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Herb S, Zeleznjak J, Hennig T, L'Hernault A, Lodha M, Jürges C, Trsan T, Juranic Lisnic V, Jonjic S, Erhard F, Krmpotic A, Dölken L. Two murine cytomegalovirus microRNAs target the major viral immediate early 3 gene. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus is responsible for morbidity and mortality in immune compromised patients and is the leading viral cause of congenital infection. Virus-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) represent interesting targets for novel antiviral agents. While many cellular targets that augment productive infection have been identified in recent years, regulation of viral genes such as the major viral immediate early protein 72 (IE72) by hcmv-miR-UL112-1 may contribute to both the establishment and the maintenance of latent infection. We employed photoactivated ribonucleotide-enhanced individual nucleotide resolution crosslinking (PAR-iCLIP) to identify murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) miRNA targets during lytic infection. While the PAR-iCLIP data were of insufficient quality to obtain a comprehensive list of cellular and viral miRNA targets, the most prominent PAR-iCLIP peak in the MCMV genome mapped to the 3′ untranslated region of the major viral immediate early 3 (ie3) transcript. We show that this results from two closely positioned binding sites for the abundant MCMV miRNAs miR-M23-2-3p and miR-m01-2-3p. Their pre-expression significantly impaired viral plaque formation. However, mutation of the respective binding sites did not alter viral fitness during acute or subacute infection in vivo. Furthermore, no differences in the induction of virus-specific CD8+ T cells were observed. Future studies will probably need to go beyond studying immunocompetent laboratory mice housed in pathogen-free conditions to reveal the functional relevance of viral miRNA-mediated regulation of key viral immediate early genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Herb
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Versbacherstr. 7, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jelena Zeleznjak
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Thomas Hennig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Versbacherstr. 7, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anne L'Hernault
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Manivel Lodha
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Versbacherstr. 7, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Jürges
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Versbacherstr. 7, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tihana Trsan
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranic Lisnic
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Florian Erhard
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Versbacherstr. 7, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lars Dölken
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Versbacherstr. 7, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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2
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Strazic Geljic I, Kucan Brlic P, Angulo G, Brizic I, Lisnic B, Jenus T, Juranic Lisnic V, Pietri GP, Engel P, Kaynan N, Zeleznjak J, Schu P, Mandelboim O, Krmpotic A, Angulo A, Jonjic S, Lenac Rovis T. Cytomegalovirus protein m154 perturbs the adaptor protein-1 compartment mediating broad-spectrum immune evasion. eLife 2020; 9:50803. [PMID: 31928630 PMCID: PMC6957316 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are ubiquitous pathogens known to employ numerous immunoevasive strategies that significantly impair the ability of the immune system to eliminate the infected cells. Here, we report that the single mouse CMV (MCMV) protein, m154, downregulates multiple surface molecules involved in the activation and costimulation of the immune cells. We demonstrate that m154 uses its cytoplasmic tail motif, DD, to interfere with the adaptor protein-1 (AP-1) complex, implicated in intracellular protein sorting and packaging. As a consequence of the perturbed AP-1 sorting, m154 promotes lysosomal degradation of several proteins involved in T cell costimulation, thus impairing virus-specific CD8+ T cell response and virus control in vivo. Additionally, we show that HCMV infection similarly interferes with the AP-1 complex. Altogether, we identify the robust mechanism employed by single viral immunomodulatory protein targeting a broad spectrum of cell surface molecules involved in the antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Strazic Geljic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Paola Kucan Brlic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Guillem Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ilija Brizic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Berislav Lisnic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tina Jenus
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranic Lisnic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gian Pietro Pietri
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noa Kaynan
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jelena Zeleznjak
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Peter Schu
- Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Zellbiologie Institut für Zellbiochemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tihana Lenac Rovis
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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3
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Miletic A, Lenartic M, Popovic B, Brizic I, Trsan T, Miklic K, Mandelboim O, Krmpotic A, Jonjic S. NCR1-deficiency diminishes the generation of protective murine cytomegalovirus antibodies by limiting follicular helper T-cell maturation. Eur J Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28643847 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
NKp46/NCR1 is an activating NK-cell receptor implicated in the control of various viral and bacterial infections. Recent findings also suggest that it plays a role in shaping the adaptive immune response to pathogens. Using NCR1-deficient (NCR1gfp/gfp ) mice, we provide evidence for the role of NCR1 in antibody response to mouse cytomegalovirus infection (MCMV). The absence of NCR1 resulted in impaired maturation, function and NK-cell migration to regional lymph nodes. In addition, CD4+ T-cell activation and follicular helper T-cell (Tfh) generation were reduced, leading to inferior germinal center (GC) B-cell maturation. As a consequence, NCR1gfp/gfp mice produced lower amounts of MCMV-specific antibodies upon infection, which correlated with lower number of virus-specific antibody secreting cells in analyzed lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonija Miletic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia.,Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Maja Lenartic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Branka Popovic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ilija Brizic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tihana Trsan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia.,Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Karmela Miklic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia.,Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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4
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Carlyle JR, Berry R, Rahim MMA, Reichel JJ, Popovic B, Tanaka M, Fu Z, Balaji GR, Lau TNH, Tu MM, Kirkham CL, Mahmoud AB, Mesci A, Krmpotic A, Allan DS, Makrigiannis AP, Jonjic S, Rossjohn J, Aguilar OA. A viral immunoevasin controls innate immunity by targeting the prototypical natural killer cell receptor family (NK1.1/NKR-P1). The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.70.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in innate immunity by detecting alterations in self and non-self ligands via paired NK cell receptors (NKR). Despite identification of numerous NKR-ligand interactions, physiological ligands for the prototypical NK1.1 orphan receptor remain elusive. Here, we identify a viral ligand for the inhibitory and activating NKR-P1 (NK1.1) receptors. This murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-encoded protein, m12, restrains NK effector function by directly engaging the inhibitory NKR-P1B receptor. However, m12 also interacts with the activating NKR-P1A/C receptors to counterbalance m12 decoy function. Structural analyses reveal that m12 sequesters a large NKR-P1 surface area via a “polar claw” mechanism. Polymorphisms in, and ablation of, the viral m12 protein and host NKR-P1B/C alleles impact NK cell responses in vivo. Thus, we identify the long-sought foreign ligand for this key immunoregulatory NK cell receptor family and reveal how it controls the evolutionary balance of immune recognition during host-pathogen interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Miho Tanaka
- 1Univ. of Toronto, Canada
- 2Sunnybrook Res. Inst., Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aruz Mesci
- 1Univ. of Toronto, Canada
- 2Sunnybrook Res. Inst., Canada
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5
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Popovic B, Golemac M, Podlech J, Zeleznjak J, Bilic-Zulle L, Lukic ML, Cicin-Sain L, Reddehase MJ, Sparwasser T, Krmpotic A, Jonjic S. IL-33/ST2 pathway drives regulatory T cell dependent suppression of liver damage upon cytomegalovirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006345. [PMID: 28448566 PMCID: PMC5423658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells dampen an exaggerated immune response to viral infections in order to avoid immunopathology. Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are herpesviruses usually causing asymptomatic infection in immunocompetent hosts and induce strong cellular immunity which provides protection against CMV disease. It remains unclear how these persistent viruses manage to avoid induction of immunopathology not only during the acute infection but also during life-long persistence and virus reactivation. This may be due to numerous viral immunoevasion strategies used to specifically modulate immune responses but also induction of Treg cells by CMV infection. Here we demonstrate that liver Treg cells are strongly induced in mice infected with murine CMV (MCMV). The depletion of Treg cells results in severe hepatitis and liver damage without alterations in the virus load. Moreover, liver Treg cells show a high expression of ST2, a cellular receptor for tissue alarmin IL-33, which is strongly upregulated in the liver of infected mice. We demonstrated that IL-33 signaling is crucial for Treg cell accumulation after MCMV infection and ST2-deficient mice show a more pronounced liver pathology and higher mortality compared to infected control mice. These results illustrate the importance of IL-33 in the suppressive function of liver Treg cells during CMV infection. Treg cells are crucial for immune homeostasis and for dampening immune response to several diseased conditions, including viral infections. Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is a herpesvirus with pathogenic potential, so that early immune mechanisms are essential in controlling virus and protecting from virus-induced pathology. Studies on Foxp3+ Treg cells have revealed their inhibitory role on the early T cell response to MCMV infection and have suggested Treg cells as a target of MCMV’s immunoevasion mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that the number and activation status of liver Treg cells is strongly induced upon MCMV infection in order to protect the host from severe liver damage. They constitutively express high amounts of IL-33 receptor ST2 and their accumulation depends on IL-33, which is released as a tissue alarmin after the cell damage. For the first time, we show an immunoregulatory role of IL-33-dependent Treg cells in the liver of MCMV infected mice and their suppression of MCMV-induced immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Popovic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mijo Golemac
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jürgen Podlech
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jelena Zeleznjak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lidija Bilic-Zulle
- Clinical Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics, Clinical Hospital Center, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Miodrag L. Lukic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig site, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias J. Reddehase
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Hannover, Germany
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- * E-mail:
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6
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Zeleznjak J, Popovic B, Krmpotic A, Jonjic S, Lisnic VJ. Mouse cytomegalovirus encoded immunoevasins and evolution of Ly49 receptors - Sidekicks or enemies? Immunol Lett 2017; 189:40-47. [PMID: 28414184 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) have dedicated a large portion of their genome towards immune evasion targeting many aspects of the host immune system, particularly NK cells. However, the host managed to cope with the infection by developing multiple mechanisms to recognize viral threat and counterattack it, thus illustrating never-ending evolutionary interplay between CMV and its host. In this review, we will focus on several mechanisms of NK cell evasion by mouse CMV (MCMV), the role of host inhibitory and activating Ly49 receptors involved in the virus control and acquisition of adaptive features by NK cells as a consequence of MCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Zeleznjak
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Branka Popovic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia; Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranic Lisnic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia; Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia.
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7
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Milovanovic J, Popovic B, Milovanovic M, Kvestak D, Arsenijevic A, Stojanovic B, Tanaskovic I, Krmpotic A, Arsenijevic N, Jonjic S, Lukic ML. Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection Induces Susceptibility to EAE in Resistant BALB/c Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:192. [PMID: 28289417 PMCID: PMC5326788 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to C57BL/6 mice, BALB/c mice are relatively resistant to the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) after challenge with MOG35–55 peptide. Here, we provide the first evidence that infection with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in adulthood abrogates this resistance. Infected BALB/c mice developed clinical and histological signs similar to those seen in susceptible C57BL/6 mice. In addition to CD4+ cells, large proportion of cells in the infiltrate of diseased BALB/c mice was CD8+, similar with findings in multiple sclerosis. CD8+ cells that responded to ex vivo restimulation with MOG35–55 were not specific for viral epitopes pp89 and m164. MCMV infection favors proinflammatory type of dendritic cells (CD86+CD40+CD11c+) in the peripheral lymph organs, M1 type of microglia in central nervous system, and increases development of Th1/Th17 encephalitogenic cells. This study indicates that MCMV may enhance autoimmune neuropathology and abrogate inherent resistance to EAE in mouse strain by enhancing proinflammatory phenotype of antigen-presenting cells, Th1/Th17, and CD8 response to MOG35–55.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Histology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Branka Popovic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Department for Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka , Rijeka , Croatia
| | - Marija Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Daria Kvestak
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Department for Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka , Rijeka , Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Bojana Stojanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Irena Tanaskovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Histology, University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Department for Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka , Rijeka , Croatia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Department for Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka , Rijeka , Croatia
| | - Miodrag L Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
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8
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Lenac Rovis T, Kucan Brlic P, Kaynan N, Juranic Lisnic V, Brizic I, Jordan S, Tomic A, Kvestak D, Babic M, Tsukerman P, Colonna M, Koszinowski U, Messerle M, Mandelboim O, Krmpotic A, Jonjic S. Inflammatory monocytes and NK cells play a crucial role in DNAM-1-dependent control of cytomegalovirus infection. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1835-50. [PMID: 27503073 PMCID: PMC4995080 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Jonjic et al. show that inflammatory macrophages play an essential role in the control of murine CMV (MCMV) infection through a DNAM-1–PVR pathway. The poliovirus receptor (PVR) is a ubiquitously expressed glycoprotein involved in cellular adhesion and immune response. It engages the activating receptor DNAX accessory molecule (DNAM)-1, the inhibitory receptor TIGIT, and the CD96 receptor with both activating and inhibitory functions. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) down-regulates PVR expression, but the significance of this viral function in vivo remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that mouse CMV (MCMV) also down-regulates the surface PVR. The m20.1 protein of MCMV retains PVR in the endoplasmic reticulum and promotes its degradation. A MCMV mutant lacking the PVR inhibitor was attenuated in normal mice but not in mice lacking DNAM-1. This attenuation was partially reversed by NK cell depletion, whereas the simultaneous depletion of mononuclear phagocytes abolished the virus control. This effect was associated with the increased expression of DNAM-1, whereas TIGIT and CD96 were absent on these cells. An increased level of proinflammatory cytokines in sera of mice infected with the virus lacking the m20.1 and an increased production of iNOS by inflammatory monocytes was observed. Blocking of CCL2 or the inhibition of iNOS significantly increased titer of the virus lacking m20.1. In this study, we have demonstrated that inflammatory monocytes, together with NK cells, are essential in the early control of CMV through the DNAM-1–PVR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihana Lenac Rovis
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Paola Kucan Brlic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Noa Kaynan
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University, The BioMedical Research Institute, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Vanda Juranic Lisnic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Ilija Brizic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Stefan Jordan
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Adriana Tomic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Daria Kvestak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Marina Babic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Pinchas Tsukerman
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University, The BioMedical Research Institute, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Ulrich Koszinowski
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University, The BioMedical Research Institute, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
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9
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Carlyle J, Samaniego J, Suzuki-Sampaio I, Lau T, Rahim MM, Popovic B, Krmpotic A, Jonjic S, Makrigiannis A, Allan D, Aguilar O. Identification of mouse cytomegalovirus immunoevasins that modulate NK cell recognition via the NKR-P1B:Clr-b axis (INM8P.403). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.195.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of innate lymphoid cells (ILC) capable of recognizing pathological target cells through germline-encoded receptor-ligand interactions. Mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is a beta-herpesvirus that has co-evolved with its murine host, and as such, a significant portion of its genome encodes immunoevasins that directly target NK cell receptor-ligand interactions. Here, we identify two putative immunoevasins that modulate host-pathogen interactions via the inhibitory NKR-P1B:Clr-b recognition system. First, we identify an m145 family member that actively prevents MCMV infection-mediated Clr-b downregulation. Ectopic expression of this m145 family member in mouse fibroblasts increases Clr-b expression at the cell surface. In contrast, infection with an m145-family deletion mutant shows more substantial Clr-b loss at the cell surface compared to wild-type MCMV infection. Importantly, enhanced Clr-b loss upon infection with the deletion mutant could be reversed by complementation experiments involving overexpression of the m145 family immunoevasin. Secondly, we have identified an immunoevasin that directly interacts with the NKR-P1B inhibitory receptor, suggestive of decoy ligand function. This interaction is MCMV strain-dependent and host NKR-P1B allele-specific, suggesting that polymorphisms have evolved at both the pathogen and host levels that affect NK cell recognition of infected target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Carlyle
- 1Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- 2Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Res. Inst., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jackeline Samaniego
- 1Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- 2Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Res. Inst., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabella Suzuki-Sampaio
- 1Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- 2Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Res. Inst., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Timothy Lau
- 1Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- 2Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Res. Inst., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mir Munir Rahim
- 4Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Branka Popovic
- 3Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- 3Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- 3Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Andrew Makrigiannis
- 4Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David Allan
- 1Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- 2Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Res. Inst., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Oscar Aguilar
- 1Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- 2Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Res. Inst., Toronto, ON, Canada
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Poglitsch M, Weichhart T, Hecking M, Werzowa J, Katholnig K, Antlanger M, Krmpotic A, Jonjic S, Hörl WH, Zlabinger GJ, Puchhammer E, Säemann MD. CMV late phase-induced mTOR activation is essential for efficient virus replication in polarized human macrophages. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:1458-68. [PMID: 22390651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains one of the most important pathogens following solid-organ transplantation. Mounting evidence indicates that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors may decrease the incidence of CMV infection in solid-organ recipients. Here we aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms of this effect by employing a human CMV (HCMV) infection model in human macrophages, since myeloid cells are the principal in vivo targets of HCMV. We demonstrate a highly divergent host cell permissiveness for HCMV with optimal infection susceptibility in M2 but not M1 polarized macrophages. Employing an ultrahigh purified HCMV stock we observed rapamycin-independent viral entry and induction of IFN-β transcripts, but no proinflammatory cytokines or mitogen-activated protein kinases and mTOR activation early after infection. However, in the late infection phase, sustained mTOR activation was observed in HCMV-infected cells and was required for efficient viral protein synthesis including the viral late phase proteins pUL-44 and pp65. Accordingly, rapamycin strongly suppressed CMV replication 3 and 5 days postinfection in macrophages. In conclusion, these data indicate that mTOR is essential for virus replication during late phases of the viral cycle in myeloid cells and might explain the potent anti-CMV effects of mTOR inhibitors after organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Poglitsch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Marcinowski L, Tanguy M, Krmpotic A, Rädle B, Lisnić VJ, Tuddenham L, Chane-Woon-Ming B, Ruzsics Z, Erhard F, Benkartek C, Babic M, Zimmer R, Trgovcich J, Koszinowski UH, Jonjic S, Pfeffer S, Dölken L. Degradation of cellular mir-27 by a novel, highly abundant viral transcript is important for efficient virus replication in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002510. [PMID: 22346748 PMCID: PMC3276556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses express large amounts of viral miRNAs during lytic infection, yet, they only modestly alter the cellular miRNA profile. The most prominent alteration upon lytic murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection is the rapid degradation of the cellular miR-27a and miR-27b. Here, we report that this regulation is mediated by the ∼1.7 kb spliced and highly abundant MCMV m169 transcript. Specificity to miR-27a/b is mediated by a single, apparently optimized, miRNA binding site located in its 3′-UTR. This site is easily and efficiently retargeted to other cellular and viral miRNAs by target site replacement. Expression of the 3′-UTR of m169 by an adenoviral vector was sufficient to mediate its function, indicating that no other viral factors are essential in this process. Degradation of miR-27a/b was found to be accompanied by 3′-tailing and -trimming. Despite its dramatic effect on miRNA stability, we found this interaction to be mutual, indicating potential regulation of m169 by miR-27a/b. Most interestingly, three mutant viruses no longer able to target miR-27a/b, either due to miRNA target site disruption or target site replacement, showed significant attenuation in multiple organs as early as 4 days post infection, indicating that degradation of miR-27a/b is important for efficient MCMV replication in vivo. MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs which shape and fine-tune gene expression of at least a third of our genes. During millions of years of coevolution with their hosts, herpesviruses have both usurped the host cell miRNA machinery by expressing their own sets of miRNAs, and learned to modify host miRNA expression for their own needs. Recently, we reported on the rapid degradation of two cellular miRNAs upon lytic murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection, namely miR-27a and miR-27b. In this paper, we show that their regulation is mediated by the highly abundant viral transcript m169. It targets miR-27a/b via a single binding site in its 3′-UTR, which can be efficiently retargeted to other cellular and viral miRNAs, enabling the efficient knock-down of individual miRNAs of interest. Degradation of miR-27a/b is preceded by its 3′-tailing and -trimming. Most interestingly, three mutant viruses unable to target miR-27a/b showed significantly lower virus titers in various organs during acute MCMV infection, indicating that degradation of miR-27a/b is important for efficient virus replication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marcinowski
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mélanie Tanguy
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Bernd Rädle
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vanda J. Lisnić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lee Tuddenham
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Béatrice Chane-Woon-Ming
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Erhard
- Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Marina Babic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ralf Zimmer
- Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joanne Trgovcich
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ulrich H. Koszinowski
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- * E-mail: (SJ); (SP); (LD)
| | - Sébastien Pfeffer
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail: (SJ); (SP); (LD)
| | - Lars Dölken
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SJ); (SP); (LD)
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12
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Pyzik M, Charbonneau B, Gendron-Pontbriand EM, Babic M, Krmpotic A, Jonjic S, Vidal S. Haplotype specific activating NK cell receptors provide recognition of virus-infected cells and mediate resistance to infection (158.7). The Journal of Immunology 2011. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.158.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The ability of numerous activating Ly49 receptors to recognize mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infected cells of various H2 background was examined. Reporter cells expressing either Ly49P1 from NOD/Ltj mice, Ly49L from BALB mice or Ly49D2 from PWK/Pas mice were activated upon co-culture with MCMV infected cells provided the presence of an appropriate H2 molecule and the m04/gp34 viral peptide. Such recognition was most frequent in the H2k background, yet also occurred in the H2d and H2f contexts. To demonstrate whether Ly49 activating receptors confer MCMV resistance, H2 congenic BALB mice were infected with MCMV. Neither BALB.By (H2b) nor BALB/c (H2d) mice were able to control MCMV spread in target organs contrary to BALB.K (H2k) mice, which demonstrated delayed NK cell-mediated virus control. In BALB mice, the antibodies YE1/48 and 12A8 delineate a Ly49L+ NK cell population (YE1/48INT12A8-). BALB.K resilience to the infection correlated with the expansion of the specific Ly49L+ NK cell fraction in the spleen and secretion of IFNγ 6 days after MCMV infection. Adoptive transfer of Ly49L+ but not Ly49L- NK cells provided partial protection from death in neonate BALB.K mice following MCMV infection. Thus, we have uncovered three activating Ly49 receptors partaking in the recognition of MCMV infection by NK cells through an H2- and m04-dependent mechanism, which we find to be more common than the direct recognition of m157.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pyzik
- 1Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Silvia Vidal
- 1Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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13
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Dölken L, Krmpotic A, Kothe S, Tuddenham L, Tanguy M, Marcinowski L, Ruzsics Z, Elefant N, Altuvia Y, Margalit H, Koszinowski UH, Jonjic S, Pfeffer S. Cytomegalovirus microRNAs facilitate persistent virus infection in salivary glands. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001150. [PMID: 20976200 PMCID: PMC2954898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro (mi)RNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of their targets' messenger RNAs through both translational inhibition and regulation of target RNA stability. Recently, a number of viruses, particularly of the herpesvirus family, have been shown to express their own miRNAs to control both viral and cellular transcripts. Although some targets of viral miRNAs are known, their function in a physiologically relevant infection remains to be elucidated. As such, no in vivo phenotype of a viral miRNA knock-out mutant has been described so far. Here, we report on the first functional phenotype of a miRNA knock-out virus in vivo. During subacute infection of a mutant mouse cytomegalovirus lacking two viral miRNAs, virus production is selectively reduced in salivary glands, an organ essential for virus persistence and horizontal transmission. This phenotype depends on several parameters including viral load and mouse genetic background, and is abolished by combined but not single depletion of natural killer (NK) and CD4+ T cells. Together, our results point towards a miRNA-based immunoevasion mechanism important for long-term virus persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Dölken
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sheila Kothe
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lee Tuddenham
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mélanie Tanguy
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lisa Marcinowski
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Naama Elefant
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Altuvia
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hanah Margalit
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ulrich H. Koszinowski
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- * E-mail: (SJ); (SP)
| | - Sébastien Pfeffer
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail: (SJ); (SP)
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14
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Kielczewska A, Pyzik M, Sun T, Krmpotic A, Lodoen MB, Munks MW, Babic M, Hill AB, Koszinowski UH, Jonjic S, Lanier LL, Vidal SM. Ly49P recognition of cytomegalovirus-infected cells expressing H2-Dk and CMV-encoded m04 correlates with the NK cell antiviral response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:515-23. [PMID: 19255146 PMCID: PMC2699136 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20080954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are crucial in resistance to certain viral infections, but the mechanisms used to recognize infected cells remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the activating Ly49P receptor recognizes cells infected with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) by a process that requires the presence of H2-Dk and the MCMV m04 protein. Using H2 chimeras between H2-Db and -Dk, we demonstrate that the H2-Dk peptide-binding platform is required for Ly49P recognition. We identified m04 as a viral component necessary for recognition using a panel of MCMV-deletion mutant viruses and complementation of m04-deletion mutant (Δm04) virus infection. MA/My mice, which express Ly49P and H2-Dk, are resistant to MCMV; however, infection with Δm04 MCMV abrogates resistance. Depletion of NK cells in MA/My mice abrogates their resistance to wild-type MCMV infection, but does not significantly affect viral titers in mice infected with Δm04 virus, implicating NK cells in host protection through m04-dependent recognition. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of major histocompatability complex class I–restricted recognition of virally infected cells by an activating NK cell receptor.
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15
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Abstract
Our understanding of virus control by natural killer (NK) cells relies mainly on in vitro observations. The significance of these findings for virus control in vivo is not yet fully understood. Complexity is added by the fact that many viruses, particularly herpesviruses, are equipped with sets of genes that, dependent on the genetic background of the host, modify the NK cell response. The advent of recombinant DNA technology and mutagenesis procedures for BAC-cloned viral genomes has made it possible not only to screen for viral proteins with such functions but also to assess their biological relevance. Mutant viruses with gene defects reveal the efficacy and complexity of NK cell control. Here, we describe procedures to assess the NK cell response to mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV), a prominent virus model for studying NK cell functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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16
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Lenac T, Budt M, Arapovic J, Hasan M, Zimmermann A, Simic H, Krmpotic A, Messerle M, Ruzsics Z, Koszinowski UH, Hengel H, Jonjic S. The herpesviral Fc receptor fcr-1 down-regulates the NKG2D ligands MULT-1 and H60. J Exp Med 2006; 203:1843-50. [PMID: 16831899 PMCID: PMC2118374 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20060514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the alpha- and beta-subfamily of herpesviridae encode glycoproteins that specifically bind to the Fc part of immunoglobulin (Ig)G. Plasma membrane resident herpesviral Fc receptors seem to prevent virus-specific IgG from activating antibody-dependent effector functions. We show that the mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) molecule fcr-1 promotes a rapid down-regulation of NKG2D ligands murine UL16-binding protein like transcript (MULT)-1 and H60 from the cell surface. Deletion of the m138/fcr-1 gene from the MCMV genome attenuates viral replication to natural killer (NK) cell response in an NKG2D-dependent manner in vivo. A distinct N-terminal module within the fcr-1 ectodomain in conjunction with the fcr-1 transmembrane domain was required to dispose MULT-1 to degradation in lysosomes. In contrast, down-modulation of H60 required the complete fcr-1 ectodomain, implying independent modes of fcr-1 interaction with the NKG2D ligands. The results establish a novel viral strategy for down-modulating NK cell responses and highlight the impressive diversity of Fc receptor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihana Lenac
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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17
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Hasan M, Krmpotic A, Ruzsics Z, Bubic I, Lenac T, Halenius A, Loewendorf A, Messerle M, Hengel H, Jonjic S, Koszinowski UH. Selective down-regulation of the NKG2D ligand H60 by mouse cytomegalovirus m155 glycoprotein. J Virol 2005; 79:2920-30. [PMID: 15709011 PMCID: PMC548429 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.2920-2930.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Both human and mouse cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) encode proteins that inhibit the activation of NK cells by down-regulating cellular ligands for the activating NK cell receptor NKG2D. Up to now, three ligands for the NKG2D receptor, named RAE-1, H60, and MULT-1, have been identified in mice. The resistance of mouse strains to murine CMV (MCMV) infection is determined by their ability to generate an effective NK cell response. The MCMV gene m152, a member of the m145 gene family, down-regulates the expression of RAE-1 in order to avoid NK cell control in vivo. Here we report that the m155 gene, another member of the m145 gene family, encodes a protein that interferes with the expression of H60 on the surfaces of infected cells. Deletion of the m155 gene leads to an only partial restoration of H60 expression on the cell surface, suggesting the involvement of another, so far unknown, viral inhibitor. In spite of this, an m155 deletion mutant virus shows NK cell-dependent attenuation in vivo. The acquisition of endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H resistance and the preserved half-life of H60 in MCMV-infected cells indicate that the m155-mediated effect must take place in a compartment after H60 exits from the ERGIC-cis-Golgi compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Hasan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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18
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Krmpotic A, Hasan M, Loewendorf A, Saulig T, Halenius A, Lenac T, Polic B, Bubic I, Kriegeskorte A, Pernjak-Pugel E, Messerle M, Hengel H, Busch DH, Koszinowski UH, Jonjic S. NK cell activation through the NKG2D ligand MULT-1 is selectively prevented by the glycoprotein encoded by mouse cytomegalovirus gene m145. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:211-20. [PMID: 15642742 PMCID: PMC2212792 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The NK cell–activating receptor NKG2D interacts with three different cellular ligands, all of which are regulated by mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV). We set out to define the viral gene product regulating murine UL16-binding protein-like transcript (MULT)-1, a newly described NKG2D ligand. We show that MCMV infection strongly induces MULT-1 gene expression, but surface expression of this glycoprotein is nevertheless completely abolished by the virus. Screening a panel of MCMV deletion mutants defined the gene m145 as the viral regulator of MULT-1. The MCMV m145-encoded glycoprotein turned out to be necessary and sufficient to regulate MULT-1 by preventing plasma membrane residence of MULT-1. The importance of MULT-1 in NK cell regulation in vivo was confirmed by the attenuating effect of the m145 deletion that was lifted after NK cell depletion. Our findings underline the significance of escaping MULT-1/NKG2D signaling for viral survival and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Krmpotic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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19
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Abstract
Infection of mice with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is an established model for studying human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Similarly to HCMV infection, pathological changes and disease manifestations during MCMV infection are mainly dependent on the immune status of the mouse host. This review focuses mainly on the pathogenesis of MCMV infection in immunocompetent and immunodeficient and/or immature mice and discusses the principles of immunosurveillance of infection and the mechanisms by which this virus evades immune control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Krmpotic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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20
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Krmpotic A, Messerle M, Crnkovic-Mertens I, Polic B, Jonjic S, Koszinowski UH. The immunoevasive function encoded by the mouse cytomegalovirus gene m152 protects the virus against T cell control in vivo. J Exp Med 1999; 190:1285-96. [PMID: 10544200 PMCID: PMC2195686 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.9.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses encode numerous functions that inhibit antigen presentation in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway in vitro. One example is the mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) glycoprotein gp40, encoded by the m152 gene, which selectively retains murine but not human MHC class I complexes in the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment/cis-Golgi compartment (Ziegler, H., R. Thäle, P. Lucin, W. Muranyi, T. Flohr, H. Hengel, H. Farrell, W. Rawlinson, and U.H. Koszinowski. 1997. Immunity. 6:57-66). To investigate the in vivo significance of this gene function during MCMV infection of the natural host, we constructed recombinants of MCMV in which the m152 gene was deleted, as were the corresponding virus revertants. We report on the following findings: Deletion of the m152 gene has no effect on virus replication in cell culture, whereas after infection of mice, the m152-deficient virus replicates to significantly lower virus titers. This attenuating effect is lifted by reinsertion of the gene into the mutant. Mutants and revertants grow to the same titer in animals deprived of the function targeted by the viral gene function, namely in mice deficient in beta2-microglobulin, mice deficient in the CD8 molecule, and mice depleted of T cells. Upon adoptive transfer of naive lymphocytes into infected mice, the absence of the m152 gene function sensitizes the virus to primary lymphocyte control. These results prove that MHC-reactive functions protect CMVs against attack by CD8(+) T lymphocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Krmpotic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Martin Messerle
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Irena Crnkovic-Mertens
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Bojan Polic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ulrich H. Koszinowski
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany
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