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Gutiérrez-Sánchez M, Carrasco-Yépez MM, Correa-Basurto J, Ramírez-Salinas GL, Rojas-Hernández S. Two MP2CL5 Antigen Vaccines from Naegleria fowleri Stimulate the Immune Response against Meningitis in the BALB/c Model. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0018123. [PMID: 37272791 PMCID: PMC10353451 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00181-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri is an etiological agent that generates primary amoebic meningoencephalitis; unfortunately, no effective treatment or vaccine is available. The objective of this work was to determine the immunoprotective response of two vaccine antigens, as follows: (i) the polypeptide band of 19 kDa or (ii) a predicted immunogenic peptide from the membrane protein MP2CL5 (Smp145). Both antigens were administered intranasally in mice using cholera toxin (CT) as an adjuvant. The survival rate and immune response of immunized mice with both antigens and challenged with N. fowleri trophozoites were measured in the nose-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and nasal passages (NPs) by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We also determined the immunolocalization of both antigens in N. fowleri trophozoites by confocal microscopy. Immunization with the polypeptide band of 19 kDa alone or coadministered with CT was able to confer 80% and 100% of protection, respectively. The immunization with both antigens (alone or coadministered with CT) showed an increase in T and B lymphocytes. In addition, there was an increase in the expression of integrin α4β1 and IgA in the nasal cavity of protected mice, and the IgA, IgG, and IgM levels were increased in serum and nasal washes. The immunolocalization of both antigens in N. fowleri trophozoites was observed in the plasma membrane, specifically in pseudopod-like structures. The MP2CL5 antigens evaluated in this work were capable of conferring protection which would lead us to consider them as potential candidates for vaccines against meningitis caused by N. fowleri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología Molecular y Celular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Maricela Carrasco-Yépez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Grupo CyMA, Unidad de Investigación Interdisciplinaria en Ciencias de la Salud y la Educación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM FES Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gema Lizbeth Ramírez-Salinas
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Saúl Rojas-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología Molecular y Celular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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2
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Fitzpatrick KS, Degefu HN, Poljakov K, Bibby MG, Remington AJ, Searles TG, Gray MD, Boonyaratanakornkit J, Rosato PC, Taylor JJ. Validation of Ligand Tetramers for the Detection of Antigen-Specific Lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1156-1165. [PMID: 36883850 PMCID: PMC10073333 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The study of Ag-specific lymphocytes has been a key advancement in immunology over the past few decades. The development of multimerized probes containing Ags, peptide:MHC complexes, or other ligands was one innovation allowing the direct study of Ag-specific lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Although these types of study are now common and performed by thousands of laboratories, quality control and assessment of probe quality are often minimal. In fact, many of these types of probe are made in-house, and protocols vary between laboratories. Although peptide:MHC multimers can often be obtained from commercial sources or core facilities, few such services exist for Ag multimers. To ensure high quality and consistency with ligand probes, we have developed an easy and robust multiplexed approach using commercially available beads able to bind Abs specific for the ligand of interest. Using this assay, we have sensitively assessed the performance of peptide:MHC and Ag tetramers and have found considerable batch-to-batch variability in performance and stability over time more easily than using murine or human cell-based assays. This bead-based assay can also reveal common production errors such as miscalculation of Ag concentration. This work could set the stage for the development of standardized assays for all commonly used ligand probes to limit laboratory-to-laboratory technical variation and experimental failure caused by probe underperformance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin S Fitzpatrick
- Immunology and Vaccine Development Program, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease PhD Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Hanna N Degefu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH
| | - Katrina Poljakov
- Immunology and Vaccine Development Program, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Madeleine G Bibby
- Immunology and Vaccine Development Program, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Allison J Remington
- Immunology and Vaccine Development Program, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Tyler G Searles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH
| | - Matthew D Gray
- Immunology and Vaccine Development Program, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Immunology and Vaccine Development Program, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Pamela C Rosato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Immunology and Vaccine Development Program, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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3
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Ouranidis A, Choli-Papadopoulou T, Papachristou ET, Papi R, Kostomitsopoulos N. Biopharmaceutics 4.0, Advanced Pre-Clinical Development of mRNA-Encoded Monoclonal Antibodies to Immunosuppressed Murine Models. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:890. [PMID: 34452015 PMCID: PMC8402437 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of mRNA against SARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated sufficient efficacy, tolerability and clinical potential to disrupt the vaccination field. A multiple-arm, cohort randomized, mixed blind, placebo-controlled study was designed to investigate the in vivo expression of mRNA antibodies to immunosuppressed murine models to conduct efficacy, safety and bioavailability evaluation. Enabling 4.0 tools we reduced animal sacrifice, while interventions were designed compliant to HARRP and SPIRIT engagement: (a) Randomization, blinding; (b) pharmaceutical grade formulation, monitoring; (c) biochemical and histological analysis; and (d) theoretic, statistical analysis. Risk assessment molded the study orientations, according to the ARRIVE guidelines. The primary target of this protocol is the validation of the research hypothesis that autologous translation of Trastuzumab by in vitro transcribed mRNA-encoded antibodies to immunosuppressed animal models, is non-inferior to classical treatments. The secondary target is the comparative pharmacokinetic assessment of the novel scheme, between immunodeficient and healthy subjects. Herein, the debut clinical protocol, investigating the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic impact of mRNA vaccination to immunodeficient organisms. Our design, contributes novel methodology to guide the preclinical development of RNA antibody modalities by resolving efficacy, tolerability and dose regime adjustment for special populations that are incapable of humoral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ouranidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora Choli-Papadopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.C.-P.); (E.T.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Eleni T. Papachristou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.C.-P.); (E.T.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Rigini Papi
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.C.-P.); (E.T.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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Mansurov A, Ishihara J, Hosseinchi P, Potin L, Marchell TM, Ishihara A, Williford JM, Alpar AT, Raczy MM, Gray LT, Swartz MA, Hubbell JA. Collagen-binding IL-12 enhances tumour inflammation and drives the complete remission of established immunologically cold mouse tumours. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:531-543. [PMID: 32284554 PMCID: PMC11095084 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-0549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint-inhibitor (CPI) immunotherapy has achieved remarkable clinical success, yet its efficacy in 'immunologically cold' tumours has been modest. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a powerful cytokine that activates the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system; however, the administration of IL-12 has been associated with immune-related adverse events. Here we show that, after intravenous administration of a collagen-binding domain fused to IL-12 (CBD-IL-12) in mice bearing aggressive mouse tumours, CBD-IL-12 accumulates in the tumour stroma due to exposed collagen in the disordered tumour vasculature. In comparison with the administration of unmodified IL-12, CBD-IL-12 induced sustained intratumoural levels of interferon-γ, substantially reduced its systemic levels as well as organ damage and provided superior anticancer efficacy, eliciting complete regression of CPI-unresponsive breast tumours. Furthermore, CBD-IL-12 potently synergized with CPI to eradicate large established melanomas, induced antigen-specific immunological memory and controlled tumour growth in a genetically engineered mouse model of melanoma. CBD-IL-12 may potentiate CPI immunotherapy for immunologically cold tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslan Mansurov
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jun Ishihara
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Peyman Hosseinchi
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lambert Potin
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tiffany M Marchell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ako Ishihara
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Aaron T Alpar
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michal M Raczy
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Laura T Gray
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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5
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Boonyaratanakornkit J, Taylor JJ. Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1694. [PMID: 31396218 PMCID: PMC6667631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. Since the experimental delineation of a distinct B cell lineage in 1965, various methods have been developed to understand antigen-specific B cell responses in the context of autoimmune diseases, primary immunodeficiencies, infection, and vaccination. In this review, we summarize the established techniques and discuss new and emerging technologies for probing the B cell response in vitro and in vivo by taking advantage of the specificity of B cell receptor (BCR)-associated and secreted antibodies. These include ELISPOT, flow cytometry, mass cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy to identify and/or isolate primary antigen-specific B cells. We also present our approach to identify rare antigen-specific B cells using magnetic enrichment followed by flow cytometry. Once these cells are isolated, in vitro proliferation assays and adoptive transfer experiments in mice can be used to further characterize antigen-specific B cell activation, function, and fate. Transgenic mouse models of B cells targeting model antigens and of B cell signaling have also significantly advanced our understanding of antigen-specific B cell responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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6
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Brewer JW. Phospholipids: "greasing the wheels" of humoral immunity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1831:642-51. [PMID: 23051607 PMCID: PMC3562403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids are major structural components of all cellular membranes. In addition, certain phospholipids execute regulatory activities that affect cell behavior, function and fate in critically important physiological settings. The influence of phospholipids is especially obvious in the adaptive immune system, where these macromolecules mediate both intrinsic and extrinsic effects on B and T lymphocytes. This review article highlights the action of lysophospholipid sphingosine-1-phosphate as a lymphocyte chemoattractant, the function of phosphatidylinositol phosphates as signaling conduits in lymphocytes and the role of phospholipids as raw materials for membrane assembly and organelle biogenesis in activated B lymphocytes. Special emphasis is placed on the means by which these three processes push humoral immune responses forward. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phospholipids and Phospholipid Metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Brewer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 5851 USA Drive North Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
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7
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El Shikh MEM, Pitzalis C. Follicular dendritic cells in health and disease. Front Immunol 2012; 3:292. [PMID: 23049531 PMCID: PMC3448061 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are unique immune cells that contribute to the regulation of humoral immune responses. These cells are located in the B-cell follicles of secondary lymphoid tissues where they trap and retain antigens (Ags) in the form of highly immunogenic immune complexes (ICs) consisting of Ag plus specific antibody (Ab) and/or complement proteins. FDCs multimerize Ags and present them polyvalently to B-cells in periodically arranged arrays that extensively crosslink the B-cell receptors for Ag (BCRs). FDC-FcγRIIB mediates IC periodicity, and FDC-Ag presentation combined with other soluble and membrane bound signals contributed by FDCs, like FDC-BAFF, -IL-6, and -C4bBP, are essential for the induction of the germinal center (GC) reaction, the maintenance of serological memory, and the remarkable ability of FDC-Ags to induce specific Ab responses in the absence of cognate T-cell help. On the other hand, FDCs play a negative role in several disease conditions including chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, HIV/AIDS, prion diseases, and follicular lymphomas. Compared to other accessory immune cells, FDCs have received little attention, and their functions have not been fully elucidated. This review gives an overview of FDC structure, and recapitulates our current knowledge on the immunoregulatory functions of FDCs in health and disease. A better understanding of FDCs should permit better regulation of Ab responses to suit the therapeutic manipulation of regulated and dysregulated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohey Eldin M El Shikh
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
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8
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Lu H, Crawford RB, Kaplan BLF, Kaminski NE. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-mediated disruption of the CD40 ligand-induced activation of primary human B cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 255:251-60. [PMID: 21807014 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of the primary antibody response is particularly sensitive to suppression by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in mice; however, surprisingly little is known concerning the effects of TCDD on humoral immunity or B cell function in humans. Results from a limited number of previous studies, primarily employing in vitro activation models, suggested that human B cell effector function is suppressed by TCDD. The present study sought to extend these findings by investigating, in primary human B cells, the effects of TCDD on several critical stages leading to antibody secretion including activation and plasmacytic differentiation using an in vitro CD40 ligand activation model. These studies revealed important differences in the response of human and mouse B cells to TCDD, the most striking being altered expression of plasmacytic differentiation regulators, B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 and paired box protein 5, in mouse but not human B cells. The activation of human B cells was profoundly impaired by TCDD, as evidenced by decreased expression of activation markers CD80, CD86, and CD69. The impaired activation correlated with decreased cell viability, which prevented the progression of human B cells toward plasmacytic differentiation. TCDD treatment also attenuated the early activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and Akt signaling in human B cells. Collectively, the present study provided experimental evidence for novel mechanisms by which TCDD impairs the effector function of primary human B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitian Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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9
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HARNETT W, HARNETT MM. Lymphocyte hyporesponsiveness during filarial nematode infection. Parasite Immunol 2008; 30:447-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2008.01045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Richard K, Pierce SK, Song W. The agonists of TLR4 and 9 are sufficient to activate memory B cells to differentiate into plasma cells in vitro but not in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2008; 181:1746-52. [PMID: 18641311 PMCID: PMC2679533 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cells can persist for a lifetime and be reactivated to yield high affinity, isotype switched plasma cells. The generation of memory B cells by Ag immunization requires adjuvants that generally contain TLR agonists. However, requirements for memory B cell activation and the role of TLRs in this activation are not well understood. In this study, we analyzed the response of memory B cells from immunized mice to TLR9 and 4 agonists CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) and LPS. Mouse memory B cells express both TLR9 and 4, and respond to both CpG ODN and LPS in vitro by differentiating into high affinity IgG secreting plasma cells. In contrast, neither CpG ODN nor LPS alone is sufficient to activate memory B cells in vivo. Ag is required for the clonal expansion of Ag-specific memory B cells, the differentiation of memory B cells to high affinity IgG secreting plasma cells, and the recall of high affinity Ab responses. The Ag-specific B cells that have not yet undergone isotype switching showed a relatively higher expression of TLR4 than memory B cells, which was reflected in a heightened response to LPS, but in both cases yielded mostly low affinity IgM secreting plasma cells. Thus, although memory B cells are sensitive to TLR agonists in vitro, TLR agonists alone appear to have little affect on B cell memory in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Richard
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Susan K. Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Wenxia Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
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11
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Onabajo OO, Seeley MK, Kale A, Qualmann B, Kessels M, Han J, Tan TH, Song W. Actin-binding protein 1 regulates B cell receptor-mediated antigen processing and presentation in response to B cell receptor activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2008; 180:6685-95. [PMID: 18453588 PMCID: PMC2855894 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.10.6685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The BCR serves as both signal transducer and Ag transporter. Binding of Ags to the BCR induces signaling cascades and Ag processing and presentation, two essential cellular events for B cell activation. BCR-initiated signaling increases BCR-mediated Ag-processing efficiency by increasing the rate and specificity of Ag transport. Previous studies showed a critical role for the actin cytoskeleton in these two processes. In this study, we found that actin-binding protein 1 (Abp1/HIP-55/SH3P7) functioned as an actin-binding adaptor protein, coupling BCR signaling and Ag-processing pathways with the actin cytoskeleton. Gene knockout of Abp1 and overexpression of the Src homology 3 domain of Abp1 inhibited BCR-mediated Ag internalization, consequently reducing the rate of Ag transport to processing compartments and the efficiency of BCR-mediated Ag processing and presentation. BCR activation induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Abp1 and translocation of both Abp1 and dynamin 2 from the cytoplasm to plasma membrane, where they colocalized with the BCR and cortical F-actin. Mutations of the two tyrosine phosphorylation sites of Abp1 and depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton interfered with BCR-induced Abp1 recruitment to the plasma membrane. The inhibitory effect of a dynamin proline-rich domain deletion mutant on the recruitment of Abp1 to the plasma membrane, coimmunoprecipitation of dynamin with Abp1, and coprecipitation of Abp1 with GST fusion of the dyanmin proline-rich domain demonstrate the interaction of Abp1 with dynamin 2. These results demonstrate that the BCR regulates the function of Abp1 by inducing Abp1 phosphorylation and actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, and that Abp1 facilitates BCR-mediated Ag processing by simultaneously interacting with dynamin and the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun O. Onabajo
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Margaret K. Seeley
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Amruta Kale
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Britta Qualmann
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany, and Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Kessels
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany, and Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Jin Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Tse-Hua Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Wenxia Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
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12
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Le Roux D, Lankar D, Yuseff MI, Vascotto F, Yokozeki T, Faure-André G, Mougneau E, Glaichenhaus N, Manoury B, Bonnerot C, Lennon-Duménil AM. Syk-dependent actin dynamics regulate endocytic trafficking and processing of antigens internalized through the B-cell receptor. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:3451-62. [PMID: 17596518 PMCID: PMC1951757 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-12-1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen binding to the B-cell receptor (BCR) induces multiple signaling cascades that ultimately lead to B lymphocyte activation. In addition, the BCR regulates the key trafficking events that allow the antigen to reach endocytic compartments devoted to antigen processing, i.e., that are enriched for major histocompatibility factor class II (MHC II) and accessory molecules such as H2-DM. Here, we analyze the role in antigen processing and presentation of the tyrosine kinase Syk, which is activated upon BCR engagement. We show that convergence of MHC II- and H2-DM-containing compartments with the vesicles that transport BCR-uptaken antigens is impaired in cells lacking Syk activity. This defect in endocytic trafficking compromises the ability of Syk-deficient cells to form MHC II-peptide complexes from BCR-internalized antigens. Altered endocytic trafficking is associated to a failure of Syk-deficient cells to properly reorganize their actin cytoskeleton in response to BCR engagement. We propose that, by modulating the actin dynamics induced upon BCR stimulation, Syk regulates the positioning and transport of the vesicles that carry the molecules required for antigen processing and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Le Roux
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U653, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Lankar
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U653, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Maria-Isabel Yuseff
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U653, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Fulvia Vascotto
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U653, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Takeaki Yokozeki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 305-8577; and
| | - Gabrielle Faure-André
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U653, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Mougneau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale E0344, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Nicolas Glaichenhaus
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale E0344, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Bénédicte Manoury
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U653, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Christian Bonnerot
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U653, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Ana-Maria Lennon-Duménil
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U653, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
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13
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Vascotto F, Lankar D, Faure-André G, Vargas P, Diaz J, Le Roux D, Yuseff MI, Sibarita JB, Boes M, Raposo G, Mougneau E, Glaichenhaus N, Bonnerot C, Manoury B, Lennon-Duménil AM. The actin-based motor protein myosin II regulates MHC class II trafficking and BCR-driven antigen presentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 176:1007-19. [PMID: 17389233 PMCID: PMC2064085 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200611147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antigen (Ag) capture and presentation onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules by B lymphocytes is mediated by their surface Ag receptor (B cell receptor [BCR]). Therefore, the transport of vesicles that carry MHC class II and BCR–Ag complexes must be coordinated for them to converge for processing. In this study, we identify the actin-associated motor protein myosin II as being essential for this process. Myosin II is activated upon BCR engagement and associates with MHC class II–invariant chain complexes. Myosin II inhibition or depletion compromises the convergence and concentration of MHC class II and BCR–Ag complexes into lysosomes devoted to Ag processing. Accordingly, the formation of MHC class II–peptides and subsequent CD4 T cell activation are impaired in cells lacking myosin II activity. Therefore, myosin II emerges as a key motor protein in BCR-driven Ag processing and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Vascotto
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale Unité 653, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144 Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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14
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McKinlay A, Radford K, Kato M, Field K, Gardiner D, Khalil D, Burnell F, Hart D, Vuckovic S. Blood monocytes, myeloid dendritic cells and the cytokines interleukin (IL)-7 and IL-15 maintain human CD4+ T memory cells with mixed helper/regulatory function. Immunology 2006; 120:392-403. [PMID: 17239200 PMCID: PMC2265893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The number and function of human T cells in the periphery are regulated by homeostatic signals received from antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and the common gamma chain (gammac) cytokines interleukin (IL)-7 and IL-15. We found that, in the absence of introduced antigen, blood monocytes or myeloid dendritic cells (MDCs) in the presence of IL-7 and IL-15 (IL-7/IL-15) can regulate CD4(+) T memory (Tm) cell numbers by polyclonal cell proliferation. The dynamics of CD4(+) Tm cell proliferation, in the presence of IL-7/IL-15, was dependent on contact with MDCs and to a lesser extent on contact with monocytes. IL-7/IL-15 either alone or combined with monocytes or MDCs enhanced the proportion of CD4(+) Tm cells with activated and effector phenotype and diminished the helper function of CD4(+) Tm cells. These CD4(+) Tm cells, preconditioned with IL-7/IL-15 alone or with monocytes or MDCs and IL-7/IL-15, reduced T cell-dependent immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG responses. This appeared to be a contact-dependent effect involving a reduction in antibody-producing CD27(+) B memory cells, but contact-independent suppression by soluble factors also contributed to the antibody-producing capacity of CD27(+) B memory cells. These results indicate that blood monocytes, MDCs and the cytokines IL-7/IL-15 contribute to homeostasis of CD4(+) Tm cells by regulating their number, activation state and helper/suppressor (regulatory) function. In healthy individuals, this mode of regulating CD4(+) Tm cell homeostasis may provide a basis for the control of autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam McKinlay
- Mater Medical Research InstituteSouth Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kristen Radford
- Mater Medical Research InstituteSouth Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Masato Kato
- Mater Medical Research InstituteSouth Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ken Field
- Mater Medical Research InstituteSouth Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Damien Gardiner
- Mater Medical Research InstituteSouth Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dalia Khalil
- Mater Medical Research InstituteSouth Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fiona Burnell
- Faculty of Science, University of the Sunshine CoastMaroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Derek Hart
- Mater Medical Research InstituteSouth Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
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15
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16
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Néron S, Racine C, Roy A, Guérin M. Differential responses of human B-lymphocyte subpopulations to graded levels of CD40-CD154 interaction. Immunology 2006; 116:454-63. [PMID: 16313359 PMCID: PMC1802436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Naïve and memory B-lymphocyte populations are activated by CD154 interaction through cell-surface CD40. This interaction plays an important role in the regulation of the humoral immune response, and increasing evidence indicates that fine variation in CD40 binding influences B lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells in murine models. Here we have investigated whether and how variations in the intensity of the CD40-CD154 interaction could contribute to differential regulation of human B-lymphocyte populations. Proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes were monitored in response to graded levels of CD40 stimulation in the presence of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4 and IL-10. Our results show that the level of CD154 binding to CD40 on B lymphocytes can directly influence the evolution of CD19(+) CD27(-) and CD19(+) CD27(+) cell populations. Furthermore, proliferation, global expansion of CD19(+) cells and emergence of CD38(++) CD138(+) cells, as well as immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM secretion, were affected by the level of exposure of B lymphocytes to CD154. These results suggest that the CD40-CD154 interaction is more like a rheostat than an on/off switch, and its variation of intensity may play a role in the regulation of B-lymphocyte activation following the primary and/or secondary humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Néron
- Héma-Québec, Ingénierie Cellulaire, Recherche et Développement, Sainte-foy, Canada.
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17
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Abstract
The induction of immune responses requires critical interaction between innate parts of the immune system, which respond rapidly and in a relatively nonspecific manner, and other specific parts, which recognize particular epitopes on an antigen. A critical element in this interaction is the role played by dendritic cells (DCs), which represent "professional antigen-presenting cells." DCs endocytose and process antigen to peptide presented on the cell surface in association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. This presentation results in interaction with and stimulation of helper T (Th) lymphocytes, which recognize peptide in association with either MHC class II or cytotoxic T (Tc) lymphocytes, which recognize peptide in association with MHC class I. Stimulation of Th lymphocytes produces the growth and differentiation factors (cytokines) essential for the B lymphocytes that have responded to a more intact form of the antigen and that differentiate into antibody-producing cells. The precise interaction between the cells depends on cognate ligand-receptor recognition between the B and Th lymphocytes. DCs also play a direct role with the stimulation of the B lymphocytes. It appears that DC can deliver antigen to the B lymphocytes in a more intact form than the processed form essential for stimulating T lymphocytes, and can release cytokines that assist the differentiation of the B lymphocytes into antibody-producing cells. This close relationship among the three cell types and the cytokines that are produced ensures the precise control and regulation necessary for immune response development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C McCullough
- Immunology Department, the Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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18
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Malherbe L, Hausl C, Teyton L, McHeyzer-Williams MG. Clonal selection of helper T cells is determined by an affinity threshold with no further skewing of TCR binding properties. Immunity 2004; 21:669-79. [PMID: 15539153 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Revised: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Helper T cell responses that focus the TCR repertoire of responding clones provide experimental access to the mechanisms of clonal selection in vivo. Using TCRbeta chain animals, we directly evaluate the extent of TCRalpha CDR3 diversity and the pMHCII binding attributes of individual antigen-specific Th cells. Here, we demonstrate that dominant clonotypes, as defined by TCR junctional sequence similarities, are surprisingly diverse at the level of pMHCII binding properties, before and after antigen exposure. During an immune response, we can detect and quantify the selective loss of antigen-specific clonotypes that express lower-affinity TCR. This affinity threshold selection is followed by the unbiased propagation of preferred clonotypes regardless of TCR-pMHCII half-lives or affinity. Thus, an affinity threshold mechanism discriminates Th clones with TCR of best fit and propagates clonal diversity without promoting autoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Malherbe
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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19
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Catron DM, Itano AA, Pape KA, Mueller DL, Jenkins MK. Visualizing the first 50 hr of the primary immune response to a soluble antigen. Immunity 2004; 21:341-7. [PMID: 15357945 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 08/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/12/2004] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, static and dynamic imaging methods have produced the first glimpses of the interactions between antigen-specific T cells and peptide-MHC-bearing antigen-presenting cells in the lymph nodes. Using data from these experiments, we produced a numerically, spatially, and temporally scaled simulation of the first 50 hr of the primary T cell-dependent immune response. The simulation highlights how lymph node structure facilitates antigen presentation to rare, naive, antigen-specific CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M Catron
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
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20
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Fecteau JF, Néron S. CD40 Stimulation of Human Peripheral B Lymphocytes: Distinct Response from Naive and Memory Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 171:4621-9. [PMID: 14568936 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.9.4621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During secondary immune response, memory B lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into Ig-secreting cells. In mice, the binding of CD40 by CD154 clearly enhances the activation and differentiation of memory B lymphocytes. In humans, the role of CD40-CD154 in the stimulation of memory B lymphocytes is not as obvious since in vitro studies reported positive and negative effects on their proliferation and differentiation in Ig-secreting cells. In this study, we examine the response of peripheral memory and naive cells in relation to the duration of CD40-CD154 interaction. We measured the proliferation and differentiation of both subsets stimulated with CD154 and IL-4 for short- (4-5 days) and long-term (>7 days) periods. Following short-term stimulation, memory B lymphocytes did not expand but represented the only subset differentiating into IgG- and IgM-secreting cells. A longer stimulation of this population led to cell death, while promoting naive B lymphocyte proliferation, expansion, and differentiation into IgM- or IgG-secreting cells. This prolonged CD40 stimulation also triggered naive B lymphocytes to switch to IgG and to express CD27 even in absence of somatic hypermutation, suggesting that these latter events could be independent. This study suggests that naive and memory B lymphocytes have distinct requirements to engage an immune response, reflecting their different roles in humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie F Fecteau
- Héma-Québec, Recherche et Développement, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
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21
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Abstract
B cells act as immune effectors, primarily through antigen-specific clonal expansion and plasma-cell differentiation. B1 (CD5(+)) B cells and marginal zone B cells dominate T-cell independent humoral responses under the molecular control of activated dendritic cells. Helper T cell-regulated B-cell responses draw on follicular B cells as precursors and rely on qualitatively different patterns of immune synapse formation to regulate B-cell fate. These activities culminate in the germinal center reaction, during which somatic hypermutation and antigen-driven selection produce and preserve high-affinity plasma cells with extended longevity and memory B cells as the sensitized precursors for antigen recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G McHeyzer-Williams
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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22
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McHeyzer-Williams L, Malherbe L, Eisenbraun M, Driver D, McHeyzer-Williams M. Development of antigen-specific helper T cell responses in vivo: antigen-specific Th cell subsets. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 512:11-20. [PMID: 12405182 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0757-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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23
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McHeyzer-Williams M, McHeyzer-Williams L, Panus J, Pogue-Caley R, Bikah G, Driver D, Eisenbraun M. Helper T-cell-regulated B-cell immunity. Microbes Infect 2003; 5:205-12. [PMID: 12681409 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(03)00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Helper T-cell-regulated B-cell responses constitute a major component of the immune response to many pathogens. Spatially and temporally organized cognate intercellular communication within secondary lymphoid organs is the critical regulating event in this complex adaptive response to antigen. Here, we discuss what is known of these molecular exchanges and their cellular consequences in a serial synapsis model of adaptive immunity.
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24
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Lumsden JM, Williams JA, Hodes RJ. Differential requirements for expression of CD80/86 and CD40 on B cells for T-dependent antibody responses in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:781-7. [PMID: 12517941 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.2.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The CD80/86-CD28 and CD40-CD40 ligand costimulatory pathways are essential for Th cell-dependent B cell responses that generate high-affinity, class-switched Ab in vivo. Disruption of either costimulatory pathway results in defective in vivo humoral immune responses, but it remains unclear to what extent this is due to deficient activation of Th cells and/or of B cells. To address this issue, we generated mixed chimeras in which CD80/86- or CD40-deficient bone marrow-derived cells coexist with wild-type (WT) cells, thereby providing the functional T cell help and accessory cell functions required for fully competent B cell responses. We were then able to assess the requirement for CD80/86 or CD40 expression on B cells producing class-switched Ig in response to a T-dependent Ag. In CD80/86 WT plus CD80/86 double-knockout mixed chimeras, both WT- and CD80/86-deficient B cells produced IgG1 and IgE responses, indicating that direct signaling by CD80/86 is not essential for efficient B cell activation. In marked contrast, only WT IgG1 and IgE responses were detected in the chimeras containing CD40-deficient cells, demonstrating that CD40 expression on B cells is essential for class switching by those B cells. Thus, while disrupting either the CD80/86-CD28 or the CD40-CD40 ligand costimulatory pathway abrogates T-dependent B cell immune responses, the two pathways are nonredundant and mediated by distinct mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, T-Independent/administration & dosage
- Antigens, T-Independent/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B7-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- B7-1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-1 Antigen/physiology
- B7-2 Antigen
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- CD40 Antigens/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Haptens
- Hemocyanins/administration & dosage
- Hemocyanins/immunology
- IgG Deficiency/genetics
- IgG Deficiency/immunology
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin E/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin E/deficiency
- Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulins/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Radiation Chimera
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Lumsden
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, and National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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