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Guerrero-Limón G, Zappia J, Muller M. A realistic mixture of ubiquitous persistent organic pollutants affects bone and cartilage development in zebrafish by interaction with nuclear receptor signaling. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298956. [PMID: 38547142 PMCID: PMC10977810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
"Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)" have a plethora of deleterious effects on humans and the environment due to their bioaccumulative, persistent, and mimicking properties. Individually, each of these chemicals has been tested and its effects measured, however they are rather found as parts of complex mixtures of which we do not fully grasp the extent of their potential consequences. Here we studied the effects of realistic, environmentally relevant mixtures of 29 POPs on cartilage and bone development using zebrafish as a model species. We observed developmental issues in cartilage, in the form of diverse malformations such as micrognathia, reduced size of the Meckel's and other structures. Also, mineralized bone formation was disrupted, hence impacting the overall development of the larvae at later life stages. Assessment of the transcriptome revealed disruption of nuclear receptor pathways, such as androgen, vitamin D, and retinoic acid, that may explain the mechanisms of action of the compounds within the tested mixtures. In addition, clustering of the compounds using their chemical signatures revealed structural similarities with the model chemicals vitamin D and retinoic acid that can explain the effects and/or enhancing the phenotypes we witnessed. Further mechanistic studies will be required to fully understand this kind of molecular interactions and their repercussions in organisms. Our results contribute to the already existing catalogue of deleterious effects caused by exposure to POPs and help to understand the potential consequences in at risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Guerrero-Limón
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jérémie Zappia
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM) Liège, Institute of Pathology, CHU-Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marc Muller
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a dynamic, multipotent, vertebrate-specific population of embryonic stem cells. These ectodermally-derived cells contribute to diverse tissue types in developing embryos including craniofacial bone and cartilage, the peripheral and enteric nervous systems and pigment cells, among a host of other cell types. Due to their contribution to a significant number of adult tissue types, the mechanisms that drive their formation, migration and differentiation are highly studied. NCCs have a unique ability to transition from tightly adherent epithelial cells to mesenchymal and migratory cells by altering their polarity, expression of cell-cell adhesion molecules and gaining invasive abilities. In this Review, we discuss classical and emerging factors driving NCC epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migration, highlighting the role of signaling and transcription factors, as well as novel modifying factors including chromatin remodelers, small RNAs and post-translational regulators, which control the availability and longevity of major NCC players.
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Probiotics Enhance Bone Growth and Rescue BMP Inhibition: New Transgenic Zebrafish Lines to Study Bone Health. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094748. [PMID: 35563140 PMCID: PMC9102566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish larvae, especially gene-specific mutants and transgenic lines, are increasingly used to study vertebrate skeletal development and human pathologies such as osteoporosis, osteopetrosis and osteoarthritis. Probiotics have been recognized in recent years as a prophylactic treatment for various bone health issues in humans. Here, we present two new zebrafish transgenic lines containing the coding sequences for fluorescent proteins inserted into the endogenous genes for sp7 and col10a1a with larvae displaying fluorescence in developing osteoblasts and the bone extracellular matrix (mineralized or non-mineralized), respectively. Furthermore, we use these transgenic lines to show that exposure to two different probiotics, Bacillus subtilis and Lactococcus lactis, leads to an increase in osteoblast formation and bone matrix growth and mineralization. Gene expression analysis revealed the effect of the probiotics, particularly Bacillus subtilis, in modulating several skeletal development genes, such as runx2, sp7, spp1 and col10a1a, further supporting their ability to improve bone health. Bacillus subtilis was the more potent probiotic able to significantly reverse the inhibition of bone matrix formation when larvae were exposed to a BMP inhibitor (LDN212854).
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Huang W, Wu T, Au WW, Wu K. Impact of environmental chemicals on craniofacial skeletal development: Insights from investigations using zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117541. [PMID: 34118758 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Craniofacial skeletal anomalies are among the most common structural birth defects around the world. Various studies using human populations and experimental animals have shown that genetic and environmental factors play significant roles in the causation and progression of these anomalies. Environmental factors, such as teratogens and toxin mixtures, induce craniofacial anomalies are gaining heightened attention. Among experimental investigations, the use of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been increasing. A major reason for the increased use is that the zebrafish boast a simple craniofacial structure, and facial morphogenesis is readily observed due to external fertilization and transparent embryo, making it a valuable platform to screen and identify environmental factors involved in the etiology of craniofacial skeletal malformation. This review provides an update on harmful effects from exposure to environmental chemicals, involving metallic elements, nanoparticles, persistent organic pollutants, pesticides and pharmaceutical formulations on craniofacial skeletal development in zebrafish embryos. The collected data provide a better understanding for induction of craniofacial skeletal anomalies and for development of better prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianjie Wu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - William W Au
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Techonology, 540142, Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Kusheng Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
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5
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Yang M, Lu X, Zhang Y, Wang C, Cai Z, Li Z, Pan B, Jiang H. Whole-exome sequencing analysis in 10 families of sporadic microtia with thoracic deformities. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1657. [PMID: 33811463 PMCID: PMC8172194 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microtia is a congenital malformation of the external ear and may occur as an isolated deformity or as part of a syndrome. Our previous study found a high correlation between microtia and thoracic deformities, thus, we propose that external ear and thorax development may be regulated by certain genes in common. Methods We performed exome sequencing on 10 families of sporadic microtia with thoracic abnormalities. We identified mutated genes under different models of inheritance, and checked them through Mouse Genome Informatics and association analysis. Results We identified 45 rare mutations, including 9 de novo mutations, 20 heterozygous mutations, 3 homozygous mutations, and 13 hemizygous mutations, of which 2 are likely to be causative. They are de novo missense variant in PHF5A and compound heterozygous mutations in CYP26B1, of which CYP26B1 mutation is highly likely pathogenic. Conclusion The results indicate that certain genes may affect both external ear and thorax development, and demonstrate the benefits of whole‐exome sequencing in identifying candidate genes of microtia. This study provides a new way for genetic exploration in microtia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Yang
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Plastic Surgery Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosheng Lu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Plastic Surgery Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Changchen Wang
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Plastic Surgery Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Cai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengyong Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Plastic Surgery Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyue Jiang
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Plastic Surgery Hospital, Beijing, China
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Roberts C. Regulating Retinoic Acid Availability during Development and Regeneration: The Role of the CYP26 Enzymes. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8010006. [PMID: 32151018 PMCID: PMC7151129 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of the Cytochrome p450 subfamily 26 (CYP26) retinoic acid (RA) degrading enzymes during development and regeneration. Cyp26 enzymes, along with retinoic acid synthesising enzymes, are absolutely required for RA homeostasis in these processes by regulating availability of RA for receptor binding and signalling. Cyp26 enzymes are necessary to generate RA gradients and to protect specific tissues from RA signalling. Disruption of RA homeostasis leads to a wide variety of embryonic defects affecting many tissues. Here, the function of CYP26 enzymes is discussed in the context of the RA signalling pathway, enzymatic structure and biochemistry, human genetic disease, and function in development and regeneration as elucidated from animal model studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Roberts
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL-GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London SW17 0RE, UK
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Manocha S, Farokhnia N, Khosropanah S, Bertol JW, Santiago J, Fakhouri WD. Systematic review of hormonal and genetic factors involved in the nonsyndromic disorders of the lower jaw. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:162-172. [PMID: 30576023 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandibular disorders are among the most common birth defects in humans, yet the etiological factors are largely unknown. Most of the neonates affected by mandibular abnormalities have a sequence of secondary anomalies, including airway obstruction and feeding problems, that reduce the quality of life. In the event of lacking corrective surgeries, patients with mandibular congenital disorders suffer from additional lifelong problems such as sleep apnea and temporomandibular disorders, among others. The goal of this systematic review is to gather evidence on hormonal and genetic factors that are involved in signaling pathways and interactions that are potentially associated with the nonsyndromic mandibular disorders. We found that members of FGF and BMP pathways, including FGF8/10, FGFR2/3, BMP2/4/7, BMPR1A, ACVR1, and ACVR2A/B, have a prominent number of gene-gene interactions among all identified genes in this review. Gene ontology of the 154 genes showed that the functional gene sets are involved in all aspects of cellular processes and organogenesis. Some of the genes identified by the genome-wide association studies of common mandibular disorders are involved in skeletal formation and growth retardation based on animal models, suggesting a potential direct role as genetic risk factors in the common complex jaw disorders. Developmental Dynamics 248:162-172, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Manocha
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Nadia Farokhnia
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Sepideh Khosropanah
- Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles
| | - Jessica W Bertol
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Joel Santiago
- Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação (PRPPG), Universidade do Sagrado Coração, Jardim Brasil, Bauru, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walid D Fakhouri
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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Zhang X, Chu Q, Guo G, Dong G, Li X, Zhang Q, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Wang Y. Genome-wide association studies identified multiple genetic loci for body size at four growth stages in Chinese Holstein cattle. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175971. [PMID: 28426785 PMCID: PMC5398616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and maturity of cattle body size affect not only feed efficiency, but also productivity and longevity. Dissecting the genetic architecture of body size is critical for cattle breeding to improve both efficiency and productivity. The volume and weight of body size are indicated by several measurements. Among them, Heart Girth (HG) and Hip Height (HH) are the most important traits. They are widely used as predictors of body weight (BW). Few association studies have been conducted for HG and HH in cattle focusing on single growth stage. In this study, we extended the Genome-wide association studies to a full spectrum of four growth stages (6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-months after birth) in Chinese Holstein heifers. The whole genomic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained from the Illumina BovineSNP50 v2 BeadChip genotyped on 3,325 individuals. Estimated breeding values (EBVs) were derived for both HG and HH at the four different ages and analyzed separately for GWAS by using the Fixed and random model Circuitous Probability Unification (FarmCPU) method. In total, 27 SNPs were identified to be significantly associated with HG and HH at different growth stages. We found 66 candidate genes located nearby the associated SNPs, including nine genes that were known as highly related to development and skeletal and muscular growth. In addition, biological function analysis was performed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and an interaction network related to development was obtained, which contained 16 genes out of the 66 candidates. The set of putative genes provided valuable resources and can help elucidate the genomic architecture and mechanisms underlying growth traits in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Qin Chu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Gang Guo
- Beijing Sunlon Livestock Development Co. Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ganghui Dong
- Beijing Sunlon Livestock Development Co. Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xizhi Li
- Beijing Sunlon Livestock Development Co. Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwu Zhang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YW); (ZZ)
| | - Yachun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (YW); (ZZ)
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Shaya L, Dejong C, Wilson JY. Expression patterns of cytochrome P450 3B and 3C genes in model fish species. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 166:115-25. [PMID: 25073111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3 enzymes are highly expressed in detoxification organs and play an important role in xenobiotic metabolism. In fish, the CYP3 family is diversified and includes several subfamilies (CYP3B, CYP3C, and CYP3D) not found in mammals. The functional role and expression patterns of these novel genes are unknown. In this study, the expression patterns of novel teleost CYP3 genes were determined in medaka(Oryzias latipes; CYP3B4, CYP3B5, CYP3B6) and zebrafish (Danio rerio; CYP3C1, CYP3C2, CYP3C3, CYP3C4), two important model fish species. Expression was quantified with real time PCR in multiple internal organs from adult male and female fish. CYP3C gene expression was determined in zebrafish embryos. Expression in all organs was detected for all genes, except for CYP3B4 in male organs. CYP3C1, CYP3C3, CYP3B4, CYP3B5, and CYP3B6 were more highly expressed in liver and/or intestine from at least one gender, suggesting a role in xenobiotic metabolism. Expression of CYP3C1 and CYP3B5 in olfactory rosette was comparable to liver. CYP3C1, CYP3C4, CYP3B5 and CYP3B6 expression was higher in the female organs; CYP3C2 and CYP3B5 were higher in testis. Estrogen and androgen response elements were found upstream of the start site of many of these genes raising the hypothesis that they are under steroid regulation. CYP3C1-3 were expressed in all developmental stages examined and appear to be maternally deposited. The expression patterns suggest that some of these CYP genes are involved in xenobiotic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Shaya
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Chris Dejong
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Joanna Y Wilson
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Wen J, Lopes F, Soares G, Farrell SA, Nelson C, Qiao Y, Martell S, Badukke C, Bessa C, Ylstra B, Lewis S, Isoherranen N, Maciel P, Rajcan-Separovic E. Phenotypic and functional consequences of haploinsufficiency of genes from exocyst and retinoic acid pathway due to a recurrent microdeletion of 2p13.2. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:100. [PMID: 23837398 PMCID: PMC3710273 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare, recurrent genomic imbalances facilitate the association of genotype with abnormalities at the "whole body" level. However, at the cellular level, the functional consequences of recurrent genomic abnormalities and how they can be linked to the phenotype are much less investigated. METHOD AND RESULTS We report an example of a functional analysis of two genes from a new, overlapping microdeletion of 2p13.2 region (from 72,140,702-72,924,626). The subjects shared intellectual disability (ID), language delay, hyperactivity, facial asymmetry, ear malformations, and vertebral and/or craniofacial abnormalities. The overlapping region included two genes, EXOC6B and CYP26B1, which are involved in exocytosis/Notch signaling and retinoic acid (RA) metabolism, respectively, and are of critical importance for early morphogenesis, symmetry as well as craniofacial, skeleton and brain development. The abnormal function of EXOC6B was documented in patient lymphoblasts by its reduced expression and with perturbed expression of Notch signaling pathway genes HES1 and RBPJ, previously noted to be the consequence of EXOC6B dysfunction in animal and cell line models. Similarly, the function of CYP26B1 was affected by the deletion since the retinoic acid induced expression of this gene in patient lymphoblasts was significantly lower compared to controls (8% of controls). CONCLUSION Haploinsufficiency of CYP26B1 and EXOC6B genes involved in retinoic acid and exocyst/Notch signaling pathways, respectively, has not been reported previously in humans. The developmental anomalies and phenotypic features of our subjects are in keeping with the dysfunction of these genes, considering their known role. Documenting their dysfunction at the cellular level in patient cells enhanced our understanding of biological processes which contribute to the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadi Wen
- Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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11
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Hellmann-Regen J, Kronenberg G, Uhlemann R, Freyer D, Endres M, Gertz K. Accelerated degradation of retinoic acid by activated microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 256:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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López-Romero F, Zúñiga G, Martínez-Jerónimo F. Asymmetric patterns in the cranial skeleton of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to sodium pentachlorophenate at different embryonic developmental stages. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 84:25-31. [PMID: 22818112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bilaterally symmetric organisms display mirror copies of their structures on both sides of the body, and the development of both sides is regulated by the same set of genes. Environmental variations can directly affect phenotype, and exposure to chemical contaminants at certain stages may modify embryonic development. The pesticide sodium pentachlorophenate (NaPCP) was used at the no-observable-effect concentration (NOEC) to determine the degree of susceptibility of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos in different developmentally susceptible windows (zygote, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula and larva). Shape variation in the zebrafish viscerocranium and fluctuating asymmetry (FA), which increases in direct proportion to environmental stress, induced by exposure to NaPCP were measured with geometric morphometrics. Procrustes ANOVA was performed to estimate the shape variation around a symmetric consensus that accounted for the following factors: shape variation in individuals (I), variation by sides (S), the Individuals×Sides interaction (I×S), and the stages of exposure to the toxicant (Stages). Factors I, S and IxS accounted for most of the morphological variation (p<0.0001). Extensive deformities throughout the viscerocranium occurred during the window of exposure from gastrula to larva. Embryonic mortality occurred and was dependent on the stage of exposure. The NOEC concentration of NaPCP affected embryonic development in D. rerio and also induced lethal effects in embryos. FA was determined in both unexposed and NaPCP-exposed embryos and was greater in the control than in some exposure windows; besides, no correlation was found between FA and developmental stages, so our results do not support FA as a bioindicator of chemical stress but confirm its value in the study of morphological effects of toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faviel López-Romero
- Laboratorio de Hidrobiología Experimental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. Carpio esq. Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Mexico
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13
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England S, Batista MF, Mich JK, Chen JK, Lewis KE. Roles of Hedgehog pathway components and retinoic acid signalling in specifying zebrafish ventral spinal cord neurons. Development 2012; 138:5121-34. [PMID: 22069186 DOI: 10.1242/dev.066159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In mouse, Hedgehog (Hh) signalling is required for most ventral spinal neurons to form. Here, we analyse the spinal cord phenotype of zebrafish maternal-zygotic smoothened (MZsmo) mutants that completely lack Hh signalling. We find that most V3 domain cells and motoneurons are lost, whereas medial floorplate still develops normally and V2, V1 and V0v cells form in normal numbers. This phenotype resembles that of mice that lack both Hh signalling and Gli repressor activity. Ventral spinal cord progenitor domain transcription factors are not expressed at 24 hpf in zebrafish MZsmo mutants. However, pMN, p2 and p1 domain markers are expressed at early somitogenesis stages in these mutants. This suggests that Gli repressor activity does not extend into zebrafish ventral spinal cord at these stages, even in the absence of Hh signalling. Consistent with this, ectopic expression of Gli3R represses ventral progenitor domain expression at these early stages and knocking down Gli repressor activity rescues later expression. We investigated whether retinoic acid (RA) signalling specifies ventral spinal neurons in the absence of Hh signalling. The results suggest that RA is required for the correct number of many different spinal neurons to form. This is probably mediated, in part, by an effect on cell proliferation. However, V0v, V1 and V2 cells are still present, even in the absence of both Hh and RA signalling. We demonstrate that Gli1 has a Hh-independent role in specifying most of the remaining motoneurons and V3 domain cells in embryos that lack Hh signalling, but removal of Gli1 activity does not affect more dorsal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha England
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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López SL, Aiassa D, Benítez-Leite S, Lajmanovich R, Mañas F, Poletta G, Sánchez N, Simoniello MF, Carrasco AE. Pesticides Used in South American GMO-Based Agriculture. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY VOLUME 6 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59389-4.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Rogers CD, Jayasena CS, Nie S, Bronner ME. Neural crest specification: tissues, signals, and transcription factors. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 1:52-68. [PMID: 23801667 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a transient population of multipotent and migratory cells unique to vertebrate embryos. Initially derived from the borders of the neural plate, these cells undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition to leave the central nervous system, migrate extensively in the periphery, and differentiate into numerous diverse derivatives. These include but are not limited to craniofacial cartilage, pigment cells, and peripheral neurons and glia. Attractive for their similarities to stem cells and metastatic cancer cells, neural crest cells are a popular model system for studying cell/tissue interactions and signaling factors that influence cell fate decisions and lineage transitions. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms required for neural crest formation in various vertebrate species, focusing on the importance of signaling factors from adjacent tissues and conserved gene regulatory interactions, which are required for induction and specification of the ectodermal tissue that will become neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Rogers
- Department of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Two different docetaxel resistant MCF-7 sublines exhibited different gene expression pattern. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3505-16. [PMID: 21720762 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate gene expression pattern of two docetaxel resistant MCF-7 breast carcinoma sublines step wisely selected in 30 and 120 nM docetaxel. Cell proliferation assay was performed in order to demonstrate development of docetaxel resistance. cDNA microarray analysis was performed using Affymetrix(®) Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Arrays in duplicate experiments. Quantitative and semi-quantitative gene expression analysis was also performed to confirm gene expression analysis for selected genes. XTT results demonstrated that 30 (MCF-7/30nM DOC) and 120 nM (MCF-7/120nM DOC) docetaxel selected cells were 13- and 47-fold resistant, respectively. cDNA microarray analysis demonstrated that expression profiles of MCF-7 and MCF-7/30nM DOC were more similar to each other where expression profile of MCF-7/120nM DOC was different as examined by line graphs and scatter plots. 2,837 and 4,036 genes were significantly altered in 30 and 120 nM docetaxel resistant sublines, respectively. Among these, 849 genes were altered in common in two docetaxel resistant sublines. Antiapoptotic gene expression (e.g., Bcl-2 and APRIL) were noticeably altered in MCF-7/30nM DOC. However, docetaxel resistance in MCF-7/120nM DOC were more complicated with the involvement of ECM related gene expression, cytokine and growth factor signaling, ROS metabolism and EMT related gene expression together with higher level of MDR1 expression. Expression profiles in 30 and 120 nM docetaxel resistant sublines changed gradually with increasing resistance index. Drug resistance development seems to be step wise event in MCF-7 cells.
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Goldstone JV, McArthur AG, Kubota A, Zanette J, Parente T, Jönsson ME, Nelson DR, Stegeman JJ. Identification and developmental expression of the full complement of Cytochrome P450 genes in Zebrafish. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:643. [PMID: 21087487 PMCID: PMC3012610 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing use of zebrafish in drug discovery and mechanistic toxicology demands knowledge of cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene regulation and function. CYP enzymes catalyze oxidative transformation leading to activation or inactivation of many endogenous and exogenous chemicals, with consequences for normal physiology and disease processes. Many CYPs potentially have roles in developmental specification, and many chemicals that cause developmental abnormalities are substrates for CYPs. Here we identify and annotate the full suite of CYP genes in zebrafish, compare these to the human CYP gene complement, and determine the expression of CYP genes during normal development. Results Zebrafish have a total of 94 CYP genes, distributed among 18 gene families found also in mammals. There are 32 genes in CYP families 5 to 51, most of which are direct orthologs of human CYPs that are involved in endogenous functions including synthesis or inactivation of regulatory molecules. The high degree of sequence similarity suggests conservation of enzyme activities for these CYPs, confirmed in reports for some steroidogenic enzymes (e.g. CYP19, aromatase; CYP11A, P450scc; CYP17, steroid 17a-hydroxylase), and the CYP26 retinoic acid hydroxylases. Complexity is much greater in gene families 1, 2, and 3, which include CYPs prominent in metabolism of drugs and pollutants, as well as of endogenous substrates. There are orthologous relationships for some CYP1 s and some CYP3 s between zebrafish and human. In contrast, zebrafish have 47 CYP2 genes, compared to 16 in human, with only two (CYP2R1 and CYP2U1) recognized as orthologous based on sequence. Analysis of shared synteny identified CYP2 gene clusters evolutionarily related to mammalian CYP2 s, as well as unique clusters. Conclusions Transcript profiling by microarray and quantitative PCR revealed that the majority of zebrafish CYP genes are expressed in embryos, with waves of expression of different sets of genes over the course of development. Transcripts of some CYP occur also in oocytes. The results provide a foundation for the use of zebrafish as a model in toxicological, pharmacological and chemical disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared V Goldstone
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
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18
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Paganelli A, Gnazzo V, Acosta H, López SL, Carrasco AE. Glyphosate-based herbicides produce teratogenic effects on vertebrates by impairing retinoic acid signaling. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1586-95. [PMID: 20695457 DOI: 10.1021/tx1001749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The broad spectrum herbicide glyphosate is widely used in agriculture worldwide. There has been ongoing controversy regarding the possible adverse effects of glyphosate on the environment and on human health. Reports of neural defects and craniofacial malformations from regions where glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) are used led us to undertake an embryological approach to explore the effects of low doses of glyphosate in development. Xenopus laevis embryos were incubated with 1/5000 dilutions of a commercial GBH. The treated embryos were highly abnormal with marked alterations in cephalic and neural crest development and shortening of the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis. Alterations on neural crest markers were later correlated with deformities in the cranial cartilages at tadpole stages. Embryos injected with pure glyphosate showed very similar phenotypes. Moreover, GBH produced similar effects in chicken embryos, showing a gradual loss of rhombomere domains, reduction of the optic vesicles, and microcephaly. This suggests that glyphosate itself was responsible for the phenotypes observed, rather than a surfactant or other component of the commercial formulation. A reporter gene assay revealed that GBH treatment increased endogenous retinoic acid (RA) activity in Xenopus embryos and cotreatment with a RA antagonist rescued the teratogenic effects of the GBH. Therefore, we conclude that the phenotypes produced by GBH are mainly a consequence of the increase of endogenous retinoid activity. This is consistent with the decrease of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling from the embryonic dorsal midline, with the inhibition of otx2 expression and with the disruption of cephalic neural crest development. The direct effect of glyphosate on early mechanisms of morphogenesis in vertebrate embryos opens concerns about the clinical findings from human offspring in populations exposed to GBH in agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Paganelli
- Laboratorio de Embriología Molecular, CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 3° Piso 1121, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Minoux M, Rijli FM. Molecular mechanisms of cranial neural crest cell migration and patterning in craniofacial development. Development 2010; 137:2605-21. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During vertebrate craniofacial development, neural crest cells (NCCs) contribute much of the cartilage, bone and connective tissue that make up the developing head. Although the initial patterns of NCC segmentation and migration are conserved between species, the variety of vertebrate facial morphologies that exist indicates that a complex interplay occurs between intrinsic genetic NCC programs and extrinsic environmental signals during morphogenesis. Here, we review recent work that has begun to shed light on the molecular mechanisms that govern the spatiotemporal patterning of NCC-derived skeletal structures – advances that are central to understanding craniofacial development and its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Minoux
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 1, Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Filippo M. Rijli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Gonzalez-Quevedo R, Lee Y, Poss KD, Wilkinson DG. Neuronal regulation of the spatial patterning of neurogenesis. Dev Cell 2010; 18:136-47. [PMID: 20152184 PMCID: PMC2822724 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Precise regulation of neurogenesis is achieved in specific regions of the vertebrate nervous system by formation of distinct neurogenic and nonneurogenic zones. We have investigated how neurogenesis becomes confined to zones adjacent to rhombomere boundaries in the zebrafish hindbrain. The nonneurogenic zone at segment centers comprises a distinct progenitor population that expresses fibroblast growth factor (fgfr) 2, erm, sox9b, and the retinoic acid degrading enzyme, cyp26b1. FGF receptor activation upregulates expression of these genes and inhibits neurogenesis in segment centers. Cyp26 activity is a key effector inhibiting neuronal differentiation, suggesting antagonistic interactions with retinoid signaling. We identify the critical FGF ligand, fgf20a, which is expressed by specific neurons located in the mantle region at the center of segments, adjacent to the nonneurogenic zone. Fgf20a mutants have ectopic neurogenesis and lack the segment center progenitor population. Our findings reveal how signaling from neurons induces formation of a nonneurogenic zone of neural progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Gonzalez-Quevedo
- Division of Developmental Neurobiology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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21
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Numayama-Tsuruta K, Arai Y, Takahashi M, Sasaki-Hoshino M, Funatsu N, Nakamura S, Osumi N. Downstream genes of Pax6 revealed by comprehensive transcriptome profiling in the developing rat hindbrain. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 10:6. [PMID: 20082710 PMCID: PMC2818624 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-10-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor Pax6 is essential for the development of the central nervous system and it exerts its multiple functions by regulating the expression of downstream target molecules. To screen for genes downstream of Pax6, we performed comprehensive transcriptome profiling analyses in the early hindbrain of Pax6 homozygous mutant and wild-type rats using microarrays. RESULTS Comparison of quadruplicate microarray experiments using two computational methods allowed us to identify differentially expressed genes that have relatively small fold changes or low expression levels. Gene ontology analyses of the differentially expressed molecules demonstrated that Pax6 is involved in various signal transduction pathways where it regulates the expression of many receptors, signaling molecules, transporters and transcription factors. The up- or down-regulation of these genes was further confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. In situ staining of Fabp7, Dbx1, Unc5h1 and Cyp26b1 mRNAs showed that expression of these transcripts not only overlapped with that of Pax6 in the hindbrain of wild-type and Pax6 heterozygous mutants, but also was clearly reduced in the hindbrain of the Pax6 homozygous mutant. In addition, the Pax6 homozygous mutant hindbrain showed that Cyp26b1 expression was lacked in the dorsal and ventrolateral regions of rhombomeres 5 and 6, and that the size of rhombomere 5 expanded rostrocaudally. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that Unc5h1 and Cyp26b1 are novel candidates for target genes transactivated by Pax6. Furthermore, our results suggest the interesting possibility that Pax6 regulates anterior-posterior patterning of the hindbrain via activation of Cyp26b1, an enzyme that metabolizes retinoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Numayama-Tsuruta
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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22
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Maclean G, Dollé P, Petkovich M. Genetic disruption of CYP26B1 severely affects development of neural crest derived head structures, but does not compromise hindbrain patterning. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:732-45. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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23
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White RJ, Schilling TF. How degrading: Cyp26s in hindbrain development. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:2775-90. [PMID: 18816852 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin A derivative retinoic acid performs many functions in vertebrate development and is thought to act as a diffusible morphogen that patterns the anterior-posterior axis of the hindbrain. Recent work in several systems has led to insights into how the spatial distribution of retinoic acid is regulated. These have shown local control of synthesis and degradation, and computational models suggest that degradation by the Cyp26 enzymes plays a critical role in the formation of a morphogen gradient as well as its ability to compensate for fluctuations in RA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J White
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Laue K, Jänicke M, Plaster N, Sonntag C, Hammerschmidt M. Restriction of retinoic acid activity by Cyp26b1 is required for proper timing and patterning of osteogenesis during zebrafish development. Development 2008; 135:3775-87. [PMID: 18927157 DOI: 10.1242/dev.021238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal syndromes are among the most common birth defects. Vertebrate skeletogenesis involves two major cell types: cartilage-forming chondrocytes and bone-forming osteoblasts. In vitro, both are under the control of retinoic acid (RA), but its exact in vivo effects remained elusive. Here, based on the positional cloning of the dolphin mutation, we have studied the role of the RA-oxidizing enzyme Cyp26b1 during cartilage and bone development in zebrafish. cyp26b1 is expressed in condensing chondrocytes as well as in osteoblasts and their precursors. cyp26b1 mutants and RA-treated wild-type fish display a reduction in midline cartilage and the hyperossification of facial and axial bones, leading to fusions of vertebral primordia, a defect not previously described in the context of RA signaling. Fusions of cervical vertebrae were also obtained by treating mouse fetuses with the specific Cyp26 inhibitor R115866. Together with data on the expression of osteoblast markers, our results indicate that temporal and spatial restriction of RA signaling by Cyp26 enzymes is required to attenuate osteoblast maturation and/or activity in vivo. cyp26b1 mutants may serve as a model to study the etiology of human vertebral disorders such as Klippel-Feil anomaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Laue
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology, Stuebeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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25
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Spoorendonk KM, Peterson-Maduro J, Renn J, Trowe T, Kranenbarg S, Winkler C, Schulte-Merker S. Retinoic acid and Cyp26b1 are critical regulators of osteogenesis in the axial skeleton. Development 2008; 135:3765-74. [PMID: 18927155 DOI: 10.1242/dev.024034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) plays important roles in diverse biological processes ranging from germ cell specification to limb patterning. RA ultimately exerts its effect in the nucleus, but how RA levels are being generated and maintained locally is less clear. Here, we have analyzed the zebrafish stocksteif mutant, which exhibits severe over-ossification of the entire vertebral column. stocksteif encodes cyp26b1, a cytochrome P450 member that metabolizes RA. The mutant is completely phenocopied by treating 4 dpf wild-type embryos with either RA or the pharmacological Cyp26 blocker R115866, thus identifying a previously unappreciated role for RA and cyp26b1 in osteogenesis of the vertebral column. Cyp26b1 is expressed within osteoblast cells, demonstrating that RA levels within these cells need to be tightly controlled. Furthermore, we have examined the effect of RA on osteoblasts in vivo. As numbers of osteoblasts do not change upon RA treatment, we suggest that RA causes increased activity of axial osteoblasts, ultimately resulting in defective skeletogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Spoorendonk
- Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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