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Benitez DA, Cumplido-Laso G, Olivera-Gómez M, Del Valle-Del Pino N, Díaz-Pizarro A, Mulero-Navarro S, Román-García A, Carvajal-Gonzalez JM. p53 Genetics and Biology in Lung Carcinomas: Insights, Implications and Clinical Applications. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1453. [PMID: 39062026 PMCID: PMC11274425 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The TP53 gene is renowned as a tumor suppressor, playing a pivotal role in overseeing the cell cycle, apoptosis, and maintaining genomic stability. Dysregulation of p53 often contributes to the initiation and progression of various cancers, including lung cancer (LC) subtypes. The review explores the intricate relationship between p53 and its role in the development and progression of LC. p53, a crucial tumor suppressor protein, exists in various isoforms, and understanding their distinct functions in LC is essential for advancing our knowledge of this deadly disease. This review aims to provide a comprehensive literature overview of p53, its relevance to LC, and potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dixan A. Benitez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (G.C.-L.); (M.O.-G.); (N.D.V.-D.P.); (A.D.-P.); (S.M.-N.); (A.R.-G.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jose Maria Carvajal-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (G.C.-L.); (M.O.-G.); (N.D.V.-D.P.); (A.D.-P.); (S.M.-N.); (A.R.-G.)
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Zhang Y, Vaccarella S, Morgan E, Li M, Etxeberria J, Chokunonga E, Manraj SS, Kamate B, Omonisi A, Bray F. Global variations in lung cancer incidence by histological subtype in 2020: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol 2023; 24:1206-1218. [PMID: 37837979 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(23)00444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide, yet the distribution by histological subtype remains unknown. We aimed to quantify the global, regional, and national burden of lung cancer incidence for the four main subtypes in 185 countries and territories. METHODS In this population-based study, we used data from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Volume XI and the African Cancer Registry Network to assess the proportions of adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, small-cell carcinoma, and large-cell carcinoma among all lung cancers by country, sex, and age group and subsequently applied these data to corresponding national (GLOBOCAN) estimates of lung cancer incidence in 2020. Unspecified morphologies were reallocated to specified subtypes. Age-standardised incidence rates were calculated using the world standard population to compare subtype risks worldwide, adjusted for differences in age composition between populations by country. FINDINGS In 2020, there were an estimated 2 206 771 new cases of lung cancer, with 1 435 943 in males and 770 828 in females worldwide. In males, 560 108 (39%) of all lung cancer cases were adenocarcinoma, 351 807 (25%) were squamous cell carcinoma, 163 862 (11%) were small-cell carcinoma, and 115 322 (8%) were large-cell carcinoma cases. In females, 440 510 (57%) of all lung cancer cases were adenocarcinoma, 91 070 (12%) were squamous cell carcinoma, 68 224 (9%) were small-cell carcinoma, and 49 246 (6%) were large-cell carcinoma cases. Age-standardised incidence rates for adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, small-cell carcinoma, and large-cell carcinoma, respectively, were estimated to be 12·4, 7·7, 3·6, and 2·6 per 100 000 person-years in males and 8·3, 1·6, 1·3, and 0·9 per 100 000 person-years in females worldwide. The incidence rates of adenocarcinoma exceeded those of squamous cell carcinoma in 150 of 185 countries in males and in all 185 countries in females. The highest age-standardised incidence rates per 100 000 person-years for adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, small-cell carcinoma, and large-cell carcinoma, respectively, for males occurred in eastern Asia (23·5), central and eastern Europe (17·5), western Asia (7·2), and south-eastern Asia (11·0); and for females occurred in eastern Asia (16·0), northern America (5·4), northern America (4·7), and south-eastern Asia (3·4). The incidence of each subtype showed a clear gradient according to the Human Development Index for male and female individuals, with increased rates in high and very high Human Development Index countries. INTERPRETATION Adenocarcinoma has become the most common subtype of lung cancer globally in 2020, with incidence rates in males exceeding those of squamous cell carcinoma in most countries, and in females in all countries. Our findings provide new insights into the nature of the global lung cancer burden and facilitates tailored national preventive actions within each world region. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Salvatore Vaccarella
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Eileen Morgan
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jaione Etxeberria
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics, Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics (INAMAT2), Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Shyam Shunker Manraj
- Mauritius National Cancer Registry, Mauritius Institute of Health, Port Louis, Mauritius
| | - Bakarou Kamate
- Bamako Cancer Registry, L'Hôpital National du Point G, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abidemi Omonisi
- Ekiti Cancer Registry, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Freddie Bray
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
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Al-Zahrani MH, Almutairi NM. Genetic Polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GPX1 Genes and Smoking Susceptibility in the Saudi Population. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2023; 15:180-189. [PMID: 38235052 PMCID: PMC10790742 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_365_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective/Methods Glutathione-S-transferase Mu1 (GSTM1) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) are known antioxidant enzymes that help protect cells from the oxidative damage that occurs from smoking. This study explored the correlation between GSTM1 and GPX1 levels between a group of smokers with the GSTM1 and GPX1 genes in the Saudi population and a control group and investigated the genetic risk factors in the group of smokers. Results The control and smokers' group (n = 50; aged 22.3 ± 3.1 years; BMI 24.6 ± 5.9 kg/m2) were genotyped using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In comparison with the control group, the smokers' group displayed a different genotype disruption of GSTM1 and GPX1. Carriers of the homozygous (TT) genotype of GSTM1 had more than a twofold (OR = 2.71, 95% CI = 0.10-70.79, P = 1.000) smoking risk than the carriers of the heterozygous (CT) genotype. Those with the GPX1 gene showed no risk in the control and smokers' groups. Smokers with the TT/GG combination (homozygous for GPX1 and normal for GPX1) were identified as high risk (OR = 2.58, 95% CI = 0.096-69.341). Conclusion The main outcomes showed no significant association between genetic polymorphism of the GSTM1 and GPX1 genes and cigarette smoking in the Saudi Arabian population. However, the results showed a slight decrease in the number of GSTM1 and GPX1 gene modifications among smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hassan Al-Zahrani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Marzoog Almutairi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Kumar S, Ali I, Abbas F, Rana A, Pandey S, Garg M, Kumar D. In-silico design, pharmacophore-based screening, and molecular docking studies reveal that benzimidazole-1,2,3-triazole hybrids as novel EGFR inhibitors targeting lung cancer. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-23. [PMID: 37646177 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2252496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease, which has been associated with various molecular alterations, including the overexpression and mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In this study, designed a library of 1843 benzimidazole-1,2,3-triazole hybrids and carried out pharmacophore-based screening to identify potential EGFR inhibitors. The 164 compounds were further evaluated using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to understand the binding interactions between the compounds and the receptor. In-si-lico ADME and toxicity studies were also conducted to assess the drug-likeness and safety of the identified compounds. The results of this study indicate that benzimidazole-1,2,3-triazole hybrids BENZI-0660, BENZI-0125, BENZI-0279, BENZI-0415, BENZI-0437, and BENZI-1110 exhibit dock scores of -9.7, -9.6, -9.6, -9.6, -9.6, -9.6 while referencing molecule -7.9 kcal/mol for EGFR (PDB ID: 4HJO), respectively. The molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the identified compounds formed stable interactions with the active site of EGFR, indicating their potential as inhibitors. The in-silico ADME and toxicity studies showed that the compounds had favorable drug-likeness properties and low toxicity, further supporting their potential as therapeutic agents. Finally, performed DFT studies on the best-selected ligands to gain further insights into their electronic properties. The findings of this study provide important insights into the potential of benzimidazole-1,2,3-triazole hybrids as promising EGFR inhibitors for the treatment of lung cancer. This research opens up a new avenue for the discovery and development of potent and selective EGFR inhibitors for the treatment of lung cancer.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Iqra Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Faheem Abbas
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Anurag Rana
- Yogananda School of Artificial Intelligence, Computers, and Data Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Sadanand Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, India
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Fu Y, Liu J, Chen Y, Liu Z, Xia H, Xu H. Gender disparities in lung cancer incidence in the United States during 2001-2019. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12581. [PMID: 37537259 PMCID: PMC10400573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer ranks as one of the top malignancies and the leading cause of cancer death in both males and females in the US. Using a cancer database covering the entire population, this study was to determine the gender disparities in lung cancer incidence during 2001-2019. Cancer patients were obtained from the National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. The SEER*Stat software was applied to calculate the age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIR). Temporal changes in lung cancer incidence were analyzed by the Joinpoint software. A total of 4,086,432 patients (53.3% of males) were diagnosed with lung cancer. Among them, 52.1% were 70 years or older, 82.7% non-Hispanic white, 39.7% from the South, and 72.6% non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The AAIR of lung cancer continuously reduced from 91.0 per 100000 to 59.2 in males during the study period, while it increased from 55.0 in 2001 to 56.8 in 2006 in females, then decreased to 48.1 in 2019. The female to male incidence rate ratio of lung cancer continuously increased from 2001 to 2019. Gender disparities were observed among age groups, races, and histological types. In those aged 0-54 years, females had higher overall incidence rates of lung cancer than males in recent years, which was observed in all races (except non-Hispanic black), all regions, and adenocarcinoma and small cell (but not squamous cell). Non-Hispanic black females aged 0-54 years had a faster decline rate than males since 2013. API females demonstrated an increased trend during the study period. Lung cancer incidence continues to decrease with gender disparities among age groups, races, regions, and histological types. Continuous anti-smoking programs plus reduction of related risk factors are necessary to lower lung cancer incidence further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Department of Physical Examination Center, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hanghzou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hanghzou, 311202, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hanghzou, China
| | - Hongbo Xia
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hanghzou, China
| | - Haixia Xu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hanghzou, China
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Mangone L, Marinelli F, Bisceglia I, Zambelli A, Zanelli F, Pagano M, Alberti G, Morabito F, Pinto C. Changes in the Histology of Lung Cancer in Northern Italy: Impact on Incidence and Mortality. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3187. [PMID: 37370797 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the incidence, mortality, and survival of lung cancer subtypes of NSCSLC (non-small-cell lung cancer), SCLC (small-cell lung cancer), and other morphologies. It is an observational epidemiological study using 7197 cases from the Reggio Emilia Cancer Registry recorded between 2001 and 2020 in males and females. The incidence of NSCLC in 5104 males indicates a significant 3% annual increase until 2013 and then a decline of -3.2% that is not statistically significant; until 2014, mortality increased significantly (3.2%), but it then decreased non-significantly (-12.1%), especially squamous cell cancer. In 2093 females, the incidence and mortality trends continued to rise significantly through 2012, and then they began to slightly decline (not statistically significant). The two-year relative survival of NSCLC increased from 32% to 38% in males and from 42% to 56% in females. SCLC in males decreased significantly both in incidence and mortality, while in women, it showed a slight increase (significantly for incidence but not for mortality). This study is important because it analyzes the decrease in lung cancer in males and the increase in females in relation to the different histotypes. Our study's findings confirmed a decline in male incidence and death beginning in 2013. We were unable to determine if the drop in cigarette smoking and the introduction of new drugs such as EGFR in first-line therapy were responsible for the lower incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mangone
- Epidemiology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy
| | - Francesco Marinelli
- Epidemiology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy
| | - Isabella Bisceglia
- Epidemiology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zambelli
- Epidemiology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy
| | - Francesca Zanelli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy
| | - Maria Pagano
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy
| | - Giulia Alberti
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy
| | - Fortunato Morabito
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Cosenza, 87051 Aprigliano, CS, Italy
| | - Carmine Pinto
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy
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Vascular Invasion Predicts Recurrence in Stage IA2-IB Lung Adenocarcinoma but not Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Clin Lung Cancer 2022; 24:e126-e133. [PMID: 36631388 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is an adverse prognostic feature in resected stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, it is unclear if the prognostic significance applies to both lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review of H&E-stained slides from surgically resected AJCC 8th ed. stage IA2-IB LUAD (n = 344) and LUSC (n = 102) from two institutions was performed. LVI was defined as either lymphatic (LI) or vascular (VI) invasion. Outcomes were assessed by 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) estimates using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS The cohorts of LUAD and LUSC showed no significant differences in 5-year RFS (81% each), stage, age, race, or surgical procedure. The presence of LVI, VI, and LI was predictive of 5-year RFS for LUAD (LVI + 71% vs. LVI - 92%, P < 0.001; VI + 64% vs. VI - 90%, P < 0.001; LI + 75% vs. LI - 84%, P = 0.030) but not LUSC (LVI + 84% vs. LVI - 79%, P = 0.740; VI + 83% vs. VI- 80%, P = 0.852; LI + 84% vs. LI - 81%, P = 0.757). Among LUAD with LVI, VI was a stronger predictor of 5-year RFS than the remaining subset of VI-LI + tumors (64% vs. 87%, P = 004). Subset analysis of LI among LUAD stratified by VI showed no significant prognostic advantage to adding LI for risk stratification (VI-LI + 87% vs. VI-LI - 92%, P = 0.347 & VI+LI + 62% vs. VI + LI- 66%, P = 0.422). VI was present in 36% of LUAD. CONCLUSION Vascular invasion is a strong predictor of recurrence in stage IA2-IB LUAD but not in LUSC. Adjuvant therapy trials should be directed at this subgroup.
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Tran TXM, Kim S, Song H, Park B. Longitudinal Changes in Smoking Habits in Women and Subsequent Risk of Cancer. Am J Prev Med 2022; 63:894-903. [PMID: 36050198 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigated the association between longitudinal smoking habit changes and cancer risk in a cohort of Korean women. METHODS Study population included women aged ≥40 years who underwent 2 biennial cancer screenings (2009-2010 and 2011-2012) and were followed up until 2020. This analysis was conducted in 2021. On the basis of changes in smoking habits, participants were grouped into sustained nonsmokers, sustained quitters, new quitters, relapsers, smoking initiators, and sustained smokers. Outcomes included incident cancer cases, smoking-related cancers, and specific cancer sites. RESULTS Of 3,051,946 women, the mean age was 54.8 years, and the median follow-up was 8.9 years. Compared with sustained nonsmokers, other groups had a significantly increased risk of cancer and smoking-related cancers: sustained quitters (adjusted hazard ratio=1.05; 95% CI=1.01, 1.09), new quitters (adjusted hazard ratio=1.12; 95% CI=1.07, 1.17), and sustained smokers (adjusted hazard ratio=1.14; 95% CI=1.09, 1.19). A significantly increased risk of lung, stomach, liver, and pancreas cancers was found in sustained smokers and new quitters. Relapsers/smoking initiators showed a higher risk of liver, lung, and breast cancer than sustained nonsmokers, but the strength of their corresponding adjusted hazard ratio was generally lower than that of sustained smokers. The hazard ratio of cancer risk was 0.92 (95% CI=0.87, 0.97) among sustained quitters and 0.97 (95% CI=0.91, 1.03) among new quitters relative to that among sustained smokers. CONCLUSIONS This study found a significant association between changes in smoking behavior and cancer risk. These findings suggest that smoking cessation is critical for cancer prevention in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Xuan Mai Tran
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeoun Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Huiyeon Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyoung Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Shan L, Zhang L, Zhu X, Wang Z, Fang S, Lin J, Wang J, Li N, Liu H, Zhang X, Feng Y, Liu J, Pan J, Ye G, Yu X, Tufman A, Katalinic A, Goldmann T, Petersen F, Jiang J, Geng G, Yu X. Chinese never smokers with adenocarcinoma of the lung are younger and have fewer lymph node metastases than smokers. Respir Res 2022; 23:293. [PMID: 36309662 PMCID: PMC9617301 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02199-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancers arising in never smokers have been suggested to be substantially different from lung cancers in smokers at an epidemiological, genetic and molecular level. Focusing on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we characterized lung cancer patients in China looking for demographic and clinical differences between the smoking and never-smoking subgroups. Methods In total, 891 patients with NSCLC, including 841 with adenocarcinoma and 50 with squamous cell carcinoma, were recruited in this study. Association of smoking status with demographic and clinical features of NSCLC was determined, and risk factors for lymph node metastasis and TNM stage were evaluated using Multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results In patients with adenocarcinoma, never smokers showed a younger age at diagnosis (54.2 ± 12.7vs. 59.3 ± 9.4, padjusted<0.001), a lower risk for lymph node metastasis than smokers (7,6% vs. 19.5%, padjusted<0.001) and less severe disease as indicated by lower percentages of patients with TNM stage of III or IV (5.5% vs. 14.7%, padjusted<0.001 ). By contrast, these associations were not observed in 50 patients with squamous cell carcinoma. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that smoking status was a risk factor for lymph node metastasis (OR = 2.70, 95% CI: 1.39–5.31, p = 0.004) but not for TNM stage (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 0.09–14.43, p = 0.896) in adenocarcinoma. Conclusion This study demonstrates that lung adenocarcinoma in never smokers significantly differ from those in smokers regarding both age at diagnosis and risk of lymph node metastasis, supporting the notion that they are distinct entries with different etiology and pathogenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12931-022-02199-z.
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Xia D, Liu J, Yong J, Li X, Ji W, Zhao Z, Wang X, Xiao C, Wu S, Liu H, Zhao H, He Y. Strategies for understanding the role of cellular heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of lung cancer: a cell model for chronic exposure to cigarette smoke extract. BMC Pulm Med 2022; 22:333. [PMID: 36056339 PMCID: PMC9438261 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-022-02116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human tumors are highly heterogeneous at the cellular, molecular, genetic and functional levels. Tumor heterogeneity has tremendous impact on cancer progression and treatment responses. However, the mechanisms for tumor heterogeneity have been poorly understood due to the lack of experimental models. Methods This study provides a novel exploration and analysis of the impacts of cellular and molecular heterogeneity of human lung epithelial cells on their malignant transformation following chronic exposure to cigarette smoke extracts. Results The ability of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) to cause malignant transformation of the human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) is dependent on the sizes of the cells. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in this process. Mechanistically, CSE-induced malignant transformation of 16HBE cells was closely linked to the reduced relative telomere length of the larger 16HBE cells, thereby up-regulation of the expression of stemness genes. Conclusions These findings provide novel insights for understanding the impact of cellular heterogeneity in lung cancer development. The in vitro transformation model described in this study could be extrapolated to studying the pathogenesis of other malignancies, as well as for mechanistic studies that are not feasible in vivo. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12890-022-02116-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xia
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyi Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Yong
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Ji
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Xiao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaixiang Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Heping Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun He
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Xu M, Li M, Pei J, Wu C, Jiang L, Jiang M, Zhu C. Gender disparities in incidence and projections of lung cancer in China and the United States from 1978 to 2032: an age-period-cohort analysis. Cancer Causes Control 2022; 33:1247-1259. [PMID: 35916964 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-022-01597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lung cancer incidences tend to be higher among males than females in both China and the United States, yet secular incidence patterns are different due to distinct population and environmental exposures. We examined long-term and future trends of lung cancer incidence, as well as the associations of age, period, and cohort effects with gender disparities. METHODS Using data from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents from 1978 to 2012, we calculated age-standardized, age-specific incidence, and male-to-female incidence rate ratios (IRR), and conducted an age-period-cohort analysis. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) of the trends was obtained by Joinpoint Regression. Bayesian age-period-cohort analysis was also conducted to project incidences to 2032. RESULTS In China, age-standardized incidence revealed a decreasing trend among males, but showed increasing trends among the younger age groups (30-54 years) in females. Age-standardized incidence rates of males decreased but remained stable among females from 1972 to 2012 in the United States. Male-to-female incidence rate ratios narrowed in both countries and reversed among younger birth cohorts in the United States. Gender disparities are expected to continue to diminish in both countries, and incidence among females appears to exceed that of males in the United States by around 2023-2027. CONCLUSION Gender disparities in lung cancer incidence persist and will continue into the future in both countries, but our findings suggested that smoking may play different roles in gender disparities in lung cancer incidence between the two countries. Further population-based epidemiological studies among females in China are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghan Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mandi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Pei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenyao Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Cairong Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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12
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Romaszko-Wojtowicz A, Lorenc A, Buciński A, Doboszyńska A. Effects of Tobacco Smoking on the Survivability of Patients with Multiple Cancers and Single Lung Cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9179. [PMID: 35954530 PMCID: PMC9368588 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide among men and women. Tobacco smoking is the number one risk factor for lung cancer. The aim of our study was to evaluate the survivability of patients with single lung cancer in relation to the survival time in patients with multiple neoplasms whose last neoplasm was a lung cancer. A retrospective analysis was con-ducted of data from medical histories of patients hospitalized at the Pulmonary Hospital in Olsztyn (Poland) from 2012 to 2017, with a lung cancer diagnosis as the first or subsequent cancer. The total longevity of women with diagnosed multiple cancers was found to be shorter than that of men: 67.60 years (SD: 7.77) and 69.91 years (SD: 7.97), respectively. Among the ex-smokers, the longevity of men (68.93 years) was longer than that of women (66.18 years). Survival time, counted from the diagnosis of both the first and subsequent cancer, was longer among patients with multiple cancers than among patients with single lung cancer (p = 0.000). Women's survivability was worse than men's in the case of multiple cancers and in the group of people who quit smoking (p = 0.037; p = 0.000). To conclude, smoking tobacco affects the survival of patients with lung cancer. Smoking cessation improves overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Romaszko-Wojtowicz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pulmonology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-357 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Andżelika Lorenc
- Department of Biopharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Adam Buciński
- Department of Biopharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Anna Doboszyńska
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pulmonology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-357 Olsztyn, Poland;
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13
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TP53 and LRP1B Co-Wild Predicts Improved Survival for Patients with LUSC Receiving Anti-PD-L1 Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143382. [PMID: 35884443 PMCID: PMC9320428 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy brought long-term benefits for partial patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). The predictor of anti-PD-L1 therapy was controversial and limited in LUSC. We aimed to explore novel biomarker for LUSC immunotherapy and the potential mechanism. Five hundred and twenty-five Chinese patients (Geneplus cohort) with LUSC underwent targeted sequencing and were involved to explore the genomic profiling. TP53 and LRP1B were the most frequently recurrent genes and correlated to higher tumor mutational burden (TMB). We observed that LUSC patients with TP53 and LRP1B co-wild (co-wild type) were associated with better survival of anti-PD-L1 therapy compared with TP53 mutant or LRP1B mutant (mutant type) in POPAR/OAK cohort. Copy-number variation (CNV) and whole genome doubling (WGD) data from TCGA LUSC cohort were obtained to assess the CNV events. There were fewer CNV alterations and lower chromosome instability in patients with TP53/LRP1B co-wild compared with those with TP53/LRP1B mutant. RNA expression data from the TCGA LUSC cohort were collected to explore the differences in RNA expression and tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) between mutant and co-wild groups. The TP53/LRP1B co-wild type had a significantly increased proportion of multiple tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), including activated CD8 T cell, activated dendritic cell (DC), and effector memory CD8 T cell. Immune-related gene sets including checkpoint, chemokine, immunostimulatory, MHC and receptors were enriched in the co-wild type. In conclusion, TP53/LRP1B co-wild LUSC conferred an elevated response rate in anti-PD-L1 therapy and improved survival, which was associated with a chromosome-stable phenotype and an activated immune microenvironment.
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14
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Su Z, Jia XH, Zhao FH, Zhou QH, Fan YG, Qiao YL. Effect of Time Since Smoking Cessation on Lung Cancer Incidence: An Occupational Cohort With 27 Follow-Up Years. Front Oncol 2022; 12:817045. [PMID: 35299746 PMCID: PMC8921458 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.817045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This special cohort reveals the effect of smoking cessation in occupational miners exposed to radon and arsenic. Methods A total of 9,134 tin miners with at least 10 years of underground radon and arsenic exposure were enrolled beginning in 1992 and followed for up to 27 years. Detailed smoking information was collected at baseline, and information on smoking status was consecutively collected from 1992 to 1996. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to explore the relationship between time since smoking cessation and lung cancer. Results A total of 1,324 lung cancer cases occurred in this cohort over 167,776 person-years of follow-up. Among populations exposed to radon and arsenic, miners after quitting smoking for 10 years or more had almost halved their lung cancer risk [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.38-0.79], compared with current smokers. Among miners after quitting smoking for 5 years or more, lung cancer incidence approximately halved (HR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.30-0.92) for squamous cell lung carcinoma, while it showed no significant decline for adenocarcinoma (HR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.34-1.85). Conclusion Smoking cessation for 10 years or more halved lung cancer incidence among miners exposed to radon and arsenic, and the benefit was more pronounced among squamous cell lung carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Su
- Department of Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Hua Jia
- Department of Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fang-Hui Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Hua Zhou
- Sichuan Lung Cancer Institute, Sichuan Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ya-Guang Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - You-Lin Qiao
- Center for Global Health, School of Population Medicine and Public Health Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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15
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Siegfried JM. Sex and Gender Differences in Lung Cancer and Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6470418. [PMID: 34927202 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two highly prevalent pulmonary diseases, lung cancer and chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), show both sex and gender differences in their presentations and outcomes. Sex differences are defined as biological differences associated with the male vs female genotype, and gender differences are defined as behavioral or social differences that primarily arise because of gender identity. The incidence of both lung cancer and COPD has increased dramatically in women over the past 50 years, and both are associated with chronic pulmonary inflammation. Development of COPD is also a risk factor for lung cancer. In this review, the main differences in lung cancer and COPD biology observed between men and women will be summarized. Potential causative factors will be discussed, including the role of estrogen in promoting pro-growth and inflammatory phenotypes which may contribute to development of both lung cancer and COPD. Response of the innate and adaptive immune system to estrogen is a likely factor in the biology of both lung cancer and COPD. Estrogen available from synthesis by reproductive organs as well as local pulmonary estrogen synthesis may be involved in activating estrogen receptors expressed by multiple cell types in the lung. Estrogenic actions, although more pronounced in women, may also have importance in the biology of lung cancer and COPD in men. Effects of estrogen are also timing and context dependent; the multiple cell types that mediate estrogen action in the lungs may confer both positive and negative effects on disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Siegfried
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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16
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Cardona AF, Ruiz-Patiño A, Arrieta O, Ricaurte L, Zatarain-Barrón ZL, Rodriguez J, Avila J, Rojas L, Recondo G, Barron F, Archila P, Sotelo C, Bravo M, Zamudio N, Corrales L, Martín C, Rolfo C, Viola L, Carranza H, Vargas C, Otero J, Bermudez M, Gamez T, Pino LE, Rosell R. Genotyping Squamous Cell Lung Carcinoma in Colombia (Geno1.1-CLICaP). Front Oncol 2021; 10:588932. [PMID: 33384957 PMCID: PMC7771515 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.588932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is a public health problem, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most prevalent subtype of this neoplasm. Compared to other subtypes, including adenocarcinoma, SCC is less well understood in terms of molecular pathogenesis, limiting therapeutic options among targeted agents approved for other disease subgroups. In this study, we sought to characterize the SCC genomic profile using a validated Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) platform. Methods The comprehensive NGS assay (TruSight Tumor 170) was used in order to target the full coding regions of 170 cancer-related genes on SCC samples. PD-L1 expression in tumor cells (TCs) was assessed using clone 22C3 (Dako). Clinical outcomes were correlated with molecular profile, including progression free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR), and overall survival (OS). Results A total of 26 samples were included, median age was 67 years (r, 33–83) and 53.8% were men. Tobacco consumption was identified in all subjects (mean 34-year package). For first-line treatment 80.8% of patients received cisplatin or carboplatin plus gemcitabine. In terms of molecular profile, we identified a high prevalence of inactivating mutations in TP53 (61.5%), PIK3CA (34.6%), MLL2 (34.6%), KEAP1 (38.4%), and NOTCH1 (26.9%). PD-L1 expression ranged from negative, 1, 2–49, and ≥50% in 23.1, 38.5, 26.9, and 11.5%, respectively. Interestingly, the genetic alterations did not have an effect in PFS, OS or ORR in this study. However, PDL1 expression was higher among those who had mutations in TP53 (p = 0.037) and greater expression of PDL1 was related to PIK3CA alterations (p = 0.05). Conclusions The genomic profile of SCC encompasses important genes including TP53, PIK3CA and KEAP1. TP53 mutations could be associated with PDL1 expression, generating hypothesis regarding specific treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés F Cardona
- Clinical and Translational Oncology Group, Clínica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research - FICMAC, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Ruiz-Patiño
- Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research - FICMAC, Bogotá, Colombia.,Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Oscar Arrieta
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), México City, México
| | - Luisa Ricaurte
- Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research - FICMAC, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - July Rodriguez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research - FICMAC, Bogotá, Colombia.,Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jenny Avila
- Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research - FICMAC, Bogotá, Colombia.,Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Leonardo Rojas
- Clinical and Translational Oncology Group, Clínica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia.,Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia.,Oncology Department, Clínica Colsanitas, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo Recondo
- Thoracic Oncology Section, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas - CEMIC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Feliciano Barron
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), México City, México
| | - Pilar Archila
- Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research - FICMAC, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Sotelo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research - FICMAC, Bogotá, Colombia.,Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Melissa Bravo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research - FICMAC, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nataly Zamudio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research - FICMAC, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis Corrales
- Oncology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, San José Costa Rica, Costa Rica
| | - Claudio Martín
- Medical Oncology Group, Fleming Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lucia Viola
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Fundación Neumológica Colombiana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernán Carranza
- Clinical and Translational Oncology Group, Clínica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research - FICMAC, Bogotá, Colombia.,Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Vargas
- Clinical and Translational Oncology Group, Clínica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research - FICMAC, Bogotá, Colombia.,Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge Otero
- Clinical and Translational Oncology Group, Clínica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research - FICMAC, Bogotá, Colombia.,Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maritza Bermudez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research - FICMAC, Bogotá, Colombia.,Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Tatiana Gamez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research - FICMAC, Bogotá, Colombia.,Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis Eduardo Pino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fundación Santa Fé de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Huang J, Yue N, Wu J, Shi N, Wang Q, Cui T, Zheng M, Sun S, Jin H. Screening rate and influential factors of lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography in Asian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Public Health (Oxf) 2020; 44:246-254. [PMID: 33348356 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are currently no studies synthesizing the screening rate and influential factors of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT)-screened lung cancer in Asian population. METHODS A systematic review was conducted, using both English and Chinese language databases on March, 2019. The pooled screening rate and estimated odds ratios (ORs) of influential factors were analyzed using random effects models. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were also employed to explore the heterogeneity. RESULTS The pooled LDCT lung cancer screening rate was 1.12% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.94%, 1.32%), and increased with age. Adenocarcinoma and stage I lung cancer had higher screening rates. Analysis of influential factors in the general population showed that female and elder age (≥50 years) were significantly influencing LDCT lung cancer screening rate (for female, OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.15-1.52; for adults ≥ 50 years, OR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.52-2.49). Meta-regression analysis indicated that the heterogeneity maybe significantly correlated with the sample size, risk population and source of population. CONCLUSIONS Unlike European and American populations, female and adults > 50 years rather than smoking adults were positively associated with screening rate in Asian populations. It is important to further study the benefits of lung cancer screening with LDCT in Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Na Yue
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jingwei Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Naiyang Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tingting Cui
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mengyun Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Siqing Sun
- Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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18
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Mederos N, Friedlaender A, Peters S, Addeo A. Gender-specific aspects of epidemiology, molecular genetics and outcome: lung cancer. ESMO Open 2020; 5:e000796. [PMID: 33148544 PMCID: PMC7643520 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2020-000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide in women and men. In incidence, lung cancer ranks second, surpassed by breast cancer in women and prostate cancer in men. However, the historical differences in mortality and incidence rate between both sexes have changed in the last years. In the last decades, we have also witnessed an increased number of lung cancer in female never-smokers. These disparities have grown our interest in studying the impact of the gender and sex in the presentation of lung cancer. The aetiology is yet to be fully elucidated, but the data are clear so far: there is a growing divide between lung cancer presentation in women and men that will change our management and study of lung cancer. This article aims to review the sex and gender differences in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Mederos
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Alex Friedlaender
- Department of Oncology, Hopitaux Universitaires de Geneve, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Solange Peters
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alfredo Addeo
- Department of Oncology, Hopitaux Universitaires de Geneve, Geneva, Switzerland
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19
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Wang Y, Guo J. Immune cell landscape analysis reveals prognostic immune cells and its potential mechanism in squamous cell lung carcinoma. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9996. [PMID: 33083119 PMCID: PMC7543728 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Squamous cell lung carcinoma (LUSC) was closely associated with smoking which was known to have a distant immunosuppression effect. In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between immune cells and clinical outcomes of LUSC patients with smoking history. Methods The immune cell infiltration and RNA expression profiles of LUSC patients were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Then, the correlation between immune cell infiltration and clinical characteristics was explored. According to the level of immune cell infiltration, LUSC patients with smoking history were divided into high or low group to screen the differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs. The prediction of target genes was performed by miRanda. Finally, the prognostic value of a certain signature was confirmed in an independent dataset. Results Higher abundance of tumor-infiltrating T follicular helper (Tfh) cells together with a lower abundance of resting memory CD4 T cells had been found in LUSC current reformed smokers for ≤15 years and current smoking patients. Moreover, Tfh cell infiltration was not only associated with better overall survival (OS) but also varied from different degrees of TNM stage. Low expression of lncRNA PWRN1 and its potential regulating genes DMRTB1, PIRT, APOBEC1, and ZPBP2 were associated with better OS. Combining PWRN1 and four regulating genes as a signature, patients with higher-level expression of the signature had shorter survival time in not only the TCGA but also in the GEO dataset. Conclusions It was found that Tfh cells presented higher infiltration in LUSC current reformed smokers for ≤15 years and current smokers, while resting memory CD4 T cells had lower infiltration. The signature consisting of PWRN1 as well as its predicted targeted mRNAs was dysregulated in different levels of Tfh cell infiltration and might indicate patients' OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Wang
- Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jianji Guo
- Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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20
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Strategies for Referring Cancer Patients in a Smoking Cessation Program. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176089. [PMID: 32825665 PMCID: PMC7503502 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Most people who smoke and develop cancer are unable to quit smoking. To address this, many cancer centers have now opened smoking cessation programs specifically designed to help cancer patients to quit. An important question has now emerged—what is the most effective approach for engaging smokers within a cancer center in these smoking cessation programs? We report outcomes from a retrospective observational study comparing three referral methods—traditional referral, best practice advisory (BPA), and direct outreach—on utilization of the Duke Cancer Center Smoking Cessation Program. We found that program utilization rate was higher for direct outreach (5.4%) than traditional referral (0.8%), p < 0.001, and BPA (0.2%); p < 0.001. Program utilization was 6.4% for all methods combined. Inferring a causal relationship between referral method and program utilization was not possible because the study did not use a randomized design. Innovation is needed to generate higher utilization rates for cancer center smoking cessation programs.
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21
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Ichiki Y, Fukuyama T, Nakanishi K. The prospect of combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2020; 9:811-815. [PMID: 32676343 PMCID: PMC7354138 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2020.01.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Ichiki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Saitama Hospital, Wako, Japan
- Second Department of Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takashi Fukuyama
- Division of Biomedical Research, Kitasato University Medical Center, Kitamoto, Japan
| | - Kozo Nakanishi
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Saitama Hospital, Wako, Japan
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22
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van 't Klooster CC, van der Graaf Y, Ridker PM, Westerink J, Hjortnaes J, Sluijs I, Asselbergs FW, Bots ML, Kappelle LJ, Visseren FLJ. The relation between healthy lifestyle changes and decrease in systemic inflammation in patients with stable cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2020; 301:37-43. [PMID: 32305733 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pharmacological lowering of inflammation has proven effective in reducing recurrent cardiovascular event rates. Aim of the current study is to evaluate lifestyle changes (smoking cessation, weight loss, physical activity level increase, alcohol moderation, and a summary lifestyle improvement score) in relation to change in plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration in patients with established cardiovascular disease. METHODS In total, 1794 patients from the UCC-SMART cohort with stable cardiovascular disease and CRP levels ≤10 mg/L, who returned for a follow-up study visit after median 9.9 years (IQR 5.4-10.8), were included. The relation between changes in smoking status, weight, physical activity, alcohol consumption, a summary lifestyle improvement score and change in plasma CRP concentration was evaluated with linear regression analyses. RESULTS Smoking cessation was related to a 0.40 mg/L decline in CRP concentration (β-coefficient -0.40; 95%CI -0.73,-0.07). Weight loss (per 1SD = 6.4 kg) and increase in physical activity (per 1 SD = 48 MET hours per week) were related to a decrease in CRP concentration (β-coefficients -0.25; 95%CI -0.33,-0.16 and -0.09; 95%CI -0.17,-0.01 per SD). Change in alcohol consumption was not related to CRP difference. Every point higher in the summary lifestyle improvement score was related to a decrease in CRP concentration of 0.17 mg/L (β-coefficient -0.17; 95%CI -0.26,-0.07). CONCLUSIONS Smoking cessation, increase in physical activity, and weight loss are related to a decrease in CRP concentration in patients with stable cardiovascular disease. Patients with the highest summary lifestyle improvement score have the most decrease in CRP concentration. These results may indicate that healthy lifestyle changes contribute to lowering systemic inflammation, potentially leading to a lower cardiovascular risk in patients with established cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C van 't Klooster
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Y van der Graaf
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - P M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA; Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - J Westerink
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J Hjortnaes
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - I Sluijs
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - F W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Health Data Research UK and Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M L Bots
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - L J Kappelle
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - F L J Visseren
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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23
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Gao X, Zhu J, Chen L, Jiang Y, Zhou X, Shuai J, Zhao Y. Clinical And Imageological Features Of Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma With EGFR Mutations. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:9017-9024. [PMID: 31695493 PMCID: PMC6814869 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s223021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze the distribution of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations; characterize the clinical and imageological features of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) in a large population of patients; and assess correlations between clinical and imageological characteristics and clinical outcomes of LSCC patients harboring EGFR mutations. Patients and methods Three pathologists retrospectively evaluated the morphological and immunohistochemical data of 2,322 patients with LSCC resected between February 2013 and December 2017. Data on the distribution of EGFR mutations and the clinical and imageological characteristics of the patients were retrospectively collected. Correlations between the EGFR mutation status and clinical outcomes were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results EGFR mutations were found in 3.4% of patients with LSCC and predominantly in female and non-smoking patients. Tumor lesions in patients with EGFR-positive mutations were more irregularly shaped than those in patients with EGFR-negative mutations (P = 0.045). In non-smoking patients with LSCC, the proportion of marked spiculation was significantly higher in the EGFR-positive group than in the EGFR-negative group (P = 0.043). No significant difference in recurrence-free survival was noted between LSCC patients harboring EGFR-positive and those harboring EGFR-negative mutations. No difference in metastases was observed between the EGFR-positive and EGFR-negative cohorts. Conclusion Female gender, non-smoking habit, irregularly shaped tumor, and marked spiculation might predict the presence of EGFR mutations in LSCC. The administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitors to patients with LSCC after screening for EGFR mutations based on their clinical and imageological features would likely result in a population with a greater sensitivity to afatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejuan Gao
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Linsong Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Shuai
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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24
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Tindle HA, Stevenson Duncan M, Greevy RA, Vasan RS, Kundu S, Massion PP, Freiberg MS. Lifetime Smoking History and Risk of Lung Cancer: Results From the Framingham Heart Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019; 110:1201-1207. [PMID: 29788259 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djy041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relative risk of lung cancer decreases with years since quitting (YSQ) smoking, but risk beyond 25 YSQ remains unclear. Current lung cancer screening guidelines, which exclude smokers with more than 15 YSQ, may not detect lung cancers in this population. Methods We analyzed data from Framingham Heart Study Original (n = 3905) and Offspring cohort (n = 5002) participants for lifetime smoking and lung cancer incidence from 1954 to 1958 (Exam 4) and 1971 to 1975 (Exam 1), respectively, through 2013. We used multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models to compare current, former, and never smokers and lung cancer risk. Smoking status and covariates were time-updated every two years (Original) or four years (Offspring). Primary analyses were restricted to heavy ever smokers with more than 21.3 pack-years; additional analyses included all ever smokers. Results On follow-up (median = 28.7 years), 284 lung cancers were detected: incidence rates/1000 person-years in current, former, and never smokers were 1.97 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.66 to 2.33), 1.61 (95% CI = 1.34 to 1.93), and 0.26 (95% CI = 0.17 to 0.39), respectively. Heavy former (vs never) smokers had elevated lung cancer risk at all YSQ (<5: hazard ratio [HR] = 12.12, 95% CI = 6.94 to 21.17; 5-9: HR = 11.77, 95% CI = 6.78 to 20.45; 10-14: HR = 7.81, 95% CI = 3.98 to 15.33; 15-24: HR = 5.88, 95% CI = 3.19-10.83; ≥25: HR = 3.85, 95% CI = 1.80 to 8.26). Heavy former (vs current) smokers had 39.1% lower lung cancer risk within five YSQ. Among all former smokers, 40.8% of lung cancers occurred after more than 15 YSQ. Conclusions Among heavy former smokers, lung cancer risk drops within five YSQ relative to continuing smokers, yet it remains more than threefold higher than never smokers after 25 YSQ. Four of ten lung cancers occurred in former smokers with more 15 YSQ, beyond the screening window of the current guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Tindle
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Meredith Stevenson Duncan
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Framingham Heart Study, Framingham and Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Robert A Greevy
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham and Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Suman Kundu
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Pierre P Massion
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,the Medical Service, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Matthew S Freiberg
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
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25
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Bearz A, Cecco S, Francescon S, Re FL, Corona G, Baldo P. Safety Profiles and Pharmacovigilance Considerations for Recently Patented Anticancer Drugs: Lung Cancer. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2019; 14:242-257. [PMID: 31362665 DOI: 10.2174/1574892814666190726124735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer-related death. In the last decades, the introduction of targeted therapies and more recently, of immunotherapy, has led to significant improvements in different outcomes of this malignant neoplasm. OBJECTIVE The present review provides a balanced overview of most recent targeted therapies and immunotherapies patented for the treatment of lung cancer. METHODS An extensive scientific literature and patent databases search were performed to identify peerreviewed studies containing information on recently patented drugs for the treatment of lung cancer, with a particular focus on their safety data and recently patented combinations. RESULTS The development of therapies directed to different pathways involved in the tumor angiogenesis, proliferation, and metastasis has transformed the clinical practice of lung malignancies. Several clinical trials have shown an improvement in terms of progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with advanced/metastatic lung cancer. Safety data, extracted from clinical trials and from the WHO global database of adverse drug reactions (VigiAccessTM database), show that recently patented drugs for the treatment of lung cancer are well-tolerated and most of the adverse events reported are mild to moderate. CONCLUSION Currently, a consistent number of new drugs and combinations have been introduced for the treatment of patients with advanced-stage lung cancer. Safety data remain essential to better assess the long-term risk/benefit ratio of these valuable emerging therapies. The new patents' development could provide further significant improvements for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bearz
- Medical Oncology and Cancer Prevention Unit, Department of Clinical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano 33081, Italy
| | - Sara Cecco
- Pharmacy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano 33081, Italy
| | - Sara Francescon
- Pharmacy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano 33081, Italy
| | - Francesco Lo Re
- Pharmacy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano 33081, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Corona
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano 33081, Italy
| | - Paolo Baldo
- Pharmacy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano 33081, Italy
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26
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Hellyer JA, Patel MI. Sex disparities in lung cancer incidence: validation of a long-observed trend. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2019; 8:543-545. [PMID: 31555528 PMCID: PMC6749120 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2019.04.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Hellyer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Manali I. Patel
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Center for Health Policy/Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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27
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Akushevich I, Kravchenko J, Yashkin AP, Fang F, Yashin AI. Partitioning of time trends in prevalence and mortality of lung cancer. Stat Med 2019; 38:3184-3203. [PMID: 31087384 DOI: 10.1002/sim.8170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Time trends of lung cancer prevalence and mortality are the result of three competing processes: changes in the incidence rate, stage-specific survival, and ascertainment at early stages. Improvements in these measures act concordantly to improve disease-related mortality, but push the prevalence rate in opposite directions making a qualitative interpretation difficult. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the relative contributions of these components to changes in lung cancer prevalence and mortality. METHODS Partitioning of prevalence and mortality trends into their components using SEER data for 1973-2013. RESULTS The prevalence of lung cancer increases for females and decreases for males. In 1998, the former was due to increased incidence (45%-50% of total trend), improved survival (40%-45%), and increased ascertainment at early stages (10%-15%). In males, a rapidly declining incidence rate overpowered the effects of survival and ascertainment resulting in an overall decrease in prevalence over time. Trends in lung cancer mortality are determined by incidence during 1993-2002 with noticeable contribution of survival after 2002. CONCLUSION Lung cancer incidence was the main driving force behind trends in prevalence and mortality. Improved survival played essential role from 2000 onwards. Trends in stage ascertainment played a small but adverse role. Our results suggest that further improvement in lung cancer mortality can be achieved through advances in early stage ascertainment, especially for males, and that in spite of success in treatment, adenocarcinoma continues to exhibit adverse trends (especially in female incidence) and its role among other histology-specific lung cancers will increase in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Akushevich
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Julia Kravchenko
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Arseniy P Yashkin
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Fang Fang
- Center for Genomics in Public Health and Medicine, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Anatoliy I Yashin
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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28
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Abstract
Tobacco smoking accounts for at least 30% of all cancer deaths and nearly 90% of lung cancer deaths. Smoking cessation significantly reduces the risk of developing tobacco-related malignancies. Smoking after cancer diagnosis is also associated with multiple risks, including worse tolerance of treatment, higher risk of a failure and second primary tumors, and poorer quality of life. Apart from disease site and stage, continued smoking is considered the strongest adverse predictor of survival in cancer patients. However, the benefits of smoking cessation are undervalued: many patients are not aware of harms related to continued tobacco use after cancer diagnosis. Furthermore, health care professionals often do not encourage their patients to quit, and do not provide tobacco cessation assistance for continuing tobacco users. Despite the apparent impact of tobacco use on treatment outcomes, data on current smoking status is only rarely captured in clinical trials This article reviews the most important clinical aspects of smoking after the diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Jassem
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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29
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Hendriks LEL, Menis J, Reck M. Prospects of targeted and immune therapies in SCLC. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2018; 19:151-167. [DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2019.1559057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizza E. L. Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Institut d’Oncologie Thoracique (IOT), Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Jessica Menis
- Medical Oncology, University of Padua and Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV – IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Martin Reck
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research, LungenClinic, Grosshansdorf, Germany
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30
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Cedillo JL, Bordas A, Arnalich F, Esteban-Rodríguez I, Martín-Sánchez C, Extremera M, Atienza G, Rios JJ, Arribas RL, Montiel C. Anti-tumoral activity of the human-specific duplicated form of α7-nicotinic receptor subunit in tobacco-induced lung cancer progression. Lung Cancer 2018; 128:134-144. [PMID: 30642446 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tobacco smoking is strongly correlated with the onset and progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). By activating α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7-nAChRs) in these tumors nicotine and its tobacco-derived nitrosamine, NNK, contribute to these oncogenic processes. Here, we investigated whether the human-specific duplicated form of the α7-nAChR subunit (dupα7) behaves as an endogenous negative regulator of α7-nAChR-mediated tumorigenic activity induced by tobacco in NSCLC cells, similarly to its influence on other α7-nAChR-controlled functions in non-tumor cells. METHODS Two human NSCLC cell lines, lung adenocarcinoma (A549) and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (SK-MES-1), both wild-type or with stable overexpression of dupα7 (A549dupα7 or SK-MES-1dupα7), were used to investigate in vitro anti-tumor activity of dupα7 on nicotine- or NNK-induced tumor progression. For this purpose, migration, proliferation or epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were examined. The anti-tumor effect of dupα7 on nicotine-promoted tumor growth, proliferation or angiogenesis was also assessed in vivo in an athymic mouse model implanted with A549dupα7 or A549 xenografts. RESULTS Overexpression of dupα7 in both cell lines almost completely suppresses the in vitro tumor-promoting effects induced by nicotine (1 μM) or NNK (100 nM) in wild-type cells. Furthermore, in mice receiving nicotine, A549dupα7 xenografts show: (i) a significant reduction of tumor growth, and (ii) decreased expression of cell markers for proliferation (Ki67) or angiogenesis (VEGF) compared to A549 xenografts. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates, for the first time, the in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor capacity of dupα7 to block the α7-nAChR-mediated tumorigenic effects of tobacco in NSCLC, suggesting that up-regulation of dupα7 expression in these tumors could offer a potential new therapeutic target in smoking-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Cedillo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Bordas
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Arnalich
- Internal Medicine Service, University Hospital La Paz of Madrid-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Carolina Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Extremera
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Atienza
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Rios
- Internal Medicine Service, University Hospital La Paz of Madrid-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel L Arribas
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Montiel
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Tse LA, Lin X, Li W, Qiu H, Chan CK, Wang F, Yu ITS, Leung CC. Smoking cessation sharply reduced lung cancer mortality in a historical cohort of 3185 Chinese silicotic workers from 1981 to 2014. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:1557-1562. [PMID: 30420617 PMCID: PMC6288151 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population-based studies showed an over 50% decrease in lung cancer risk after quitting smoking for 5-6 years, but the beneficial effect in silicotics remains unknown. We aimed to rectify this knowledge gap using a large historical cohort of 3185 Chinese silicotics since 1981 and followed-up till 2014. METHODS Baseline information on workers' socio-demographics, smoking habits, occupational history, and medical history was collected. Smoking status was reassessed during follow-up. Multiple Cox proportional hazards model was performed to evaluate the impact of smoking cessation on lung cancer mortality. RESULTS Overall, 1942 deaths occurred and 188 lung cancer deaths were identified. Compared with never quitters, silicotics who were new quitters had almost halved their lung cancer risk [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.51, 95%CI: 0.34-0.76], while persistent quitters had a 53% risk reduction (HR = 0.47, 95%CI: 0.33-0.66). Lung cancer mortality approximately halved after quitting smoking for 10 years. While the risk kept decreasing with years since cessation, it did not reverse back to that of never smokers. Persistent quitters with small opacities tended to have higher beneficial effects than those with large opacities. CONCLUSIONS Smoking cessation for 10 years halved lung cancer mortality among silicotics, while the beneficial effect was prominent for patients with small opacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lap Ah Tse
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Xiaona Lin
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Li
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hong Qiu
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Kuen Chan
- Pneumoconiosis Clinic, Tuberculosis and Chest Service, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Feng Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ignatius Tak-Sun Yu
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Chiu Leung
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, the Chinese University of Hong Hong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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32
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Gu F, He Y, Mao Y, Lu S, Zhao C, Li X, Zhou C, Hirsch FR. Risk factors for nicotine dependence in Chinese patients with lung cancer. J Int Med Res 2018; 47:391-397. [PMID: 30304970 PMCID: PMC6384457 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518802738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Smoking is a poor prognostic factor for lung cancer. Nicotine dependence remains the major cause of failure of smoking cessation. We investigated the risk factors for nicotine dependence in patients with lung cancer. Methods Eligible patients were identified from November 2014 to February 2015. Age, marital status, educational level, annual household income, occupation, histology of lung cancer, tumor stage, smoking status, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) level, drive gene mutations, sleep quality, and patient personality were assessed. Physical nicotine dependence was assessed by the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Results In total, 202 smokers were included in this study. Univariate analysis showed that marital status and pain were significantly correlated with nicotine dependence. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that age at the initiation of smoking, attempts to quit, NSE level, and sleep quality were significantly correlated with FTND scores. Conclusions Pain, more attempts to quit, and poorer sleep quality were significantly associated with nicotine dependence. These risk factors could help to prevent smoking in Chinese patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Gu
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayi He
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Mao
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwen Lu
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhao
- 2 Department of Lung Cancer and Immunology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Li
- 2 Department of Lung Cancer and Immunology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fred R Hirsch
- 3 Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Abstract
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) acts as an autocrine growth factor for human lung cancer. Several lines of evidence show that lung cancer cells express all of the proteins required for the uptake of choline (choline transporter 1, choline transporter-like proteins) synthesis of ACh (choline acetyltransferase, carnitine acetyltransferase), transport of ACh (vesicular acetylcholine transport, OCTs, OCTNs) and degradation of ACh (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase). The released ACh binds back to nicotinic (nAChRs) and muscarinic receptors on lung cancer cells to accelerate their proliferation, migration and invasion. Out of all components of the cholinergic pathway, the nAChR-signaling has been studied the most intensely. The reason for this trend is due to genome-wide data studies showing that nicotinic receptor subtypes are involved in lung cancer risk, the relationship between cigarette smoke and lung cancer risk as well as the rising popularity of electronic cigarettes considered by many as a "safe" alternative to smoking. There are a small number of articles which review the contribution of the other cholinergic proteins in the pathophysiology of lung cancer. The primary objective of this review article is to discuss the function of the acetylcholine-signaling proteins in the progression of lung cancer. The investigation of the role of cholinergic network in lung cancer will pave the way to novel molecular targets and drugs in this lethal malignancy.
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Risk of lung cancer and physical activity by smoking status and body mass index, the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study. Eur J Epidemiol 2018; 34:489-498. [DOI: 10.1007/s10654-018-0446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Akbay EA, Kim J. Autochthonous murine models for the study of smoker and never-smoker associated lung cancers. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2018; 7:464-486. [PMID: 30225211 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2018.06.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer accounts for the greatest number of cancer deaths in the world. Tobacco smoke-associated cancers constitute the majority of lung cancer cases but never-smoker cancers comprise a significant and increasing fraction of cases. Recent genomic and transcriptomic sequencing efforts of lung cancers have revealed distinct sets of genetic aberrations of smoker and never-smoker lung cancers that implicate disparate biology and therapeutic strategies. Autochthonous mouse models have contributed greatly to our understanding of lung cancer biology and identified novel therapeutic targets and strategies in the era of targeted therapy. With the emergence of immuno-oncology, mouse models may continue to serve as valuable platforms for novel biological insights and therapeutic strategies. Here, we will review the variety of available autochthonous mouse models of lung cancer, their relation to human smoker and never-smoker lung cancers, and their application to immuno-oncology and immune checkpoint blockade that is revolutionizing lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra A Akbay
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75208, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75208, USA
| | - James Kim
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75208, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75208, USA
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Jemal A, Miller KD, Ma J, Siegel RL, Fedewa SA, Islami F, Devesa SS, Thun MJ. Higher Lung Cancer Incidence in Young Women Than Young Men in the United States. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:1999-2009. [PMID: 29791813 PMCID: PMC7717174 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1715907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed a higher incidence of lung cancer among young women than among young men in the United States. Whether this pattern has continued in contemporary birth cohorts and, if so, whether it can be fully explained by sex differences in smoking behaviors are unknown. METHODS We examined the nationwide population-based incidence of lung cancer according to sex, race or ethnic group, age group (30 to 34, 35 to 39, 40 to 44, 45 to 49, and 50 to 54 years), year of birth (1945 to 1980), and calendar period of diagnosis (1995-1999, 2000-2004, 2005-2009, and 2010-2014), and we calculated female-to-male incidence rate ratios. We also examined the prevalence of cigarette smoking, using data from the National Health Interview Survey from 1970 to 2016. RESULTS Over the past two decades, the age-specific incidence of lung cancer has generally decreased among both men and women 30 to 54 years of age in all races and ethnic groups, but the declines among men have been steeper. Consequently, among non-Hispanic whites, the female-to-male incidence rate ratios increased, exceeding 1.0 in the age groups of 30 to 34, 35 to 39, 40 to 44, and 45 to 49 years. For example, the female-to-male incidence rate ratio among whites 40 to 44 years of age increased from 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 0.92) during the 1995-1999 period to 1.17 (95% CI, 1.11 to 1.23) during the 2010-2014 period. The crossover in sex-specific rates occurred among non-Hispanic whites born since 1965. Sex-specific incidence rates converged among non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic Asians and Pacific Islanders but crossed over from a higher incidence among men to a higher incidence among women only among Hispanics. The prevalence of cigarette smoking among women born since 1965 has approached, but generally not exceeded, the prevalence among men. CONCLUSIONS The patterns of historically higher incidence rates of lung cancer among men than among women have reversed among non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics born since the mid-1960s, and they are not fully explained by sex differences in smoking behaviors. Future studies are needed to identify reasons for the higher incidence of lung cancer among young women. (Funded by the American Cancer Society.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmedin Jemal
- From Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta (A.J., K.D.M., J.M., R.L.S., S.A.F., F.I., M.J.T.); and the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (S.S.D.)
| | - Kimberly D Miller
- From Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta (A.J., K.D.M., J.M., R.L.S., S.A.F., F.I., M.J.T.); and the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (S.S.D.)
| | - Jiemin Ma
- From Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta (A.J., K.D.M., J.M., R.L.S., S.A.F., F.I., M.J.T.); and the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (S.S.D.)
| | - Rebecca L Siegel
- From Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta (A.J., K.D.M., J.M., R.L.S., S.A.F., F.I., M.J.T.); and the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (S.S.D.)
| | - Stacey A Fedewa
- From Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta (A.J., K.D.M., J.M., R.L.S., S.A.F., F.I., M.J.T.); and the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (S.S.D.)
| | - Farhad Islami
- From Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta (A.J., K.D.M., J.M., R.L.S., S.A.F., F.I., M.J.T.); and the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (S.S.D.)
| | - Susan S Devesa
- From Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta (A.J., K.D.M., J.M., R.L.S., S.A.F., F.I., M.J.T.); and the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (S.S.D.)
| | - Michael J Thun
- From Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta (A.J., K.D.M., J.M., R.L.S., S.A.F., F.I., M.J.T.); and the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (S.S.D.)
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Zhang X, Wu L, Xu Y, Zhang B, Wu X, Wang Y, Pang Z. Trends in the incidence rate of lung cancer by histological type and gender in Sichuan, China, 1995-2015: A single-center retrospective study. Thorac Cancer 2018; 9:532-541. [PMID: 29504256 PMCID: PMC5928362 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, lung cancer incidence has been increasing; however the impact of different histological types of lung cancer is not yet clear. METHODS Trends in the lung cancer incidence rate by histological type were examined based on data of 36 658 primary lung cancer patients from West China Hospital between 1995 and 2015. RESULTS The most common histological type of lung cancer in our hospital was adenocarcinoma (ADC) in both genders, followed by squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC), and small cell carcinoma (SCLC), which is consistent with general worldwide trends. The proportion of young patients with SCLC showed a downward trend. In the overall population with lung cancer, the number of elderly patients with lung cancer increased significantly, while the proportion of elderly patients increased gradually. The mean age at diagnosis also increased. The number of women with ADC increased sharply in recent years, especially in young patients, and the incidence rate in women is now greater than in men. CONCLUSION Significant increases in the number of patients with ADC and the rate of lung cancer in women over recent years were observed, indicating that research on the pathogenesis of disease in these patients is urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
- Department of OncologySuining Central HospitalSuiningChina
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Benxia Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Xueqian Wu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Zongguo Pang
- Department of PathologyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Romaszko-Wojtowicz A, Buciński A, Doboszyńska A. Impact of smoking on multiple primary cancers survival: a retrospective analysis. Clin Exp Med 2018; 18:391-397. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-018-0498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Expression patterns for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes in smoking-related lung cancers. Oncotarget 2017; 8:67878-67890. [PMID: 28978081 PMCID: PMC5620221 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk for all histologic types of lung cancer, but why the strength of this association is stronger for squamous cell carcinoma than adenocarcinoma of the lung (SQC-L, ADC-L) is not fully understood. Because nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines contribute to carcinogenesis by activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on lung tumors and epithelial cells, we investigated whether differential expression of nAChR subtypes in these tumors could explain their different association with smoking. Expression of nAChR subunit genes in paired tumor and non-tumor lung specimens from 40 SQC-L and 38 ADC-L patients was analyzed by quantitative PCR. Compared to normal lung, both tumors share: i) transcriptional dysregulation of CHRNA3/CHRNA5/CHRNB4 (α3, α5, β4 subunits) at the chromosomal locus that predisposes to lung cancer; and ii) decreased expression of CHRFAM7A (dupα7 subunit); this last subunit negatively modulates α7-nAChR activity in oocytes. In contrast, CHRNA7 (α7 subunit) expression was increased in SQC-L, particularly in smokers and non-survivors, while CHRNA4 (α4 subunit) expression was decreased in ADC-L. Thus, over-representation of cancer-stimulating α7-nAChR in SQC-L, also potentiated by smoking, and under-representation of cancer-inhibiting α4β2-nAChR in ADC-L could explain the different tobacco influences on the tumorigenic process in each cancer type.
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40
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Noro R, Ishigame T, Walsh N, Shiraishi K, Robles AI, Ryan BM, Schetter AJ, Bowman ED, Welsh JA, Seike M, Gemma A, Skaug V, Mollerup S, Haugen A, Yokota J, Kohno T, Harris CC. A Two-Gene Prognostic Classifier for Early-Stage Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Multiple Large-Scale and Geographically Diverse Cohorts. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 12:65-76. [PMID: 27613525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.08.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are no validated molecular methods that prospectively identify patients with surgically resected lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) at high risk for recurrence. By focusing on the expression of genes with known functions in development of lung SCC and prognosis, we sought to develop a robust prognostic classifier of early-stage lung SCC. METHODS The expression of 253 genes selected by literature search was evaluated in microarrays from 107 stage I/II tumors. Associations with survival were evaluated by Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses in two independent cohorts of 121 and 91 patients with SCC, respectively. A classifier score based on multivariable Cox regression was derived and examined in six additional publicly available data sets of stage I/II lung SCC expression profiles (n = 358). The prognostic value of this classifier was evaluated in meta-analysis of patients with stage I/II (n = 479) and stage I (n = 326) lung SCC. RESULTS Dual specificity phosphatase 6 gene (DUSP6) and actinin alpha 4 gene (ACTN4) were associated with prognostic outcome in two independent patient cohorts. Their expression values were utilized to develop a classifier that identified patients with stage I/II lung SCC at high risk for recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.7, p = 0.018) or cancer-specific mortality (HR = 3.5, p = 0.016). This classifier also identified patients at high risk for recurrence (HR = 2.7, p = 0.008) or death (HR = 2.2, p = 0.001) in publicly available data sets of stage I/II and in meta-analysis of stage I patients. CONCLUSIONS We have established and validated a prognostic classifier to inform clinical management of patients with lung SCC after surgical resection.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- Cohort Studies
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/therapy
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Survival Rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Noro
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Teruhide Ishigame
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Naomi Walsh
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kouya Shiraishi
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ana I Robles
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bríd M Ryan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aaron J Schetter
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elise D Bowman
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Judith A Welsh
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Masahiro Seike
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Gemma
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vidar Skaug
- Department of Chemical and Biological Working Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steen Mollerup
- Department of Chemical and Biological Working Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aage Haugen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Working Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jun Yokota
- Genomics and Epigenomics of Cancer Prediction Program, Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Gandara DR, Hammerman PS, Sos ML, Lara PN, Hirsch FR. Squamous cell lung cancer: from tumor genomics to cancer therapeutics. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2236-43. [PMID: 25979930 PMCID: PMC4862209 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell lung cancer (SCC) represents an area of unmet need in lung cancer research. For the past several years, therapeutic progress in SCC has lagged behind the now more common non-small cell lung cancer histologic subtype of adenocarcinoma. However, recent efforts to define the complex biology underlying SCC have begun to bear fruit in a multitude of ways, including characterization of previously unknown genomic and signaling pathways, delineation of new, potentially actionable molecular targets, and subsequent development of a large number of agents directed against unique SCC-associated molecular abnormalities. For the first time, SCC-specific prognostic gene signatures and predictive biomarkers of new therapeutic agents are emerging. In addition, recent and ongoing clinical trials, including the Lung-MAP master protocol, have been designed to facilitate approval of targeted therapy-biomarker combinations. In this comprehensive review, we describe the current status of SCC therapeutics, recent advances in the understanding of SCC biology and prognostic gene signatures, and the development of innovative new clinical trials, all of which offer new hope for patients with advanced SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Gandara
- Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Sacramento, California.
| | - Peter S Hammerman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin L Sos
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center of Integrated Oncology Köln-Bonn, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. Network Genomic Medicine, Center of Integrated Oncology Köln Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Primo N Lara
- Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Sacramento, California
| | - Fred R Hirsch
- Department of Medicine (Medical Oncology) and Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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Meza R, Meernik C, Jeon J, Cote ML. Lung cancer incidence trends by gender, race and histology in the United States, 1973-2010. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121323. [PMID: 25822850 PMCID: PMC4379166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer (LC) incidence in the United States (US) continues to decrease but with significant differences by histology, gender and race. Whereas squamous, large and small cell carcinoma rates have been decreasing since the mid-80s, adenocarcinoma rates remain stable in males and continue to increase in females, with large racial disparities. We analyzed LC incidence trends by histology in the US with an emphasis on gender and racial differences. Methods LC incidence rates from 1973–2010 were obtained from the SEER cancer registry. Age-adjusted incidence trends of five major histological types by gender and race were evaluated using joinpoint regression. Trends of LC histology and stage distributions from 2005–2010 were analyzed. Results US LC incidence varies by histology. Squamous, large and small cell carcinoma rates continue to decrease for all gender/race combinations, whereas adenocarcinoma rates remain relatively constant in males and increasing in females. An apparent recent increase in the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma since 2005 can be explained by a concomitant decrease in the number of cases classified as other non-small cell carcinoma. Black males continue to be disproportionally affected by squamous LCs, and blacks continue to be diagnosed with more advanced cancers than whites. Conclusions LC incidence by histology continues to change over time. Additional variations are expected as screening becomes disseminated. It is important to continue to monitor LC rates to evaluate the impact of screening on current trends, assess the continuing benefits of tobacco control, and focus efforts on reducing racial disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Meza
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Clare Meernik
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Jihyoun Jeon
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michele L Cote
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America
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Pandiri A. Comparative pathobiology of environmentally induced lung cancers in humans and rodents. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:107-14. [PMID: 25351923 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314556516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer-related deaths in humans worldwide. Environmental factors play an important role in the epidemiology of these cancers. Rodents are the most common experimental model to study human lung cancers and are frequently used in bioassays to identify environmental exposure hazards associated with lung cancer. Lung tumors in rodents are common, particularly in certain strains of mice. Rodent lung tumors are predominantly bronchioloalveolar carcinomas and usually follow a progressive continuum of hyperplasia to adenoma to carcinoma. Human lung cancers are phenotypically more diverse and broadly constitute 2 types: small cell lung cancers and nonsmall cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Rodent lung tumors resulting from exposure to environmental agents are comparable with certain adenocarcinomas that are a subset of human NSCLCs. Human pulmonary carcinomas differ from rodent lung tumors by exhibiting greater morphologic heterogeneity (encompassing squamous cell, neuroendocrine, mucinous, sarcomatoid, and multiple cell combinations), higher metastatic rate, higher stromal response, aggressive clinical behavior, and lack of a clear continuum of proliferative lesions. In spite of these differences, rodent lung tumors recapitulate several fundamental aspects of human lung tumor biology at the morphologic and molecular level, especially in lung cancers resulting from exposure to environmental carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Pandiri
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Kong J, Xu F, He M, Chen K, Qian B. The incidence of lung cancer by histological type: A population-based study in Tianjin, China during 1981-2005. Respirology 2014; 19:1222-8. [PMID: 25168588 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Kong
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education; Tianjin China
| | - Fangxiu Xu
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education; Tianjin China
| | - Min He
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education; Tianjin China
| | - Kexin Chen
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education; Tianjin China
| | - Biyun Qian
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education; Tianjin China
- School of Public Health; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
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Lewis DR, Check DP, Caporaso NE, Travis WD, Devesa SS. US lung cancer trends by histologic type. Cancer 2014; 120:2883-92. [PMID: 25113306 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer incidence rates overall are declining in the United States. This study investigated the trends by histologic type and demographic characteristics. METHODS Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program rates of microscopically confirmed lung cancer overall and squamous cell, small cell, adenocarcinoma, large cell, other, and unspecified carcinomas among US whites and blacks diagnosed from 1977 to 2010 and white non-Hispanics, Asian/Pacific Islanders, and white Hispanics diagnosed from 1992 to 2010 were analyzed by sex and age. RESULTS Squamous and small cell carcinoma rates declined since the 1990s, although less rapidly among females than males. Adenocarcinoma rates decreased among males and only through 2005, after which they then rose during 2006 to 2010 among every racial/ethnic/sex group; rates for unspecified type declined. Male/female rate ratios declined among whites and blacks more than among other groups. Recent rates among young females were higher than among males for adenocarcinoma among all racial/ethnic groups and for other specified carcinomas among whites. CONCLUSIONS US lung cancer trends vary by sex, histologic type, racial/ethnic group, and age, reflecting historical cigarette smoking rates, duration, cessation, cigarette composition, and exposure to other carcinogens. Substantial excesses among males have diminished and higher rates of adenocarcinoma among young females have emerged as rates among males declined more rapidly. The recognition of EGFR mutation and ALK rearrangements that occur primarily in adenocarcinomas are the primary basis for the molecular revolution that has transformed lung cancer diagnosis and treatment over the past decade, and these changes have affected recent type-specific trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Riedel Lewis
- Surveillance Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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Brenner DR, Scherer D, Muir K, Schildkraut J, Boffetta P, Spitz MR, Le Marchand L, Chan AT, Goode EL, Ulrich CM, Hung RJ. A review of the application of inflammatory biomarkers in epidemiologic cancer research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:1729-51. [PMID: 24962838 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a facilitating process for multiple cancer types. It is believed to affect cancer development and progression through several etiologic pathways, including increased levels of DNA adduct formation, increased angiogenesis, and altered antiapoptotic signaling. This review highlights the application of inflammatory biomarkers in epidemiologic studies and discusses the various cellular mediators of inflammation characterizing the innate immune system response to infection and chronic insult from environmental factors. Included is a review of six classes of inflammation-related biomarkers: cytokines/chemokines, immune-related effectors, acute-phase proteins, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, prostaglandins and cyclooxygenase-related factors, and mediators such as transcription factors and growth factors. For each of these biomarkers, we provide a brief overview of the etiologic role in the inflammation response and how they have been related to cancer etiology and progression within the literature. We provide a discussion of the common techniques available for quantification of each marker, including strengths, weaknesses, and potential pitfalls. Subsequently, we highlight a few under-studied measures to characterize the inflammatory response and their potential utility in epidemiologic studies of cancer. Finally, we suggest integrative methods for future studies to apply multifaceted approaches to examine the relationship between inflammatory markers and their roles in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Brenner
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Cancer Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dominique Scherer
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Andrew T Chan
- Dana Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ellen L Goode
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany. Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Rayjean J Hung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Papadopoulos A, Guida F, Leffondré K, Cénée S, Cyr D, Schmaus A, Radoï L, Paget-Bailly S, Carton M, Menvielle G, Woronoff AS, Tretarre B, Luce D, Stücker I. Heavy smoking and lung cancer: are women at higher risk? Result of the ICARE study. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:1385-91. [PMID: 24423926 PMCID: PMC3950853 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Whether women are more or equally susceptible to the carcinogenic effects of cigarette smoke on the lungs compared with men is a matter of controversy. Using a large French population-based case–control study, we compared the lung cancer risk associated with cigarette smoking by gender. Methods: The study included 2276 male and 650 female cases and 2780 male and 775 female controls. Lifetime smoking exposure was represented by the comprehensive smoking index (CSI), which combines the duration, intensity and time since cessation of smoking habits. The analysis was conducted among the ever smokers. All of the models were adjusted for age, department (a regional administrative unit), education and occupational exposures. Results: Overall, we found that the lung cancer risk was similar among men and women. However, we found that women had a two-fold greater risk associated with a one-unit increase in CSI than men of developing either small cell carcinoma (OR=15.9, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 7.6, 33.3 and 6.6, 95% CI 5.1, 8.5, respectively; P<0.05) or squamous cell carcinoma (OR=13.1, 95% CI 6.3, 27.3 and 6.1, 95% CI 5.0, 7.3, respectively; P<0.05). The association was similar between men and women for adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that heavy smoking might confer to women a higher risk of lung cancer as compared with men.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Papadopoulos
- 1] Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Inserm, 94807 Villejuif, France [2] Université Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - F Guida
- 1] Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Inserm, 94807 Villejuif, France [2] Université Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - K Leffondré
- Université Bordeaux Segalen, Inserm U897, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - S Cénée
- 1] Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Inserm, 94807 Villejuif, France [2] Université Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - D Cyr
- Université de Versailles St-Quentin, UMRS 1018, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - A Schmaus
- 1] Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Inserm, 94807 Villejuif, France [2] Université de Versailles St-Quentin, UMRS 1018, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - L Radoï
- 1] Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Inserm, 94807 Villejuif, France [2] Université de Versailles St-Quentin, UMRS 1018, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - S Paget-Bailly
- 1] Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Inserm, 94807 Villejuif, France [2] Université de Versailles St-Quentin, UMRS 1018, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - M Carton
- Université de Versailles St-Quentin, UMRS 1018, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - G Menvielle
- 1] Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Inserm, 94807 Villejuif, France [2] Université de Versailles St-Quentin, UMRS 1018, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - A-S Woronoff
- Registre des tumeurs du Doubs et du Territoire de Belfort, CHU Saint Jacques, Besançon, France
| | - B Tretarre
- Registre des cancers de l'Hérault, Montpellier, France
| | - D Luce
- 1] Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Inserm, 94807 Villejuif, France [2] Université de Versailles St-Quentin, UMRS 1018, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - I Stücker
- 1] Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Inserm, 94807 Villejuif, France [2] Université Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, 94807 Villejuif, France
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48
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The (CCTTT)n microsatellite polymorphism in the NOS2 gene may influence lung cancer risk and long-term survival, especially in non-smokers. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:4425-34. [PMID: 24408018 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the associations of the NOS2 (CCTTT)n promoter polymorphism to lung cancer risk and tumor histology in smokers and non-smokers. We also investigated lung cancer long-term survival in relation to the polymorphism, smoking data, histology, age at diagnosis, and gender. One hundred eighty-five lung-cancer patients and 164 matched controls, where non-smokers were enriched among the lung cancer cases, were genotyped by fragment analysis and sequencing. Genotypes were combined with information on histology, patient smoking status, and cancer-specific death, using a 20-year follow-up. We divided the (CCTTT)n alleles into short (n ≤ 10), intermediate (n = 11-12), and long (n ≥ 13). Patients homozygous for short repeats had significantly increased risk of lung cancer (p = 0.030) compared to carriers of two long alleles (LL). Lack of long allele was associated with a significantly increased lung cancer risk overall (p = 0.011), especially among non-smokers (p = 0.001). A significantly higher lung cancer survival was seen in non-smokers compared to smokers (p = 0.046) and in low-dose smokers compared to high-dose smokers at the time of diagnosis (p = 0.028). Moreover, non-smoking patients with squamous cell carcinoma (p = 0.015) or adenocarcinoma (p = 0.024) showed a significantly lower survival compared to other lung carcinomas. Nitric oxide can induce proliferation as well as apoptosis depending on cellular context. Our results suggest that the (CCTTT)n NOS2 microsatellite may influence the risk of developing lung cancer, especially in non-smokers, possibly by affecting intracellular nitric oxide levels. Our results also give additional information about the yet poorly understood etiological and prognostic differences between lung cancer in non-smokers and smokers.
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49
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Tran HN, Li Y, Siu S, Baer D, Friedman GD, Udaltsova N, Klatsky AL. Predictors of lung cancer: noteworthy cell type differences. Perm J 2013; 17:23-9. [PMID: 23704839 DOI: 10.7812/tpp/12-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study risk factors for cell types of lung cancer. METHODS Cohort study of 126,293 persons with 1852 subjects with incident cancer. We performed Cox proportional hazards models (8 covariates) to estimate risk of the 4 most numerous specific cell types: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. RESULTS Smoking 1 or more cigarette packs per day was a powerful predictor (p < 0.0001) of all cell types, with hazard ratios ranging from 5.8 for bronchioloalveolar to 62.7 for squamous cell carcinoma. Other hazard ratio ranges included male/female from 0.6 (bronchioloalveolar, p < 0.05) to 2.0 (squamous, p < 0.001); black/white from 0.8 (small cell, p < 0.05) to 1.7 (squamous, p < 0.001); Asian/white from 0.8 (small cell) to 1.9 (bronchioloalveolar); and alcohol intake of 3 or more drinks per day from 1.0 (squamous) to 1.5 (adenocarcinoma, p < 0.01). College graduation and increasing body mass index were inversely related to risk of several cell types. Noteworthy sex-specific associations included increased risk of Asian vs white women for adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and substantially increased risk of adenocarcinoma in women with alcohol intake of 3 or more drinks per day. CONCLUSIONS These risk factor disparities for lung cancer cell types presumably reflect biologic differences. Future investigation may contribute to increased understanding of tumorigenesis and optimal treatment.
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50
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Remon J, Molina-Montes E, Majem M, Lianes P, Isla D, Garrido P, Felip E, Viñolas N, de Castro J, Artal A, Sánchez MJ. Lung cancer in women: an overview with special focus on Spanish women. Clin Transl Oncol 2013; 16:517-28. [PMID: 24277573 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-013-1137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer incidence is decreasing worldwide among men but rising among women due to recent changes in smoking patterns in both sexes. In Europe, the smoking epidemic has evolved different rates and times, and policy responses to it, vary substantially between countries. Differences in smoking prevalence are much more evident among European women reflecting the heterogeneity in cancer incidence rates. Other factors rather than smoking and linked to sex may increase women's susceptibility to lung cancer, such as genetic predisposition, exposure to sex hormones and molecular features, all of them linked to epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of lung cancer in women. However, biological bases of sex-specific differences are controversial and need further evaluation. This review focuses on the epidemiology and outcome concerning non-small cell lung cancer in women, with emphasis given to the Spanish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Remon
- Hospital de Mataró, Carretera de la cirera s/n, 08304, Mataró, Spain,
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