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Kovarova M, Wessel SE, Johnson CE, Anderson SV, Cottrell ML, Sykes C, Cohen MS, Garcia JV. EFdA efficiently suppresses HIV replication in the male genital tract and prevents penile HIV acquisition. mBio 2023; 14:e0222422. [PMID: 37306625 PMCID: PMC10470584 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02224-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted HIV infections in heterosexual men are acquired through the penis. Low adherence to condom usage and the fact that 40% of circumcised men are not protected indicate the need for additional prevention strategies. Here, we describe a new approach to evaluate the prevention of penile HIV transmission. We demonstrated that the entire male genital tract (MGT) of bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) humanized mice is repopulated with human T and myeloid cells. The majority of the human T cells in the MGT express CD4 and CCR5. Direct penile exposure to HIV leads to systemic infection including all tissues of the MGT. HIV replication throughout the MGT was reduced 100-1,000-fold by treatment with 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (EFdA), resulting in the restoration of CD4+ T cell levels. Importantly, systemic preexposure prophylaxis with EFdA effectively protects from penile HIV acquisition. IMPORTANCE Over 84.2 million people have been infected by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) during the past 40 years, most through sexual transmission. Men comprise approximately half of the HIV-infected population worldwide. Sexually transmitted HIV infections in exclusively heterosexual men are acquired through the penis. However, direct evaluation of HIV infection throughout the human male genital tract (MGT) is not possible. Here, we developed a new in vivo model that permits, for the first time, the detail analysis of HIV infection. Using BLT humanized mice, we showed that productive HIV infection occurs throughout the entire MGT and induces a dramatic reduction in human CD4 T cells compromising immune responses in this organ. Antiretroviral treatment with novel drug EFdA suppresses HIV replication in all tissues of the MGT, restores normal levels of CD4 T cells and is highly efficient at preventing penile transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kovarova
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah E. Wessel
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Claire E. Johnson
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shelby V. Anderson
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Craig Sykes
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Myron S. Cohen
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - J. Victor Garcia
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Wu D, Si M, Xue HY, Tran NT, Khalili K, Kaminski R, Wong HL. Lipid nanocarrier targeting activated macrophages for antiretroviral therapy of HIV reservoir. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:1343-1360. [PMID: 37815117 PMCID: PMC10652294 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop lipid nano-antiretrovirals (LNAs) for the treatment of HIV-infected macrophages. Materials & methods: LNAs were prepared with docosahexaenoic acid to facilitate brain penetration and surface-decorated with folate considering that infected macrophages often overexpress folate receptors. Results: Folate-decorated LNAs loading rilpivirine (RPV) were efficiently taken up by folate receptor-expressing cell types including activated macrophages. The intracellular Cmax of the RPV-LNAs in activated macrophages was 2.54-fold and the area under the curve was 3.4-fold versus free RPV, translating to comparable or higher (p < 0.01; RPV ≤6.5 ng/ml) activities against HIV infectivity and superior protection (p < 0.05) against HIV cytotoxicity. LNAs were also effective in monocyte-derived macrophages. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the potential of LNAs for the treatment of infected macrophages, which are key players in HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Mengjie Si
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hui Yi Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ngoc T Tran
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Rafal Kaminski
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ho Lun Wong
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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3
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Sutar Y, Nabeela S, Singh S, Alqarihi A, Solis N, Ghebremariam T, Filler S, Ibrahim AS, Date A, Uppuluri P. Niclosamide-loaded nanoparticles disrupt Candida biofilms and protect mice from mucosal candidiasis. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001762. [PMID: 35976859 PMCID: PMC9385045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans biofilms are a complex multilayer community of cells that are resistant to almost all classes of antifungal drugs. The bottommost layers of biofilms experience nutrient limitation where C. albicans cells are required to respire. We previously reported that a protein Ndu1 is essential for Candida mitochondrial respiration; loss of NDU1 causes inability of C. albicans to grow on alternative carbon sources and triggers early biofilm detachment. Here, we screened a repurposed library of FDA-approved small molecule inhibitors to identify those that prevent NDU1-associated functions. We identified an antihelminthic drug, Niclosamide (NCL), which not only prevented growth on acetate, C. albicans hyphenation and early biofilm growth, but also completely disengaged fully grown biofilms of drug-resistant C. albicans and Candida auris from their growth surface. To overcome the suboptimal solubility and permeability of NCL that is well known to affect its in vivo efficacy, we developed NCL-encapsulated Eudragit EPO (an FDA-approved polymer) nanoparticles (NCL-EPO-NPs) with high niclosamide loading, which also provided long-term stability. The developed NCL-EPO-NPs completely penetrated mature biofilms and attained anti-biofilm activity at low microgram concentrations. NCL-EPO-NPs induced ROS activity in C. albicans and drastically reduced oxygen consumption rate in the fungus, similar to that seen in an NDU1 mutant. NCL-EPO-NPs also significantly abrogated mucocutaneous candidiasis by fluconazole-resistant strains of C. albicans, in mice models of oropharyngeal and vulvovaginal candidiasis. To our knowledge, this is the first study that targets biofilm detachment as a target to get rid of drug-resistant Candida biofilms and uses NPs of an FDA-approved nontoxic drug to improve biofilm penetrability and microbial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Sutar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R.K. Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sunna Nabeela
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Shakti Singh
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Abdullah Alqarihi
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Norma Solis
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Teklegiorgis Ghebremariam
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Scott Filler
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Ashraf S. Ibrahim
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Abhijit Date
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R.K. Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Priya Uppuluri
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Rodríguez-Izquierdo I, Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Lasso JM, Resino S, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Baseline and time-updated factors in preclinical development of anionic dendrimers as successful anti-HIV-1 vaginal microbicides. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1774. [PMID: 35018739 PMCID: PMC9285063 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although a wide variety of topical microbicides provide promising in vitro and in vivo efficacy, most of them failed to prevent sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) in human clinical trials. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models must be optimized, considering the knowledge acquired from unsuccessful and successful clinical trials to improve the current gaps and the preclinical development protocols. To date, dendrimers are the only nanotool that has advanced to human clinical trials as topical microbicides to prevent HIV‐1 transmission. This fact demonstrates the importance and the potential of these molecules as microbicides. Polyanionic dendrimers are highly branched nanocompounds with potent activity against HIV‐1 that disturb HIV‐1 entry. Herein, the most significant advancements in topical microbicide development, trying to mimic the real‐life conditions as closely as possible, are discussed. This review also provides the preclinical assays that anionic dendrimers have passed as microbicides because they can improve current antiviral treatments' efficacy. This article is categorized under:Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ma Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain.,Section of Immunology, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Madrid, Spain
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5
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Zang H, Fofana J, Xu F, Nodder SB, Gummuluru S, Reinhard BM. Characterizing Lipid‐Coated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as CD169‐Binding Delivery System for Rilpivirine and Cabotegravir. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022; 2. [PMID: 36313942 PMCID: PMC9610980 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, lipid-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (LMSN) are investigated as biomimetic delivery vehicle for two antiretroviral compounds (ARVs), rilpivirine (RPV) and cabotegravir (CAB). Monosialodihexosylganglioside (GM3) is incorporated into the membrane to facilitate LMSN binding to CD169 (Siglec-1)-expressing myeloid cells, that are predominantly expressed in secondary lymphoid tissues in vivo. It is demonstrated that in addition to providing CD169-binding functionalities, the lipid membrane around the silica core provides stealth properties that dampen the inflammatory cytokine response to ARVs-loaded LMSN in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Quantification of RPV and CAB releases from nanoparticles, and assessment of antiviral potency to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection in vitro reveals that RPV and CAB co-formulated into LMSN retain optimal antiviral potency for 90 days, even upon storage at room temperature, making LMSN an attractive nanoplatform, immune to cold chain requirements. These findings suggest that GM3-LMSN equip the mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) core with lipid-derived properties for surface passivation and lipid-mediated binding that are of high interest for achieving an effective delivery of ARVs to tissue reservoirs of HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zang
- Department of Chemistry and The Photonics Center Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Josiane Fofana
- Department of Microbiology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA 02118 USA
| | - Fangda Xu
- Department of Chemistry and The Photonics Center Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Sarah B. Nodder
- Department of Microbiology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA 02118 USA
| | - Suryaram Gummuluru
- Department of Microbiology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA 02118 USA
| | - Björn M. Reinhard
- Department of Chemistry and The Photonics Center Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
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6
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Zhang L, Wang J, von Kleist M. Numerical approaches for the rapid analysis of prophylactic efficacy against HIV with arbitrary drug-dosing schemes. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009295. [PMID: 34941864 PMCID: PMC8741042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an important pillar to prevent HIV transmission. Because of experimental and clinical shortcomings, mathematical models that integrate pharmacological, viral- and host factors are frequently used to quantify clinical efficacy of PrEP. Stochastic simulations of these models provides sample statistics from which the clinical efficacy is approximated. However, many stochastic simulations are needed to reduce the associated sampling error. To remedy the shortcomings of stochastic simulation, we developed a numerical method that allows predicting the efficacy of arbitrary prophylactic regimen directly from a viral dynamics model, without sampling. We apply the method to various hypothetical dolutegravir (DTG) prophylaxis scenarios. The approach is verified against state-of-the-art stochastic simulation. While the method is more accurate than stochastic simulation, it is superior in terms of computational performance. For example, a continuous 6-month prophylactic profile is computed within a few seconds on a laptop computer. The method’s computational performance, therefore, substantially expands the horizon of feasible analysis in the context of PrEP, and possibly other applications. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an important tool to prevent HIV transmission. However, experimental identification of parameters that determine prophylactic efficacy is extremely difficult. Clues about these parameters could prove essential for the design of next-generation PrEP compounds. Integrative mathematical models can fill this void: Based on stochastic simulation, a sample statistic can be generated, from which the prophylactic efficacy is estimated. However, for this sample statistic to be accurate, many simulations need to be performed. Here, we introduce a numerical method to directly compute the prophylactic efficacy from a viral dynamics model, without the need for sampling. Based on several examples with dolutegravir (DTG) -based short- and long-term PrEP, as well as post-exposure prophylaxis we demonstrate the correctness of the new method and its outstanding computational performance. Due to the method’s computational performance, a number of analyses, including formal sensitivity analysis, are becoming feasible with the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Zhang
- Project group 5 “Systems Medicine of Infectious Disease”, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Junyu Wang
- Project group 5 “Systems Medicine of Infectious Disease”, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max von Kleist
- Project group 5 “Systems Medicine of Infectious Disease”, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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7
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Maturavongsadit P, Paravyan G, Kovarova M, Garcia JV, Benhabbour SR. A new engineering process of biodegradable polymeric solid implants for ultra-long-acting drug delivery. Int J Pharm X 2021; 3:100068. [PMID: 33392498 PMCID: PMC7773589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2020.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a long-acting (LA) biodegradable polymeric solid implant (PSI) fabricated using a new process combining in-situ phase inversion and compression. This robust process allows fabrication of solid implants that can have different shapes and sizes, accommodate high drug payloads, and provide sustained drug release over several months. Herein the integrase inhibitor dolutegravir (DTG) was used to develop PSIs for HIV prevention. PSIs were fabricated using a three-step process by (a) phase inversion of DTG-loaded polymer solution to form an initial in-situ forming implant in an aqueous solution, (b) micronization of dried DTG-loaded solid implants, and (c) compression of the micronized DTG-loaded solid implants to form the PSI. High drug loading (up to 85 wt%) was achieved in the PSIs. DTG exhibited minimum burst release in the first 24 h (<6%) and sustained release kinetics over 6 months. The release kinetics of DTG can be fine-tuned by varying drug-loading concentration, the ratio of polymer (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA) to solvent (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, NMP) and polymer (PLGA) molecular weight in the precursor solution. The physical/chemical properties of DTG were retained post-storage under accelerated storage conditions (40 °C/75% relative humidity) for 6 months. The versatility of this technology makes it an attractive drug delivery platform for HIV prevention applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panita Maturavongsadit
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gayane Paravyan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Martina Kovarova
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Aids Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J. Victor Garcia
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Aids Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S. Rahima Benhabbour
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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8
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Kirtane AR, Verma M, Karandikar P, Furin J, Langer R, Traverso G. Nanotechnology approaches for global infectious diseases. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:369-384. [PMID: 33753915 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major driver of morbidity and mortality globally. Treatment of malaria, tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection are particularly challenging, as indicated by the ongoing transmission and high mortality associated with these diseases. The formulation of new and existing drugs in nano-sized carriers promises to overcome several challenges associated with the treatment of these diseases, including low on-target bioavailability, sub-therapeutic drug accumulation in microbial sanctuaries and reservoirs, and low patient adherence due to drug-related toxicities and extended therapeutic regimens. Further, nanocarriers can be used for formulating vaccines, which represent a major weapon in our fight against infectious diseases. Here we review the current burden of infectious diseases with a focus on major drivers of morbidity and mortality. We then highlight how nanotechnology could aid in improving existing treatment modalities. We summarize our progress so far and outline potential future directions to maximize the impact of nanotechnology on the global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya R Kirtane
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Malvika Verma
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Tata Center for Technology and Design, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paramesh Karandikar
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Furin
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Tata Center for Technology and Design, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Tata Center for Technology and Design, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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9
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Gillgrass A, Wessels JM, Yang JX, Kaushic C. Advances in Humanized Mouse Models to Improve Understanding of HIV-1 Pathogenesis and Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 11:617516. [PMID: 33746940 PMCID: PMC7973037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.617516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy has transformed human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) from a deadly infection into a chronic disease, it does not clear the viral reservoir, leaving HIV-1 as an uncurable infection. Currently, 1.2 million new HIV-1 infections occur globally each year, with little decrease over many years. Therefore, additional research is required to advance the current state of HIV management, find potential therapeutic strategies, and further understand the mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis and prevention strategies. Non-human primates (NHP) have been used extensively in HIV research and have provided critical advances within the field, but there are several issues that limit their use. Humanized mouse (Hu-mouse) models, or immunodeficient mice engrafted with human immune cells and/or tissues, provide a cost-effective and practical approach to create models for HIV research. Hu-mice closely parallel multiple aspects of human HIV infection and disease progression. Here, we highlight how innovations in Hu-mouse models have advanced HIV-1 research in the past decade. We discuss the effect of different background strains of mice, of modifications on the reconstitution of the immune cells, and the pros and cons of different human cells and/or tissue engraftment methods, on the ability to examine HIV-1 infection and immune response. Finally, we consider the newest advances in the Hu-mouse models and their potential to advance research in emerging areas of mucosal infections, understand the role of microbiota and the complex issues in HIV-TB co-infection. These innovations in Hu-mouse models hold the potential to significantly enhance mechanistic research to develop novel strategies for HIV prevention and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gillgrass
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jocelyn M. Wessels
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jack X. Yang
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Charu Kaushic
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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10
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Mustfa SA, Maurizi E, McGrath J, Chiappini C. Nanomedicine Approaches to Negotiate Local Biobarriers for Topical Drug Delivery. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ahmad Mustfa
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology King's College London London SE1 9RT UK
| | - Eleonora Maurizi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Università di Parma Parma 43121 Italy
| | - John McGrath
- St John's Institute of Dermatology King's College London London SE1 9RT UK
| | - Ciro Chiappini
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology King's College London London SE1 9RT UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology King's College London London WC2R 2LS UK
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11
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Agarwal Y, Beatty C, Biradar S, Castronova I, Ho S, Melody K, Bility MT. Moving beyond the mousetrap: current and emerging humanized mouse and rat models for investigating prevention and cure strategies against HIV infection and associated pathologies. Retrovirology 2020; 17:8. [PMID: 32276640 PMCID: PMC7149862 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of safe and effective combination antiretroviral therapies for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection over the past several decades has significantly reduced HIV-associated morbidity and mortality. Additionally, antiretroviral drugs have provided an effective means of protection against HIV transmission. Despite these advances, significant limitations exist; namely, the inability to eliminate HIV reservoirs, the inability to reverse lymphoid tissues damage, and the lack of an effective vaccine for preventing HIV transmission. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of therapeutics and vaccines for eliminating HIV reservoirs and preventing HIV transmission requires robust in vivo models. Since HIV is a human-specific pathogen, that targets hematopoietic lineage cells and lymphoid tissues, in vivo animal models for HIV-host interactions require incorporation of human hematopoietic lineage cells and lymphoid tissues. In this review, we will discuss the construction of mouse models with human lymphoid tissues and/or hematopoietic lineage cells, termed, human immune system (HIS)-humanized mice. These HIS-humanized mouse models can support the development of functional human innate and adaptive immune cells, along with primary (thymus) and secondary (spleen) lymphoid tissues. We will discuss applications of HIS-humanized mouse models in evaluating the safety and efficacy of therapeutics against HIV reservoirs and associated immunopathology, and delineate the human immune response elicited by candidate HIV vaccines. In addition to focusing on how these HIS-humanized mouse models have already furthered our understanding of HIV and contributed to HIV therapeutics development, we discuss how emerging HIS-humanized rat models could address the limitations of HIS-mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Agarwal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cole Beatty
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shivkumar Biradar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Isabella Castronova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sara Ho
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Melody
- Galveston National Laboratory and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Moses Turkle Bility
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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12
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Long-Acting Rilpivirine (RPV) Preexposure Prophylaxis Does Not Inhibit Vaginal Transmission of RPV-Resistant HIV-1 or Select for High-Frequency Drug Resistance in Humanized Mice. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01912-19. [PMID: 31969438 PMCID: PMC7108851 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01912-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiretroviral drug rilpivirine was developed into a long-acting formulation (RPV LA) to improve adherence for preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV-1 transmission. A concern is that RPV LA will not inhibit transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 and may select for drug-resistant virus. In female humanized mice, we found that RPV LA inhibited vaginal transmission of WT or 3-fold RPV-resistant HIV-1 but not virus with 30-fold RPV resistance. In animals that became infected despite RPV LA PrEP, WT HIV-1 dissemination was delayed until genital and plasma RPV concentrations waned. RPV resistance was detected at similar low frequencies in untreated and PrEP-treated mice that became infected. These results indicate the importance of maintaining RPV at a sustained threshold after virus exposure to prevent dissemination of HIV-1 after vaginal infection and low-frequency resistance mutations conferred low-level resistance, suggesting that RPV resistance is difficult to develop after HIV-1 infection during RPV LA PrEP. As a long-acting formulation of the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor rilpivirine (RPV LA) has been proposed for use as preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and the prevalence of transmitted RPV-resistant viruses can be relatively high, we evaluated the efficacy of RPV LA to inhibit vaginal transmission of RPV-resistant HIV-1 in humanized mice. Vaginal challenges of wild-type (WT), Y181C, and Y181V HIV-1 were performed in mice left untreated or after RPV PrEP. Plasma viremia was measured for 7 to 10 weeks, and single-genome sequencing was performed on plasma HIV-1 RNA in mice infected during PrEP. RPV LA significantly prevented vaginal transmission of WT HIV-1 and Y181C HIV-1, which is 3-fold resistant to RPV. However, it did not prevent transmission of Y181V HIV-1, which has 30-fold RPV resistance in the viruses used for this study. RPV LA did delay WT HIV-1 dissemination in infected animals until genital and plasma RPV concentrations waned. Animals that became infected despite RPV LA PrEP did not acquire new RPV-resistant mutations above frequencies in untreated mice or untreated people living with HIV-1, and the mutations detected conferred low-level resistance. These data suggest that high, sustained concentrations of RPV were required to inhibit vaginal transmission of HIV-1 with little or no resistance to RPV but could not inhibit virus with high resistance. HIV-1 did not develop high-level or high-frequency RPV resistance in the majority of mice infected after RPV LA treatment. However, the impact of low-frequency RPV resistance on virologic outcome during subsequent antiretroviral therapy still is unclear. IMPORTANCE The antiretroviral drug rilpivirine was developed into a long-acting formulation (RPV LA) to improve adherence for preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV-1 transmission. A concern is that RPV LA will not inhibit transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 and may select for drug-resistant virus. In female humanized mice, we found that RPV LA inhibited vaginal transmission of WT or 3-fold RPV-resistant HIV-1 but not virus with 30-fold RPV resistance. In animals that became infected despite RPV LA PrEP, WT HIV-1 dissemination was delayed until genital and plasma RPV concentrations waned. RPV resistance was detected at similar low frequencies in untreated and PrEP-treated mice that became infected. These results indicate the importance of maintaining RPV at a sustained threshold after virus exposure to prevent dissemination of HIV-1 after vaginal infection and low-frequency resistance mutations conferred low-level resistance, suggesting that RPV resistance is difficult to develop after HIV-1 infection during RPV LA PrEP.
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Benhabbour SR, Kovarova M, Jones C, Copeland DJ, Shrivastava R, Swanson MD, Sykes C, Ho PT, Cottrell ML, Sridharan A, Fix SM, Thayer O, Long JM, Hazuda DJ, Dayton PA, Mumper RJ, Kashuba ADM, Victor Garcia J. Ultra-long-acting tunable biodegradable and removable controlled release implants for drug delivery. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4324. [PMID: 31541085 PMCID: PMC6754500 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report an ultra-long-acting tunable, biodegradable, and removable polymer-based delivery system that offers sustained drug delivery for up to one year for HIV treatment or prophylaxis. This robust formulation offers the ability to integrate multiple drugs in a single injection, which is particularly important to address the potential for drug resistance with monotherapy. Six antiretroviral drugs were selected based on their solubility in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and relevance as a combination therapy for HIV treatment or prevention. All drugs released with concentrations above their protein-adjusted inhibitory concentration and retained their physical and chemical properties within the formulation and upon release. The versatility of this formulation to integrate multiple drugs and provide sustained plasma concentrations from several weeks to up to one year, combined with its ability to be removed to terminate the treatment if necessary, makes it attractive as a drug delivery platform technology for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rahima Benhabbour
- UNC_NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Martina Kovarova
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Aids Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Clinton Jones
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daijha J Copeland
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Roopali Shrivastava
- UNC_NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael D Swanson
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Aids Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Craig Sykes
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Phong T Ho
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Aids Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mackenzie L Cottrell
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Aids Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anush Sridharan
- UNC_NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samantha M Fix
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Orrin Thayer
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Aids Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Julie M Long
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Aids Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daria J Hazuda
- Infectious Disease Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Paul A Dayton
- UNC_NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Victor Garcia
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Aids Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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14
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Gong Y, Chowdhury P, Nagesh PKB, Cory TJ, Dezfuli C, Kodidela S, Singh A, Yallapu MM, Kumar S. Nanotechnology approaches for delivery of cytochrome P450 substrates in HIV treatment. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:869-882. [PMID: 31328582 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1646725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to a significant reduction in HIV-1 morbidity and mortality. Many antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathway, and the majority of these drugs are also either CYP inhibitors or inducers and few possess both activities. These CYP substrates, when used for HIV treatment in the conventional dosage form, have limitations such as low systemic bioavailability, potential drug-drug interactions, and short half-lives. Thus, an alternative mode of delivery is needed in contrast to conventional ARVs. Areas covered: In this review, we summarized the limitations of conventional ARVs in HIV treatment, especially for ARVs which are CYP substrates. We also discussed the preclinical and clinical studies using the nanotechnology strategy to overcome the limitations of these CYP substrates. The preclinical studies and clinical studies published from 2000 to February 2019 were discussed. Expert opinion: Since preclinical and clinical studies for prevention and treatment of HIV using nanotechnology approaches have shown considerable promise in recent years, nanotechnology could become an alternative strategy for daily oral therapy as a future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Gong
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Pallabita Chowdhury
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Prashanth K B Nagesh
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Theodore J Cory
- b Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Chelsea Dezfuli
- b Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Sunitha Kodidela
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Ajay Singh
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
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15
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Tian W, Han S, Huang X, Han M, Cao J, Liang Y, Sun Y. LDH hybrid thermosensitive hydrogel for intravaginal delivery of anti-HIV drugs. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:1234-1240. [PMID: 30966834 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1596935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Microbicides based on hydrogel have become an effective way to prevent the HIV replication and transmission because of their convenience and prolonging drug release. In this study, a hybrid thermo-sensitive hydrogel constituted by nanosized layered double hydroxides and poloxamer 407 (P407) was constructed and co-loaded with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drug. The LDH-P407 hydrogel could achieve sol-gel transition at body temperature. The in vivo experiment showed that LDH-P407 hydrogel can achieve controlled release of theaflavin and Nile red (hydrophobic drug model) into blood by vaginal drug delivery, meanwhile the hydrogel showed barely mucosal irritation. In addition, ex vivo experiment showed that the nifeviroc-loaded LDH-P407 hydrogel was able to specifically bind co-receptor CCR5 of DCs cells. Therefore, the LDH-P407 hydrogel would be a promising carrier for intravaginal delivery of anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Tian
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Qingdao University , Qingdao , China
| | - Shangcong Han
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Qingdao University , Qingdao , China
| | - Xia Huang
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Qingdao University , Qingdao , China
| | - Mei Han
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Qingdao University , Qingdao , China
| | - Jie Cao
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Qingdao University , Qingdao , China
| | - Yan Liang
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Qingdao University , Qingdao , China
| | - Yong Sun
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Qingdao University , Qingdao , China
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16
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Yap PK, Loo Xin GL, Tan YY, Chellian J, Gupta G, Liew YK, Collet T, Dua K, Chellappan DK. Antiretroviral agents in pre-exposure prophylaxis: emerging and advanced trends in HIV prevention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 71:1339-1352. [PMID: 31144296 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antiretroviral agents (ARVs) have been the most promising line of therapy in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. Some of these ARVs are used in the pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to suppress the transmission of HIV. Prophylaxis is primarily used in uninfected people, before exposure, to effectively prevent HIV infection. Several studies have shown that ART PrEP prevents HIV acquisition from sexual, blood and mother-to-child transmissions. However, there are also several challenges and limitations to PrEP. This review focuses on the current antiretroviral therapies used in PrEP. KEY FINDINGS Among ARVs, the most common drugs employed from the class of entry inhibitors are maraviroc (MVC), which is a CCR5 receptor antagonist. Other entry inhibitors like emtricitabine (FTC) and tenofovir (TFV) are also used. Rilpivirine (RPV) and dapivirine (DPV) are the most common drugs employed from the Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTIs) class, whereas, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is primarily used in the Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTIs) class. Cabotegravir (CAB) is an analog of dolutegravir, and it is an integrase inhibitor. Some of these drugs are also used in combination with other drugs from the same class. SUMMARY Some of the most common pre-exposure prophylactic strategies employed currently are the use of inhibitors, namely entry inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, integrase and protease inhibitors. In addition, we have also discussed on the adverse effects caused by ART in PrEP, pharmacoeconomics factors and the use of antiretroviral prophylaxis in serodiscordant couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Khee Yap
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Griselda Lim Loo Xin
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Ying Tan
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jestin Chellian
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
| | - Yun Khoon Liew
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Trudi Collet
- Innovative Medicines Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) & School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle (UoN), Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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17
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Grande F, Ioele G, Occhiuzzi MA, De Luca M, Mazzotta E, Ragno G, Garofalo A, Muzzalupo R. Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Nanosystems Designed for Drug Stability and Controlled Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E197. [PMID: 31035595 PMCID: PMC6572254 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11050197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An in-depth analysis of nanotechnology applications for the improvement of solubility, distribution, bioavailability and stability of reverse transcriptase inhibitors is reported. Current clinically used nucleoside and non-nucleoside agents, included in combination therapies, were examined in the present survey, as drugs belonging to these classes are the major component of highly active antiretroviral treatments. The inclusion of such agents into supramolecular vesicular systems, such as liposomes, niosomes and lipid solid NPs, overcomes several drawbacks related to the action of these drugs, including drug instability and unfavorable pharmacokinetics. Overall results reported in the literature show that the performances of these drugs could be significantly improved by inclusion into nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Maria Antonietta Occhiuzzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Michele De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Mazzotta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Gaetano Ragno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Antonio Garofalo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Rita Muzzalupo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
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18
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Mesquita L, Galante J, Nunes R, Sarmento B, das Neves J. Pharmaceutical Vehicles for Vaginal and Rectal Administration of Anti-HIV Microbicide Nanosystems. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11030145. [PMID: 30917532 PMCID: PMC6472048 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention strategies play a key role in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Vaginal and rectal microbicides hold great promise in tackling sexual transmission of HIV-1, but effective and safe products are yet to be approved and made available to those in need. While most efforts have been placed in finding and testing suitable active drug candidates to be used in microbicide development, the last decade also saw considerable advances in the design of adequate carrier systems and formulations that could lead to products presenting enhanced performance in protecting from infection. One strategy demonstrating great potential encompasses the use of nanosystems, either with intrinsic antiviral activity or acting as carriers for promising microbicide drug candidates. Polymeric nanoparticles, in particular, have been shown to be able to enhance mucosal distribution and retention of promising antiretroviral compounds. One important aspect in the development of nanotechnology-based microbicides relates to the design of pharmaceutical vehicles that allow not only convenient vaginal and/or rectal administration, but also preserve or even enhance the performance of nanosystems. In this manuscript, we revise relevant work concerning the selection of vaginal/rectal dosage forms and vehicle formulation development for the administration of microbicide nanosystems. We also pinpoint major gaps in the field and provide pertinent hints for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Mesquita
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Galante
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rute Nunes
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
| | - José das Neves
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
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19
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Namasivayam V, Vanangamudi M, Kramer VG, Kurup S, Zhan P, Liu X, Kongsted J, Byrareddy SN. The Journey of HIV-1 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) from Lab to Clinic. J Med Chem 2018; 62:4851-4883. [PMID: 30516990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is now pandemic. Targeting HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) has been considered as one of the most successful targets for the development of anti-HIV treatment. Among the HIV-1 RT inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have gained a definitive place due to their unique antiviral potency, high specificity, and low toxicity in antiretroviral combination therapies used to treat HIV. Until now, >50 structurally diverse classes of compounds have been reported as NNRTIs. Among them, six NNRTIs were approved for HIV-1 treatment, namely, nevirapine (NVP), delavirdine (DLV), efavirenz (EFV), etravirine (ETR), rilpivirine (RPV), and doravirine (DOR). In this perspective, we focus on the six NNRTIs and lessons learned from their journey through development to clinical studies. It demonstrates the obligatory need of understanding the physicochemical and biological principles (lead optimization), resistance mutations, synthesis, and clinical requirements for drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry II , University of Bonn , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Murugesan Vanangamudi
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Sree Vidyanikethan College of Pharmacy , Tirupathi , Andhra Pradesh 517102 , India
| | | | - Sonali Kurup
- College of Pharmacy , Roosevelt University , Schaumburg , Illinois 60173 , United States
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , Jinan 250012 , P.R. China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , Jinan 250012 , P.R. China
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 , Odense M , Denmark
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha 68198-5880 , United States
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Ottemann BM, Helmink AJ, Zhang W, Mukadam I, Woldstad C, Hilaire JR, Liu Y, McMillan JM, Edagwa BJ, Mosley RL, Garrison JC, Kevadiya BD, Gendelman HE. Bioimaging predictors of rilpivirine biodistribution and antiretroviral activities. Biomaterials 2018; 185:174-193. [PMID: 30245386 PMCID: PMC6556898 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has changed the outcome of human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection from certain death to a life free of disease co-morbidities. However, infected people must remain on life-long daily ART. ART reduces but fails to eliminate the viral reservoir. In order to improve upon current treatment regimens, our laboratory created long acting slow effective release (LASER) ART nanoformulated prodrugs from native medicines. LASER ART enables antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) to better reach target sites of HIV-1 infection while, at the same time, improve ART's half-life and potency. However, novel ARV design has been slowed by prolonged pharmacokinetic testing requirements. To such ends, tri-modal theranostic nanoparticles were created with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence capabilities to predict LASER ART biodistribution. The created theranostic ARV probes were then employed to monitor drug tissue distribution and potency. Intrinsically 111Indium (111In) radiolabeled, europium doped cobalt-ferrite particles and rilpivirine were encased in a polycaprolactone core surrounded by a lipid shell (111InEuCF-RPV). Particle cell and tissue distribution, and antiretroviral activities were sustained in macrophage tissue depots. 111InEuCF-PCL/RPV particles injected into mice demonstrated co-registration of MRI and SPECT/CT tissue signals with RPV and cobalt. Cell and animal particle biodistribution paralleled ARV activities. We posit that particle selection can predict RPV distribution and potency facilitated by multifunctional theranostic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M Ottemann
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Austin J Helmink
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Insiya Mukadam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - James R Hilaire
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - JoEllyn M McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Benson J Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jered C Garrison
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bhavesh D Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Ultra-long-acting removable drug delivery system for HIV treatment and prevention. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4156. [PMID: 30297889 PMCID: PMC6175887 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06490-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-adherence to medication is an important health care problem, especially in the treatment of chronic conditions. Injectable long-acting (LA) formulations of antiretrovirals (ARVs) represent a viable alternative to improve adherence to HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention. However, the LA-ARV formulations currently in clinical trials cannot be removed after administration even if adverse events occur. Here we show an ultra-LA removable system that delivers drug for up to 9 months and can be safely removed to stop drug delivery. We use two pre-clinical models for HIV transmission and treatment, non-human primates (NHP) and humanized BLT (bone marrow/liver/thymus) mice and show a single dose of subcutaneously administered ultra-LA dolutegravir effectively delivers the drug in both models and show suppression of viremia and protection from multiple high-dose vaginal HIV challenges in BLT mice. This approach represents a potentially effective strategy for the ultra-LA drug delivery with multiple possible therapeutic applications. Long-acting (LA) formulations of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs are an alternative approach to improve adherence for HIV treatment and prevention. Here the authors show a removable biodegradable ultra-LA-ARV drug system that effectively delivers drug, controls viremia and prevents infection in animal models of HIV infection.
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22
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Neutralizing Antibody-Based Prevention of Cell-Associated HIV-1 Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060333. [PMID: 29912167 PMCID: PMC6024846 DOI: 10.3390/v10060333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Improved vaccine-mediated protection against HIV-1 requires a thorough understanding of the mode of HIV-1 transmission and how various immune responses control transmission. Cell-associated HIV-1 is infectious and contributes to HIV-1 transmission in humans. Non-human primate models of cell-associated SIV infection demonstrate that cell-associated SIV is more infectious than cell-free SIV. In a recently described chimeric simian–human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) macaque model, it was demonstrated that an occult infection with cell-associated SHIV can be established that evades passive protection with a broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb). Indeed, considerable in vitro data shows that bnAbs have less efficacy against cell-associated HIV-1 than cell-free HIV-1. Optimizing the protective capacity of immune responses such as bnAbs against cell-associated infections may be needed to maximize their protective efficacy.
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Parsons MS, Lloyd SB, Lee WS, Kristensen AB, Amarasena T, Center RJ, Keele BF, Lifson JD, LaBranche CC, Montefiori D, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Swiderek KM, Venturi V, Davenport MP, Kent SJ. Partial efficacy of a broadly neutralizing antibody against cell-associated SHIV infection. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/402/eaaf1483. [PMID: 28794282 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (BnAbs) protect macaques from cell-free simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge, but their efficacy against cell-associated SHIV is unclear. Virus in cell-associated format is highly infectious, present in transmission-competent bodily fluids, and potentially capable of evading antibody-mediated neutralization. The PGT121 BnAb, which recognizes an epitope consisting of the V3 loop and envelope glycans, mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and neutralization of cell-to-cell HIV-1 transmission. To evaluate whether a BnAb can prevent infection after cell-associated viral challenge, we infused pigtail macaques with PGT121 or an isotype control and challenged animals 1 hour later intravenously with SHIVSF162P3-infected splenocytes. All five controls had high viremia 1 week after challenge. Three of six PGT121-infused animals were completely protected, two of six animals had a 1-week delay in onset of high viremia, and one animal had a 7-week delay in onset of viremia. The infused antibody had decayed on average to 2.0 μg/ml by 1 week after infusion and was well below 1 μg/ml (range, <0.1 to 0.8 μg/ml) by 8 weeks. The animals with a 1-week delay before high viremia had relatively lower plasma concentrations of PGT121. Transfer of 22 million peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stored at weeks 1 to 4 from the animal with the 7-week delayed onset of viremia into uninfected macaques did not initiate infection. Our results show that HIV-1-specific neutralizing antibodies have partial efficacy against cell-associated virus exposure in macaques. We conclude that sustaining high concentrations of bioavailable BnAb is important for protecting against cell-associated virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
| | - Sarah B Lloyd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Anne B Kristensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Thakshila Amarasena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Rob J Center
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | - Bruce D Wines
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | | | - Vanessa Venturi
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia. .,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Hospital Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Evering TH, Tsuji M. Human Immune System Mice for the Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Type 1 Infection of the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:649. [PMID: 29670623 PMCID: PMC5893637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice transplanted with human cell populations or tissues, also known as human immune system (HIS) mice, have emerged as an important and versatile tool for the in vivo study of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis, treatment, and persistence in various biological compartments. Recent work in HIS mice has demonstrated their ability to recapitulate critical aspects of human immune responses to HIV-1 infection, and such studies have informed our knowledge of HIV-1 persistence and latency in the context of combination antiretroviral therapy. The central nervous system (CNS) is a unique, immunologically privileged compartment susceptible to HIV-1 infection, replication, and immune-mediated damage. The unique, neural, and glia-rich cellular composition of this compartment, as well as the important role of infiltrating cells of the myeloid lineage in HIV-1 seeding and replication makes its study of paramount importance, particularly in the context of HIV-1 cure research. Current work on the replication and persistence of HIV-1 in the CNS, as well as cells of the myeloid lineage thought to be important in HIV-1 infection of this compartment, has been aided by the expanded use of these HIS mouse models. In this review, we describe the major HIS mouse models currently in use for the study of HIV-1 neuropathogenesis, recent insights from the field, limitations of the available models, and promising advances in HIS mouse model development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa H Evering
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, An Affiliate of the Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, An Affiliate of the Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
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25
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Lloyd-Parry O, Downing C, Aleisaei E, Jones C, Coward K. Nanomedicine applications in women's health: state of the art. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:1963-1983. [PMID: 29636611 PMCID: PMC5880180 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s97572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
State-of-the-art applications of nanomedicine have the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of a range of conditions and diseases affecting women’s health. In this review, we provide a synopsis of potential applications of nanomedicine in some of the most dominant fields of women’s health: mental health, sexual health, reproductive medicine, oncology, menopause-related conditions and dementia. We explore published studies arising from in vitro and in vivo experiments, and clinical trials where available, to reveal novel and highly promising therapeutic applications of nanomedicine in these fields. For the first time, we summarize the growing body of evidence relating to the use of nanomaterials as experimental tools for the detection, prevention, and treatment of significant diseases and conditions across the life course of a cisgender woman, from puberty to menopause; revealing the far-reaching and desirable theoretical impact of nanomedicine across different medical disciplines. We also present an overview of potential concerns regarding the therapeutic applications of nanomedicine and the factors currently restricting the growth of applied nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Lloyd-Parry
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Charlotte Downing
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Eisa Aleisaei
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Celine Jones
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Kevin Coward
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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26
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Valuev-Elliston VT, Kochetkov SN. Novel HIV-1 Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: A Combinatorial Approach. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018. [PMID: 29523068 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917130107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is one of the most effective means for fighting against HIV-infection. HAART primarily targets HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), and 14 of 28 compounds approved by the FDA as anti-HIV drugs act on this enzyme. HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) hold a special place among HIV RT inhibitors owing to their high specificity and unique mode of action. Nonetheless, these drugs show a tendency to decrease their efficacy due to high HIV-1 variability and formation of resistant virus strains tolerant to clinically applied HIV NNRTIs. A combinatorial approach based on varying substituents within various fragments of the parent molecule that results in development of highly potent compounds is one of the approaches aimed at designing novel HIV NNRTIs. Generation of HIV NNRTIs based on pyrimidine derivatives explicitly exemplifies this approach, which is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Valuev-Elliston
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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27
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Wu TJ, Chiu HY, Yu J, Cautela MP, Sarmento B, das Neves J, Catala C, Pazos-Perez N, Guerrini L, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Vranješ-Đurić S, Ignjatović NL. Nanotechnologies for early diagnosis, in situ disease monitoring, and prevention. NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN PREVENTIVE AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7156018 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-48063-5.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an enabling technology with great potential for applications in stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Fluorescent nanodiamond (FND), an inherently biocompatible and nontoxic nanoparticle, is well suited for such applications. We had developed a prospective isolation method using CD157, CD45, and CD54 to obtain lung stem cells. Labeling of CD45−CD54+CD157+ cells with FNDs did not eliminate their abilities for self-renewal and differentiation. The FND labeling in combination with cell sorting, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, and immunostaining identified transplanted stem cells allowed tracking of their engraftment and regenerative capabilities with single-cell resolution. Time-gated fluorescence (TGF) imaging in mouse tissue sections indicated that they reside preferentially at the bronchoalveolar junctions of lungs, especially in naphthalene-injured mice. Our results presented in Subchapter 1.1 demonstrate not only the remarkable homing capacity and regenerative potential of the isolated stem cells, but also the ability of finding rare lung stem cells in vivo using FNDs. The topical use of antiretroviral-based microbicides, namely of a dapivirine ring, has been recently shown to partially prevent transmission of HIV through the vaginal route. Among different formulation approaches, nanotechnology tools and principles have been used for the development of tentative vaginal and rectal microbicide products. Subchapter 1.2 provides an overview of antiretroviral drug nanocarriers as novel microbicide candidates and discusses recent and relevant research on the topic. Furthermore, advances in developing vaginal delivery platforms for the administration of promising antiretroviral drug nanocarriers are reviewed. Although mostly dedicated to the discussion of nanosystems for vaginal use, the development of rectal nanomicrobicides is also addressed. Infectious diseases are currently responsible for over 8 million deaths per year. Efficient treatments require accurate recognition of pathogens at low concentrations, which in the case of blood infection (septicemia) can go as low as 1 mL–1. Detecting and quantifying bacteria at such low concentrations is challenging and typically demands cultures of large samples of blood (∼1 mL) extending over 24–72 h. This delay seriously compromises the health of patients and is largely responsible for the death toll of bacterial infections. Recent advances in nanoscience, spectroscopy, plasmonics, and microfluidics allow for the development of optical devices capable of monitoring minute amounts of analytes in liquid samples. In Subchapter 1.3 we critically discuss these recent developments that will, in the future, enable the multiplex identification and quantification of microorganisms directly on their biological matrix with unprecedented speed, low cost, and sensitivity. Radiolabeled nanoparticles (NPs) are finding an increasing interest in a broad range of biomedical applications. They may be used to detect and characterize diseases, to deliver relevant therapeutics, and to study the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters of nanomaterials. The use of radiotracer techniques in the research of novel NPs offers many advantages, but there are still some limitations. The binding of radionuclides to NPs has to be irreversible to prevent their escape to other tissues or organs. Due to the short half-lives of radionuclides, the manufacturing process is time limited and difficult, and there is also a risk of contamination. Subchapter 1.4 presents the main selection criteria for radionuclides and applicable radiolabeling procedures used for the radiolabeling of various NPs. Also, an overview of different types of NPs that have so far been labeled with radionuclides is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Jung Wu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kuei Shang, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yu Chiu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kuei Shang, Taiwan,China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - John Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kuei Shang, Taiwan,Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Taipei, Taiwan
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Mir M, Ahmed N, Rehman AU. Recent applications of PLGA based nanostructures in drug delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 159:217-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zainuddin R, Zaheer Z, Sangshetti JN, Momin M. Enhancement of oral bioavailability of anti-HIV drug rilpivirine HCl through nanosponge formulation . Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:2076-2084. [PMID: 28845699 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1371732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesize β cyclodextrin nanosponges using a novel and efficient microwave mediated method for enhancing bioavailability of Rilpivirine HCl (RLP). SIGNIFICANCE Belonging to BCS class II RLP has pH dependent solubility and poor oral bioavailability. However, a fatty meal enhances its absorption hence the therapy indicates that the dosage form be consumed with a meal. But then it becomes tedious and inconvenient to continue the therapy for years with having to face the associated gastric side effects such as nausea. METHOD Microwave synthesizer was used to mediate the poly-condensation reaction between β-cyclodextrin and cross-linker diphenylcarbonate. Critical parameters selected were polymer to cross-linker ratio, Watt power, reaction time and solvent volume. Characterization studies were performed using FTIR, DSC, SEM, 1H-NMR and PXRD. Molecular modeling was applied to confirm the possibility of drug entrapment. In vitro drug dissolution followed by oral bioavailability studies was performed in Sprawley rats. Samples were analyzed using HPLC. RESULTS Microwave synthesis yields para-crystalline, porous nanosponges (∼205 nm). Drug entrapment led to enhancement of solubility and a two-fold increase in drug dissolution (P < 0.001) following Higuchi release model. Enhanced oral bioavailability was observed in fasted Sprawley rats where Cmax and AUC0-∞ increases significantly (Cmax of NS∼ 586 ± 5.91 ng/mL; plain RLP ∼310 ± 5. 74 ng/mL). CONCLUSION The approach offers a comfortable dosing zone for AIDs patients, negating the requirement of consuming the formulation in a fed state due to enhancement in drugs' oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Zainuddin
- a Depatment of Quality Assurance, Y.B. Chavan College of Pharmacy , Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Campus , Aurangabad , India
| | - Zahid Zaheer
- a Depatment of Quality Assurance, Y.B. Chavan College of Pharmacy , Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Campus , Aurangabad , India
| | - Jaiprakash N Sangshetti
- a Depatment of Quality Assurance, Y.B. Chavan College of Pharmacy , Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Campus , Aurangabad , India
| | - Mufassir Momin
- a Depatment of Quality Assurance, Y.B. Chavan College of Pharmacy , Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Campus , Aurangabad , India
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Gallay PA, Chatterji U, Kirchhoff A, Gandarilla A, Gunawardana M, Pyles RB, Marzinke MA, Moss JA, Baum MM. Prevention of vaginal and rectal HIV transmission by antiretroviral combinations in humanized mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184303. [PMID: 28880948 PMCID: PMC5589224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With more than 7,000 new HIV infections daily worldwide, there is an urgent need for non-vaccine biomedical prevention (nBP) strategies that are safe, effective, and acceptable. Clinical trials have demonstrated that pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with antiretrovirals (ARVs) can be effective at preventing HIV infection. In contrast, other trials using the same ARVs failed to show consistent efficacy. Topical (vaginal and rectal) dosing is a promising regimen for HIV PrEP as it leads to low systematic drug exposure. A series of titration studies were carried out in bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) mice aimed at determining the adequate drug concentrations applied vaginally or rectally that offer protection against rectal or vaginal HIV challenge. The dose-response relationship of these agents was measured and showed that topical tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) can offer 100% protection against rectal or vaginal HIV challenges. From the challenge data, EC50 values of 4.6 μM for TDF and 0.6 μM for FTC for HIV vaginal administration and 6.1 μM TDF and 0.18 μM for FTC for rectal administration were obtained. These findings suggest that the BLT mouse model is highly suitable for studying the dose-response relationship in single and combination ARV studies of vaginal or rectal HIV exposure. Application of this sensitive HIV infection model to more complex binary and ternary ARV combinations, particularly where agents have different mechanisms of action, should allow selection of optimal ARV combinations to be advanced into pre-clinical and clinical development as nBP products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe A. Gallay
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Udayan Chatterji
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Aaron Kirchhoff
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Angel Gandarilla
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Manjula Gunawardana
- Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science; Monrovia, California, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Pyles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Marzinke
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John A. Moss
- Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science; Monrovia, California, United States of America
| | - Marc M. Baum
- Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science; Monrovia, California, United States of America
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Khandalavala K, Mandal S, Pham R, Destache CJ, Shibata A. Nanoparticle Encapsulation for Antiretroviral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE 2017; 4:53-61. [PMID: 29881781 PMCID: PMC5987555 DOI: 10.15436/2377-1372.17.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV continues to be one of the greatest challenges facing the global health community. More than 36 million people currently live with HIV and, in 2015 2.1 million new infections were reported globally. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) prevents HIV infection by inhibiting viral entry, replication, or integration at the primary site of pathogenic contraction. Failures of large antiretroviral drug (ARV) PrEP clinical trials indicate the current insufficiencies of PrEP for women in high-risk areas, such as sub-Saharan Africa. A combination of social, adherence, and drug barriers create these insufficiencies and limit the efficacy of ARV. Nanotechnology offers the promise of extended drug release and enhances bioavailability of ARVs when encapsulated in polymeric nano-particles. Nanoparticle encapsulation has been evaluated in vitro in comparative studies to drug solutions and exhibit higher efficacy and lower cytotoxicity profiles. Delivery systems for nanoparticle PrEP facilitate administration of nano-encapsulated ARVs to high-risk tissues. In this mini-review, we summarize the comparative nanoparticle and drug solution studies and the potential of two delivery methods: thermosensitive gels and polymeric nanoparticle films for direct prophylactic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhra Mandal
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Rachel Pham
- Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
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Notario-Pérez F, Ruiz-Caro R, Veiga-Ochoa MD. Historical development of vaginal microbicides to prevent sexual transmission of HIV in women: from past failures to future hopes. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:1767-1787. [PMID: 28670111 PMCID: PMC5479294 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s133170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a global public health concern and is particularly serious in low- and middle-income countries. Widespread sexual violence and poverty, among other factors, increase the risk of infection in women, while currently available prevention methods are outside the control of most. This has driven the study of vaginal microbicides to prevent sexual transmission of HIV from men to women in recent decades. The first microbicides evaluated were formulated as gels for daily use and contained different substances such as surfactants, acidifiers and monoclonal antibodies, which failed to demonstrate efficacy in clinical trials. A gel containing the reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir showed protective efficacy in women. However, the lack of adherence by patients led to the search for dosage forms capable of releasing the active principle for longer periods, and hence to the emergence of the vaginal ring loaded with dapivirine, which requires a monthly application and is able to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV. The future of vaginal microbicides will feature the use of alternative dosage forms, nanosystems for drug release and probiotics, which have emerged as potential microbicides but are still in the early stages of development. Protecting women with vaginal microbicide formulations would, therefore, be a valuable tool for avoiding sexual transmission of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Notario-Pérez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Caro
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Dolores Veiga-Ochoa
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Özdener AE, Park TE, Kalabalik J, Gupta R. The future of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 15:467-481. [PMID: 28322067 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1309292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People at high risk for HIV acquisition should be offered pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC) is currently the only medication recommended for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in people at high risk for HIV acquisition. This article will review medications currently under investigation and the future landscape of PrEP therapy. Areas covered: This article will review clinical trials that have investigated nontraditional regimens of TDF/FTC, antiretroviral agents from different drug classes such as integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) as potential PrEP therapies. Expert commentary: Currently, there are several investigational drugs in the pipeline for PrEP against HIV infection. Increased utilization of PrEP therapy depends on provider identification of people at high risk for HIV transmission. Advances in PrEP development will expand options and access for people and reduce the risk of HIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Elif Özdener
- a School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Fairleigh Dickinson University , Florham Park , USA
| | - Tae Eun Park
- b Touro College of Pharmacy , New York , NY , USA.,c Department of Pharmacy , State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center , Brooklyn , NY , USA
| | - Julie Kalabalik
- a School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Fairleigh Dickinson University , Florham Park , USA
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Nixon CC, Mavigner M, Silvestri G, Garcia JV. In Vivo Models of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence and Cure Strategies. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:S142-S151. [PMID: 28520967 PMCID: PMC5410984 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Current HIV therapy is not curative regardless of how soon after infection it is initiated or how long it is administered, and therapy interruption almost invariably results in robust viral rebound. Human immunodeficiency virus persistence is therefore the major obstacle to a cure for AIDS. The testing and implementation of novel yet unproven approaches to HIV eradication that could compromise the health status of HIV-infected individuals might not be ethically warranted. Therefore, adequate in vitro and in vivo evidence of efficacy is needed to facilitate the clinical implementation of promising strategies for an HIV cure. Animal models of HIV infection have a strong and well-documented history of bridging the gap between laboratory discoveries and eventual clinical implementation. More recently, animal models have been developed and implemented for the in vivo evaluation of novel HIV cure strategies. In this article, we review the recent progress in this rapidly moving area of research, focusing on the two most promising model systems: humanized mice and nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
| | - Maud Mavigner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
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Tenofovir alafenamide and elvitegravir loaded nanoparticles for long-acting prevention of HIV-1 vaginal transmission. AIDS 2017; 31:469-476. [PMID: 28121666 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This report presents tenofovir (TFV) alafenamide (TAF) and elvitegravir (EVG) fabricated into nanoparticles for subcutaneous delivery as prevention strategy. DESIGN Prospective prevention study in humanized bone marrow-liver-thymus (hu-BLT) mice. METHODS Using an oil-in-water emulsion solvent evaporation technique, TAF + EVG drugs were entrapped together into nanoparticles containing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid). In-vitro prophylaxis studies (90% inhibition concentration) compared nanoparticles with drugs in solution. Hu-BLT (n = 5/group) mice were given 200 mg/kg subcutaneous, and vaginally challenged with HIV-1 [5 × 10 tissue culture infectious dose for 50% of cells cultures (TCID50)] 4 and 14 days post-nanoparticle administration (post-nanoparticle injection). Control mice (n = 5) were challenged at 4 days. Weekly plasma viral load was performed using RT-PCR. Hu-BLT mice were sacrificed and lymph nodes were harvested for HIV-1 viral RNA detection by in-situ hybridization. In parallel, CD34 humanized mice (3/time point) compared TFV and EVG drug levels in vaginal tissues from nanoparticles and solution. TFV and EVG were analyzed from tissue using liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS TAF + EVG nanoparticles were less than 200 nm in size. In-vitro prophylaxis indicates TAF + EVG nanoparticles 90% inhibition concentration was 0.002 μg/ml and TAF + EVG solution was 0.78 μg/ml. TAF + EVG nanoparticles demonstrated detectable drugs for 14 days and 72 h for solution, respectively. All hu-BLT control mice became infected within 14 days after HIV-1 challenge. In contrast, hu-BLT mice that received nanoparticles and challenged at 4 days post-nanoparticle injection, 100% were uninfected, and 60% challenged at 14 days post-nanoparticle injection were uninfected (P = 0.007; Mantel-Cox test). In-situ hybridization confirmed these results. CONCLUSION This proof-of-concept study demonstrated sustained protection for TAF + EVG nanoparticles in a hu-BLT mouse model of HIV vaginal transmission.
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Edagwa B, McMillan J, Sillman B, Gendelman HE. Long-acting slow effective release antiretroviral therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2017; 14:1281-1291. [PMID: 28128004 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2017.1288212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advances in long-acting antiretroviral therapy (ART) can revolutionize current HIV/AIDS treatments. We coined the term 'long-acting slow effective release ART' (LASER ART) to highlight the required formulation properties of slow drug dissolution, poor water-solubility, bioavailability, little-to-no off-target toxicities and improved regimen adherence. Drug carrier technologies characterized by high antiretroviral drug (ARV) payloads in a single carrier improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. The surface modifications of ARV carriers target monocyte-macrophages and facilitate drug transport across physiological barriers and to virus-susceptible CD4 + T cells. Areas covered: The review highlights developments of reservoir-targeted LASER ART for improved therapeutic outcomes. Such nanoART delivery platforms include decorated multifunctional nano- and micro-particles, prodrugs and polymer conjugates. Therapeutic strategies such as gene-editing technologies boost ART effectiveness. Expert opinion: The persistence of HIV-1 in lymphoid, gut and nervous system reservoirs poses a challenge to viral eradication. Emerging slow-release drug carriers can target intracellular pathogens, activate antiviral immunity, promote genome editing, sustain drug depots and combine therapeutics with image contrast agents, and can meet unmet clinical needs for HIV-infected patients. Such efforts will bring the medicines to reservoir sites and accelerate viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson Edagwa
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - JoEllyn McMillan
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Brady Sillman
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,b Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
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Wahl A, Ho PT, Denton PW, Garrett KL, Hudgens MG, Swartz G, O'Neill C, Veronese F, Kashuba AD, Garcia JV. Predicting HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Efficacy for Women using a Preclinical Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic In Vivo Model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41098. [PMID: 28145472 PMCID: PMC5286499 DOI: 10.1038/srep41098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) relies on adherence and may also depend on the route of HIV acquisition. Clinical studies of systemic tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) PrEP revealed reduced efficacy in women compared to men with similar degrees of adherence. To select the most effective PrEP strategies, preclinical studies are critically needed to establish correlations between drug concentrations (pharmacokinetics [PK]) and protective efficacy (pharmacodynamics [PD]). We utilized an in vivo preclinical model to perform a PK-PD analysis of systemic TDF PrEP for vaginal HIV acquisition. TDF PrEP prevented vaginal HIV acquisition in a dose-dependent manner. PK-PD modeling of tenofovir (TFV) in plasma, female reproductive tract tissue, cervicovaginal lavage fluid and its intracellular metabolite (TFV diphosphate) revealed that TDF PrEP efficacy was best described by plasma TFV levels. When administered at 50 mg/kg, TDF achieved plasma TFV concentrations (370 ng/ml) that closely mimicked those observed in humans and demonstrated the same risk reduction (70%) previously attained in women with high adherence. This PK-PD model mimics the human condition and can be applied to other PrEP approaches and routes of HIV acquisition, accelerating clinical implementation of the most efficacious PrEP strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Wahl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, 27599, United States of America
| | - Phong T Ho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, 27599, United States of America
| | - Paul W Denton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, 27599, United States of America
| | - Katy L Garrett
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, United States of America
| | - Michael G Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, United States of America
| | - Glenn Swartz
- Advanced Bioscience Laboratories, Rockville, 20850, United States of America
| | - Cynthia O'Neill
- Advanced Bioscience Laboratories, Rockville, 20850, United States of America
| | - Fulvia Veronese
- Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20852, United States of America
| | - Angela D Kashuba
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, United States of America
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, 27599, United States of America
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das Neves J, Sarmento B. Antiretroviral drug-loaded nanoparticles-in-films: a new option for developing vaginal microbicides? Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:449-452. [PMID: 27935334 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2017.1270938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José das Neves
- a i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde , Gandra , Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- a i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde , Gandra , Portugal
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Kovarova M, Shanmugasundaram U, Baker CE, Spagnuolo RA, De C, Nixon CC, Wahl A, Garcia JV. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for women and infants prevents vaginal and oral HIV transmission in a preclinical model of HIV infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:3185-3194. [PMID: 27494916 PMCID: PMC5079298 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 1.5 million HIV-positive women become pregnant annually. Without treatment, up to 45% will transmit HIV to their infants, primarily through breastfeeding. These numbers highlight that HIV acquisition is a major health concern for women and children globally. They also emphasize the urgent need for novel approaches to prevent HIV acquisition that are safe, effective and convenient to use by women and children in places where they are most needed. METHODS 4'-Ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine, a potent NRTI with low cytotoxicity, was administered orally to NOD/SCID/γc-/- mice and to bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) humanized mice, a preclinical model of HIV infection. HIV inhibitory activity in serum, cervicovaginal secretions and saliva was evaluated 4 h after administration. 4'-Ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine's ability to prevent vaginal and oral HIV transmission was evaluated using highly relevant transmitted/founder viruses in BLT mice. RESULTS Strong HIV inhibitory activity in serum, cervicovaginal secretions and saliva obtained from animals after a single oral dose of 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (10 mg/kg) demonstrated efficient drug penetration into relevant mucosal sites. A single daily oral dose of 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine resulted in efficient prevention of vaginal and oral HIV transmission after multiple high-dose exposures to transmitted/founder viruses in BLT humanized mice. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine efficiently prevents both vaginal and oral HIV transmission. Together with 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine's relatively low toxicity and high potency against drug-resistant HIV strains, these data support further clinical development of 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine as a potential pre-exposure prophylaxis agent to prevent HIV transmission in women and their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kovarova
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Uma Shanmugasundaram
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Caroline E Baker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rae Ann Spagnuolo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chandrav De
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christopher C Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Angela Wahl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Machado A, Cunha-Reis C, Araújo F, Nunes R, Seabra V, Ferreira D, das Neves J, Sarmento B. Development and in vivo safety assessment of tenofovir-loaded nanoparticles-in-film as a novel vaginal microbicide delivery system. Acta Biomater 2016; 44:332-40. [PMID: 27544812 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Topical pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with antiretroviral drugs holds promise in preventing vaginal transmission of HIV. However, significant biomedical and social issues found in multiple past clinical trials still need to be addressed in order to optimize protection and users' adherence. One approach may be the development of improved microbicide products. A novel delivery platform comprising drug-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) incorporated into a thin polymeric film base (NPs-in-film) was developed in order to allow the vaginal administration of the microbicide drug candidate tenofovir. The system was optimized for relevant physicochemical features and characterized for biological properties, namely cytotoxicity and safety in a mouse model. Tenofovir-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/stearylamine (SA) composite NPs with mean diameter of 127nm were obtained with drug association efficiency above 50%, and further incorporated into an approximately 115μm thick, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol)-based film. The system was shown to possess suitable mechanical properties for vaginal administration and to quickly disintegrate in approximately 9min upon contact with a simulated vaginal fluid (SVF). The original osmolarity and pH of SVF was not affected by the film. Tenofovir was also released in a biphasic fashion (around 30% of the drug in 15min, followed by sustained release up to 24h). The incorporation of NPs further improved the adhesive potential of the film to ex vivo pig vaginal mucosa. Cytotoxicity of NPs and film was significantly increased by the incorporation of SA, but remained at levels considered tolerable for vaginal delivery of tenofovir. Moreover, histological analysis of genital tissues and cytokine/chemokine levels in vaginal lavages upon 14days of daily vaginal administration to mice confirmed that tenofovir-loaded NPs-in-film was safe and did not induce any apparent histological changes or pro-inflammatory response. Overall, obtained data support that the proposed delivery system combining the use of polymeric NPs and a film base may constitute an exciting alternative for the vaginal administration of microbicide drugs in the context of topical PrEP. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The development of nanotechnology-based microbicides is a recent but promising research field seeking for new strategies to circumvent HIV sexual transmission. Different reports detail on the multiple potential advantages of using drug nanocarriers for such purpose. However, one important issue being frequently neglected regards the development of vehicles for the administration of microbicide nanosystems. In this study, we propose and detail on the development of a nanoparticle-in-film system for the vaginal delivery of the microbicide drug candidate tenofovir. This is an innovative approach that, to our best knowledge, had never been tested for tenofovir. Results, including those from in vivo testing, sustain that the proposed system is safe and holds potential for further development as a vaginal microbicide product.
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Ibeh BO, Furuta Y, Habu JB, Ogbadu L. Humanized mouse as an appropriate model for accelerated global HIV research and vaccine development: current trend. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 38:395-407. [PMID: 27604679 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2016.1233980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Humanized mouse models currently have seen improved development and have received wide applications. Its usefulness is observed in cell and tissue transplant involving basic and applied human disease research. In this article, the development of a new generation of humanized mice was discussed as well as their relevant application in HIV disease. Furthermore, current techniques employed to overcome the initial limitations of mouse model were reviewed. Highly immunodeficient mice which support cell and tissue differentiation and do not reject xenografts are indispensable for generating additional appropriate models useful in disease study, this phenomenom deserves emphases, scientific highlight and a definitive research focus. Since the early 2000s, a series of immunodeficient mice appropriate for generating humanized mice has been successively developed by introducing the IL-2Rγnull gene (e.g. NOD/SCID/γcnull and Rag2nullγcnull mice) through various genomic approaches. These mice were generated by genetically introducing human cytokine genes into NOD/SCID/γcnull and Rag2nullγcnull mouse backgrounds. The application of these techniques serves as a quick and appropriate mechanistic model for basic and therapeutic investigations of known and emerging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartholomew Okechukwu Ibeh
- a Immunovirology and Vaccine Development Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology Department , National Biotechnology Development Agency , Abuja , Nigeria
| | - Yasuhide Furuta
- b RIKEN CDB CLST (Center for Life Science Technologies) , Kobe , Japan
| | - Josiah Bitrus Habu
- c Bioresources Development Center Odi, Bayelsa , National Biotechnology Development Agency , Abuja , Nigeria
| | - Lucy Ogbadu
- d National Biotechnology Development Agency , Abuja , Nigeria
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McGowan I, Dezzutti CS, Siegel A, Engstrom J, Nikiforov A, Duffill K, Shetler C, Richardson-Harman N, Abebe K, Back D, Else L, Egan D, Khoo S, Egan JE, Stall R, Williams PE, Rehman KK, Adler A, Brand RM, Chen B, Achilles S, Cranston RD. Long-acting rilpivirine as potential pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV-1 prevention (the MWRI-01 study): an open-label, phase 1, compartmental, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment. Lancet HIV 2016; 3:e569-e578. [PMID: 27658864 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(16)30113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-acting injectable antiretroviral agents are being developed for HIV-1 prevention. The MWRI-01 study was done to characterise the safety, acceptability, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of long-acting rilpivirine. METHODS We did a phase 1 open-label study at the University of Pittsburgh. We enrolled healthy individuals (aged 18-45 years) who were seronegative for HIV-1. Participants were assigned alternately one intramuscular dose of either 1200 mg or 600 mg long-acting rilpivirine, beginning with the 1200 mg dose. We obtained plasma specimens, genital and rectal fluids, and tissue samples (rectal, cervical, and vaginal) before and after exposure to long-acting rilpivirine for assessment of pharmacokinetics and ex-vivo biopsy challenge with HIV-1. Our primary objective was to characterise product safety, and the analysis included all enrolled participants. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01656018. FINDINGS 36 participants were enrolled into the study, of whom 24 were women and 12 men. 12 women and six men received each dose. 204 adverse events were reported among the 36 participants, of which 200 (98%) were grade 1-2. The most common adverse event was injection site reaction. All grade 3 and 4 adverse events were deemed not related to rilpivirine. Geometric mean (90% CI) concentrations in plasma of rilpivirine at day 28 post dose were 53 ng/mL (38-67) in women and 43 ng/mL (23-63) in men for the 1200 mg dose and 28 ng/mL (19-37) in women and 17 ng/mL (9-24) in men for the 600 mg dose. The tissue-to-plasma ratio for rilpivirine in rectal tissue was about two-fold higher than in vaginal and cervical tissue (1·10-1·53 vs 0·61-0·72 and 0·50-0·71, respectively). Exposure to long-acting rilpivirine suppressed viral replication significantly in rectal tissue (p<0·0001), and this suppression persisted for up to 4 months. By contrast, no viral suppression was seen in cervical or vaginal tissue. INTERPRETATION Ongoing research will characterise longer term safety and acceptability of multiple injections and help ascertain whether long-acting rilpivirine should advance to assessment of efficacy in preventing HIV-1 infection. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian McGowan
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Charlene S Dezzutti
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aaron Siegel
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cory Shetler
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Kaleab Abebe
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Saye Khoo
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - James E Egan
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ronald Stall
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Amy Adler
- The Translational Science Corp, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rhonda M Brand
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Beatrice Chen
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sharon Achilles
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ross D Cranston
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Hendrix C. When is a PrEP candidate ready for phase 3? Lancet HIV 2016; 3:e551-e553. [PMID: 27658865 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(16)30162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kaushik A, Jayant RD, Nair M. Advancements in nano-enabled therapeutics for neuroHIV management. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:4317-25. [PMID: 27621624 PMCID: PMC5012604 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s109943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This viewpoint is a global call to promote fundamental and applied research aiming toward designing smart nanocarriers of desired properties, novel noninvasive strategies to open the blood–brain barrier (BBB), delivery/release of single/multiple therapeutic agents across the BBB to eradicate neurohuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV), strategies for on-demand site-specific release of antiretroviral therapy, developing novel nanoformulations capable to recognize and eradicate latently infected HIV reservoirs, and developing novel smart analytical diagnostic tools to detect and monitor HIV infection. Thus, investigation of novel nanoformulations, methodologies for site-specific delivery/release, analytical methods, and diagnostic tools would be of high significance to eradicate and monitor neuroacquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Overall, these developments will certainly help to develop personalized nanomedicines to cure HIV and to develop smart HIV-monitoring analytical systems for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Kaushik
- Center for Personalized NanoMedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rahul Dev Jayant
- Center for Personalized NanoMedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Center for Personalized NanoMedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Shanmugasundaram U, Kovarova M, Ho PT, Schramm N, Wahl A, Parniak MA, Garcia JV. Efficient Inhibition of HIV Replication in the Gastrointestinal and Female Reproductive Tracts of Humanized BLT Mice by EFdA. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159517. [PMID: 27438728 PMCID: PMC4954669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (EFdA) in preclinical development exhibits improved safety and antiviral activity profiles with minimal drug resistance compared to approved NRTIs. However, the systemic antiviral efficacy of EFdA has not been fully evaluated. In this study, we utilized bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) humanized mice to investigate the systemic effect of EFdA treatment on HIV replication and CD4+ T cell depletion in the peripheral blood (PB) and tissues. In particular, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the female reproductive tract (FRT) and gastrointestinal (GI) tract, major sites of transmission, viral replication, and CD4+ T cell depletion and where some current antiretroviral drugs have a sub-optimal effect. Results EFdA treatment resulted in reduction of HIV-RNA in PB to undetectable levels in the majority of treated mice by 3 weeks post-treatment. HIV-RNA levels in cervicovaginal lavage of EFdA-treated BLT mice also declined to undetectable levels demonstrating strong penetration of EFdA into the FRT. Our results also demonstrate a strong systemic suppression of HIV replication in all tissues analyzed. In particular, we observed more than a 2-log difference in HIV-RNA levels in the GI tract and FRT of EFdA-treated BLT mice compared to untreated HIV-infected control mice. In addition, HIV-RNA was also significantly lower in the lymph nodes, liver, lung, spleen of EFdA-treated BLT mice compared to untreated HIV-infected control mice. Furthermore, EFdA treatment prevented the depletion of CD4+ T cells in the PB, mucosal tissues and lymphoid tissues. Conclusion Our findings indicate that EFdA is highly effective in controlling viral replication and preserving CD4+ T cells in particular with high efficiency in the GI and FRT tract. Thus, EFdA represents a strong potential candidate for further development as a part of antiretroviral therapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Shanmugasundaram
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Martina Kovarova
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Phong T. Ho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel Schramm
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Angela Wahl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Parniak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
HIV has a very limited species tropism that prevents the use of most conventional small animal models for AIDS research. The in vivo analysis of HIV/AIDS has benefited extensively from novel chimeric animal models that accurately recapitulate key aspects of the human condition. Specifically, immunodeficient mice that are systemically repopulated with human hematolymphoid cells offer a viable alternative for the study of a multitude of highly relevant aspects of HIV replication, pathogenesis, therapy, transmission, prevention, and eradication. This article summarizes some of the multiple contributions that humanized mouse models of HIV infection have made to the field of AIDS research. These models have proven to be highly informative and hold great potential for accelerating multiple aspects of HIV research in the future.
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Kovarova M, Swanson MD, Sanchez RI, Baker CE, Steve J, Spagnuolo RA, Howell BJ, Hazuda DJ, Garcia JV. A long-acting formulation of the integrase inhibitor raltegravir protects humanized BLT mice from repeated high-dose vaginal HIV challenges. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:1586-96. [PMID: 27002074 PMCID: PMC4867102 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) has been shown to reduce HIV transmission in people at high risk of HIV infection. Adherence to PrEP strongly correlates with the level of HIV protection. Long-acting injectable ARVs provide sustained systemic drug exposures over many weeks and can improve adherence due to infrequent parenteral administration. Here, we evaluated a new long-acting formulation of raltegravir for prevention of vaginal HIV transmission. METHODS Long-acting raltegravir was administered subcutaneously to BALB/c, NSG (NOD-scid-gamma) and humanized BLT (bone marrow-liver-thymus) mice and rhesus macaques. Raltegravir concentration in peripheral blood and tissue was analysed. Suppression of HIV replication was assessed in infected BLT mice. Two high-dose HIV vaginal challenges were used to evaluate protection from HIV transmission in BLT mice. RESULTS Two weeks after a single subcutaneous injection of long-acting raltegravir in BLT mice (7.5 mg) and rhesus macaques (160 mg), the plasma concentration of raltegravir was comparable to 400 mg orally, twice daily in humans. Serum collected from mice 3 weeks post-administration of long-acting raltegravir efficiently blocked HIV infection of TZM-bl indicator cells in vitro. Administration of long-acting raltegravir suppressed viral RNA in plasma and cervico-vaginal fluids of infected BLT mice, demonstrating penetration of active raltegravir into the female reproductive tract. Using transmitted/founder HIV we observed that BLT mice administered a single subcutaneous dose of long-acting raltegravir were protected from two high-dose HIV vaginal challenges 1 week and 4 weeks after drug administration. CONCLUSIONS These preclinical results demonstrated the efficacy of long-acting raltegravir in preventing vaginal HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kovarova
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael D Swanson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rosa I Sanchez
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Caroline E Baker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Justin Steve
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Rae Ann Spagnuolo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bonnie J Howell
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Daria J Hazuda
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Topical Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Nanoparticles Prevent HIV-1 Vaginal Transmission in a Humanized Mouse Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3633-9. [PMID: 27044548 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00450-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with 1% tenofovir (TFV) vaginal gel has failed in clinical trials. To improve TFV efficacy in vaginal gel, we formulated tenofovir disoproxil fumarate nanoparticles in a thermosensitive (TMS) gel (TDF-NP-TMS gel). TDF-NPs were fabricated using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymer and an ion-pairing agent by oil-in-water emulsification. The efficacy of TDF-NP-TMS gel was tested in humanized bone marrow-liver-thymus (hu-BLT) mice. Hu-BLT mice in the treatment group (Rx; n = 15) were administered TDF-NP-TMS gel intravaginally, having TDF at 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% (wt/vol) concentrations, whereas the control (Ctr; n = 8) group received a blank TMS gel. All Rx mice (0.1% [n = 4], 0.5% [n = 6], and 1% [n = 5]) were vaginally challenged with two transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 strains (2.5 × 10(5) 50% tissue culture infectious doses). Rx mice were challenged at 4 h (0.1%), 24 h (0.5%), and 7 days (1%) posttreatment (p.t.) and Ctr mice were challenged at 4 h p.t. Blood was drawn weekly for 4 weeks postinoculation (p.i.) for plasma viral load (pVL) using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Ctr mice had positive pVL within 2 weeks p.i. Rx mice challenged at 4 h and 24 h showed 100% protection and no detectable pVL throughout the 4 weeks of follow-up (P = 0.009; Mantel-Cox test). Mice challenged at 7 days were HIV-1 positive at 14 days p.i. Further, HIV-1 viral RNA (vRNA) in vaginal and spleen tissues of Rx group mice with negative pVL were examined using an in situ hybridization (ISH) technique. The detection of vRNA was negative in all Rx mice studied. The present studies elucidate TDF-NP-TMS gel as a long-acting, coitus-independent HIV-1 vaginal protection modality.
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Tsai P, Wu G, Baker CE, Thayer WO, Spagnuolo RA, Sanchez R, Barrett S, Howell B, Margolis D, Hazuda DJ, Archin NM, Garcia JV. In vivo analysis of the effect of panobinostat on cell-associated HIV RNA and DNA levels and latent HIV infection. Retrovirology 2016; 13:36. [PMID: 27206407 PMCID: PMC4875645 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The latent reservoir in resting CD4(+) T cells presents a major barrier to HIV cure. Latency-reversing agents are therefore being developed with the ultimate goal of disrupting the latent state, resulting in induction of HIV expression and clearance of infected cells. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have received a significant amount of attention for their potential as latency-reversing agents. RESULTS Here, we have investigated the in vitro and systemic in vivo effect of panobinostat, a clinically relevant HDACi, on HIV latency. We showed that panobinostat induces histone acetylation in human PBMCs. Further, we showed that panobinostat induced HIV RNA expression and allowed the outgrowth of replication-competent virus ex vivo from resting CD4(+) T cells of HIV-infected patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). Next, we demonstrated that panobinostat induced systemic histone acetylation in vivo in the tissues of BLT humanized mice. Finally, in HIV-infected, ART-suppressed BLT mice, we evaluated the effect of panobinostat on systemic cell-associated HIV RNA and DNA levels and the total frequency of latently infected resting CD4(+) T cells. Our data indicate that panobinostat treatment resulted in systemic increases in cellular levels of histone acetylation, a key biomarker for in vivo activity. However, panobinostat did not affect the levels of cell-associated HIV RNA, HIV DNA, or latently infected resting CD4(+) T cells. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated robust levels of systemic histone acetylation after panobinostat treatment of BLT humanized mice; and we did not observe a detectable change in the levels of cell-associated HIV RNA, HIV DNA, or latently infected resting CD4(+) T cells in HIV-infected, ART-suppressed BLT mice. These results are consistent with the modest effects noted in vitro and suggest that combination therapies may be necessary to reverse latency and enable clearance. Animal models will contribute to the progress towards an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry Tsai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Rd., CB 7042, Genetic Medicine Building 2043, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Caroline E Baker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Rd., CB 7042, Genetic Medicine Building 2043, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - William O Thayer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Rd., CB 7042, Genetic Medicine Building 2043, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Rae Ann Spagnuolo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Rd., CB 7042, Genetic Medicine Building 2043, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Rosa Sanchez
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Stephanie Barrett
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Bonnie Howell
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - David Margolis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Rd., CB 7042, Genetic Medicine Building 2043, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Daria J Hazuda
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Nancie M Archin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Rd., CB 7042, Genetic Medicine Building 2043, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Rd., CB 7042, Genetic Medicine Building 2043, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Olesen R, Swanson MD, Kovarova M, Nochi T, Chateau M, Honeycutt JB, Long JM, Denton PW, Hudgens MG, Richardson A, Tolstrup M, Østergaard L, Wahl A, Garcia JV. ART influences HIV persistence in the female reproductive tract and cervicovaginal secretions. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:892-904. [PMID: 26854925 DOI: 10.1172/jci64212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently completed HIV prevention trials network study 052 is a landmark collaboration demonstrating that HIV transmission in discordant couples can be dramatically reduced by treating the infected individual with antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the cellular and virological events that occur in the female reproductive tract (FRT) during ART that result in such a drastic decrease in transmission were not studied and remain unknown. Here, we implemented an in vivo model of ART in BM/liver/thymus (BLT) humanized mice in order to better understand the ability of ART to prevent secondary HIV transmission. We demonstrated that the entire FRT of BLT mice is reconstituted with human CD4+ cells that are shed into cervicovaginal secretions (CVS). A high percentage of the CD4+ T cells in the FRT and CVS expressed CCR5 and therefore are potential HIV target cells. Infection with HIV increased the numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in CVS of BLT mice. Furthermore, HIV was present in CVS during infection. Finally, we evaluated the effect of ART on HIV levels in the FRT and CVS and demonstrated that ART can efficiently suppress cell-free HIV-RNA in CVS, despite residual levels of HIV-RNA+ cells in both the FRT and CVS.
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