptors and their self-MHC class I ligands in C57BL/6 mice are known to limit NK cell proliferation during mouse CMV (MCMV) infection, we created a 36-marker mass cytometry (CyTOF) panel to investigate how these inhibitory receptors impact the NK cell response to MCMV in other phenotypically measurable ways. More than two thirds of licensed NK cells (i.e., those expressing Ly49C, Ly49I, or both) in uninfected mice had already differentiated into NK cells with phenotypes indicative of Ag encounter (KLRG1+Ly6C-) or memory-like status (KLRG1+Ly6C+). These pre-existing KLRG1+Ly6C+ NK cells resembled known Ag-specific memory NK cell populations in being less responsive to IL-18 and IFN-α stimulation in vitro and by selecting for NK cell clones with elevated expression of a Ly49 receptor. During MCMV infection, the significant differences between licensed and unlicensed (Ly49C-Ly49I-) NK cells disappeared within both CMV-specific (Ly49H+) and nonspecific (Ly49H-) responses. This lack of heterogeneity carried into the memory phase, with only a difference in CD16 expression manifesting between licensed and unlicensed MCMV-specific memory NK cell populations. Our results suggest that restricting proliferation is the predominant effect licensing has on the NK cell population during MCMV infection, but the inhibitory Ly49-MHC interactions that take place ahead of infection contribute to their limited expansion by shrinking the pool of licensed NK cells capable of robustly responding to new challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Potempa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Oscar A Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA
| | - Maria D R Gonzalez-Hinojosa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA
| | - Iliana Tenvooren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - Diana M Marquez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA;
- The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA
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4
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Millan AJ, Hom BA, Libang JB, Sindi S, Manilay JO. Evidence for Prescribed NK Cell Ly-49 Developmental Pathways in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1215-1227. [PMID: 33495236 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies of NK cell inhibitory Ly-49 genes showed their expression is stochastic. However, relatively few studies have examined the mechanisms governing acquisition of inhibitory receptors in conjunction with activating Ly-49 receptors and NK cell development. We hypothesized that the surface expression of activating Ly-49 receptors is nonrandom and is influenced by inhibitory Ly-49 receptors. We analyzed NK cell "clusters" defined by combinatorial expression of activating (Ly-49H and Ly-49D) and inhibitory (Ly-49I and Ly-49G2) receptors in C57BL/6 mice. Using the product rule to evaluate the interdependencies of the Ly-49 receptors, we found evidence for a tightly regulated expression at the immature NK cell stage, with the highest interdependencies between clusters that express at least one activating receptor. Further analysis demonstrated that certain NK clusters predominated at the immature (CD27+CD11b-), transitional (CD27+CD11b+), and mature (CD27-CD11b-) NK cell stages. Using parallel in vitro culture and in vivo transplantation of sorted NK clusters, we discovered nonrandom expression of Ly-49 receptors, suggesting that prescribed pathways of NK cluster differentiation exist. Our data infer that surface expression of Ly-49I is an important step in NK cell maturation. Ki-67 expression and cell counts confirmed that immature NK cells proliferate more than mature NK cells. We found that MHC class I is particularly important for regulation of Ly-49D and Ly-49G2, even though no known MHC class I ligand for these receptors is present in B6 mice. Our data indicate that surface expression of both activating and inhibitory Ly-49 receptors on NK cell clusters occurs in a nonrandom process correlated to their maturation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J Millan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343.,Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
| | - Bryan A Hom
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343
| | - Jeremy B Libang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343
| | - Suzanne Sindi
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and.,Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343
| | - Jennifer O Manilay
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; .,Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343
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5
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Market M, Angka L, Martel AB, Bastin D, Olanubi O, Tennakoon G, Boucher DM, Ng J, Ardolino M, Auer RC. Flattening the COVID-19 Curve With Natural Killer Cell Based Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1512. [PMID: 32655581 PMCID: PMC7324763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune responders critical for viral clearance and immunomodulation. Despite their vital role in viral infection, the contribution of NK cells in fighting SARS-CoV-2 has not yet been directly investigated. Insights into pathophysiology and therapeutic opportunities can therefore be inferred from studies assessing NK cell phenotype and function during SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. These studies suggest a reduction in circulating NK cell numbers and/or an exhausted phenotype following infection and hint toward the dampening of NK cell responses by coronaviruses. Reduced circulating NK cell levels and exhaustion may be directly responsible for the progression and severity of COVID-19. Conversely, in light of data linking inflammation with coronavirus disease severity, it is necessary to examine NK cell potential in mediating immunopathology. A common feature of coronavirus infections is that significant morbidity and mortality is associated with lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome resulting from an exaggerated immune response, of which NK cells are an important component. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how NK cells respond in both early and late coronavirus infections, and the implication for ongoing COVID-19 clinical trials. Using this immunological lens, we outline recommendations for therapeutic strategies against COVID-19 in clearing the virus while preventing the harm of immunopathological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Market
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Leonard Angka
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andre B. Martel
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Donald Bastin
- Schulich School of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Oladunni Olanubi
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gayashan Tennakoon
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dominique M. Boucher
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Juliana Ng
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca C. Auer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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6
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Abstract
The continuous interactions between host and pathogens during their coevolution have shaped both the immune system and the countermeasures used by pathogens. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are considered central players in the antiviral response. Not only do they express a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors to discriminate and eliminate target cells but they can also produce immunoregulatory cytokines to alert the immune system. Reciprocally, several unrelated viruses including cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus, and dengue virus have evolved a multitude of mechanisms to evade NK cell function, such as the targeting of pathways for NK cell receptors and their ligands, apoptosis, and cytokine-mediated signaling. The studies discussed in this article provide further insights into the antiviral function of NK cells and the pathways involved, their constituent proteins, and ways in which they could be manipulated for host benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Mancini
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada;,
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Silvia M. Vidal
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada;,
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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7
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Rosenberg J, Huang J. Visualizing Surface T-Cell Receptor Dynamics Four-Dimensionally Using Lattice Light-Sheet Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32065118 DOI: 10.3791/59914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling and function of a cell are dictated by the dynamic structures and interactions of its surface receptors. To truly understand the structure-function relationship of these receptors in situ, we need to visualize and track them on the live cell surface with enough spatiotemporal resolution. Here we show how to use recently developed Lattice Light-Sheet Microscopy (LLSM) to image T-cell receptors (TCRs) four-dimensionally (4D, space and time) at the live cell membrane. T cells are one of the main effector cells of the adaptive immune system, and here we used T cells as an example to show that the signaling and function of these cells are driven by the dynamics and interactions of the TCRs. LLSM allows for 4D imaging with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. This microscopy technique therefore can be generally applied to a wide array of surface or intracellular molecules of different cells in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Huang
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago; Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago;
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8
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Xiang RF, Li S, Ogbomo H, Stack D, Mody CH. β1 Integrins Are Required To Mediate NK Cell Killing of Cryptococcus neoformans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2369-2376. [PMID: 30201811 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that causes fatal meningitis and pneumonia. During host defense to Cryptococcus, NK cells directly recognize and kill C. neoformans using cytolytic degranulation analogous to killing of tumor cells. This fungal killing requires independent activation of Src family kinase (SFK) and Rac1-mediated pathways. Recognition of C. neoformans requires the natural cytotoxicity receptor, NKp30; however, it is not known whether NKp30 activates both signal transduction pathways or whether a second receptor is involved in activation of one of the pathways. We used primary human NK cells and a human NK cell line and found that NKp30 activates SFK → PI3K but not Rac1 cytotoxic signaling, which led to a search for the receptor leading to Rac1 activation. We found that NK cells require integrin-linked kinase (ILK) to activate Rac1 for effective fungal killing. This observation led to our identification of β1 integrin as an essential anticryptococcal receptor. These findings demonstrate that multiple receptors, including β1 integrins and NKp30 and their proximal signaling pathways, are required for recognition of Cryptococcus, which activates a central cytolytic antimicrobial pathway leading to fungal killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Xiang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; and
| | - ShuShun Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; and
| | - Henry Ogbomo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; and
| | - Danuta Stack
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; and
| | - Christopher H Mody
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; .,Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; and.,Department of Internal Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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9
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Goodier MR, Jonjić S, Riley EM, Juranić Lisnić V. CMV and natural killer cells: shaping the response to vaccination. Eur J Immunol 2017; 48:50-65. [PMID: 28960320 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are highly prevalent, persistent human pathogens that not only evade but also shape our immune responses. Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the control of CMV and CMVs have in turn developed a plethora of immunoevasion mechanisms targeting NK cells. This complex interplay can leave a long-lasting imprint on the immune system in general and affect responses toward other pathogens and vaccines. This review aims to provide an overview of NK cell biology and development, the manipulation of NK cells by CMVs and the potential impact of these evasion strategies on responses to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Goodier
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department for Histology and Embryology and Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Eleanor M Riley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Vanda Juranić Lisnić
- Department for Histology and Embryology and Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
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10
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Zeleznjak J, Popovic B, Krmpotic A, Jonjic S, Lisnic VJ. Mouse cytomegalovirus encoded immunoevasins and evolution of Ly49 receptors - Sidekicks or enemies? Immunol Lett 2017; 189:40-47. [PMID: 28414184 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) have dedicated a large portion of their genome towards immune evasion targeting many aspects of the host immune system, particularly NK cells. However, the host managed to cope with the infection by developing multiple mechanisms to recognize viral threat and counterattack it, thus illustrating never-ending evolutionary interplay between CMV and its host. In this review, we will focus on several mechanisms of NK cell evasion by mouse CMV (MCMV), the role of host inhibitory and activating Ly49 receptors involved in the virus control and acquisition of adaptive features by NK cells as a consequence of MCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Zeleznjak
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Branka Popovic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia; Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranic Lisnic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia; Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia.
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11
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Lam VC, Lanier LL. NK cells in host responses to viral infections. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 44:43-51. [PMID: 27984782 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic innate lymphocytes that play an important role in viral clearance. NK cell responses to viral infections were originally believed to be non-specific and lacked immune memory recall responses. It is now appreciated that NK cell responses to viral infections can be specific and in some cases memory recall responses are established. Increasing evidence also illuminates the complexity of NK cell interactions with both innate and adaptive immune cells. Here, we summarize the evidence for NK cell-specific memory responses to viral infections and the intricate reciprocal interactions between NK cells and other immune cells that dictate their activation and effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola C Lam
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94129, United States.
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12
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McCullen MV, Li H, Cam M, Sen SK, McVicar DW, Anderson SK. Analysis of Ly49 gene transcripts in mature NK cells supports a role for the Pro1 element in gene activation, not gene expression. Genes Immun 2016; 17:349-57. [PMID: 27467282 PMCID: PMC5008998 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The variegated expression of murine Ly49 loci has been associated with the probabilistic behavior of an upstream promoter active in immature cells, the Pro1 element. However, recent data suggest that Pro1 may be active in mature natural killer (NK) cells and function as an enhancer element. To assess directly if Pro1 transcripts are present in mature Ly49-expressing NK cells, RNA-sequencing of the total transcript pool was performed on freshly isolated splenic NK cells sorted for expression of either Ly49G or Ly49I. No Pro1 transcripts were detected from the Ly49a, Ly49c or Ly49i genes in mature Ly49(+) NK cells that contained high levels of Pro2 transcripts. Low levels of Ly49g Pro1 transcripts were found in both Ly49G(+) and Ly49G(-) populations, consistent with the presence of a small population of mature NK cells undergoing Ly49g gene activation, as previously demonstrated by culture of splenic NK cells in interleukin-2. Ly49 gene reporter constructs containing Pro1 failed to show any enhancer activity of Pro1 on Pro2 in a mature Ly49-expressing cell line. Taken together, the results are consistent with Pro1 transcription having a role in gene activation in developing NK, and argue against a role for Pro1 in Ly49 gene transcription by mature NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V. McCullen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Hongchuan Li
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Lab, Frederick MD 21702, USA
| | - Maggie Cam
- Office of Science and Technology Resources, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shurjo K. Sen
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel W. McVicar
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Stephen K. Anderson
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Lab, Frederick MD 21702, USA
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13
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Rahim MMA, Wight A, Mahmoud AB, Aguilar OA, Lee SH, Vidal SM, Carlyle JR, Makrigiannis AP. Expansion and Protection by a Virus-Specific NK Cell Subset Lacking Expression of the Inhibitory NKR-P1B Receptor during Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2325-37. [PMID: 27511735 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cells play a major role in immune defense against human and murine CMV (MCMV) infection. Although the MCMV genome encodes for MHC class I-homologous decoy ligands for inhibitory NK cell receptors to evade detection, some mouse strains have evolved activating receptors, such as Ly49H, to recognize these ligands and initiate an immune response. In this study, we demonstrate that approximately half of the Ly49H-expressing (Ly49H(+)) NK cells in the spleen and liver of C57BL/6 mice also express the inhibitory NKR-P1B receptor. During MCMV infection, the NKR-P1B(-)Ly49H(+) NK cell subset proliferates to constitute the bulk of the NK cell population. This NK cell subset also confers better protection against MCMV infection compared with the NKR-P1B(+)Ly49H(+) subset. The two populations are composed of cells that differ in their surface expression of receptors such as Ly49C/I and NKG2A/C/E, as well as developmental markers, CD27 and CD11b, and the high-affinity IL-2R (CD25) following infection. Although the NKR-P1B(+) NK cells can produce effector molecules such as IFNs and granzymes, their proliferation is inhibited during infection. A similar phenotype in MCMV-infected Clr-b-deficient mice, which lack the ligand for NKR-P1B, suggests the involvement of ligands other than the host Clr-b. Most interestingly, genetic deficiency of the NKR-P1B, but not Clr-b, results in accelerated virus clearance and recovery from MCMV infection. This study is particularly significant because the mouse NKR-P1B:Clr-b receptor:ligand system represents the closest homolog of the human NKR-P1A:LLT1 system and may have a direct relevance to human CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Munir A Rahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada;
| | - Andrew Wight
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada; College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, 30001 Madinah Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Oscar A Aguilar
- Department of Immunology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada; and
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Silvia M Vidal
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - James R Carlyle
- Department of Immunology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada; and
| | - Andrew P Makrigiannis
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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14
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Forbes CA, Scalzo AA, Degli-Esposti MA, Coudert JD. Ly49C Impairs NK Cell Memory in Mouse Cytomegalovirus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:128-40. [PMID: 27233959 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
NK cells possess inhibitory receptors that are responsible for self-MHC class I recognition; beyond their inhibitory function, accumulating evidence indicates that such receptors confer NK cell functional competence through an unclear process termed "licensing." Ly49C is the main self-specific inhibitory Ly49 receptor in H-2(b) C57BL/6 (B6) mice. We used B6 Ly49C-transgenic and B6 β2 microglobulin (β2m)-knockout Ly49C-transgenic mice to investigate the impact of licensing through this inhibitory receptor in precursor and mature NK cells. We found that self-specific inhibitory receptors affected NK cell precursor survival and proliferation at particular developmental stages in an MHC class I-dependent manner. The presence of Ly49C impacted the NK cell repertoire in a β2m-dependent manner, with reduced Ly49A(+), Ly49G2(+), and Ly49D(+) subsets, an increased DNAM-1(+) subset, and higher NKG2D expression. Licensed NK cells displayed a skewed distribution of the maturation stages, which was characterized by differential CD27 and CD11b expression, toward the mature phenotypes. We found that Ly49C-mediated licensing induced a split effect on NK cell functions, with increased cytokine-production capabilities following engagement of various activating receptors while cytotoxicity remained unchanged. Analysis of licensed NK cell functions in vivo, in a system of mouse CMV infection, indicated that licensing did not play a major role in the NK cell antiviral response during acute infection, but it strongly impaired the generation and/or persistence of memory NK cells. This study unravels multifaceted effects of licensing on NK cell populations and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Forbes
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia; and
| | - Anthony A Scalzo
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia; and
| | - Mariapia A Degli-Esposti
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia; and Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Jerome D Coudert
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia; and Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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15
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Rahim MMA, Makrigiannis AP. Ly49 receptors: evolution, genetic diversity, and impact on immunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 267:137-47. [PMID: 26284475 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells express cell surface receptors that recognize class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) molecules to distinguish between healthy and unhealthy cells. The multigenic and polymorphic nature of the MHC-I genes has influenced the convergent evolution of similarly polymorphic and diversified NK cell receptor families: the C-type lectin-like Ly49 receptors in mice, and the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in humans. Although structurally distinct, both receptor families have similar functions in terms of MHC-I recognition and downstream signal transduction, and they regulate multiple aspects of NK cell biology during development and after maturation as fully differentiated and functionally competent cells. The Ly49 gene locus has undergone rapid, lineage-specific expansions and contractions resulting in multiple distinct haplotypes of variable gene number, allelic diversity, and MHC-I ligand specificity. This in turn has influenced the type and degree of Ly49 receptor expression on NK cells, and their contribution to immunity in different mouse strains. In this review, we have attempted to describe the evolutionary processes that have shaped strain-specific Ly49 receptor repertoires, and their impact on NK cell functions during health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Munir A Rahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew P Makrigiannis
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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16
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Kadri N, Thanh TL, Höglund P. Selection, tuning, and adaptation in mouse NK cell education. Immunol Rev 2016; 267:167-77. [PMID: 26284477 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells recognize transformed cells with an array of germline-encoded inhibitory and activating receptors. Inhibitory Ly49 receptors bind major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules, providing a mechanism by which NK cells maintain self-tolerance yet eliminate cells expressing reduced levels of MHC-I. Additionally, MHC-I molecules are required for NK cell education, a process in which NK cells acquire responsiveness. In this review, we discuss three facets of MHC class I-dependent education of mouse NK cells: skewing of the inhibitory receptor repertoire, induction of functional responsiveness, and tuning in response to changes in MHC-I expression. We discuss prevailing models for education such as licensing and disarming and propose a model for positive selection of 'useful' NK cell subsets. Furthermore, we argue that both repertoire skewing and functional NK cell education may be altered in mature NK cells subject to changes in MHC-I input and suggest that this process may provide increased dynamics to the NK cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Kadri
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thuy Luu Thanh
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Höglund
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Tu MM, Mahmoud AB, Makrigiannis AP. Licensed and Unlicensed NK Cells: Differential Roles in Cancer and Viral Control. Front Immunol 2016; 7:166. [PMID: 27199990 PMCID: PMC4852173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are known for their well characterized ability to control viral infections and eliminate tumor cells. Through their repertoire of activating and inhibitory receptors, NK cells are able to survey different potential target cells for various surface markers, such as MHC-I – which signals to the NK cell that the target is healthy – as well as stress ligands or viral proteins, which alert the NK cell to the aberrant state of the target and initiate a response. According to the “licensing” hypothesis, interactions between self-specific MHC-I receptors – Ly49 in mice and KIR in humans – and self-MHC-I molecules during NK cell development is crucial for NK cell functionality. However, there also exists a large proportion of NK cells in mice and humans, which lack self-specific MHC-I receptors and are consequentially “unlicensed.” While the licensed NK cell subset plays a major role in the control of MHC-I-deficient tumors, this review will go on to highlight the important role of the unlicensed NK cell subset in the control of MHC-I-expressing tumors, as well as in viral control. Unlike the licensed NK cells, unlicensed NK cells seem to benefit from the lack of self-specific inhibitory receptors, which could otherwise be exploited by some aberrant cells for immunoevasion by upregulating the expression of ligands or mimic ligands for these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrew P Makrigiannis
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
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18
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Liu LL, Landskron J, Ask EH, Enqvist M, Sohlberg E, Traherne JA, Hammer Q, Goodridge JP, Larsson S, Jayaraman J, Oei VYS, Schaffer M, Taskén K, Ljunggren HG, Romagnani C, Trowsdale J, Malmberg KJ, Béziat V. Critical Role of CD2 Co-stimulation in Adaptive Natural Killer Cell Responses Revealed in NKG2C-Deficient Humans. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1088-1099. [PMID: 27117418 PMCID: PMC4858565 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) leads to NKG2C-driven expansion of adaptive natural killer (NK) cells, contributing to host defense. However, approximately 4% of all humans carry a homozygous deletion of the gene that encodes NKG2C (NKG2C−/−). Assessment of NK cell repertoires in 60 NKG2C−/− donors revealed a broad range of NK cell populations displaying characteristic footprints of adaptive NK cells, including a terminally differentiated phenotype, functional reprogramming, and epigenetic remodeling of the interferon (IFN)-γ promoter. We found that both NKG2C− and NKG2C+ adaptive NK cells expressed high levels of CD2, which synergistically enhanced ERK and S6RP phosphorylation following CD16 ligation. Notably, CD2 co-stimulation was critical for the ability of adaptive NK cells to respond to antibody-coated target cells. These results reveal an unexpected redundancy in the human NK cell response to HCMV and suggest that CD2 provides “signal 2” in antibody-driven adaptive NK cell responses. NKG2C−/− donors have normal T cell immunity to cytomegalovirus NKG2C−/− donors have normal frequencies of adaptive NK cells CD2 is critical for antibody-triggered responses by adaptive NK cells CD2 synergizes with NKG2C in classical adaptive NK cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Liu
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes Landskron
- The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, 0349 Oslo, Norway; The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind H Ask
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Monika Enqvist
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ebba Sohlberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James A Traherne
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Quirin Hammer
- Innate Immunity, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum - A Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jodie P Goodridge
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stella Larsson
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jyothi Jayaraman
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Vincent Y S Oei
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marie Schaffer
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, 0349 Oslo, Norway; The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0318 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Innate Immunity, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum - A Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - John Trowsdale
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden; The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75270 Paris, France.
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19
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Ma Y, Li X, Kuang E. Viral Evasion of Natural Killer Cell Activation. Viruses 2016; 8:95. [PMID: 27077876 PMCID: PMC4848590 DOI: 10.3390/v8040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in antiviral innate defenses because of their abilities to kill infected cells and secrete regulatory cytokines. Additionally, NK cells exhibit adaptive memory-like antigen-specific responses, which represent a novel antiviral NK cell defense mechanism. Viruses have evolved various strategies to evade the recognition and destruction by NK cells through the downregulation of the NK cell activating receptors. Here, we review the recent findings on viral evasion of NK cells via the impairment of NK cell-activating receptors and ligands, which provide new insights on the relationship between NK cells and viral actions during persistent viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ma
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Ersheng Kuang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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20
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21
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Forbes CA, Coudert JD. Mechanisms regulating NK cell activation during viral infection. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT NK cells constitute a population of lymphocytes involved in innate immune functions. They play a critical role in antiviral immune surveillance. Viruses have evolved with their host species for millions of years, each exerting a selective pressure upon the other. As a corollary, the pathways used by the immune system that are critical to control viral infection can be revealed by defining the role of viral gene products that are nonessential for virus replication. We relate here the battery of resources available to NK cells to recognize and eliminate viruses and reciprocally the immune evasion mechanisms developed by viruses to prevent NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Forbes
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jerome D Coudert
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology & Vision Science, M517, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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22
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Miner CA, Giri TK, Meyer CE, Shabsovich M, Tripathy SK. Acquisition of activation receptor ligand by trogocytosis renders NK cells hyporesponsive. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1945-53. [PMID: 25582853 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Because NK cells secrete cytotoxic granules and cytokines that can destroy surrounding cells and help shape the subsequent immune response, they must be kept under tight control. Several mechanisms, at different levels, are in place to control NK cell function. In this study, we describe a novel mechanism regulating NK cell function in which NK cells acquire ligands for activating receptors from target cells by trogocytosis, rendering the NK cells hyporesponsive. In this model, murine NK cells acquire m157, the murine CMV-encoded ligand for the Ly49H-activating receptor, from target cells both in vitro and in vivo. Although acquisition of m157 requires cell-to-cell contact, it does not require the expression of the Ly49H receptor by the NK cell. Acquired m157 protein is expressed on the NK cell surface with a glycosylphosphatidylinisotol linkage and interacts with the Ly49H receptor expressed on the NK cell. This interaction results in blocking the Ly49H receptor that prevents the NK cells from recognizing m157-expressing targets and continuous engagement of the Ly49H-activating receptor, which results in the hyporesponsiveness of the Ly49H(+) NK cell to stimulation through other activating receptors. Thus, NK cell acquisition of a ligand for an activation receptor by trogocytosis renders them hyporesponsive. This mechanism, by which mature NK cell function can be altered, has important implications in regard to how NK cells respond to tumors in specific microenvironments as well as the use of expanded NK cells in treating various malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine A Miner
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Tusar K Giri
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Claire E Meyer
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Mark Shabsovich
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Sandeep K Tripathy
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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23
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McWhorter AR, Smith LM, Shellam GR, Redwood AJ. Murine cytomegalovirus strains co-replicate at multiple tissue sites and establish co-persistence in salivary glands in the absence of Ly49H-mediated competition. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1127-1137. [PMID: 25575707 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with multiple genetically distinct strains of pathogen is common and can lead to positive (complementation) or negative (competitive) within-host interactions. These interactions can alter aspects of the disease process and help shape pathogen evolution. Infection of the host with multiple strains of cytomegalovirus (CMV) occurs frequently in humans and mice. Profound, NK-cell-mediated (apparent) competition has been identified in C57BL/6 mice, and prevented the replication and shedding of certain co-infecting CMV strains. However, the frequency of such strong competition has not been established. Other within-host interactions such as complementation or alternative forms of competition remain possible. Moreover, high rates of recombination in both human CMV and murine CMV (MCMV) suggest prolonged periods of viral co-replication, rather than strong competitive suppression. An established model was employed to investigate the different possible outcomes of multi-strain infection in other mouse strains. In this study, co-replication of up to four strains of MCMV in the spleen, liver and salivary glands was observed in both MCMV-susceptible and MCMV-resistant mice. In the absence of apparent competition, no other forms of competition were unmasked. In addition, no evidence of complementation between viral strains was observed. Importantly, co-replication of MCMV strains was apparent for up to 90 days in the salivary glands. These data indicated that competition was not the default outcome of multi-strain CMV infection. Prolonged, essentially neutral, co-replication may be the norm, allowing for multi-strain transmission and prolonged opportunities for recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R McWhorter
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, M504, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Lee M Smith
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, M504, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Shellam
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, M504, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Alec J Redwood
- The Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Building 390, Discovery Way, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.,School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, M504, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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24
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Brizić I, Lenac Roviš T, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S. MCMV avoidance of recognition and control by NK cells. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:641-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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