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de Pablo N, Meana C, Martínez‐García J, Martínez‐Vicente P, Albert M, Guerra S, Angulo A, Balsinde J, Balboa MA. Lipin-2 regulates the antiviral and anti-inflammatory responses to interferon. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57238. [PMID: 37929625 PMCID: PMC10702840 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are crucial antiviral and immunomodulatory cytokines that exert their function through the regulation of a myriad of genes, many of which are not yet characterized. Here, we reveal that lipin-2, a phosphatidic acid phosphatase whose mutations produce an autoinflammatory syndrome known as Majeed syndrome in humans, is regulated by IFN in a STAT-1-dependent manner. Lipin-2 inhibits viral replication both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, lipin-2 also acts as a regulator of inflammation in a viral context by reducing the signaling through TLR3 and the generation of ROS and release of mtDNA that ultimately activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. Inhibitors of mtDNA release from mitochondria restrict IL-1β production in lipin-2-deficient animals in a model of viral infection. Finally, analyses of databases from COVID-19 patients show that LPIN2 expression levels negatively correlate with the severity of the disease. Overall, these results uncover novel regulatory mechanisms of the IFN response driven by lipin-2 and open new perspectives for the future management of patients with LPIN2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagore de Pablo
- Instituto de Biología y Genética MolecularConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)ValladolidSpain
| | - Clara Meana
- Instituto de Biología y Genética MolecularConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)ValladolidSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Javier Martínez‐García
- Instituto de Biología y Genética MolecularConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)ValladolidSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Pablo Martínez‐Vicente
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i SunyerBarcelonaSpain
| | - Manuel Albert
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Susana Guerra
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i SunyerBarcelonaSpain
| | - Jesús Balsinde
- Instituto de Biología y Genética MolecularConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)ValladolidSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - María A Balboa
- Instituto de Biología y Genética MolecularConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)ValladolidSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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2
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Aguilar R, Li X, Crowell CS, Burrell T, Vidal M, Rubio R, Jiménez A, Hernández-Luis P, Hofmann D, Mijočević H, Jeske S, Christa C, D'Ippolito E, Lingor P, Knolle PA, Roggendorf H, Priller A, Yazici S, Carolis C, Mayor A, Schreiner P, Poppert H, Beyer H, Schambeck SE, Izquierdo L, Tortajada M, Angulo A, Soutschek E, Engel P, Garcia-Basteiro A, Busch DH, Moncunill G, Protzer U, Dobaño C, Gerhard M. RBD-Based ELISA and Luminex Predict Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate-Neutralizing Activity in Two Longitudinal Cohorts of German and Spanish Health Care Workers. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0316522. [PMID: 36622140 PMCID: PMC9927417 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03165-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of antibodies to neutralize severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an important correlate of protection. For routine evaluation of protection, however, a simple and cost-efficient anti-SARS-CoV-2 serological assay predictive of serum neutralizing activity is needed. We analyzed clinical epidemiological data and blood samples from two cohorts of health care workers in Barcelona and Munich to compare several immunological readouts for evaluating antibody levels that could be surrogates of neutralizing activity. We measured IgG levels against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S), its S2 subunit, the S1 receptor binding domain (RBD), and the full length and C terminus of nucleocapsid (N) protein by Luminex, and against RBD by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and assessed those as predictors of plasma surrogate-neutralizing activity measured by a flow cytometry assay. In addition, we determined the clinical and demographic factors affecting plasma surrogate-neutralizing capacity. Both cohorts showed a high positive correlation between IgG levels to S antigen, especially to RBD, and the levels of plasma surrogate-neutralizing activity, suggesting RBD IgG as a good correlate of plasma neutralizing activity. Symptomatic infection, with symptoms such as loss of taste, dyspnea, rigors, fever and fatigue, was positively associated with anti-RBD IgG positivity by ELISA and Luminex, and with plasma surrogate-neutralizing activity. Our serological assays allow for the prediction of serum neutralization activity without the cost, hazards, time, and expertise needed for surrogate or conventional neutralization assays. Once a cutoff is established, these relatively simple high-throughput antibody assays will provide a fast and cost-effective method of assessing levels of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. IMPORTANCE Neutralizing antibody titers are the best correlate of protection against SARS-CoV-2. However, current tests to measure plasma or serum neutralizing activity do not allow high-throughput screening at the population level. Serological tests could be an alternative if they are proved to be good predictors of plasma neutralizing activity. In this study, we analyzed the SARS-CoV-2 serological profiles of two cohorts of health care workers by applying Luminex and ELISA in-house serological assays. Correlations of both serological tests were assessed between them and with a flow cytometry assay to determine plasma surrogate-neutralizing activity. Both assays showed a high positive correlation between IgG levels to S antigens, especially RBD, and the levels of plasma surrogate-neutralizing activity. This result suggests IgG to RBD as a good correlate of plasma surrogate-neutralizing activity and indicates that serology of IgG to RBD could be used to assess levels of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Aguilar
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia S. Crowell
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Burrell
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Marta Vidal
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rocio Rubio
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alfons Jiménez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Hernández-Luis
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dieter Hofmann
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Hrvoje Mijočević
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Samuel Jeske
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Catharina Christa
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elvira D'Ippolito
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Percy A. Knolle
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hedwig Roggendorf
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alina Priller
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Yazici
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carlo Carolis
- Biomolecular Screening and Protein Technologies Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Mayor
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Sophia E. Schambeck
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- Helios Klinikum München West, Munich, Germany
| | - Luis Izquierdo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Tortajada
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Garcia-Basteiro
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Gemma Moncunill
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
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3
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Linklater DP, Le Guével X, Kosyer E, Rubanov S, Bryant G, Hanssen E, Baulin VA, Pereiro E, Perera PG, Wandiyanto JV, Angulo A, Juodkazis S, Ivanova EP. Functionalized Gold Nanoclusters Promote Stress Response in COS‐7 Cells. Advanced NanoBiomed Research 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Le Guével
- Cancer Targets and Experimental Therapeutics Institute for Advanced Biosciences University of Grenoble Alpes 38700 La Tronche France
| | - Erim Kosyer
- STEM College School of Science RMIT University Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Sergey Rubanov
- Ian Holmes Imaging Centre Bio21 University of Melbourne Parkville 3052 VIC Australia
| | - Gary Bryant
- STEM College School of Science RMIT University Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Ian Holmes Imaging Centre Bio21 University of Melbourne Parkville 3052 VIC Australia
| | - Vladimir A. Baulin
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel.lí Domingo s/n 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Eva Pereiro
- MISTRAL Beamline-Experiments Division ALBA Synchrotron Light Source Cerdanyola del Vallès 08290 Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Jason V. Wandiyanto
- Optical Sciences Centre Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn VIC 3122 Australia
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona Spain
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Optical Sciences Centre Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn VIC 3122 Australia
| | - Elena P. Ivanova
- STEM College School of Science RMIT University Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
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4
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Martínez-Vicente P, Poblador F, Leitner J, Farré D, Steinberger P, Engel P, Angulo A. Discovery of the first PD-1 ligand encoded by a pathogen. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007334. [PMID: 36177035 PMCID: PMC9514091 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Large double-stranded DNA viruses deploy multiple strategies to subvert host immune defenses. Some of these tactics are mediated by viral gene products acquired by horizontal gene transfer from the corresponding hosts and shaped throughout evolution. The programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, play a pivotal role attenuating T-cell responses and regulating immune tolerance. In this study, we report the first functional PD-L1 homolog gene (De2) found in a pathogen. De2, captured by a γ-herpesvirus from its host during co-evolution around 50 million years ago, encodes a cell-surface glycoprotein that interacts with high affinity and stability with host PD-1. We also find that mutations evolved by the viral protein result in a significant loss of its ability to interact in cis with CD80, an interaction that for PD-L1:CD80 has been reported to block PD-1 inhibitory pathways. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the viral protein strongly inhibits T-cell signaling. Our observations suggest that PD-L1 homologs may enable viruses to evade T cell responses, favor their replication, and prevent excessive tissue damage. Altogether, our findings reveal a novel viral immunosuppressive strategy and highlight the importance of the modulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Martínez-Vicente
- Unitat d’Immunologia, Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Poblador
- Unitat d’Immunologia, Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptor and T-Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Domènec Farré
- Unitat d’Immunologia, Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptor and T-Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pablo Engel
- Unitat d’Immunologia, Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Unitat d’Immunologia, Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ana Angulo,
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5
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Hernández-Luis P, Aguilar R, Pelegrin-Pérez J, Ruiz-Olalla G, García-Basteiro AL, Tortajada M, Moncunill G, Dobaño C, Angulo A, Engel P. Decreased and Heterogeneous Neutralizing Antibody Responses Against RBD of SARS-CoV-2 Variants After mRNA Vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:816389. [PMID: 35464418 PMCID: PMC9019072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.816389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerging variants raises concerns about their capacity to evade immune protection provided by natural infection or vaccination. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein is the major target of neutralizing antibodies, and viral variants accumulate mutations in this region. In this study, we determined the antibody neutralization capacity against the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 variants Alpha (B.1.1.7), Gamma (P.1), Epsilon (B.1.427), Kappa (B.1.617.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2) in a cohort of healthcare workers naturally infected or receiving COVID-19 mRNA vaccines from Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech. We show that the five RBD variants displayed an augmented binding to ACE2 compared to the original Wuhan strain. The most significant increase was observed in variants Epsilon and Delta, containing mutation L452R. Using a flow cytometry cell-based assay, we found that SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects presented low levels of RBD-specific neutralizing antibodies against all variants analyzed, except Alpha. However, the neutralizing activity incremented considerably after a subsequent mRNA-vaccine dose, to levels significantly higher than those in naïve individuals receiving two vaccine doses. Importantly, we observed partially impaired neutralizing responses against most variants in fully vaccinated individuals. Variants Gamma and Kappa encompassing RBD E484K/Q mutations presented the highest neutralizing resistance. Furthermore, a wide heterogeneity in the magnitude of RBD-specific neutralizing responses against all tested SARS-CoV-2 variants following both mRNA vaccines was detected. Altogether, our findings provide important knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced immunity, and should be very useful to guide future vaccination regimens and personalized vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Hernández-Luis
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruth Aguilar
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Pelegrin-Pérez
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Ruiz-Olalla
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto L García-Basteiro
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacão em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFECT), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Tortajada
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Moncunill
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFECT), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFECT), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Moncunill G, Aguilar R, Ribes M, Ortega N, Rubio R, Salmerón G, Molina MJ, Vidal M, Barrios D, Mitchell RA, Jiménez A, Castellana C, Hernández-Luis P, Rodó P, Méndez S, Llupià A, Puyol L, Rodrigo Melero N, Carolis C, Mayor A, Izquierdo L, Varela P, Trilla A, Vilella A, Barroso S, Angulo A, Engel P, Tortajada M, García-Basteiro AL, Dobaño C. Determinants of early antibody responses to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in a cohort of exposed and naïve healthcare workers. EBioMedicine 2022; 75:103805. [PMID: 35032961 PMCID: PMC8752368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two doses of mRNA vaccination have shown >94% efficacy at preventing COVID-19 mostly in naïve adults, but it is not clear if the second dose is needed to maximize effectiveness in those previously exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and what other factors affect responsiveness. METHODS We measured IgA, IgG and IgM levels against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) antigens from the wild-type and S from the Alpha, Beta and Gamma variants of concern, after BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccination in a cohort of health care workers (N=578). Neutralizing capacity and antibody avidity were evaluated. Data were analyzed in relation to COVID-19 history, comorbidities, vaccine doses, brand and adverse events. FINDINGS Vaccination induced robust IgA and IgG levels against all S antigens. Neutralization capacity and S IgA and IgG levels were higher in mRNA-1273 vaccinees, previously SARS-CoV-2 exposed, particularly if symptomatic, and in those experiencing systemic adverse effects (p<0·05). A second dose in pre-exposed did not increase antibody levels. Smoking and comorbidities were associated with 43% (95% CI, 19-59) and 45% (95% CI, 63-18) lower neutralization, respectively, and 35% (95% CI, 3-57%) and 55% (95% CI, 33-70%) lower antibody levels, respectively. Among fully vaccinated, 6·3% breakthroughs were detected up to 189 days post-vaccination. Among pre-exposed non-vaccinated, 90% were IgG seropositive more than 300 days post-infection. INTERPRETATION Our data support administering a single-dose in pre-exposed healthy individuals as primary vaccination. However, heterogeneity of responses suggests that personalized recommendations may be necessary depending on COVID-19 history and life-style. Higher mRNA-1273 immunogenicity would be beneficial for those expected to respond worse to vaccination and in face of variants that escape immunity such as Omicron. Persistence of antibody levels in pre-exposed unvaccinated indicates maintenance of immunity up to one year. FUNDING This work was supported by Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal) internal funds, in-kind contributions from Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, the Fundació Privada Daniel Bravo Andreu, and European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) Health (grant number 20877), supported by the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, a body of the European Union receiving support from the H2020 Research and Innovation Programme. We acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and State Research Agency through the "Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019-2023" Program (CEX2018-000806-S), and support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program. L. I. work was supported by PID2019-110810RB-I00 grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science & Innovation. Development of SARS-CoV-2 reagents was partially supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (contract number HHSN272201400008C). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, the decision to publish, or the preparation of the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Moncunill
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ruth Aguilar
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Ribes
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Natalia Ortega
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rocío Rubio
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gemma Salmerón
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Molina
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Département Biologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Marta Vidal
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Diana Barrios
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Robert A Mitchell
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alfons Jiménez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Castellana
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pablo Hernández-Luis
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Rodó
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Susana Méndez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Llupià
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Puyol
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Natalia Rodrigo Melero
- Biomolecular screening and Protein Technologies Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlo Carolis
- Biomolecular screening and Protein Technologies Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Mayor
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Luis Izquierdo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Varela
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Trilla
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Vilella
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Tortajada
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto L García-Basteiro
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique; International Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Ortega N, Ribes M, Vidal M, Rubio R, Aguilar R, Williams S, Barrios D, Alonso S, Hernández-Luis P, Mitchell RA, Jairoce C, Cruz A, Jimenez A, Santano R, Méndez S, Lamoglia M, Rosell N, Llupià A, Puyol L, Chi J, Melero NR, Parras D, Serra P, Pradenas E, Trinité B, Blanco J, Mayor A, Barroso S, Varela P, Vilella A, Trilla A, Santamaria P, Carolis C, Tortajada M, Izquierdo L, Angulo A, Engel P, García-Basteiro AL, Moncunill G, Dobaño C. Seven-month kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and role of pre-existing antibodies to human coronaviruses. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4740. [PMID: 34362897 PMCID: PMC8346582 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24979-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the long-term kinetics of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and the individual characteristics influencing it, including the impact of pre-existing antibodies to human coronaviruses causing common cold (HCoVs), is essential to understand protective immunity to COVID-19 and devise effective surveillance strategies. IgM, IgA and IgG levels against six SARS-CoV-2 antigens and the nucleocapsid antigen of the four HCoV (229E, NL63, OC43 and HKU1) were quantified by Luminex, and antibody neutralization capacity was assessed by flow cytometry, in a cohort of health care workers followed up to 7 months (N = 578). Seroprevalence increases over time from 13.5% (month 0) and 15.6% (month 1) to 16.4% (month 6). Levels of antibodies, including those with neutralizing capacity, are stable over time, except IgG to nucleocapsid antigen and IgM levels that wane. After the peak response, anti-spike antibody levels increase from ~150 days post-symptom onset in all individuals (73% for IgG), in the absence of any evidence of re-exposure. IgG and IgA to HCoV are significantly higher in asymptomatic than symptomatic seropositive individuals. Thus, pre-existing cross-reactive HCoVs antibodies could have a protective effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ortega
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Ribes
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Vidal
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rocío Rubio
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ruth Aguilar
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sarah Williams
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Diana Barrios
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Selena Alonso
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pablo Hernández-Luis
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert A Mitchell
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Chenjerai Jairoce
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Angeline Cruz
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alfons Jimenez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Santano
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Susana Méndez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montserrat Lamoglia
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- School of Health Sciences TecnoCampus Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Mataró, Spain
| | - Neus Rosell
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Llupià
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Puyol
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Chi
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Natalia Rodrigo Melero
- Biomolecular screening and Protein Technologies Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Parras
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Serra
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Benjamin Trinité
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alfredo Mayor
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
- Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Barroso
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Varela
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Vilella
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Trilla
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carlo Carolis
- Biomolecular screening and Protein Technologies Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Tortajada
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Izquierdo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Engel
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto L García-Basteiro
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
- International Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Moncunill
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Angulo G, Zeleznjak J, Martínez-Vicente P, Puñet-Ortiz J, Hengel H, Messerle M, Oxenius A, Jonjic S, Krmpotić A, Engel P, Angulo A. Cytomegalovirus restricts ICOSL expression on antigen-presenting cells disabling T cell co-stimulation and contributing to immune evasion. eLife 2021; 10:59350. [PMID: 33459589 PMCID: PMC7840182 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are controlled, and very often cleared, by activated T lymphocytes. The inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) mediates its functions by binding to its ligand ICOSL, enhancing T-cell activation and optimal germinal center (GC) formation. Here, we show that ICOSL is heavily downmodulated during infection of antigen-presenting cells by different herpesviruses. We found that, in murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), the immunoevasin m138/fcr-1 physically interacts with ICOSL, impeding its maturation and promoting its lysosomal degradation. This viral protein counteracts T-cell responses, in an ICOS-dependent manner, and limits virus control during the acute MCMV infection. Additionally, we report that blockade of ICOSL in MCMV-infected mice critically regulates the production of MCMV-specific antibodies due to a reduction of T follicular helper and GC B cells. Altogether, these findings reveal a novel mechanism evolved by MCMV to counteract adaptive immune surveillance, and demonstrates a role of the ICOS:ICOSL axis in the host defense against herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jelena Zeleznjak
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Pablo Martínez-Vicente
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Puñet-Ortiz
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Astrid Krmpotić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Huerga Encabo H, Traveset L, Argilaguet J, Angulo A, Nistal-Villán E, Jaiswal R, Escalante CR, Gekas C, Meyerhans A, Aramburu J, López-Rodríguez C. The transcription factor NFAT5 limits infection-induced type I interferon responses. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132619. [PMID: 31816635 PMCID: PMC7062515 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Huerga Encabo et al. show that NFAT5, previously characterized as a pro-inflammatory transcription factor, limits the IFN-I response to control antiviral defenses and preserve HSC quiescence. NFAT5 represses IFN-I and ISG expression through an evolutionarily conserved DNA element that prevents IRF3 recruitment to the IFNB1 enhanceosome. Type I interferon (IFN-I) provides effective antiviral immunity but can exacerbate harmful inflammatory reactions and cause hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) exhaustion; therefore, IFN-I expression must be tightly controlled. While signaling mechanisms that limit IFN-I induction and function have been extensively studied, less is known about transcriptional repressors acting directly on IFN-I regulatory regions. We show that NFAT5, an activator of macrophage pro-inflammatory responses, represses Toll-like receptor 3 and virus-induced expression of IFN-I in macrophages and dendritic cells. Mice lacking NFAT5 exhibit increased IFN-I production and better control of viral burden upon LCMV infection but show exacerbated HSC activation under systemic poly(I:C)-induced inflammation. We identify IFNβ as a primary target repressed by NFAT5, which opposes the master IFN-I inducer IRF3 by binding to an evolutionarily conserved sequence in the IFNB1 enhanceosome that overlaps a key IRF site. These findings illustrate how IFN-I responses are balanced by simultaneously opposing transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Huerga Encabo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Traveset
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Argilaguet
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villán
- Microbiology Section, Departamento de Ciencias, Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rahul Jaiswal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Carlos R Escalante
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Christos Gekas
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Aramburu
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina López-Rodríguez
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Martínez-Vicente P, Farré D, Engel P, Angulo A. Divergent Traits and Ligand-Binding Properties of the Cytomegalovirus CD48 Gene Family. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080813. [PMID: 32731344 PMCID: PMC7472110 DOI: 10.3390/v12080813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The genesis of gene families by the capture of host genes and their subsequent duplication is a crucial process in the evolution of large DNA viruses. CD48 is a cell surface molecule that interacts via its N-terminal immunoglobulin (Ig) domain with the cell surface receptor 2B4 (CD244), regulating leukocyte cytotoxicity. We previously reported the presence of five CD48 homologs (vCD48s) in two related cytomegaloviruses, and demonstrated that one of them, A43, binds 2B4 and acts as a soluble CD48 decoy receptor impairing NK cell function. Here, we have characterized the rest of these vCD48s. We show that they are highly glycosylated proteins that display remarkably distinct features: divergent biochemical properties, cellular locations, and temporal expression kinetics. In contrast to A43, none of them interacts with 2B4. Consistent with this, molecular modeling of the N-terminal Ig domains of these vCD48s evidences notable changes as compared to CD48, suggesting that they interact with alternative targets. Accordingly, we demonstrate that one of them, S30, tightly binds CD2, a crucial T- and NK-cell adhesion and costimulatory molecule. Thus, our findings show how a key host immune receptor gene captured by a virus can be subsequently remodeled to evolve new immunoevasins with altered binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Martínez-Vicente
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (D.F.); (P.E.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.-V.); (A.A.)
| | - Domènec Farré
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (D.F.); (P.E.)
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (D.F.); (P.E.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (D.F.); (P.E.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.M.-V.); (A.A.)
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11
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Angulo A, Martínez-Vicente P, Farré D, Engel P. The divergent evolution of cytomegalovirus-encoded CD48 homologs contributes to the expansion of the immunevasin repertoire. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.249.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The genesis of gene families by capture of host genes and their subsequent duplication is a crucial process in the evolution of large DNA viruses. CD48 is a GPI-linked cell surface protein containing two extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) domains. Via its N-terminal Ig domain, CD48 interacts with the cell surface receptor 2B4, modulating leukocyte cytotoxicity. We previously reported the presence of five CD48 homologs (vCD48s) in two related cytomegaloviruses, derived from a common host CD48 ancestor gene acquired by retrotranscription. Recently, we examined one member of this family, A43, showing that it acts as a functional viral decoy receptor, impairing 2B4-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity. Here, we have characterized the rest of the vCD48s. We show that they are highly glycosylated type I transmembrane proteins which display remarkably distinct structures, biochemical properties, locations, and temporal kinetic classes. Molecular modeling of the N-terminal Ig domains of these vCD48s evidence significant changes in the number and length of their β-strands and inter-sheet loops that participate in the interaction of CD48 with 2B4, and accordingly we found that none of these molecules binds to 2B4. Interestingly, we determined that two of them, S30 and S31, have new targets in T or B lymphocytes. In particular, S30 tightly interacts with CD2, a T- and NK-cell adhesion and costimulatory molecule whose primary ligand is CD58. Thus, altogether our results show how a key host immune receptor captured by a virus can be subsequently remodeled during viral evolution to yield new molecules with shifted binding specificities to additional immune targets, expanding the repertoire of viral immunevasins.
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12
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Strazic Geljic I, Kucan Brlic P, Angulo G, Brizic I, Lisnic B, Jenus T, Juranic Lisnic V, Pietri GP, Engel P, Kaynan N, Zeleznjak J, Schu P, Mandelboim O, Krmpotic A, Angulo A, Jonjic S, Lenac Rovis T. Cytomegalovirus protein m154 perturbs the adaptor protein-1 compartment mediating broad-spectrum immune evasion. eLife 2020; 9:50803. [PMID: 31928630 PMCID: PMC6957316 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are ubiquitous pathogens known to employ numerous immunoevasive strategies that significantly impair the ability of the immune system to eliminate the infected cells. Here, we report that the single mouse CMV (MCMV) protein, m154, downregulates multiple surface molecules involved in the activation and costimulation of the immune cells. We demonstrate that m154 uses its cytoplasmic tail motif, DD, to interfere with the adaptor protein-1 (AP-1) complex, implicated in intracellular protein sorting and packaging. As a consequence of the perturbed AP-1 sorting, m154 promotes lysosomal degradation of several proteins involved in T cell costimulation, thus impairing virus-specific CD8+ T cell response and virus control in vivo. Additionally, we show that HCMV infection similarly interferes with the AP-1 complex. Altogether, we identify the robust mechanism employed by single viral immunomodulatory protein targeting a broad spectrum of cell surface molecules involved in the antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Strazic Geljic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Paola Kucan Brlic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Guillem Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ilija Brizic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Berislav Lisnic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tina Jenus
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranic Lisnic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gian Pietro Pietri
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noa Kaynan
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jelena Zeleznjak
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Peter Schu
- Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Zellbiologie Institut für Zellbiochemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tihana Lenac Rovis
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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13
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Angulo A, Cuenca M, Martínez-Vicente P, Engel P. Viral CD229 (Ly9) homologs as new manipulators of host immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:947-954. [PMID: 30791129 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr1018-413r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family (SLAMF) of receptors plays crucial roles during innate and adaptive immune responses. The SLAMF member CD229 (Ly9, SLAMF3) is a homophilic receptor predominantly expressed on the surface of B and T cells. CD229 acts as a cosignaling molecule, regulating lymphocyte homoeostasis and activation. To promote viral replication and survival in their hosts, viruses have developed sophisticated mechanisms to combat and avoid immune surveillance. Many of these strategies rely on host defense genes captured during the process of virus-host coevolution. In particular, large DNA viruses devote a wide range of proteins to interfere with almost every host immune pathway. Given that CD229 is critically involved in regulating immune responses, it is not surprising that viruses have designed tactics to mimic or interfere with this receptor. The discovery, in recent years, that some viruses have hijacked CD229 genes from their hosts, incorporating them as an integral part of their genomes, or have evolved proteins to directly target CD229, indicates that this is the case. While it is still an emerging area of research, the present review discusses these viral molecules and their potential in immune modulation. A more detailed understanding of the mechanisms of action and the functional implications of these new viral CD229 mimics may not only provide seminal information on viral immune evasion mechanisms but also, unveil unrecognized aspects of CD229 immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cuenca
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Martínez-Vicente
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Sandoval-Huerta ER, Beltrán-López RG, Pedraza-Marrón CR, Paz-Velásquez MA, Angulo A, Robertson DR, Espinoza E, Domínguez-Domínguez O. The evolutionary history of the goby Elacatinus puncticulatus in the tropical eastern pacific: Effects of habitat discontinuities and local environmental variability. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 130:269-285. [PMID: 30359746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Habitat discontinuities, temperature gradients, upwelling systems, and ocean currents, gyres and fronts, can affect distributions of species with narrow environmental tolerance or motility and influence the dispersal of pelagic larvae, with effects ranging from the isolation of adjacent populations to connections between them. The coast of the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) is a highly dynamic environment, with various large gyres and upwelling systems, alternating currents and large rocky-habitat discontinuities, which may greatly influence the genetic connectivity of populations in different parts of the coast. Elacatinus puncticulatus is a cryptic, shallow-living goby that is distributed along the continental shore of virtually the entire TEP, which makes it a good model for testing the influence of these environmental characteristics in the molecular evolution of widespread species in this region. A multilocus phylogeny was used to evaluate the influence of habitat gaps, and oceanographic processes in the evolutionary history of E. puncticulatus throughout its geographical range in the TEP. Two well-supported allopatric clades (one with two allopatric subclades) were recovered, the geographic distribution of which does not correspond to any previously proposed major biogeographic provinces. These populations show strong genetic structure and substantial genetic distances between clades and sub-clades (cytb 0.8-7.3%), with divergence times between them ranging from 0.53 to 4.88 Mya, and recent population expansions dated at 170-130 Kya. The ancestral area of all populations appears to be the Gulf of Panama, while several isolation events have formed the phylogeographic patterns evident in this species. Local and regional oceanographic processes as well as habitat discontinuities have shaped the distribution patterns of the genetic lineages along the continental TEP. Large genetic distances, high genetic differentiation, and the results of species-tree and phylogenetic analyses indicate that E. puncticulatus comprises a complex of three allopatric species with an unusual geographic arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Sandoval-Huerta
- Programa Institucional de Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio "R" planta baja, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Michoacán 58030, Mexico; Laboratorio de Biología Acuática, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio "R" planta baja, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Michoacán 58030, Mexico
| | - R G Beltrán-López
- Programa Institucional de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio "R" planta baja, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Michoacán 58030, Mexico; Laboratorio de Ictiología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad no. 1001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico.
| | - C R Pedraza-Marrón
- Programa Institucional de Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio "R" planta baja, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Michoacán 58030, Mexico; Laboratorio de Biología Acuática, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio "R" planta baja, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Michoacán 58030, Mexico
| | - M A Paz-Velásquez
- Centro de Estudios del Mar y Acuicultura, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - A Angulo
- Museo de Zoología y Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad de Costa Rica. 11501-2060, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica
| | - D R Robertson
- Naos Marine Laboratory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.
| | - E Espinoza
- Dirección del Parque Nacional Galápagos, Puerto Ayora, Islas Galápagos, Ecuador.
| | - O Domínguez-Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Acuática, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio "R" planta baja, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Michoacán 58030, Mexico.
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15
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Lopez C, Giuliano C, Gersztein A, Angulo A, Ruybal P. Chagas disease panniculitis in a patient with AIDS. Int J Infect Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.04.4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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16
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Angulo A, Santos AC, López M, Langeani F, Mcmahan CD. A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) from Costa Rica and Panama, with a key to the lower Central American species of the genus. J Fish Biol 2018; 92:1866-1887. [PMID: 29624681 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Astyanax anai, a new species of characid fish, is described from the Sixaola River basin, eastern Costa Rica-western Panama, Central America. The new species can be distinguished from all other congeners by the following combination of characters: premaxillary teeth 4-5 at the inner series and 4-6 at the outer series; maxillary teeth tricuspid, 2-4; predorsal scale series irregular and incomplete, with an unscaled space behind tip of supraoccipital process and 12-14 scales; lateral line scales 34-39; humeral region with a conspicuous black and rounded to horizontally ovate spot and two diffuse brown and vertically elongate bars (the first through the rounded to horizontally ovate spot, the second 2-4 scales behind the first); body depth 36·6-42·3% of standard length (LS ); midlateral stripe formed by a series of 10-14 anteriorly-directed dermal herringbone, or chevron-shaped, marks, most apparent in juveniles and in preserved specimens, extending above the lateral line from the black humeral spot or just behind it (from the second vertical bar) to the caudal peduncle; scale rows from lateral line to base of first dorsal-fin ray 8-9; scale rows from lateral line to base of pelvic fin 7-8; pre-anal distance 53·9-61·9% of LS ; total anal-fin elements 29-33; caudal spot elongated, rhomboid or rectangular, with its anterior margin surpassing the middle of the caudal peduncle, usually reaching the anal-fin insertion, posteriorly covering 4-7 principal caudal-fin rays and not extending onto the ventral and dorsal margins of the caudal peduncle, covering 3-5 horizontal scale rows. In order to test the phylogenetic relationships of the new taxon in relation to the other North and Central American species of the genus, a new phylogenetic hypothesis based on a reanalysis of the morphological matrix by Schmitter-Soto (2016) is proposed. A key to the lower Central American (southern Nicaragua to eastern Panama) species of Astyanax is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Angulo
- Museo de Zoología and Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia (CIMAR), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica
- UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho', Laboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - A C Santos
- UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho', Laboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - M López
- Museo de Zoología and Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia (CIMAR), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica
| | - F Langeani
- UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho', Laboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - C D Mcmahan
- The Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S, Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois, 60605, U.S.A
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17
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Esteban I, Vilaró M, Adrover E, Angulo A, Carrasco E, Gadea N, Sánchez A, Ocaña T, Llort G, Jover R, Cubiella J, Servitja S, Herráiz M, Cid L, Martínez S, Oruezábal-Moreno MJ, Garau I, Khorrami S, Herreros-de-Tejada A, Morales R, Cano JM, Serrano R, López-Ceballos MH, González-Santiago S, Juan-Fita MJ, Alonso-Cerezo C, Casas A, Graña B, Teulé A, Alba E, Antón A, Guillén-Ponce C, Sánchez-Heras AB, Alés-Martínez JE, Brunet J, Balaguer F, Balmaña J. Psychological impact of multigene cancer panel testing in patients with a clinical suspicion of hereditary cancer across Spain. Psychooncology 2018; 27:1530-1537. [PMID: 29498768 DOI: 10.1002/pon.4686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients' psychological reactions to multigene cancer panel testing might differ compared with the single-gene testing reactions because of the complexity and uncertainty associated with the different possible results. Understanding patients' preferences and psychological impact of multigene panel testing is important to adapt the genetic counselling model. METHODS One hundred eighty-seven unrelated patients with clinical suspicion of hereditary cancer undergoing a 25-gene panel test completed questionnaires after pretest genetic counselling and at 1 week, 3 months, and 12 months after results to elicit their preferences regarding results disclosure and to measure their cancer worry and testing-specific distress and uncertainty. RESULTS A pathogenic variant was identified in 38 patients (34 high penetrance and 4 moderate penetrance variants), and 54 patients had at least one variant of uncertain significance. Overall, cancer panel testing was not associated with an increase in cancer worry after results disclosure (P value = .87). Twelve months after results, carriers of a moderate penetrance variant had higher distress and uncertainty scores compared with carriers of high penetrance variants. Cancer worry prior to genetic testing predicted genetic testing specific distress after results, especially at long term (P value <.001). Most of the patients reported the wish to know all genetic results. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that patients can psychologically cope with cancer panel testing, but distress and uncertainty observed in carriers of moderate penetrance cancer variants in this cohort warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Esteban
- Hereditary Cancer Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics Department, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Vilaró
- Oncology Data Science, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Adrover
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital General de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - A Angulo
- Myriad Genetics Spain, Alcobendas, Spain
| | - E Carrasco
- Hereditary Cancer Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Gadea
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Sánchez
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)-Institut Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Ocaña
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)-Institut Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Llort
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Sabadell-Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain
| | - R Jover
- Gastroenterlogy Department, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - J Cubiella
- Gastroenterology Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, CIBERehd, Ourense, Spain
| | - S Servitja
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Herráiz
- Gastroenterology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - L Cid
- Gastroenterology Department, Instituto Investigación Biomédica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - S Martínez
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital de Mataró, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - I Garau
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Son Llatzer, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - S Khorrami
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - A Herreros-de-Tejada
- Gastroenterlogy Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Morales
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital La Mancha Centro, Alcázar de San Juan, Spain
| | - J M Cano
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital General de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - R Serrano
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Reina Sofia de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M H López-Ceballos
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital San Pedro de Alcántara, Cáceres, Spain
| | - S González-Santiago
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital San Pedro de Alcántara, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M J Juan-Fita
- Medical Oncology Department, Instituto Valencia de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - A Casas
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Virgen del Rocío de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - B Graña
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario de A Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
| | - A Teulé
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Hospitalet, Spain
| | - E Alba
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - A Antón
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Miguel Servet de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - C Guillén-Ponce
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - A B Sánchez-Heras
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - J E Alés-Martínez
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital de Nuestra Señora de Sonsoles, Ávila, Spain
| | - J Brunet
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
| | - F Balaguer
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)-Institut Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Balmaña
- Hereditary Cancer Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics Department, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Pupuleku A, Costa-García M, Farré D, Hengel H, Angulo A, Muntasell A, López-Botet M. Elusive Role of the CD94/NKG2C NK Cell Receptor in the Response to Cytomegalovirus: Novel Experimental Observations in a Reporter Cell System. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1317. [PMID: 29114247 PMCID: PMC5660692 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection promotes the differentiation and persistent expansion of a mature NK cell subset, which displays high surface levels of the activating CD94/NKG2C NK cell receptor, together with additional distinctive phenotypic and functional features. The mechanisms underlying the development of adaptive NK cells remain uncertain but some observations support the involvement of a cognate interaction of CD94/NKG2C with ligand(s) displayed by HCMV-infected cells. To approach this issue, the heterodimer and its adaptor (DAP12) were expressed in the human Jurkat leukemia T cell line; signaling was detected by transfection of a reporter plasmid encoding for Luciferase (Luc) under NFAT/AP1-dependent control. Engagement of the receptor by solid-phase bound CD94- or NKG2C-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) triggered Luc expression. Moreover, reporter activation was detectable upon interaction with HLA-E+ 721.221 (.221-AEH) cells, as well as with 721.221 cells incubated with synthetic peptides, which stabilized surface expression of endogenous HLA-E; the response was specifically antagonized by soluble NKG2C- and HLA-E-specific mAbs. By contrast, activation of Jurkat-NKG2C+ was undetectable upon interaction with Human Fetal Foreskin Fibroblasts (HFFF) infected with HCMV laboratory strains (i.e., AD169, Towne), regardless of their differential ability to preserve surface HLA-E expression. On the other hand, infection with two clinical isolates or with the endotheliotropic TB40/E strain triggered Jurkat-NKG2C+ activation; yet, this response was not inhibited by blocking mAbs and was independent of CD94/NKG2C expression. The results are discussed in the framework of previous observations supporting the hypothetical existence of specific ligand(s) for CD94/NKG2C in HCMV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldi Pupuleku
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcel Costa-García
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Domènec Farré
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aura Muntasell
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Botet
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
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Dantoft W, Martínez-Vicente P, Jafali J, Pérez-Martínez L, Martin K, Kotzamanis K, Craigon M, Auer M, Young NT, Walsh P, Marchant A, Angulo A, Forster T, Ghazal P. Genomic Programming of Human Neonatal Dendritic Cells in Congenital Systemic and In Vitro Cytomegalovirus Infection Reveal Plastic and Robust Immune Pathway Biology Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1146. [PMID: 28993767 PMCID: PMC5622154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonates and especially premature infants are highly susceptible to infection but still can have a remarkable resilience that is poorly understood. The view that neonates have an incomplete or deficient immune system is changing. Human neonatal studies are challenging, and elucidating host protective responses and underlying cognate pathway biology, in the context of viral infection in early life, remains to be fully explored. In both resource rich and poor settings, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common cause of congenital infection. By using unbiased systems analyses of transcriptomic resources for HCMV neonatal infection, we find the systemic response of a preterm congenital HCMV infection, involves a focused IFN regulatory response associated with dendritic cells. Further analysis of transcriptional-programming of neonatal dendritic cells in response to HCMV infection in culture revealed an early dominant IFN-chemokine regulatory subnetworks, and at later times the plasticity of pathways implicated in cell-cycle control and lipid metabolism. Further, we identify previously unknown suppressed networks associated with infection, including a select group of GPCRs. Functional siRNA viral growth screen targeting 516-GPCRs and subsequent validation identified novel GPCR-dependent antiviral (ADORA1) and proviral (GPR146, RGS16, PTAFR, SCTR, GPR84, GPR85, NMUR2, FZ10, RDS, CCL17, and SORT1) roles. By contrast a gene family cluster of protocadherins is significantly differentially induced in neonatal cells, suggestive of possible immunomodulatory roles. Unexpectedly, programming responses of adult and neonatal dendritic cells, upon HCMV infection, demonstrated comparable quantitative and qualitative responses showing that functionally, neonatal dendritic cell are not overly compromised. However, a delay in responses of neonatal cells for IFN subnetworks in comparison with adult-derived cells are notable, suggestive of subtle plasticity differences. These findings support a set-point control mechanism rather than immaturity for explaining not only neonatal susceptibility but also resilience to infection. In summary, our findings show that neonatal HCMV infection leads to a highly plastic and functional robust programming of dendritic cells in vivo and in vitro. In comparison with adults, a minimal number of subtle quantitative and temporal differences may contribute to variability in host susceptibility and resilience, in a context dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widad Dantoft
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Martínez-Vicente
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - James Jafali
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lara Pérez-Martínez
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Quantitative Proteomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kim Martin
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Synexa Life Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Konstantinos Kotzamanis
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Craigon
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred Auer
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,SynthSys-Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil T Young
- Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Walsh
- NSilico Life Science and Department of Computing, Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thorsten Forster
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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20
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Farré D, Martínez-Vicente P, Engel P, Angulo A. Immunoglobulin superfamily members encoded by viruses and their multiple roles in immune evasion. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:780-796. [PMID: 28383780 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens have developed a plethora of strategies to undermine host immune defenses in order to guarantee their survival. For large DNA viruses, these immune evasion mechanisms frequently rely on the expression of genes acquired from host genomes. Horizontally transferred genes include members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, whose products constitute the most diverse group of proteins of vertebrate genomes. Their promiscuous immunoglobulin domains, which comprise the building blocks of these molecules, are involved in a large variety of functions mediated by ligand-binding interactions. The flexible structural nature of the immunoglobulin domains makes them appealing targets for viral capture due to their capacity to generate high functional diversity. Here, we present an up-to-date review of immunoglobulin superfamily gene homologs encoded by herpesviruses, poxviruses, and adenoviruses, that include CD200, CD47, Fc receptors, interleukin-1 receptor 2, interleukin-18 binding protein, CD80, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules, and signaling lymphocyte activation molecules. We discuss their distinct structural attributes, binding properties, and functions, shaped by evolutionary pressures to disarm specific immune pathways. We include several novel genes identified from extensive genome database surveys. An understanding of the properties and modes of action of these viral proteins may guide the development of novel immune-modulatory therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domènec Farré
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Martínez-Vicente
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Farré D, Engel P, Angulo A. Novel Role of 3'UTR-Embedded Alu Elements as Facilitators of Processed Pseudogene Genesis and Host Gene Capture by Viral Genomes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0169196. [PMID: 28033411 PMCID: PMC5199112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the high abundance of Alu elements in the human genome, the interest for the functional significance of these retrotransposons has been increasing. Primate Alu and rodent Alu-like elements are retrotransposed by a mechanism driven by the LINE1 (L1) encoded proteins, the same machinery that generates the L1 repeats, the processed pseudogenes (PPs), and other retroelements. Apart from free Alu RNAs, Alus are also transcribed and retrotranscribed as part of cellular gene transcripts, generally embedded inside 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). Despite different proposed hypotheses, the functional implication of the presence of Alus inside 3'UTRs remains elusive. In this study we hypothesized that Alu elements in 3'UTRs could be involved in the genesis of PPs. By analyzing human genome data we discovered that the existence of 3'UTR-embedded Alu elements is overrepresented in genes source of PPs. In contrast, the presence of other retrotransposable elements in 3'UTRs does not show this PP linked overrepresentation. This research was extended to mouse and rat genomes and the results accordingly reveal overrepresentation of 3'UTR-embedded B1 (Alu-like) elements in PP parent genes. Interestingly, we also demonstrated that the overrepresentation of 3'UTR-embedded Alus is particularly significant in PP parent genes with low germline gene expression level. Finally, we provide data that support the hypothesis that the L1 machinery is also the system that herpesviruses, and possibly other large DNA viruses, use to capture host genes expressed in germline or somatic cells. Altogether our results suggest a novel role for Alu or Alu-like elements inside 3'UTRs as facilitators of the genesis of PPs, particularly in lowly expressed genes. Moreover, we propose that this L1-driven mechanism, aided by the presence of 3'UTR-embedded Alus, may also be exploited by DNA viruses to incorporate host genes to their viral genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domènec Farré
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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Rivero J, Bosque V, Angulo A, De Pinho J, Jacobo O, Carugno J. Modified Laparoscopic Richardson’s Angle Stitch. A Simple Technique to Prevent Vaginal Cuff Prolapse. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2016.08.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Gaztañaga M, Angulo A, Chotro M. P-23EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF ACETALDEHYDE IN THE PRENATAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE EFFECT ON POSTNATAL DAYS 1, 5 AND 14. Alcohol Alcohol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv080.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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24
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Kotzamanis K, Angulo A, Ghazal P. Infection homeostasis: implications for therapeutic and immune programming of metabolism in controlling infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 204:395-407. [PMID: 25800350 PMCID: PMC4439431 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis underpins at a systems level the regulatory control of immunity and metabolism. While physiologically these systems are often viewed as independent, there is increasing evidence showing a tight coupling between immune and metabolic functions. Critically upon infection, the homeostatic regulation for both immune and metabolic pathways is altered yet these changes are often investigated in isolation. Here, we summarise our current understanding of these processes in the context of a clinically relevant pathogen, cytomegalovirus. We synthesise from the literature an integrative view of a coupled immune-metabolic infection process, centred on sugar and lipid metabolism. We put forward the notion that understanding immune control of key metabolic enzymatic steps in infection will promote the future development of novel therapeutic modalities based on metabolic modifiers that either enhance protection or inhibit infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kotzamanis
- Division of Pathway and Infection Medicine, Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Ana Angulo
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Pathway and Infection Medicine, Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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25
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Kropp KA, Hsieh WY, Isern E, Forster T, Krause E, Brune W, Angulo A, Ghazal P. A temporal gate for viral enhancers to co-opt Toll-like-receptor transcriptional activation pathways upon acute infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004737. [PMID: 25856589 PMCID: PMC4391941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral engagement with macrophages activates Toll-Like-Receptors (TLRs) and viruses must contend with the ensuing inflammatory responses to successfully complete their replication cycle. To date, known counter-strategies involve the use of viral-encoded proteins that often employ mimicry mechanisms to block or redirect the host response to benefit the virus. Whether viral regulatory DNA sequences provide an opportunistic strategy by which viral enhancer elements functionally mimic innate immune enhancers is unknown. Here we find that host innate immune genes and the prototypical viral enhancer of cytomegalovirus (CMV) have comparable expression kinetics, and positively respond to common TLR agonists. In macrophages but not fibroblasts we show that activation of NFκB at immediate-early times of infection is independent of virion-associated protein, M45. We find upon virus infection or transfection of viral genomic DNA the TLR-agonist treatment results in significant enhancement of the virus transcription-replication cycle. In macrophage time-course infection experiments we demonstrate that TLR-agonist stimulation of the viral enhancer and replication cycle is strictly delimited by a temporal gate with a determined half-maximal time for enhancer-activation of 6 h; after which TLR-activation blocks the viral transcription-replication cycle. By performing a systematic siRNA screen of 149 innate immune regulatory factors we identify not only anticipated anti-viral and pro-viral contributions but also new factors involved in the CMV transcription-replication cycle. We identify a central convergent NFκB-SP1-RXR-IRF axis downstream of TLR-signalling. Activation of the RXR component potentiated direct and indirect TLR-induced activation of CMV transcription-replication cycle; whereas chromatin binding experiments using wild-type and enhancer-deletion virus revealed IRF3 and 5 as new pro-viral host transcription factor interactions with the CMV enhancer in macrophages. In a series of pharmacologic, siRNA and genetic loss-of-function experiments we determined that signalling mediated by the TLR-adaptor protein MyD88 plays a vital role for governing the inflammatory activation of the CMV enhancer in macrophages. Downstream TLR-regulated transcription factor binding motif disruption for NFκB, AP1 and CREB/ATF in the CMV enhancer demonstrated the requirement of these inflammatory signal-regulated elements in driving viral gene expression and growth in cells as well as in primary infection of neonatal mice. Thus, this study shows that the prototypical CMV enhancer, in a restricted time-gated manner, co-opts through DNA regulatory mimicry elements, innate-immune transcription factors to drive viral expression and replication in the face of on-going pro-inflammatory antiviral responses in vitro and in vivo and; suggests an unexpected role for inflammation in promoting acute infection and has important future implications for regulating latency. Here we discover how inflammatory signalling may unintentionally promote infection, as a result of viruses evolving DNA sequences, known as enhancers, which act as a bait to prey on the infected cell transcription factors induced by inflammation. The major inflammatory transcription factors activated are part of the TLR-signalling pathway. We find the prototypical viral enhancer of cytomegalovirus can be paradoxically boosted by activation of inflammatory “anti-viral” TLR-signalling independent of viral structural proteins. This leads to an increase in viral gene expression and replication in cell-culture and upon infection of mice. We identify an axis of inflammatory transcription factors, acting downstream of TLR-signalling but upstream of interferon inhibition. Mechanistically, the central TLR-adapter protein MyD88 is shown to play a critical role in promoting viral enhancer activity in the first 6h of infection. The co-option of TLR-signalling exceeds the usage of NFκB, and we identify IRF3 and 5 as newly found viral-enhancer interacting inflammatory transcription factors. Taken together this study reveals how virus enhancers, employ a path of least resistance by directly harnessing within a short temporal window, the activation of anti-viral signalling in macrophages to drive viral gene expression and replication to an extent that has not been recognised before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai A. Kropp
- Division of Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KAK); (PG)
| | - Wei Yuan Hsieh
- Division of Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Isern
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thorsten Forster
- Division of Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Krause
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Brune
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ana Angulo
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KAK); (PG)
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26
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Perez RV, Boeglin WU, Darrow DS, Cecconello M, Klimek I, Allan SY, Akers RJ, Keeling DL, McClements KG, Scannell R, Turnyanskiy M, Angulo A, Avila P, Leon O, Lopez C, Jones OM, Conway NJ, Michael CA. Investigating fusion plasma instabilities in the Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak using mega electron volt proton emissions (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:11D701. [PMID: 25430211 DOI: 10.1063/1.4889736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The proton detector (PD) measures 3 MeV proton yield distributions from deuterium-deuterium fusion reactions within the Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak (MAST). The PD's compact four-channel system of collimated and individually oriented silicon detectors probes different regions of the plasma, detecting protons (with gyro radii large enough to be unconfined) leaving the plasma on curved trajectories during neutral beam injection. From first PD data obtained during plasma operation in 2013, proton production rates (up to several hundred kHz and 1 ms time resolution) during sawtooth events were compared to the corresponding MAST neutron camera data. Fitted proton emission profiles in the poloidal plane demonstrate the capabilities of this new system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Perez
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 ST, CP204, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - W U Boeglin
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 ST, CP204, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - D S Darrow
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, James Forrestal Campus, P.O. Box 451, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - M Cecconello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 20, Sweden
| | - I Klimek
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 20, Sweden
| | - S Y Allan
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - R J Akers
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - D L Keeling
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - K G McClements
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - R Scannell
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - M Turnyanskiy
- ITER Physics Department, EFDA CSU Garching, Boltzmannstrasse 2, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - A Angulo
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 ST, CP204, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - P Avila
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 ST, CP204, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - O Leon
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 ST, CP204, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - C Lopez
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 ST, CP204, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - O M Jones
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - N J Conway
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - C A Michael
- Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
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Zarama A, Pérez-Carmona N, Farré D, Tomic A, Borst EM, Messerle M, Jonjic S, Engel P, Angulo A. Cytomegalovirus m154 hinders CD48 cell-surface expression and promotes viral escape from host natural killer cell control. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004000. [PMID: 24626474 PMCID: PMC3953435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptors of the signalling lymphocyte-activation molecules (SLAM) family are involved in the functional regulation of a variety of immune cells upon engagement through homotypic or heterotypic interactions amongst them. Here we show that murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) dampens the surface expression of several SLAM receptors during the course of the infection of macrophages. By screening a panel of MCMV deletion mutants, we identified m154 as an immunoevasin that effectively reduces the cell-surface expression of the SLAM family member CD48, a high-affinity ligand for natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic T cell receptor CD244. m154 is a mucin-like protein, expressed with early kinetics, which can be found at the cell surface of the infected cell. During infection, m154 leads to proteolytic degradation of CD48. This viral protein interferes with the NK cell cytotoxicity triggered by MCMV-infected macrophages. In addition, we demonstrate that an MCMV mutant virus lacking m154 expression results in an attenuated phenotype in vivo, which can be substantially restored after NK cell depletion in mice. This is the first description of a viral gene capable of downregulating CD48. Our novel findings define m154 as an important player in MCMV innate immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Zarama
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Domènec Farré
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana Tomic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Eva Maria Borst
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Pablo Engel
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology, and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology, and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai A. Kropp
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KAK); (PG)
| | - Ana Angulo
- Facultad de Medicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- SynthSys (Synthetic and Systems Biology), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KAK); (PG)
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29
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Soler A, Serra H, Pearce W, Angulo A, Guillermet-Guibert J, Friedman LS, Viñals F, Gerhardt H, Casanovas O, Graupera M, Vanhaesebroeck B. Inhibition of the p110α isoform of PI 3-kinase stimulates nonfunctional tumor angiogenesis. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2013. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb.2027oia99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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30
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Soler A, Serra H, Pearce W, Angulo A, Guillermet-Guibert J, Friedman LS, Viñals F, Gerhardt H, Casanovas O, Graupera M, Vanhaesebroeck B. Inhibition of the p110α isoform of PI 3-kinase stimulates nonfunctional tumor angiogenesis. J Exp Med 2013; 210:1937-45. [PMID: 24043760 PMCID: PMC3782054 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the direct, tumor cell-intrinsic effects of PI 3-kinase (PI3K) has been a key focus of research to date. Here, we report that cancer cell-extrinsic PI3K activity, mediated by the p110α isoform of PI3K, contributes in an unexpected way to tumor angiogenesis. In syngeneic mouse models, inactivation of stromal p110α led to increased vascular density, reduced vessel size, and altered pericyte coverage. This increased vascularity lacked functionality, correlating with enhanced tumor hypoxia and necrosis, and reduced tumor growth. The role of p110α in tumor angiogenesis is multifactorial, and includes regulation of proliferation and DLL4 expression in endothelial cells. p110α in the tumor stroma is thus a regulator of vessel formation, with p110α inactivation giving rise to nonfunctional angiogenesis, which can stunt tumor growth. This type of vascular aberration differs from vascular endothelial growth factor-centered antiangiogenesis therapies, which mainly lead to vascular pruning. Inhibition of p110α may thus offer a new antiangiogenic therapeutic opportunity in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Soler
- Vascular Signaling Laboratory; and Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helena Serra
- Vascular Signaling Laboratory; and Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wayne Pearce
- Centre for Cell Signaling, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, England UK
| | - Ana Angulo
- Vascular Signaling Laboratory; and Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julie Guillermet-Guibert
- Centre for Cell Signaling, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, England UK
| | - Lori S. Friedman
- Department of Cancer Signaling, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Francesc Viñals
- Vascular Signaling Laboratory; and Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute-Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, England UK
| | - Oriol Casanovas
- Vascular Signaling Laboratory; and Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Graupera
- Vascular Signaling Laboratory; and Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bart Vanhaesebroeck
- Centre for Cell Signaling, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, England UK
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Muntasell A, Vilches C, Angulo A, López-Botet M. Adaptive reconfiguration of the human NK-cell compartment in response to cytomegalovirus: A different perspective of the host-pathogen interaction. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1133-41. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aura Muntasell
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona; Spain
| | - Carlos Vilches
- Immunogenetics-HLA; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro; Majadahonda; Madrid; Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Barcelona; Spain
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32
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Blanc M, Hsieh WY, Robertson KA, Kropp KA, Forster T, Shui G, Lacaze P, Watterson S, Griffiths SJ, Spann NJ, Meljon A, Talbot S, Krishnan K, Covey DF, Wenk MR, Craigon M, Ruzsics Z, Haas J, Angulo A, Griffiths WJ, Glass CK, Wang Y, Ghazal P. The transcription factor STAT-1 couples macrophage synthesis of 25-hydroxycholesterol to the interferon antiviral response. Immunity 2012; 38:106-18. [PMID: 23273843 PMCID: PMC3556782 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the sterol metabolic network participates in the interferon (IFN) antiviral response. However, the molecular mechanisms linking IFN with the sterol network and the identity of sterol mediators remain unknown. Here we report a cellular antiviral role for macrophage production of 25-hydroxycholesterol (cholest-5-en-3β,25-diol, 25HC) as a component of the sterol metabolic network linked to the IFN response via Stat1. By utilizing quantitative metabolome profiling of all naturally occurring oxysterols upon infection or IFN-stimulation, we reveal 25HC as the only macrophage-synthesized and -secreted oxysterol. We show that 25HC can act at multiple levels as a potent paracrine inhibitor of viral infection for a broad range of viruses. We also demonstrate, using transcriptional regulatory-network analyses, genetic interventions and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments that Stat1 directly coupled Ch25h regulation to IFN in macrophages. Our studies describe a physiological role for 25HC as a sterol-lipid effector of an innate immune pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Blanc
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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Sintes J, Cuenca M, Romero X, Bastos R, Terhorst C, Angulo A, Engel P. Cutting edge: Ly9 (CD229), a SLAM family receptor, negatively regulates the development of thymic innate memory-like CD8+ T and invariant NKT cells. J Immunol 2012; 190:21-6. [PMID: 23225888 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family receptors and the specific adapter signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein modulate the development of innate-like lymphocytes. In this study, we show that the thymus of Ly9-deficient mice contains an expanded population of CD8 single-positive cells with the characteristic phenotype of innate memory-like CD8(+) T cells. Moreover, the proportion of these innate CD8(+) T cells increased dramatically postinfection with mouse CMV. Gene expression profiling of Ly9-deficient mice thymi showed a significant upregulation of IL-4 and promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger. Analyses of Ly9(-/-)IL4ra(-/-) double-deficient mice revealed that IL-4 was needed to generate the thymic innate CD8(+) T cell subset. Furthermore, increased numbers of invariant NKT cells were detected in Ly9-deficient thymi. In wild-type mice, IL-4 levels induced by α-galactosylceramide injection could be inhibited by a mAb against Ly9. Thus, Ly9 plays a unique role as an inhibitory cell surface receptor regulating the size of the thymic innate CD8(+) T cell pool and the development of invariant NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sintes
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology, and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Rodríguez-Martín S, Kropp KA, Wilhelmi V, Lisnic VJ, Hsieh WY, Blanc M, Livingston A, Busche A, Tekotte H, Messerle M, Auer M, Fraser I, Jonjic S, Angulo A, Reddehase MJ, Ghazal P. Ablation of the regulatory IE1 protein of murine cytomegalovirus alters in vivo pro-inflammatory TNF-alpha production during acute infection. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002901. [PMID: 22952450 PMCID: PMC3431344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the role of viral genes in modulating host cytokine responses. Here we report a new functional role of the viral encoded IE1 protein of the murine cytomegalovirus in sculpting the inflammatory response in an acute infection. In time course experiments of infected primary macrophages (MΦs) measuring cytokine production levels, genetic ablation of the immediate-early 1 (ie1) gene results in a significant increase in TNFα production. Intracellular staining for cytokine production and viral early gene expression shows that TNFα production is highly associated with the productively infected MΦ population of cells. The ie1- dependent phenotype of enhanced MΦ TNFα production occurs at both protein and RNA levels. Noticeably, we show in a series of in vivo infection experiments that in multiple organs the presence of ie1 potently inhibits the pro-inflammatory cytokine response. From these experiments, levels of TNFα, and to a lesser extent IFNβ, but not the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10, are moderated in the presence of ie1. The ie1- mediated inhibition of TNFα production has a similar quantitative phenotype profile in infection of susceptible (BALB/c) and resistant (C57BL/6) mouse strains as well as in a severe immuno-ablative model of infection. In vitro experiments with infected macrophages reveal that deletion of ie1 results in increased sensitivity of viral replication to TNFα inhibition. However, in vivo infection studies show that genetic ablation of TNFα or TNFRp55 receptor is not sufficient to rescue the restricted replication phenotype of the ie1 mutant virus. These results provide, for the first time, evidence for a role of IE1 as a regulator of the pro-inflammatory response and demonstrate a specific pathogen gene capable of moderating the host production of TNFα in vivo. The suppression of the production rather than the blockage of action of the potent inflammatory mediator TNFα is a particular hallmark of anti-TNFα mechanisms associated with microbial and parasitic infections. Whether this mode of counter-regulation is an important feature of infection by viruses is not clear. Also, it remains to be determined whether a specific pathogen gene in the context of an infection in vivo is capable of modulating levels of TNFα production. In this study we disclose a virus-mediated moderation of TNFα production, dependent on the ie1 gene of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). The ie1 gene product IE1 is a well-characterized nuclear protein capable of altering levels of host and viral gene expression although its biological role in the context of a natural infection is to date unknown. We provide evidence showing that ie1 is associated with a moderated pro-inflammatory cytokine response, in particular with TNFα production. Further, we show that the viral moderation of this cytokine is not only readily apparent in vitro but also in the natural host. The identification of a viral gene responsible for this mode of regulation in vivo may have therapeutic potential in the future in both anti-viral and anti-inflammatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rodríguez-Martín
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kai Alexander Kropp
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Wilhelmi
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vanda Juranic Lisnic
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Wei Yuan Hsieh
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Blanc
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Livingston
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Busche
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hille Tekotte
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Messerle
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Auer
- University of Edinburgh, School of Biological Sciences (CSE) and School of Biomedical Sciences (CMVM), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Fraser
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institution of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ana Angulo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matthias J. Reddehase
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Engel P, Angulo A. Viral Immunomodulatory Proteins: Usurping Host Genes as a Survival Strategy. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2012; 738:256-76. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1680-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kropp KA, Robertson KA, Sing G, Rodriguez-Martin S, Blanc M, Lacaze P, Hassim MFBN, Khondoker MR, Busche A, Dickinson P, Forster T, Strobl B, Mueller M, Jonjic S, Angulo A, Ghazal P. Reversible inhibition of murine cytomegalovirus replication by gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in primary macrophages involves a primed type I IFN-signaling subnetwork for full establishment of an immediate-early antiviral state. J Virol 2011; 85:10286-99. [PMID: 21775459 PMCID: PMC3196417 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00373-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated macrophages play a central role in controlling inflammatory responses to infection and are tightly regulated to rapidly mount responses to infectious challenge. Type I interferon (alpha/beta interferon [IFN-α/β]) and type II interferon (IFN-γ) play a crucial role in activating macrophages and subsequently restricting viral infections. Both types of IFNs signal through related but distinct signaling pathways, inducing a vast number of interferon-stimulated genes that are overlapping but distinguishable. The exact mechanism by which IFNs, particularly IFN-γ, inhibit DNA viruses such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) is still not fully understood. Here, we investigate the antiviral state developed in macrophages upon reversible inhibition of murine CMV by IFN-γ. On the basis of molecular profiling of the reversible inhibition, we identify a significant contribution of a restricted type I IFN subnetwork linked with IFN-γ activation. Genetic knockout of the type I-signaling pathway, in the context of IFN-γ stimulation, revealed an essential requirement for a primed type I-signaling process in developing a full refractory state in macrophages. A minimal transient induction of IFN-β upon macrophage activation with IFN-γ is also detectable. In dose and kinetic viral replication inhibition experiments with IFN-γ, the establishment of an antiviral effect is demonstrated to occur within the first hours of infection. We show that the inhibitory mechanisms at these very early times involve a blockade of the viral major immediate-early promoter activity. Altogether our results show that a primed type I IFN subnetwork contributes to an immediate-early antiviral state induced by type II IFN activation of macrophages, with a potential further amplification loop contributed by transient induction of IFN-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai A. Kropp
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A. Robertson
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre of Systems Biology at Edinburgh University, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Garwin Sing
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Rodriguez-Martin
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Blanc
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Lacaze
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Muhamad F. B. Noor Hassim
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mizanur R. Khondoker
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Busche
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Dickinson
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre of Systems Biology at Edinburgh University, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thorsten Forster
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre of Systems Biology at Edinburgh University, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Mueller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ana Angulo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre of Systems Biology at Edinburgh University, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Romo N, Magri G, Muntasell A, Heredia G, Baía D, Angulo A, Guma M, López-Botet M. Natural killer cell-mediated response to human cytomegalovirus-infected macrophages is modulated by their functional polarization. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:717-26. [PMID: 21742939 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0311171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MΦ comprise a heterogeneous population of cells, which contribute to host defense and maintenance of immune homeostasis. MΦ may be infected by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), which has evolved different strategies to subvert the immune response. In the present study, we comparatively analyzed the natural killer (NK) cell response against HCMV (TB40E)-infected proinflammatory (M1) and antinflammatory (M2) MΦ, derived from autologous monocytes, cultured in the presence of GM-CSF and M-CSF, respectively. M1 MΦ were more resistant to infection and secreted IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-α, and IL-12; by contrast, in HCMV-infected M2 MΦ, proinflammatory cytokines, IL-10, and IFN-α production were limited and IL-12 was undetectable. NK cell degranulation was triggered by interaction with HCMV-infected M1 and M2 MΦ at 48 h postinfection. The response was partially inhibited by specific anti-NKp46, anti-DNAM-1, and anti-2B4 mAb, thus supporting a dominant role of these activating receptors. By contrast, only HCMV-infected M1 MΦ efficiently promoted NK cell-mediated IFN-γ secretion, an effect partially related to IL-12 production. These observations reveal differences in the NK cell response triggered by distinct, HCMV-infected, monocyte-derived cell types, which may be relevant in the immunopathology of this viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Romo
- Immunology Unit, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
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Engel P, Pérez-Carmona N, Albà MM, Robertson K, Ghazal P, Angulo A. Human cytomegalovirus UL7, a homologue of the SLAM-family receptor CD229, impairs cytokine production. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 89:753-66. [PMID: 21670740 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), the β-herpesvirus prototype, has evolved a wide spectrum of mechanisms to counteract host immunity. Among them, HCMV uses cellular captured genes encoding molecules capable of interfering with the original host function or of fulfilling new immunomodulatory tasks. Here, we report on UL7, a novel HCMV heavily glycosylated transmembrane protein, containing an Ig-like domain that exhibits remarkable amino acid similarity to CD229, a cell-surface molecule of the signalling lymphocyte-activation molecule (SLAM) family involved in leukocyte activation. The UL7 Ig-like domain, which is well-preserved in all HCMV strains, structurally resembles the SLAM-family N-terminal Ig-variable domain responsible for the homophilic and heterophilic interactions that trigger signalling. UL7 is transcribed with early-late kinetics during the lytic infectious cycle. Using a mAb generated against the viral protein, we show that it is constitutively shed, through its mucine-like stalk, from the cell-surface. Production of soluble UL7 is enhanced by PMA and reduced by a broad-spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitor. Although UL7 does not hold the ability to interact with CD229 or other SLAM-family members, it shares with them the capacity to mediate adhesion to leukocytes, specifically to monocyte-derived DCs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that UL7 expression attenuates the production of proinflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-8 and IL-6 in DCs and myeloid cell lines. Thus, the ability of UL7 to interfere with cellular proinflammatory responses may contribute to viral persistence. These results enhance our understanding of those HCMV-encoded molecules involved in sustaining the balance between HCMV and the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Engel
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology, and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Blanc M, Hsieh WY, Robertson KA, Watterson S, Shui G, Lacaze P, Khondoker M, Dickinson P, Sing G, Rodríguez-Martín S, Phelan P, Forster T, Strobl B, Müller M, Riemersma R, Osborne T, Wenk MR, Angulo A, Ghazal P. Host defense against viral infection involves interferon mediated down-regulation of sterol biosynthesis. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1000598. [PMID: 21408089 PMCID: PMC3050939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon infection, our immune cells produce a small protein called interferon, which in turn signals a protective response through a series of biochemical reactions that involves lowering the cells' ability to make cholesterol by targeting a gene essential for controlling the pathway for cholesterol metabolism. Little is known about the protective role of inflammatory processes in modulating lipid metabolism in infection. Here we report an intimate link between the innate immune response to infection and regulation of the sterol metabolic network characterized by down-regulation of sterol biosynthesis by an interferon regulatory loop mechanism. In time-series experiments profiling genome-wide lipid-associated gene expression of macrophages, we show a selective and coordinated negative regulation of the complete sterol pathway upon viral infection or cytokine treatment with IFNγ or β but not TNF, IL1β, or IL6. Quantitative analysis at the protein level of selected sterol metabolic enzymes upon infection shows a similar level of suppression. Experimental testing of sterol metabolite levels using lipidomic-based measurements shows a reduction in metabolic output. On the basis of pharmacologic and RNAi inhibition of the sterol pathway we show augmented protection against viral infection, and in combination with metabolite rescue experiments, we identify the requirement of the mevalonate-isoprenoid branch of the sterol metabolic network in the protective response upon statin or IFNβ treatment. Conditioned media experiments from infected cells support an involvement of secreted type 1 interferon(s) to be sufficient for reducing the sterol pathway upon infection. Moreover, we show that infection of primary macrophages containing a genetic knockout of the major type I interferon, IFNβ, leads to only a partial suppression of the sterol pathway, while genetic knockout of the receptor for all type I interferon family members, ifnar1, or associated signaling component, tyk2, completely abolishes the reduction of the sterol biosynthetic activity upon infection. Levels of the proteolytically cleaved nuclear forms of SREBP2, a key transcriptional regulator of sterol biosynthesis, are reduced upon infection and IFNβ treatment at both the protein and de novo transcription level. The reduction in srebf2 gene transcription upon infection and IFN treatment is also found to be strictly dependent on ifnar1. Altogether these results show that type 1 IFN signaling is both necessary and sufficient for reducing the sterol metabolic network activity upon infection, thereby linking the regulation of the sterol pathway with interferon anti-viral defense responses. These findings bring a new link between sterol metabolism and interferon antiviral response and support the idea of using host metabolic modifiers of innate immunity as a potential antiviral strategy. Currently, little is known about the crosstalk between the body's immune and metabolic systems that occurs after viral infection. This work uncovers a previously unappreciated physiological role for the cholesterol-metabolic pathway in protecting against infection that involves a molecular link with the protein interferon, which is made by immune cells and known to “interfere” with viral replication. We used a clinically relevant model based on mouse cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of bone-marrow-derived cells. Upon infection these cells produce high levels of interferon as part of the innate-immune response, which we show in turn signals through the interferon receptor resulting in lowering enzyme levels on the cholesterol pathway. We observed this effect with a range of other viruses, and in each case it leads to a notable drop in the metabolites involved in the cholesterol pathway. We found that the control mechanism involves regulation by interferon of an essential transcription factor, named SREBP-2, which coordinates the gene activity of the cholesterol pathway. This mechanism may explain clinical observations of reduced cholesterol levels in patients receiving interferon treatment. Our initial investigation into how lowered cholesterol might protect against viral infection reveals that the protection is not due to a requirement of the virus for cholesterol itself but instead involves a particular side-branch of the pathway that chemically links lipids to proteins. Drugs such as statins and small interfering RNAs that block this part of the pathway are also shown to protect against CMV infection of cells in culture and in mice. This provides the first example of targeting a host metabolic pathway in order to protect against an acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Blanc
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Yuan Hsieh
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A. Robertson
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Watterson
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Guanghou Shui
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul Lacaze
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mizanur Khondoker
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Dickinson
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Garwin Sing
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Martín
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Phelan
- Metabolic Signaling Diseases Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Thorsten Forster
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Veterinary University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Veterinary University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolph Riemersma
- Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Osborne
- Metabolic Signaling Diseases Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ana Angulo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Busche A, Marquardt A, Bleich A, Ghazal P, Angulo A, Messerle M. The mouse cytomegalovirus immediate-early 1 gene is not required for establishment of latency or for reactivation in the lungs. J Virol 2009; 83:4030-8. [PMID: 19211741 PMCID: PMC2668463 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02520-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immediate-early protein IE1 of human and mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is one of the first proteins expressed during the productive infection cycle and upon reactivation from latency. The CMV IE1 proteins have been found to inhibit histone deacetylases, suggesting a role in the epigenetic regulation of viral gene expression. Consequently, the IE1 protein is considered to have a profound effect on reactivation, because small amounts of IE1 may be decisive for the switch to lytic replication. Here we asked if an MCMV Deltaie1 mutant is able both to establish latency and to reactivate from the lungs of latently infected mice. Since the Deltaie1 mutant was known to be attenuated during acute infection, we first defined conditions that led to comparable levels of viral genomes during latent infection with mutant and wild-type (wt) MCMV. Viral genome copy numbers dropped considerably at the onset of the latent infection but then remained steady for both viruses even after several months. Reactivation of the Deltaie1 mutant and of wt MCMV from latency occurred with similar incidences in lung explant cultures at 4, 7, and 12 months postinfection. The increase in the frequency of a subset of MCMV-specific memory T cells, a possible indicator of frequent transcriptional reactivation events during latency, was in a comparable range for both viruses. Recurrence of the Deltaie1 virus infection in vivo could also be induced by hematoablative treatment of latently infected mice. We conclude that the ie1 gene is not essential for the establishment of latency or for the reactivation of MCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Busche
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Sáez-Borderías A, Romo N, Magri G, Gumá M, Angulo A, López-Botet M. IL-12-Dependent Inducible Expression of the CD94/NKG2A Inhibitory Receptor Regulates CD94/NKG2C+ NK Cell Function. J Immunol 2009; 182:829-36. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Gustems M, Busche A, Messerle M, Ghazal P, Angulo A. In vivo competence of murine cytomegalovirus under the control of the human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early enhancer in the establishment of latency and reactivation. J Virol 2008; 82:10302-7. [PMID: 18684819 PMCID: PMC2566294 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01255-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) major immediate-early enhancer has been postulated to play a pivotal role in the control of latency and reactivation. However, the absence of an animal model has obstructed a direct test of this hypothesis. Here we report on the establishment of an in vivo, experimentally tractable system for quantitatively investigating physiological functions of the HCMV enhancer. Using a neonate BALB/c mouse model, we show that a chimeric murine CMV under the control of the HCMV enhancer is competent in vivo, replicating in key organs of mice with acute CMV infection and exhibiting latency/reactivation features comparable for the most part to those of the parental and revertant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Gustems
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, C/Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
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Velazquez C, Navarro M, Acosta A, Angulo A, Dominguez Z, Robles R, Robles-Zepeda R, Lugo E, Goycoolea FM, Velazquez EF, Astiazaran H, Hernandez J. Antibacterial and free-radical scavenging activities of Sonoran propolis. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 103:1747-56. [PMID: 17953585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the antibacterial and free-radical scavenging (FRS) activities of propolis collected from three different areas of Sonoran Desert in northwestern Mexico [Pueblo de Alamos (PAP), Ures (UP) and Caborca (CP)]. METHODS AND RESULTS The antibacterial and FRS activities of Sonoran propolis were determined by the broth microdilution method and the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydracyl) assay, respectively. Propolis samples had antibacterial activity against only Gram-positive bacteria. The UP sample showed the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus [minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 100 microg ml(-1)] in a concentration-dependent manner (UP > CP > PAP). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a UP propolis constituent, had very high growth-inhibitory activity towards Gram-positive bacteria, particularly against S. aureus (MIC 0.1 mmol l(-1)). To our knowledge, this is the first study showing a strong antibacterial activity of CAPE against S. aureus. Additionally, propolis CP exhibited high FRS activity (86% +/- 0.3 at 100 microg ml(-1)) comparable with those of the reference antioxidants vitamin C (87.4% +/- 1.7 at 70 micromol l(-1)) and BHT (66.07% +/- 0.76 at 140 micromol l(-1)). The propolis compounds CAPE and rutin showed high FRS activity (90.4% +/- 0.2 and 88.5% +/- 0.8 at 70 micromol l(-1), respectively). CONCLUSIONS Sonoran propolis UP and CAPE had strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus. In addition, propolis CP showed potent FRS activity comparable with those of vitamin C and BHT. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The strong antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Sonoran propolis and some of its constituents support further studies on the clinical applications of this natural bee product against S. aureus and several oxidative damage-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Velazquez
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
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Sáez-Borderías A, Gumá M, Angulo A, Bellosillo B, Pende D, López-Botet M. Expression and function of NKG2D in CD4+ T cells specific for human cytomegalovirus. Eur J Immunol 2007; 36:3198-206. [PMID: 17109473 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The human NKG2D killer lectin-like receptor (KLR) is coupled by the DAP10 adapter to phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3 K) and specifically interacts with different stress-inducible molecules (i.e. MICA, MICB, ULBP) displayed by some tumour and virus-infected cells. This KLR is commonly expressed by human NK cells as well as TCRgammadelta(+) and TCRalphabeta(+)CD8(+) T lymphocytes, but it has been also detected in CD4(+) T cells from rheumatoid arthritis and cancer patients. In the present study, we analysed NKG2D expression in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-specific CD4(+) T lymphocytes. In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy seropositive individuals with HCMV promoted variable expansion of CD4(+)NKG2D(+) T lymphocytes that coexpressed perforin. NKG2D was detected in CD28(-) and CD28(dull )subsets and was not systematically associated with the expression of other NK cell receptors (i.e. KIR, CD94/NKG2 and ILT2). Engagement of NKG2D with specific mAb synergized with TCR-dependent activation of CD4(+) T cells, triggering proliferation and cytokine production (i.e. IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha). Altogether, the data support the notion that NKG2D functions as a prototypic costimulatory receptor in a subset of HCMV-specific CD4(+) T lymphocytes and thus may have a role in the response against infected HLA class II(+) cells displaying NKG2D ligands.
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Gustems M, Borst E, Benedict CA, Pérez C, Messerle M, Ghazal P, Angulo A. Regulation of the transcription and replication cycle of human cytomegalovirus is insensitive to genetic elimination of the cognate NF-kappaB binding sites in the enhancer. J Virol 2006; 80:9899-904. [PMID: 16973595 PMCID: PMC1617225 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00640-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of NF-kappaB in regulating human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication and gene transcription remains controversial. Multiple, functional NF-kappaB response elements exist in the major immediate-early promoter (MIEP) enhancer of HCMV, suggesting a possible requirement for this transcription factor in lytic viral replication. Here we demonstrate by generating and analyzing HCMVs with alterations in the MIEP-enhancer that, although this region is essential for HCMV growth, none of the four NF-kappaB response elements contained within the enhancer are required for MIE gene expression or HCMV replication in multiple cell types. These data reveal the robustness of the regulatory network controlling the MIEP enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Gustems
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, C/ Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain
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Gumá M, Budt M, Sáez A, Brckalo T, Hengel H, Angulo A, López-Botet M. Expansion of CD94/NKG2C+ NK cells in response to human cytomegalovirus-infected fibroblasts. Blood 2005; 107:3624-31. [PMID: 16384928 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-09-3682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD94/NKG2C(+) natural killer (NK) cells are increased in healthy individuals infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), suggesting that HCMV infection may shape the NK cell receptor repertoire. To address this question, we analyzed the distribution of NK cell subsets in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) cocultured with HCMV-infected fibroblasts. A substantial increase of NK cells was detected by day 10 in samples from a group of HCMV(+) donors, and CD94/NKG2C(+) cells outnumbered the CD94/NKG2A(+) subset. Fibroblast infection was required to induce the preferential expansion of CD94/NKG2C(+) NK cells that was comparable with allogeneic or autologous fibroblasts, and different virus strains. A CD94-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) abrogated the effect, supporting an involvement of the lectinlike receptor. Purified CD56(+) populations stimulated with HCMV-infected cells did not proliferate, but the expansion of the CD94/NKG2C(+) subset was detected in the presence of interleukin-15 (IL-15). Experiments with HCMV deletion mutants indicated that the response of CD94/NKG2C(+) NK cells was independent of the UL16, UL18, and UL40 HCMV genes, but was impaired when cells were infected with a mutant lacking the US2-11 gene region. Taken together the data support that the interaction of CD94/NKG2C with HCMV-infected fibroblasts, concomitant to the inhibition of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression, promotes an outgrowth of CD94/NKG2C(+) NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Gumá
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, DCEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a paradigm of the complexity reached by host-pathogen interactions. To avoid recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) HCMV inhibits the expression of HLA class I molecules. As a consequence, engagement of inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), CD94/NKG2A, and CD85j (ILT2 or LIR-1) natural killer cell receptors (NKR) specific for HLA class I molecules is impaired, and infected cells become vulnerable to an NK cell response driven by activating receptors. In addition to the well-defined role of the NKG2D lectin-like molecule, the involvement of other triggering receptors (i.e., activating KIR, CD94/NKG2C, NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30) in the response to HCMV is being explored. To escape from NK cell-mediated surveillance, HCMV interferes with the expression of NKG2D ligands in infected cells. In addition, the virus may keep NK inhibitory receptors engaged preserving HLA class I molecules with a limited role in antigen presentation (i.e., HLA-E) or, alternatively, displaying class I surrogates. Despite considerable progress in the field, a number of issues regarding the involvement of NKR in the innate immune response to HCMV remain uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gumá
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, DCEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Alonso MJ, Aller MA, Corcuera MT, Nava MP, Gömez F, Angulo A, Arias J. Progressive hepatocytic fatty infiltration in rats with prehepatic portal hypertension. Hepatogastroenterology 2005. [PMID: 15816474 DOI: 10.186/1476-511x-7-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Homogenous evolution, with a narrow range of portal hypertension, degree of portosystemic shunt and hepatic atrophy has been described in the experimental model of prehepatic portal hypertension in the rat. However the great differences observed in the rats' liver weight could be attributed to a pathological alteration of the liver. Based on this, we performed an evolutive histological study of the liver. This study shows the existence of a progressive hepatocytic fatty infiltration. METHODOLOGY Male Wistar rats with portal hypertension induced by triple stenosing ligation of the portal vein at 1 month (group II, n=4) and at 1 year (group IV, n=10) of postoperative evolution were used. The portal pressure, body, liver and splenic weights, types of collateral circulation and degree of mesenteric venous congestion were studied. The intracytoplasmatic lipid microvacuoles were quantified in hepatocytes with an image analyzer (software MIP/CID, Spain). The results were compared with those obtained in control rats with the same evolutive periods (Groups I and III). RESULTS The hepatic fatty infiltration in Group II (TPVS 1 month) (30.12+/-53.92 micron2) is similar to that presented by Group III (Control 1 year) (16.52+/-45.20 micron2), while there is an increase (p<0.001) in Group IV (triple portal vein stenosis 1 year) (182.03+/-371.42 micron2) in relation to the other groups studied. The progressive hepatic fatty infiltration in triple portal vein stenosis rats is associated with a decrease of portal pressure and of the incidence of liver hepatic atrophy, portosystemic collateral circulation and mesenteric venous congestion. CONCLUSIONS TPVS produces progressive hepatocytic fatty infiltration in the rat so that this prehepatic portal hypertension experimental model could also be considered as a hepatic steatosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Alonso
- Pathology Department, Carlos III Hospital of Madrid, Spain
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Ghazal P, Visser AE, Gustems M, García R, Borst EM, Sullivan K, Messerle M, Angulo A. Elimination of ie1 significantly attenuates murine cytomegalovirus virulence but does not alter replicative capacity in cell culture. J Virol 2005; 79:7182-94. [PMID: 15890957 PMCID: PMC1112098 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.11.7182-7194.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major immediate-early (MIE) genes of cytomegaloviruses (CMV) are broadly thought to be decisive regulators of lytic replication and reactivation from latency. To directly assess the role of the MIE protein IE1 during the infection of murine CMV (MCMV), we constructed an MCMV with exon 4 of the ie1 gene deleted. We found that, independent of the multiplicity of infection, the resulting recombinant virus, MCMVdie1, which fails to express the IE1 protein, was fully competent for early gene expression and replicated in different cultured cell types with identical kinetics to those of parental or revertant virus. Immunofluorescence microscopy studies revealed that MCMVdie1 was greatly impaired in its capacity to disrupt promyelocytic leukemia bodies in NIH 3T3 cells early after infection, a process that has been proposed to increase viral transcription efficiency. We examined MCMVdie1 in the murine model using both immunocompetent BALB/c and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. When MCMVdie1 was inoculated into these two types of mice, significantly lower viral titers were detected in infected organs than in those of the wild-type virus-infected animals. Moreover, the ie1-deficient MCMV exhibited a markedly reduced virulence. While all animals infected with 5 x 10(4) PFU of parental virus died by 30 days postinfection, SCID mice infected with a similar dose of MCMVdie1 did not succumb before 60 days postinfection. The in vivo defective growth phenotype of MCMVdie1 was abrogated upon rescue of ie1. These results demonstrate the significance of the ie1 gene for promoting an acute MCMV infection and virulence yet indicate that MCMV is able to grow in vivo, although impaired, in the absence of the ie1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ghazal
- Scottish Centre for Genomic Technology and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, United Kingdom
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50
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Alonso MJ, Aller MA, Corcuera MT, Nava MP, Gömez F, Angulo A, Arias J. Progressive hepatocytic fatty infiltration in rats with prehepatic portal hypertension. Hepatogastroenterology 2005; 52:541-6. [PMID: 15816474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Homogenous evolution, with a narrow range of portal hypertension, degree of portosystemic shunt and hepatic atrophy has been described in the experimental model of prehepatic portal hypertension in the rat. However the great differences observed in the rats' liver weight could be attributed to a pathological alteration of the liver. Based on this, we performed an evolutive histological study of the liver. This study shows the existence of a progressive hepatocytic fatty infiltration. METHODOLOGY Male Wistar rats with portal hypertension induced by triple stenosing ligation of the portal vein at 1 month (group II, n=4) and at 1 year (group IV, n=10) of postoperative evolution were used. The portal pressure, body, liver and splenic weights, types of collateral circulation and degree of mesenteric venous congestion were studied. The intracytoplasmatic lipid microvacuoles were quantified in hepatocytes with an image analyzer (software MIP/CID, Spain). The results were compared with those obtained in control rats with the same evolutive periods (Groups I and III). RESULTS The hepatic fatty infiltration in Group II (TPVS 1 month) (30.12+/-53.92 micron2) is similar to that presented by Group III (Control 1 year) (16.52+/-45.20 micron2), while there is an increase (p<0.001) in Group IV (triple portal vein stenosis 1 year) (182.03+/-371.42 micron2) in relation to the other groups studied. The progressive hepatic fatty infiltration in triple portal vein stenosis rats is associated with a decrease of portal pressure and of the incidence of liver hepatic atrophy, portosystemic collateral circulation and mesenteric venous congestion. CONCLUSIONS TPVS produces progressive hepatocytic fatty infiltration in the rat so that this prehepatic portal hypertension experimental model could also be considered as a hepatic steatosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Alonso
- Pathology Department, Carlos III Hospital of Madrid, Spain
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