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Amezian D, Nauen R, Van Leeuwen T. The role of ATP-binding cassette transporters in arthropod pesticide toxicity and resistance. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 63:101200. [PMID: 38641174 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Pesticide resistance in arthropods threatens agricultural productivity and the control of vector-borne diseases. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters have emerged as important factors in the toxicity of synthetic pesticides, as well as for Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal Cry protein binding. Depending on the localization of expression, both higher and lower expression of ABCs have been linked with pesticide resistance. The recent development of genetic-based approaches such as RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in nonmodel species, has greatly contributed to unveil their functional importance in pesticide toxicity and resistance. Using these tools, we are now poised to further unravel the molecular genetic mechanisms of gene regulation uncovering more elusive regulatory resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries Amezian
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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You S, Yao S, Chen X, Hou Q, Liu Z, Lei G, Xie X, Liang Z, Yuchi Z, You M, Liu Y, Xiong L. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Knockout of the PxJHBP Gene Resulted in Increased Susceptibility to Bt Cry1Ac Protoxin and Reduced Lifespan and Spawning Rates in Plutella xylostella. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8180-8188. [PMID: 38556749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone binding protein (JHBP) is a key regulator of JH signaling, and crosstalk between JH and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) can activate and fine-tune the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, leading to resistance to insecticidal proteins from Bacillis thuringiensis (Bt). However, the involvement of JHBP in the Bt Cry1Ac resistance of Plutella xylostella remains unclear. Here, we cloned a full-length cDNA encoding JHBP, and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis showed that the expression of the PxJHBP gene in the midgut of the Cry1Ac-susceptible strain was significantly higher than that of the Cry1Ac-resistant strain. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of the PxJHBP gene significantly increased Cry1Ac susceptibility, resulting in a significantly shorter lifespan and reduced fertility. These results demonstrate that PxJHBP plays a critical role in the resistance to Cry1Ac protoxin and in the regulation of physiological metabolic processes associated with reproduction in adult females, providing valuable insights to improve management strategies of P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuyuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xuanhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhaoxia Liu
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Gaoke Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | | | | | - Zhiguang Yuchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lei Xiong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Nanchang 3302002, China
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Tang J, Lu J, Zhang C, Zhang D, Yu S, Fang F, Naing ZL, Soe ET, Ding Z, Liang G. Reduced expression of the P-glycoprotein gene HaABCB1 is linked to resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin but not Cry2Ab toxin in Helicoverpa armigera. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127668. [PMID: 37884238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Rapid evolution of pest resistance to Bt insecticidal proteins presents a serious threat to the sustainable use of Bt crops. The cotton bollworm has been extensively exposed to Bt cotton worldwide and has evolved resistance in laboratory and field. Previous studies have highlighted the significant roles played by the ABC transporter proteins in Bt resistance. In this study, the ORF of HaABCB1 was cloned and analyzed. The expression of HaABCB1 was detected in all developmental stages and tissues, with the highest expression in third instar larvae stage and hindgut tissue. Compared with susceptible strain, a remarkable decrease of HaABCB1 expression in Cry1Ac resistant strain while no significant change in Cry2Ab resistant strain were found. The HaABCB1 expression reduced after susceptible larvae induced by Cry1Ac, but no obvious expression changes after Cry2Ab exposure. RNAi-mediated down-regulation of HaABCB1 could lead to a significant reduction in larval susceptibility to Cry1Ac, but not to Cry2Ab, in susceptible strain. Genetic linkage analysis confirmed that decreased expression of the HaABCB1 mediates resistance to Cry1Ac, but not Cry2Ab resistance. This knowledge contributes to better understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying Bt resistance and provide theoretical foundation for the development of new strategies for pest resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Caihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Siqi Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengyun Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zaw Lin Naing
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ei Thinzar Soe
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhongwei Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gemei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China.
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4
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Liao C, Zhang D, Cheng Y, Yang Y, Liu K, Wu K, Xiao Y. Down-regulation of HaABCC3, potentially mediated by a cis-regulatory mechanism, is involved in resistance to Cry1Ac in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:135-145. [PMID: 35603737 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of resistance to Cry proteins in multiple pest insects has been threatening the sustainable use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-transgenic crops. Better understanding about the mechanism of resistance to Cry proteins in insects is needed. Our preliminary study reported that the transcription of HaABCC3 was significantly decreased in a near-isogenic line (LFC2) of a Cry1Ac-resistant strain (LF60) of the global pest Helicoverpa armigera. However, the causality between HaABCC3 downregulation and resistance to Cry1Ac remains to be verified, and the regulatory mechanism underlying the HaABCC3 downregulation is still unclear. In this study, our data showed that both HaABCC3 and HaABCC3 downregulation were genetically linked to resistance to Cry1Ac in LF60. However, no InDels were observed in the coding sequence of HaABCC3 from LF60. Furthermore, F1 offspring from the cross of LF60 and a HaABCC2/3-knockout mutant exhibited moderate resistance to Cry1Ac toxin; this indicated that the high resistance to Cry1Ac toxin in LF60 may have resulted from multiple genetic factors, including HaABCC2 mis-splicing and HaABCC3 downregulation. Results from luciferase reporter assays showed that promoter activity of HaABCC3 in LF60 was significantly lower than that in the susceptible strain, which indicated that HaABCC3 downregulation was likely mediated by promoter variation. Consistently, multiple variations of the GATA- or FoxA-binding sites in the promoter region of HaABCC3 were identified. Collectively, all results in this study suggested that the downregulation of HaABCC3 observed in the H. armigera LF60 strain, which is resistant to Cry1Ac, may be mediated by a cis-regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyu Liao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongbo Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiyu Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yutao Xiao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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5
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Liu L, Hong B, Wei JW, Wu YT, Song LW, Wang SS. Transcriptional response and functional analysis of ATP-binding cassette transporters to tannic acid in pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:250-257. [PMID: 35981673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although tannins are widely distributed in broad beans and alfalfa, the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) can still destroy them. The ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters participate in the metabolism of plant secondary metabolites and pesticides in insects. However, whether ABC transporter genes play a role in the metabolism of tannins in the pea aphid is unclear. Here, we found that verapamil (an ABC transporter inhibitor) significantly increased the mortality of tannic acid to pea aphid, which indicated that ABC transporter gene was related to the metabolism of tannic acid by pea aphid. Then, we identified 54 putative ABC transporter genes from the genome database of A. pisum. These genes were divided into eight subfamilies, ApABCA to ApABCH, of which subfamily G has the largest number of genes with 19, followed by the subfamily C with 14. RT-qPCR results show that the expression levels of ApABCA2, ApABCC7, ApABCG2, and ApABCG3 were highly expressed in the first instar, while those of ApABCA3, ApABCG6, ApABCG7, ApABCH3, and ApABCH4 were highly expressed in adults. Furthermore, transcription levels of many ABC transporter genes were induced by tannic acid. Especially, ApABCG17 and ApABCH2 were obviously induced after being exposed to tannic acid. Meanwhile, knockdown of ApABCG17 by RNA interference resulted in increased sensitivity of pea aphid to tannic acid. These results suggest that ApABCG17 may be involved in tannic acid metabolism in pea aphid. This study will help us to understand the mechanism of tannic acid metabolism in pea aphid, and provides a basis for further research on the physiological function of ABC transporter genes in pea aphid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China
| | - Bo Hong
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China
| | - Jiang-Wen Wei
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yi-Ting Wu
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China
| | - Li-Wen Song
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Sen-Shan Wang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China.
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6
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Hafeez M, Li X, Ullah F, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Huang J, Fernández-Grandon GM, Khan MM, Siddiqui JA, Chen L, Ren XY, Zhou S, Lou Y, Lu Y. Down-Regulation of P450 Genes Enhances Susceptibility to Indoxacarb and Alters Physiology and Development of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugipreda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Front Physiol 2022; 13:884447. [PMID: 35615670 PMCID: PMC9125154 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.884447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is a pest of many important crops globally. Effective control is challenging, with the pest exhibiting resistance to different synthetic pesticides across various groups. However, the mechanisms employed by resistant insects for overexpression of relevant detoxification genes remain unclear. The activity of detoxification enzymes was investigated in this study. Additionally, using RNA interference (RNAi), a functional analysis was completed of two P450s genes in an indoxacarb resistant population of fall armyworms. Elevated resistance levels (resistance ratio = 31.37-fold) in indoxacarb-selected populations of FAW were observed after 14 generations. The qRT-PCR showed higher expression of two cytochrome P450 genes, CYP321A7 and CYP6AE43, in this selected population compared to the control population. RNAi was applied to knock down the P450 dsCYP321A7 and dsCYP6AE43 genes in the FAW larvae. Droplet feeding of the dsRNAs (CYP321A7 and CYP6AE43) via an artificial diet significantly increased mortality rates in the indoxacarb treated population. A shorter larval developmental time of FAW was detected in all dsRNAs-fed larvae. Correspondingly, larval mass was reduced by dsRNAs in indoxacarb resistant populations of fall armyworm. Larval feeding assays demonstrate that dsRNAs targeting, specifically of CYP321A7 and CYP6AE43 enzymes, could be a beneficial technique in the management of indoxacarb resistant populations. Further study on the potential use of dsRNA and its application should be conducted in efforts to counter the development of resistance in FAW against various insecticides in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hafeez
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Muhammad Musa Khan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junaid Ali Siddiqui
- Red Imported Fire Ant Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Integrated Plant Protection Center, Lishui Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Lishui, China
| | - Xiao Yun Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuxing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonggen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yonggen Lou, ; Yaobin Lu,
| | - Yaobin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yonggen Lou, ; Yaobin Lu,
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Souissi W, Alistair T, Domanska B, Fortea E, West MJ, Schwartz JL, Crickmore N. Probing the Mechanism of Action of Cry41Aa on HepG2 through the Establishment of a Resistant Subline. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:319. [PMID: 35622566 PMCID: PMC9147150 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cry41Aa, also called parasporin-3, belongs to a group of toxins from the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that show activity against human cancer cells. Cry41Aa exhibits preferential cytocidal activity towards HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukaemia cells) and HepG2 (human liver cancer cells) cell lines after being proteolytically activated. To better understand the mechanism of action of Cry41Aa, we evolved resistance in HepG2 cells through repeated exposure to increasing doses of the toxin. Concentrations of Cry41Aa that killed over 50% of the parental HepG2 cells had no significant effect on the viability of the resistant cells and did not induce either pore formation or p38 phosphorylation (both characteristic features of pore-forming toxins). Preliminary RNA sequencing data identified AQP9 as a potential mediator of resistance, but extensive investigations failed to show a causal link and did not support an enhanced cell repair process as the resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wided Souissi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK; (T.A.); (B.D.); (M.J.W.); (N.C.)
| | - Tweedie Alistair
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK; (T.A.); (B.D.); (M.J.W.); (N.C.)
| | - Barbara Domanska
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK; (T.A.); (B.D.); (M.J.W.); (N.C.)
| | - Eva Fortea
- Departement of Pharmacology et Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (E.F.); (J.-L.S.)
| | - Michelle J. West
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK; (T.A.); (B.D.); (M.J.W.); (N.C.)
| | - Jean-Louis Schwartz
- Departement of Pharmacology et Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (E.F.); (J.-L.S.)
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK; (T.A.); (B.D.); (M.J.W.); (N.C.)
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8
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Yao S, Yang Y, Xue Y, Zhao W, Liu X, Du M, Yin X, Guan R, Wei J, An S. New insights on the effects of spinosad on the development of Helicoverpa armigera. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 221:112452. [PMID: 34198186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm) is one of the most destructive pests worldwide. Due to resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis and conventional insecticides, an effective management strategy to control this pest is urgently needed. Spinosad, a natural pesticide, is considered an alternative; however, the mechanism underlying the developmental effects of sublethal spinosad exposure remains elusive. In this study, the mechanism was examined using an insect model of H. armigera. Results confirmed that exposure to sublethal spinosad led to reduced larval wet weight, delayed larval developmental period, caused difficulty in molting, and deformed pupae. Further investigation demonstrated that exposure to sublethal spinosad caused a significant decrease in 20E titer and increase in JH titer, thereby leading to the discordance between 20E and JH titers, and consequently alteration in the expression levels of HR3 and Kr-h1. These results suggested that sublethal spinosad caused hormonal disorders in larvae, which directly affect insect development. Our study serves as a reference and basis for the toxicity evaluation of spinosad on molting and pupation in insect metamorphosis, which may contribute to identifying targets for effective control of cotton bollworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yuying Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wenli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Mengfang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xinming Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ruobing Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Jizhen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Shiheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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9
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Chen D, Moar WJ, Jerga A, Gowda A, Milligan JS, Bretsynder EC, Rydel TJ, Baum JA, Semeao A, Fu X, Guzov V, Gabbert K, Head GP, Haas JA. Bacillus thuringiensis chimeric proteins Cry1A.2 and Cry1B.2 to control soybean lepidopteran pests: New domain combinations enhance insecticidal spectrum of activity and novel receptor contributions. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249150. [PMID: 34138865 PMCID: PMC8211277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new chimeric Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins, Cry1A.2 and Cry1B.2, were constructed using specific domains, which provide insecticidal activity against key lepidopteran soybean pests while minimizing receptor overlaps between themselves, current, and soon to be commercialized plant incorporated protectants (PIP's) in soybean. Results from insect diet bioassays demonstrate that the recombinant Cry1A.2 and Cry1B.2 are toxic to soybean looper (SBL) Chrysodeixis includens Walker, velvetbean caterpillar (VBC) Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, southern armyworm (SAW) Spodoptera eridania, and black armyworm (BLAW) Spodoptera cosmioides with LC50 values < 3,448 ng/cm2. Cry1B.2 is of moderate activity with significant mortality and stunting at > 3,448 ng/cm2, while Cry1A.2 lacks toxicity against old-world bollworm (OWB) Helicoverpa armigera. Results from disabled insecticidal protein (DIP) bioassays suggest that receptor utilization of Cry1A.2 and Cry1B.2 proteins are distinct from each other and from current, and yet to be commercially available, Bt proteins in soy such as Cry1Ac, Cry1A.105, Cry1F.842, Cry2Ab2 and Vip3A. However, as Cry1A.2 contains a domain common to at least one commercial soybean Bt protein, resistance to this common domain in a current commercial soybean Bt protein could possibly confer at least partial cross resistance to Cry1A2. Therefore, Cry1A.2 and Cry1B.2 should provide two new tools for controlling many of the major soybean insect pests described above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Chen
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - William J. Moar
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Agoston Jerga
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anilkumar Gowda
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jason S. Milligan
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Timothy J. Rydel
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James A. Baum
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Altair Semeao
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Xiaoran Fu
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Victor Guzov
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Karen Gabbert
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Graham P. Head
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Haas
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
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The Essential and Enigmatic Role of ABC Transporters in Bt Resistance of Noctuids and Other Insect Pests of Agriculture. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12050389. [PMID: 33924857 PMCID: PMC8145640 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The insect family, Noctuidae, contains some of the most damaging pests of agriculture, including bollworms, budworms, and armyworms. Transgenic cotton and maize expressing Cry-type insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are protected from such pests and greatly reduce the need for chemical insecticides. However, evolution of Bt resistance in the insects threatens the sustainability of this environmentally beneficial pest control strategy. Understanding the interaction between Bt toxins and their targets in the insect midgut is necessary to evaluate the risk of resistance evolution. ABC transporters, which in eukaryotes typically expel small molecules from cells, have recently been proposed as a target for the pore-forming Cry toxins. Here we review the literature surrounding this hypothesis in noctuids and other insects. Appreciation of the critical role of ABC transporters will be useful in discovering counterstrategies to resistance, which is already evolving in some field populations of noctuids and other insects. Abstract In the last ten years, ABC transporters have emerged as unexpected yet significant contributors to pest resistance to insecticidal pore-forming proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Evidence includes the presence of mutations in resistant insects, heterologous expression to probe interactions with the three-domain Cry toxins, and CRISPR/Cas9 knockouts. Yet the mechanisms by which ABC transporters facilitate pore formation remain obscure. The three major classes of Cry toxins used in agriculture have been found to target the three major classes of ABC transporters, which requires a mechanistic explanation. Many other families of bacterial pore-forming toxins exhibit conformational changes in their mode of action, which are not yet described for the Cry toxins. Three-dimensional structures of the relevant ABC transporters, the multimeric pore in the membrane, and other proteins that assist in the process are required to test the hypothesis that the ATP-switch mechanism provides a motive force that drives Cry toxins into the membrane. Knowledge of the mechanism of pore insertion will be required to combat the resistance that is now evolving in field populations of insects, including noctuids.
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Gilreath RT, Kerns DL, Huang F, Yang F. No positive cross-resistance to Cry1 and Cry2 proteins favors pyramiding strategy for management of Vip3Aa resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1963-1970. [PMID: 33314557 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyramided Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops could delay insect resistance development by expressing multiple distinct Bt proteins to manage the same insect pest. The efficacy of pyramiding strategy for resistance management could be jeopardized by positive cross-resistance, which is defined as insects showing resistance to one Bt protein also exhibiting resistance to other Bt proteins. The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a destructive agricultural pest and target of Vip3Aa. In this study, we evaluate the cross-resistance of Vip3Aa resistance in S. frugiperda to Bt cotton and corn plants, as well as purified Bt proteins. RESULTS Diet bioassay showed that Vip3Aa-resistant (RR), -heterozygous (RS), and -susceptible (SS) insects of S. frugiperda performed similarly against Cry2Ab2 purified protein. The data also indicated that genotypes RR and RS were more susceptible to Cry1F and Cry2Ae purified proteins relative to SS. The diet bioassays suggested that resistance to Vip3Aa does not confer any positive cross-resistance to Cry1F, Cry2Ae or Cry2Ab2 in S. frugiperda. The plant bioassay indicated that the S. frugiperda resistance to Vip3Aa conferred no cross-resistance to corn and no cross-crop resistance to cotton plants expressing Cry1 and/or Cry2 proteins. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that a lack of positive cross-resistance to Cry1 and Cry2 proteins favors pyramiding strategy for managing S. frugiperda resistance to Vip3Aa protein. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Gilreath
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - David L Kerns
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Fangneng Huang
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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12
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Abdelgaffar H, Perera OP, Jurat-Fuentes JL. ABC transporter mutations in Cry1F-resistant fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) do not result in altered susceptibility to selected small molecule pesticides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:949-955. [PMID: 32985759 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgenic crops producing Cry and Vip3 insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis provide effective control of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith. However, cases of practical S. frugiperda resistance to transgenic corn producing Cry1F, Cry1Ab and Cry1A.105 proteins have been reported in the Western hemisphere. Importantly, S. frugiperda resistance to Cry1F corn in Puerto Rico was previously associated with lower susceptibility to synthetic pesticides. When characterized, resistance to transgenic corn in S. frugiperda involved alterations in an ABC transporter subfamily C2 (SfABCC2) gene. The main goal of this work was to test the role of mutations in SfABCC2 that result in resistance to Cry1F in susceptibility to synthetic and semisynthetic small molecule pesticides. RESULTS Marginal but significantly reduced susceptibility to bifenthrin and increased susceptibility to spinetoram was detected in a Cry1F-resitant S. frugiperda strain from Puerto Rico carrying a frameshift mutation in the SfABCC2 gene. Gene editing by CRISPR/Cas9 created a SfABCC2 knockout in a laboratory reference S. frugiperda strain. When compared to the parental reference, the knockout strain displayed 25-fold resistance to Cry1F but no alteration in susceptibility to small molecule pesticides. CONCLUSION These results support that resistance to Cry1F due to mutations in the SfABCC2 gene do not affect susceptibility to the tested small molecule pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Abdelgaffar
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Omaththage P Perera
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS, USA
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13
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Zhu Q, Yang Y, Zhong Y, Lao Z, O'Neill P, Hong D, Zhang K, Zhao S. Synthesis, insecticidal activity, resistance, photodegradation and toxicity of pyrethroids (A review). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126779. [PMID: 32957265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are a class of highly effective, broad-spectrum, less toxic, biodegradable synthetic pesticides. However, despite the extremely wide application of pyrethroids, there are many problems, such as insecticide resistance, lethal/sub-lethal toxicity to mammals, aquatic organisms or other beneficial organisms. The objectives of this review were to cover the main structures, synthesis, steroisomers, mechanisms of action, anti-mosquito activities, resistance, photodegradation and toxicities of pyrethroids. That was to provide a reference for synthesizing or screening novel pyrethroids with low insecticide resistance and low toxicity to beneficial organisms, evaluating the environmental pollution of pyrethroids and its metabolites. Besides, pyrethroids are mainly used for the control of vectors such as insects, and the non-target organisms are mammals, aquatic organisms etc. While maintaining the insecticidal activity is important, its toxic effects on non-target organisms should be also considered. Pyrethroid resistance is present not only in insect mosquitoes but also in environmental microorganisms, which results in anti-pyrethroids resistance (APR) strains. Besides, photodegradation product dibenzofurans is harmful to mammals and environment. Additionally, pyrethroid metabolites may have higher hormonal interference than the parents. Particularly, delivery of pyrethroids in nanoform can reduce the discharge of more toxic substances (such as organic solvents, etc.) to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Zhu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingying Zhong
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiting Lao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Paul O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, L3 5QA, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - David Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, L3 5QA, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; Faculty of Biotechnology and Health, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Suqing Zhao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Wang B, Wei J, Wang Y, Chen L, Liang G. Polycalin is involved in the toxicity and resistance to Cry1Ac toxin in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 104:e21661. [PMID: 32011765 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polycalin has been confirmed as a binding protein of the Cry toxins in a few Lepidoptera insects, but its function in the action mechanism of Cry1Ac and whether it is involved in resistance evolution are still unclear. In this study, Ligand blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays showed that Helicoverpa armigera polycalin could specifically interact with Cry1Ac with a high affinity (Kd = 118.80 nM). Importantly, antisera blocking polycalin in H. armigera larvae decreased the toxicity of Cry1Ac by 31.84%. Furthermore, the relative gene and protein expressions were lower in Cry1Ac-resistant strain (LF60) than that in Cry1Ac-susceptible strain (LF). These findings indicated that H. armigera polycalin was a possible receptor of Cry1Ac and may be contributed to the resistance to Cry1Ac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Wang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jizhen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gemei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wang J, Ma H, Zhao S, Huang J, Yang Y, Tabashnik BE, Wu Y. Functional redundancy of two ABC transporter proteins in mediating toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis to cotton bollworm. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008427. [PMID: 32191775 PMCID: PMC7108736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolution of pest resistance reduces the efficacy of insecticidal proteins from the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) used widely in sprays and transgenic crops. Better understanding of the genetic basis of resistance is needed to more effectively monitor, manage, and counter pest resistance to Bt toxins. Here we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to clarify the genetics of Bt resistance and the associated effects on susceptibility to other microbial insecticides in one of the world’s most damaging pests, the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera). We discovered that CRISPR-mediated knockouts of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes HaABCC2 and HaABCC3 together caused >15,000-fold resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac, whereas knocking out either HaABCC2 or HaABCC3 alone had little or no effect. Inheritance of resistance was autosomal and recessive. Bioassays of progeny from interstrain crosses revealed that one wild type allele of either HaABCC2 or HaABCC3 is sufficient to sustain substantial susceptibility to Cry1Ac. In contrast with previous results, susceptibility to two insecticides derived from bacteria other than Bt (abamectin and spinetoram), was not affected by knocking out HaABCC2, HaABCC3, or both. The results here provide the first evidence that either HaABCC2 or HaABCC3 protein is sufficient to confer substantial susceptibility to Cry1Ac. The functional redundancy of these two proteins in toxicity of Cry1Ac to H. armigera is expected to reduce the likelihood of field-evolved resistance relative to disruption of a toxic process where mutations affecting a single protein can confer resistance. Insect-killing proteins from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are increasingly important as environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional insecticides. However, widespread planting for the past two decades of crops genetically engineered to produce Bt proteins has spurred rapid evolution of resistance in pests. Better understanding of the genetic basis of pest resistance to Bt toxins is urgently needed to address this problem. We used CRISPR gene editing to clarify the genetics of resistance to Bt toxins in the cotton bollworm, one of the world’s most damaging pests. We discovered that CRISPR-mediated inactivation of two larval midgut transporter proteins that act as receptors for Bt toxins caused a 15,000-fold increase in the concentration of Bt toxin needed to kill fifty per cent of larvae. By contrast, inactivating each of these transporter proteins alone had little or no effect. These results provide the first evidence that either of these two transporter proteins can confer susceptibility to Bt toxins. Because resistance to Bt toxins requires mutations in each of the two genes encoding these two proteins, pest resistance is less likely to evolve via this route relative to interference with toxic processes where a single mutation can confer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanhuan Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianlei Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihua Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bruce E. Tabashnik
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Yidong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Xiao Y, Wu K. Recent progress on the interaction between insects and Bacillus thuringiensis crops. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180316. [PMID: 30967027 PMCID: PMC6367150 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive use of chemical pesticides poses a great threat to the environment and food safety. The discovery of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins with effective insecticidal activity against pests and the development of transgenic technology of plants opened a new era of pest control. Transgenic Bt crops, including maize, cotton and soya bean, have now been produced and commercialized to protect against about 30 major coleopteran and lepidopteran pests, greatly benefiting the environment and the economy. However, with the long-term cultivation of Bt crops, some target pests have gradually developed resistance. Numerous studies have indicated that mutations in genes for toxins activation, toxin-binding and insect immunization are important sources in Bt resistance. An in-depth exploration of the corresponding Bt-resistance mechanisms will aid in the design of new strategies to prevent and control pests. Future research will focus on Bt crops expressing new genes and multiple genes to control a broader range of pests as part of an integrated pest management programme. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Xiao
- 1 Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shenzhen 518120 , People's Republic of China
| | - Kongming Wu
- 2 The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
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Xu J, Wang Z, Wang Y, Ma H, Zhu H, Liu J, Zhou Y, Deng X, Zhou X. ABCC2 participates in the resistance of Plutella xylostella to chemical insecticides. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 162:52-59. [PMID: 31836054 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ABCC2 protein of Plutella xylostella is an important target of Cry1A toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), but whether this protein is involved in the resistance of P. xylostella to other insecticides remains unclear. In this study, the abcc2 gene of P. xylostella was cloned and the expression levels of Pxabcc2 in susceptible and resistant strains were investigated. ABCC2 was found to be expressed 3.2-6.7-fold higher in the resistant strain than in the susceptible strain; in the surviving P. xylostella, ABCC2 levels were significantly higher when treated with indoxacarb, avermectin, and beta-cypermethrin. We constructed a stable ABCC2-expressing HEK-293 cell line to reveal the contribution of ABCC2 to insecticide resistance. The avermectin and chlorfenapyr sensitivities of the stably-transfected cell line were significantly lower than those of the control cells. The intracellular avermectin concentration was significantly lower in the stably-transfected cell line than in the control cells after four hours of exposure. This study shows that up-regulated ABCC2 expression is related to insecticide resistance in P. xylostella. Moreover, we used RNA interference technology to reduce ABCC2 levels in P. xylostella. Down-regulating ABCC2 expression did not significantly affect avermectin or chlorfenapyr resistance in P. xylostella. We speculate that increased ABCC2 expression can enhance metabolic resistance in P. xylostella. This study also provides new insights into cross-resistance between B. thuringiensis toxins and chemical insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Graduate School of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zanyong Wang
- Hunan Province Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Graduate School of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Haihao Ma
- Hunan Province Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Hang Zhu
- Hunan Province Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Hunan Province Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Hunan Province Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xile Deng
- Hunan Province Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xiaomao Zhou
- Hunan Province Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; College of Plant Protection, Graduate School of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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The Cadherin Cry1Ac Binding-Region is Necessary for the Cooperative Effect with ABCC2 Transporter Enhancing Insecticidal Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090538. [PMID: 31540044 PMCID: PMC6784258 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin binds to midgut proteins, as cadherin (CAD) and ABCC2 transporter, to form pores leading to larval death. In cell lines, co-expression of CAD and ABCC2 enhance Cry1Ac toxicity significantly, but the mechanism remains elusive. Here, we show that the expression of Helicoverpa armigera CAD (HaCAD-GFP) in Hi5 cells induces susceptibility to Cry1Ac and enhanced Cry1Ac toxicity when co-expressed with H. armigera ABCC2 (HaABCC2-GFP), since Cry1Ac toxicity increased 735-fold compared to Hi5 cells expressing HaCAD-GFP alone or 28-fold compared to HaABCC2-GFP alone. In contrast, the expression of the Spodoptera litura CAD (SlCAD-GFP) in Hi5 cells did not induce susceptibility to Cry1Ac nor it potentiated Cry1Ac toxicity with HaABCC2-GFP. To identify the CAD regions involved in the enhancement of Cry1Ac toxicity with ABCC2, the different CAD domains were replaced between SlCAD-GFP and HaCad-GFP proteins, and cytotoxicity assays were performed in Hi5 cells in the absence or presence of HaABCC2-GFP. The HaCAD toxin-binding region (TB), specifically the CAD repeat-11, was necessary to enhance Cry1Ac toxicity with ABCC2. We propose that CAD TB is involved in recruiting Cry1Ac to localize it in a good position for its interaction with the ABCC2, resulting in efficient toxin membrane insertion enhancing Cry1Ac toxicity.
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de Bortoli CP, Jurat-Fuentes JL. Mechanisms of resistance to commercially relevant entomopathogenic bacteria. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 33:56-62. [PMID: 31358196 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria represent the most commercially successful entomopathogenic microbial group, with most commercialized insecticides containing gram-positive bacteria in the Bacillaceae family. Resistance to entomopathogenic bacteria threatens sustainable agriculture, and information on the mechanisms and genes involved is vital to develop management practices aimed at reducing this risk. We provide an integrative summary on mechanisms responsible for resistance to commercialized entomopathogenic bacteria, including information on resistance to transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt crops). The available experimental evidence identifies alterations in binding of insecticidal proteins to receptors in the host as the main mechanism for high levels of resistance to entomopathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States.
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Abdelgaffar H, Tague ED, Castro Gonzalez HF, Campagna SR, Jurat-Fuentes JL. Midgut metabolomic profiling of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) with field-evolved resistance to Cry1F corn. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 106:1-9. [PMID: 30630033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Populations of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) have developed resistance to transgenic corn producing the Cry1F insecticidal protein from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Resistance in S. frugiperda from Puerto Rico is genetically linked to a mutation in an ATP Binding Cassette subfamily C2 gene (SfABCC2) that results in a truncated, non-functional Cry1F toxin receptor protein. Since ABCC2 proteins are involved in active export of xenobiotics and other metabolites from the cell, we hypothesized that Cry1F-resistant fall armyworm with a non-functional SfABCC2 protein would display altered gut metabolome composition when compared to susceptible insects. Mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analyses identified 126 unique metabolites from larval guts, of which 7 were found to display statistically significant altered levels between midguts from susceptible and Cry1F-resistant S. frugiperda larvae when feeding on meridic diet. Among these 7 differentially present metabolites, 6 were found to significantly accumulate (1.3-3.5-fold) in midguts from Cry1F-resistant larvae, including nucleosides, asparagine, and carbohydrates such as trehalose 6-phosphate and sedoheptulose 1/7-phosphate. In contrast, metabolomic comparisons of larvae fed on non-transgenic corn identified 5 metabolites with statistically significant altered levels and only 2 of them, 2-isopropylmalate and 3-phosphoserine, that significantly accumulated (2.3- and 3.5-fold, respectively) in midguts from Cry1F-resistant compared to susceptible larvae. These results identify a short list of candidate metabolites that may be transported by SfABCC2 and that may have the potential to be used as resistance markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Abdelgaffar
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, USA
| | - Eric D Tague
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, USA
| | - Hector F Castro Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, USA; Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, USA
| | - Shawn R Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, USA; Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, USA
| | - Juan L Jurat-Fuentes
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, USA.
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21
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Denecke S, Swevers L, Douris V, Vontas J. How do oral insecticidal compounds cross the insect midgut epithelium? INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 103:22-35. [PMID: 30366055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of oral insecticidal molecules (small molecules, peptides, dsRNA) via spray or plant mediated applications represents an efficient way to manage damaging insect species. With the exception of Bt toxins that target the midgut epithelium itself, most of these compounds have targets that lie within the hemocoel (body) of the insect. Because of this, one of the greatest factors in determining the effectiveness of an oral insecticidal compound is its ability to traverse the gut epithelium and enter the hemolymph. However, for many types of insecticidal compounds, neither the pathway taken across the gut nor the specific genes which influence uptake are fully characterized. Here, we review how different types of insecticidal compounds enter or cross the midgut epithelium through passive (diffusion) or active (transporter based, endocytosis) routes. A deeper understanding of how insecticidal molecules cross the gut will help to best utilize current insecticides and also provide for more rational design of future ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Denecke
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Douris
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Lab, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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22
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Wei J, Zhang L, Yang S, Xie B, An S, Liang G. Assessment of the lethal and sublethal effects by spinetoram on cotton bollworm. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204154. [PMID: 30216388 PMCID: PMC6138415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera is an universal pest around the world, which has recovered again in recent years because of the adjustment of cropping structure and resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in China. As a new insecticide spinetoram is extensively used to control many pest insects, including H. armigera. However the lethal and sublethal effects of spinetoram on cotton bollworm have not been assessed. In the present study, the toxicity of spinetoram against cotton bollworm was tested under laboratory conditions. Results demonstrated spinetoram showed an excellent activity against H. armigera, especially, against Bt (Cry1Ac) resistant H. armigera. Treatment with spinetoram at the doses of 0.19 mg/kg and 0.36 mg/kg (LC8 and LC20 after 24h oral exposure) significantly arrested the development of surviving larvae and caused significant decrease in larvae wet weight. Besides, the survivors after spinetoram treatments showed significant reduction of pupation ratio, pupal weight, emergence ratio, longevity and fecundity of adults. At same time, spinetoram treatments resulted in significant increase in the prepupal and pupal periods of survivors. In summary, these results showed that spinetoram could be used as an effective pesticide to control H. armigera, especially Cry1Ac-ressitacne, consequently to take both lethal and sublethal effects to cotton bollworm into consideration in cotton bollworm control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Wei
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bingtang Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiheng An
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail: (SA); (GL)
| | - Gemei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SA); (GL)
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23
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Liu L, Chen Z, Yang Y, Xiao Y, Liu C, Ma Y, Soberón M, Bravo A, Yang Y, Liu K. A single amino acid polymorphism in ABCC2 loop 1 is responsible for differential toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin in different Spodoptera (Noctuidae) species. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 100:59-65. [PMID: 29964167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins exert their toxicity by forming membrane pores after binding with larval midgut membrane proteins known as receptors. Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera frugiperda belong to the same genus, but S. litura is tolerant to Cry1Ac, while S. frugiperda is susceptible. The mechanism involved in the differential toxicity of Cry1Ac to these insect species is not understood. Amino acid sequences analysis of ABCC2, a well-recognized Cry1Ac receptor, from both species showed high sequence identity. Hi5 insect cells expressing SfABCC2 from S. frugiperda were 65-fold more susceptible than those expressing the SlABCC2 from S. litura. Substitution of fragments, point mutations and deletions between the ABCC2 of the two species revealed that ABCC2 amino acid Q125 from SfABCC2 or E125 from SlABCC2 was key factor for the differential Cry1Ac toxicity to Hi5 cells expressing these receptors. Consistently with this, cells expressing Helicoverpa armigera HaABCC2Q122-GFP, were more susceptible to Cry1Ac than cells expressing HaABCC2E122-GFP mutant. Q125 or E125 is located in a predicted exposed loop 1 region of ABCC2 indicating that this region could be important for Cry1Ac binding. These findings identified a single amino acid residue located in loop 1 of ABCC2 transporter as responsible for the different levels of susceptibility to Cry1Ac among various lepidopteran species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Liu
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Zuwen Chen
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yanchao Yang
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yutao Xiao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Chenxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuemin Ma
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Yongbo Yang
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Kaiyu Liu
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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24
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Gao M, Wang X, Yang Y, Tabashnik BE, Wu Y. Epistasis confers resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in the cotton bollworm. Evol Appl 2018; 11:809-819. [PMID: 29875821 PMCID: PMC5979638 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolution of resistance by insect pests reduces the benefits of extensively cultivated transgenic crops that produce insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Previous work showed that resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac, which is produced by transgenic cotton, can be conferred by mutations disrupting a cadherin protein that binds this Bt toxin in the larval midgut. However, the potential for epistatic interactions between the cadherin gene and other genes has received little attention. Here, we report evidence of epistasis conferring resistance to Cry1Ac in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, one of the world's most devastating crop pests. Resistance to Cry1Ac in strain LF256 originated from a field-captured male and was autosomal, recessive, and 220-fold relative to susceptible strain SCD. We conducted complementation tests for allelism by crossing LF256 with a strain in which resistance to Cry1Ac is conferred by a recessive allele at the cadherin locus HaCad. The resulting F1 offspring were resistant, suggesting that resistance to Cry1Ac in LF256 is also conferred by resistance alleles at this locus. However, the HaCad amino acid sequence in LF256 lacked insertions and deletions, and did not differ consistently between LF256 and a susceptible strain. In addition, most of the cadherin alleles in LF256 were not derived from the field-captured male. Moreover, Cry1Ac resistance was not genetically linked with the HaCad locus in LF256. Furthermore, LF256 and the susceptible strain were similar in levels of HaCad transcript, cadherin protein, and binding of Cry1Ac to cadherin. Overall, the results imply that epistasis between HaCad and an unknown second locus in LF256 yielded the observed resistance in the F1 progeny from the complementation test. The observed epistasis has important implications for interpreting results of the F1 screen used widely to monitor and analyze resistance, as well as the potential to accelerate evolution of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijing Gao
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ximeng Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yihua Yang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | | | - Yidong Wu
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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25
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Wang L, Ma Y, Wan P, Liu K, Xiao Y, Wang J, Cong S, Xu D, Wu K, Fabrick JA, Li X, Tabashnik BE. Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis linked with a cadherin transmembrane mutation affecting cellular trafficking in pink bollworm from China. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:28-35. [PMID: 29408651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of pest resistance reduces the efficacy of insecticidal proteins from the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) used widely in sprays and transgenic crops. In some previously studied strains of three major lepidopteran pests, resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac is associated with mutations disrupting the extracellular or cytoplasmic domains of cadherin proteins that bind Cry1Ac in the midgut of susceptible larvae. Here we report the first case of a cadherin transmembrane mutation associated with insect resistance to Bt. We discovered this mutation in a strain of the devastating global cotton pest, the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), derived from a field population in the Yangtze River Valley of China. The mutant allele analyzed here has a 207 base pair deletion and encodes a cadherin protein lacking its transmembrane domain. Relative to a susceptible strain, a strain homozygous for this allele had 220-fold resistance to Cry1Ac and 2.1-fold cross-resistance to Cry2Ab. On transgenic cotton plants producing Cry1Ac, no susceptible larvae survived, but the resistant strain completed its life cycle. Inheritance of resistance to Cry1Ac was autosomal, recessive and tightly linked with the cadherin gene. Transportation of cadherin protein to the cell membrane and susceptibility to Cry1Ac occurred in transfected insect cells expressing the wild type cadherin allele, but not in transfected insect cells expressing the mutant cadherin allele. The results imply that the mutant allele analyzed here confers resistance to Cry1Ac by disrupting cellular trafficking of cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Disease, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Yuemin Ma
- School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Peng Wan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Disease, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Kaiyu Liu
- School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yutao Xiao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Jintao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Disease, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shengbo Cong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Disease, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Disease, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jeffrey A Fabrick
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA
| | - Xianchun Li
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Bruce E Tabashnik
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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26
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Li S, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Li C, Wang G, Wang H, Zhang J, Liang G, Lang Z. Expression of cry2Ah1 and two domain II mutants in transgenic tobacco confers high resistance to susceptible and Cry1Ac-resistant cotton bollworm. Sci Rep 2018; 8:508. [PMID: 29323243 PMCID: PMC5765002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the novel Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal gene cry2Ah1 toxicity, two mutants cry2Ah1-vp (V354VP) and cry2Ah1-sp (V354SP) were performed. SWISS-MODEL analysis showed two mutants had a longer loop located between β-4 and β-5 of domain II, resulting in higher binding affinity with brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) of Helicoverpa armigera comparing with Cry2Ah1. The cry2Ah1, cry2Ah1-vp, and cry2Ah1-sp were optimized codon usage according to plant codon bias, and named mcry2Ah1, mcry2Ah1-vp, and mcry2Ah1-sp. They were transformed into tobacco via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and a total of 4, 8, and 24 transgenic tobacco plants were obtained, respectively. The molecular detection showed the exogenous gene was integrated into tobacco genome, and successfully expressed at the transcript and translation levels. Cry2Ah1 protein in transgenic tobacco plants varied from 4.41 to 40.28 μg g-1 fresh weight. Insect bioassays indicated that all transgenic tobacco plants were highly toxic to both susceptible and Cry1Ac-resistant cotton bollworm larvae, and the insect resistance efficiency to Cry1Ac-resistant cotton bollworm was highest in mcry2Ah1-sp transgenic tobacco plants. The results demonstrated that cry2Ah1 was a useful Bt insecticidal gene to susceptible and Cry1Ac-resistant cotton bollworm and had potential application for insect biocontrol and as a candidate for pyramid strategy in Bt crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyan Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiyao Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Changhui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guiping Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gemei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhihong Lang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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27
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Zhang L, Zhao G, Hu X, Liu J, Li M, Batool K, Chen M, Wang J, Xu J, Huang T, Pan X, Xu L, Yu XQ, Guan X. Cry11Aa Interacts with the ATP-Binding Protein from Culex quinquefasciatus To Improve the Toxicity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10884-10890. [PMID: 29215274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cry11Aa displays high toxicity to the larvae of several mosquito species, including Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles. To study its binding characterization against Culex quinquefasciatus, Cry11Aa was purified and western blot results showed that Cry11Aa could bind successfully to the brush border membrane vesicles. To identify Cry11Aa-binding proteins in C. quinquefasciatus, a biotin-based protein pull-down experiment was performed and seven Cry11Aa-binding proteins were isolated from the midgut of C. quinquefasciatus larvae. Analysis of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry showed that one of the Cry11Aa-binding proteins is the ATP-binding domain 1 family member B. To investigate its binding property and effect on the toxicity of Cry11Aa, western blot, far-western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and bioassays of Cry11Aa in the presence and absence of the recombinant ATP-binding protein were performed. Our results showed that the ATP-binding protein interacted with Cry11Aa and increased the toxicity of Cry11Aa against C. quinquefasciatus. Our study suggests that midgut proteins other than the toxin receptors may modulate the toxicity of Cry toxins against mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhang
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, Missouri 64110, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, Missouri 64110, United States
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Li J, Ma Y, Yuan W, Xiao Y, Liu C, Wang J, Peng J, Peng R, Soberón M, Bravo A, Yang Y, Liu K. FOXA transcriptional factor modulates insect susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin by regulating the expression of toxin-receptor ABCC2 and ABCC3 genes. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 88:1-11. [PMID: 28736301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cry toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are insecticidal proteins widely used in insect control. Recently, it was shown that ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins (ABC) such as ABCC2, ABCC3, ABCG1 and ABCA2 are implicated in the insecticidal action of Cry toxins as putative receptors. However, the transcriptional regulators involved in the expression of ABC transporter genes remain unknown. Sequence analysis of promoter regions of ABCC2 gene from Helicoverpa armigera and ABCC3 gene from Spodoptera litura Sl-HP cultured cells, revealed the potential participation of Forkhead box protein A (FOXA), a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes through remodeling chromatin. To determine if FOXA was involved in regulating expression of ABCC2 and ABCC3 genes, the expression of FOXA, ABCC2 and ABCC3 was compared in Sl-HP cells that are sensitive to Cry1Ac toxin with those in S. frugiperda Sf9 cells that are not sensitive to the toxin. Expression levels of those genes were significantly higher in Sl-HP than in Sf9 cells. Transient expression of FOXA in Sf9 cells activated ABCC2 and ABCC3 transcription, which directly correlated with enhanced Cry1Ac-susceptibility in these cells. Silencing of FOXA gene expression by RNAi in H. armigera larvae resulted in a decreased expression of ABCC2 and ABCC3 without affecting expression of other Cry toxin receptor genes such as alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase or cadherin. Silencing of FOXA gene expression also resulted in a Cry1Ac-tolerant phenotype since lower mortality and higher pupation rate were observed in diet containing Cry1Ac protoxin in comparison with the control group. These results demonstrate that FOXA up-regulates expression of the Cry1Ac-toxin receptor ABCC2 and ABCC3 genes, and that lower FOXA expression correlates with tolerance to Cry toxin in cell lines and in lepidopteran larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghuai Li
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yuemin Ma
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wanli Yuan
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yutao Xiao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Chenxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jianxin Peng
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Rong Peng
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Yongbo Yang
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Kaiyu Liu
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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29
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Casida JE. Pesticide Interactions: Mechanisms, Benefits, and Risks. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4553-4561. [PMID: 28537748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between pesticides at common molecular targets and detoxification systems often determine their effectiveness and safety. Compounds with the same mode of action or target are candidates for cross resistance and restrictions in their recommended uses. Discovery research is therefore focused on new mechanisms and modes of action. Interactions in detoxification systems also provide cross resistance and synergist and safener mechanisms illustrated with serine hydrolases and inhibitors, cytochrome P450 and insecticide synergists, and glutathione S-transferases and herbicide safeners. Secondary targets are also considered for inhibitors of serine hydrolases, aldehyde dehydrogenases, and transporters. Emphasis is given to the mechanistic aspects of interactions, not the incidence, which depends on potency, exposure, ratios, and timing. The benefits of pesticide interactions are the additional levels of chemical control to achieve desired organismal effects. The risks are the unpredictable interactions of complex interconnected biological systems. However, with care, two can be better than one.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Casida
- Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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30
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Li Y, Gao Y, Wu K. Function and effectiveness of natural refuge in IRM strategies for Bt crops. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 21:1-6. [PMID: 28822481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Several strategies involving refuge have been proposed for delaying insect resistance to Bt crops. The report was focused on the unstructured 'natural' refuges that contain plants naturally presented as part of the cropping system in the form of non-Bt plants that differ from Bt plant species, or wild host plants of the target pests. The cases of natural refuges applied in different countries were analyzed, and the factors that favor their success are discussed. The results indicate that the effectiveness of a natural refuge strategy depends on the biological characteristics of the target pest, the spatial and temporal distribution and abundance of the host plants in the agricultural system and the quality of the host plants for the pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yulin Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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31
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Zhao M, Yuan X, Wei J, Zhang W, Wang B, Myint Khaing M, Liang G. Functional roles of cadherin, aminopeptidase-N and alkaline phosphatase from Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in the action mechanism of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Aa. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46555. [PMID: 28488696 PMCID: PMC5424343 DOI: 10.1038/srep46555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A pyramid strategy combining the Cry1A and Cry2A toxins in Bt crops has been widely used throughout the world to delay pest adaption to transgenic crops and broaden the insecticidal spectrum. Midgut membrane-bound cadherin (CAD), aminopeptidase-N (APN) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are important for Cry1A toxicity in some lepidopteran larvae, but the proteins that bind Cry2A in the midgut of target insects and their role in the Cry2A mechanism of action are still unclear. In this study, we found that heterologously expressed CAD, APN4 and ALP2 peptides from the midgut of Helicoverpa armigera could bind to the Cry2Aa toxin with a high affinity. Additionally, the efficiency of Cry2Aa insecticidal activity against H. armigera larvae was obviously reduced after the genes encoding these proteins were silenced with specific siRNAs: CAD- and ALP2-silenced larvae showed significantly similar reductions in mortality due to the Cry2Aa toxin (41.67% and 43.06%, respectively), whereas a larger reduction in mortality was observed in APN4-silenced larvae (61.11%) than in controls. These results suggest that CAD, APN4 and ALP2 are involved in the mechanism of action of Cry2Aa in H. armigera and may play important functional roles in the toxicity of the Cry2Aa toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangdong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jizhen Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wanna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Myint Myint Khaing
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gemei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Xiao Y, Dai Q, Hu R, Pacheco S, Yang Y, Liang G, Soberón M, Bravo A, Liu K, Wu K. A Single Point Mutation Resulting in Cadherin Mislocalization Underpins Resistance against Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin in Cotton Bollworm. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:2933-2943. [PMID: 28082675 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.768671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic plants that produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystalline (Cry) toxins are cultivated worldwide to control insect pests. Resistance to B. thuringiensis toxins threatens this technology, and although different resistance mechanisms have been identified, some have not been completely elucidated. To gain new insights into these mechanisms, we performed multiple back-crossing from a 3000-fold Cry1Ac-resistant BtR strain from cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), isolating a 516-fold Cry1Ac-resistant strain (96CAD). Cry1Ac resistance in 96CAD was tightly linked to a mutant cadherin allele (mHaCad) that contained 35 amino acid substitutions compared with HaCad from a susceptible strain (96S). We observed significantly reduced levels of the mHaCad protein on the surface of the midgut epithelium in 96CAD as compared with 96S. Expression of both cadherin alleles from 96CAD and 96S in insect cells and immunofluorescence localization in insect midgut tissue sections showed that the HaCAD protein from 96S localizes on the cell membrane, whereas the mutant 96CAD-mHaCad was retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Mapping of the mutations identified a D172G substitution mainly responsible for cadherin mislocalization. Our finding of a mutation affecting membrane receptor trafficking represents an unusual and previously unrecognized B. thuringiensis resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Xiao
- From the State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China.,the Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Qing Dai
- the College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, No. 152 Luoyu Avenue, Wuhan 430079, China, and
| | - Ruqin Hu
- From the State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China.,the College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, No. 152 Luoyu Avenue, Wuhan 430079, China, and
| | - Sabino Pacheco
- the Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Yongbo Yang
- the College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, No. 152 Luoyu Avenue, Wuhan 430079, China, and
| | - Gemei Liang
- From the State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mario Soberón
- the Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- the Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Kaiyu Liu
- the College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, No. 152 Luoyu Avenue, Wuhan 430079, China, and
| | - Kongming Wu
- From the State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China,
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33
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Pauchet Y, Bretschneider A, Augustin S, Heckel DG. A P-Glycoprotein Is Linked to Resistance to the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Aa Toxin in a Leaf Beetle. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8120362. [PMID: 27929397 PMCID: PMC5198556 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysomela tremula is a polyvoltine oligophagous leaf beetle responsible for massive attacks on poplar trees. This beetle is an important model for understanding mechanisms of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal toxins, because a resistant C. tremula strain has been found that can survive and reproduce on transgenic poplar trees expressing high levels of the Cry3Aa Bt toxin. Resistance to Cry3Aa in this strain is recessive and is controlled by a single autosomal locus. We used a larval midgut transcriptome for C. tremula to search for candidate resistance genes. We discovered a mutation in an ABC protein, member of the B subfamily homologous to P-glycoprotein, which is genetically linked to Cry3Aa resistance in C. tremula. Cultured insect cells heterologously expressing this ABC protein swell and lyse when incubated with Cry3Aa toxin. In light of previous findings in Lepidoptera implicating A subfamily ABC proteins as receptors for Cry2A toxins and C subfamily proteins as receptors for Cry1A and Cry1C toxins, this result suggests that ABC proteins may be targets of insecticidal three-domain Bt toxins in Coleoptera as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany.
| | - Anne Bretschneider
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany.
| | - Sylvie Augustin
- Unité de Zoologie Forestière, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 2163 Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, CS 40001 Ardon, Orléans 45075 CEDEX 2, France.
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany.
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Ren XL, Jiang WL, Ma YJ, Hu HY, Ma XY, Ma Y, Li GQ. The Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) ABCC2 Mediates Cry1Ac Cytotoxicity and, in Conjunction with Cadherin, Contributes to Enhance Cry1Ca Toxicity in Sf9 Cells. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:2281-2289. [PMID: 27986933 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In insects, the mode of Cry1A toxins action has been studied in detail and many receptors that participate in the process are known. Recent evidence has revealed that an ABC transporter (ABCC2) is involved in conferring resistance to Cry1A toxins and that ABCC2 could be a receptor of Cry1A. However, it is not known whether Cry1Ca interacts with the same receptor proteins as Cry1A. In this study, we report the cloning of an ABC transporter gene, SeABCC2b, from the midgut of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) larvae, and its expression in Sf9 cells for a functional analysis. The addition of Cry1Ca and Cry1Ac to Sf9 cell culture caused swelling in 28.5% and 93.9% of the SeABCC2-expressing cells, respectively. In contrast, only 7.4% and 1.3% of the controls cells swelled in the presence of Cry1Ca and Cry1Ac. Thus, SeABCC2b-expressing Sf9 cells had increased susceptibility to Cry1Ca and Cry1Ac. Similarly, S. exigua cadherin (SeCad1b) expressed in Sf9 cells caused 47.1% and 1.8% of the SeCad1b-expressing cells to swell to Cry1Ca and Cry1Ac exposure. Therefore, Sf9 cells expressing SeCad1b were more sensitive to Cry1Ca than Cry1Ac. Together, our data suggest that SeABCC2b from S. exigua mediates Cry1Ac cytotoxicity and, in conjunction with SeCad1b, contributes to enhance Cry1Ca toxicity in Sf9 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Liang Ren
- Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei-Li Jiang
- Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Ya-Jie Ma
- Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Hong-Yan Hu
- Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Ma
- Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
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35
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Liu KY, Xia YQ, Zhou J, Chen ZW, Lu D, Zhang NZ, Liu XS, Ai H, Zhou LL. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF AUTOPHAGY-RELATED GENE 5 FROM Spodoptera exigua AND EXPRESSION ANALYSIS UNDER VARIOUS STRESS CONDITIONS. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 92:225-241. [PMID: 27226059 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is not only involved in development, but also has been proved to attend immune response against invading pathogens. Autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) is an important autophagic protein, which plays a crucial role in autophagosome elongation. Although ATG5 has been well studied in mammal, yeast, and Drosophila, little is known about ATG5 in lepidopteran insects. We cloned putative SeAtg5 gene from Spodoptera exigua larvae by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends method, and its characteristics and the influences of multiple exogenous factors on its expression levels were then investigated. The results showed that the putative S. exigua SeATG5 protein is highly homologous to other insect ATG5 proteins, which has a conserved Pfm domain and multiple phosphorylation sites. Next, fluorescence microscope observation showed that mCherry-SeATG5 was distributed in both nucleus and cytoplasm of Spodoptera litura Sl-HP cells and partially co-localized with BmATG6-GFP, but it almost has no significant co-localization with GFP-HaATG8. Then, the Western blot analysis demonstrated that GFP-SeATG5 conjugated with ATG12. Moreover, real-time PCR revealed that its expression levels significantly increased at the initiation of pupation and the stage of adult. In addition, the expression levels of SeAtg5 can be enhanced by the starvation, UV radiation, and infection of baculovirus and bacterium. However, the expression levels of SeAtg5 decreased at 24 h post treatments in all these treatments except in starvation. These results suggested that SeATG5 might be involved in response of S. exigua under various stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yu Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Qian Xia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zu-Wen Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dandan Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning-Zhao Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Ai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Lin Zhou
- Department of Plant Protection, Wuhan Vegetable Research Institute, Wuhan, China
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