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Awad NFS, Abd El-Hamid MI, Nabil NM, Tawakol MM, Eid S, Al-Zaban MI, Farouk H, Zakai SA, Elkelish A, Ibrahim MS, Mahmoud HA, Salem SM, Ismail HM, Hamed RI. Multidrug resistant and multivirulent avian bacterial pathogens: tackling experimental leg disorders using phytobiotics and antibiotics alone or in combination. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102889. [PMID: 37666144 PMCID: PMC10491818 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Locomotor disorders caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens denote one of the most detrimental issues that collectively threaten the poultry industry leading to pronounced economic losses across the world. Hence, searching for effective alternatives, especially those extracted from plant origins became of great priority targeting a partial or complete replacement of chemical antimicrobials to tackle their developing resistance. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Salmonella species, Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) recovered from 500 broilers and ducks (250 each) with locomotor disorders in various farms in Dakahlia and Sharkia Governorates, Egypt. Additionally, we assessed, for the first time, the in vitro antimicrobial effectiveness of marjoram, garlic, ginger and cinnamon essential oils (EOs) against MDR and multivirulent bacterial isolates as well as the in vivo efficiency of the most effective antibiotics and EOs either separately or in combination in the treatment of experimentally induced poultry leg disorders. The overall prevalence rates of S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella species, and M. synoviae were 54, 48, 36, and 2%, respectively. Salmonella species and S. aureus prevailed among ducks and broilers (36 and 76%, respectively). Notably, MDR was observed in 100, 91.7, 81.1, and 78.5% of M. synoviae, E. coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus isolates, respectively. Our in vitro results displayed that marjoram was the most forceful EO against MDR and multivirulent chicken vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) and duck S. Typhimurium isolates. The current in vivo results declared that marjoram in combination with florfenicol or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid succeeded in relieving the induced duck and chicken leg disorders caused by S. Typhimurium and VRSA, respectively. This was evidenced by improvement in the clinical and histopathological pictures with a reduction of bacterial loads in the experimental birds. Our encountered successful in vitro and in vivo synergistic effectiveness of marjoram combined with florfenicol or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid recommends their therapeutic application for leg disorders and offers opportunities for reducing the antibiotics usage in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa F S Awad
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Marwa I Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Nehal M Nabil
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Maram M Tawakol
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Samah Eid
- Department of Bacteriology, Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mayasar I Al-Zaban
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Farouk
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Shadi A Zakai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr Elkelish
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Mona S Ibrahim
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Laboratory, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hanim A Mahmoud
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Laboratory, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sanaa M Salem
- Department of Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig 44516, Egypt
| | - Hala M Ismail
- Department of Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Laboratory, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rehab I Hamed
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig 44516, Egypt
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Shahid M, Hussain R, Nawaz Z, Aslam B, Ahmad MZ, Siddique AB, Ahsan H, Fatima A, Khan I, Mustafa B, Iqbal R, Al Syaad KM, Shami A. Occurrence of Virulence Genes among Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Subclinical Bovine Mastitis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38111-38117. [PMID: 37867719 PMCID: PMC10586173 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus-induced subclinical mastitis holds significant implications for public health. This specific microorganism possesses a wide array of pathogenic factors that enable it to adhere to, colonize, invade, and infect the host. The objective of the current study was to assess the prevalence of S. aureus, determine antimicrobial resistance patterns, and identify virulence genes of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains responsible for subclinical mastitis in bovines. A total of 249 milk samples were collected from various farms in the district of Faisalabad. The presence of subclinical mastitis was assessed by using the California mastitis test. Positive milk samples (n = 100) were then subjected to standard microbiological techniques for isolation and identification of S. aureus. Antibiogram analysis was conducted by using the disc diffusion method to assess antimicrobial resistance. For the molecular detection of S. aureus and its virulence genes, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed with species-specific primers. The overall prevalence of S. aureus was found to be 40% (40/100), which was confirmed through molecular detection of the nuc gene in 40/40 (100%) of samples using PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests indicated the highest susceptibility to vancomycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, erythromycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol, while the highest resistance rate was observed against tetracycline. Additionally, 30% of samples (12/40) tested positive for methicillin resistance. PCR analysis revealed that 100% of MRSA-tested isolates harbored the mecA and clfA genes. Furthermore, the MRSA isolates showed the presence of pvl, hla, hlb, sec, icaA, icaD, icaB, and icaC genes at rates of 92, 75, 67, 42, 42, 75, 8, and 25%, respectively. These findings underscore the need for stricter aseptic control in dairy farms to prevent disease transmission between animals and ensure the production of safe and uncontaminated food for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shahid
- Institute
of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Department
of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Nawaz
- Institute
of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Aslam
- Institute
of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zishan Ahmad
- Department
Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Abu Baker Siddique
- Institute
of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Hira Ahsan
- Institute
of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Aiman Fatima
- Institute
of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of the Punjab Lahore, Lahore 54590 Pakistan
| | - Iahtasham Khan
- Section
of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore Sub-Campus, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Mustafa
- University
of Oxford, Department of Biology, Wildlife
Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Oxford Ox13 5QL, U.K.
| | - Rashid Iqbal
- Department
of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Khalid M. Al Syaad
- Biology
Department, College of Science, King Khalid
University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwag Shami
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Abdel-Glil MY, Braune S, Bouwhuis S, Sprague LD. First Description of Mergibacter septicus Isolated from a Common Tern ( Sterna hirundo) in Germany. Pathogens 2023; 12:1096. [PMID: 37764904 PMCID: PMC10536934 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mergibacter septicus (M. septicus), previously known as Bisgaard Taxon 40, is a recently described species within the Pasteurellaceae family. In this study, we present a M. septicus strain isolated from a common tern (Sterna hirundo) chick that died just after fledging from the Banter See in Wilhelmshaven, Germany. The recovered M. septicus strain underwent microbiological phenotypic characterization, followed by whole genome sequencing on Illumina and Nanopore platforms. Phenotypically, M. septicus 19Y0039 demonstrated resistance to colistin, cephalexin, clindamycin, oxacillin, and penicillin G. The genome analysis revealed a circular 1.8 Mbp chromosome without any extrachromosomal elements, containing 1690 coding DNA sequences. The majority of these coding genes were associated with translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, followed by RNA processing and modification, and transcription. Genetic analyses revealed that the German M. septicus strain 19Y0039 is related to the American strain M. septicus A25201T. Through BLAST alignment, twelve putative virulence genes previously identified in the M. septicus type strain A25201T were also found in the German strain. Additionally, 84 putative virulence genes distributed across nine categories, including immune modulation, effector delivery system, nutrition/metabolic factors, regulation, stress survival, adherence, biofilm, exotoxin, and motility, were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Y. Abdel-Glil
- Institut für Bakterielle Infektionen und Zoonosen (IBIZ), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Silke Braune
- Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (LAVES), Lebensmittel- und Veterinärinstitut Braunschweig/Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
| | | | - Lisa D. Sprague
- Institut für Bakterielle Infektionen und Zoonosen (IBIZ), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany;
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Yehia N, Salem HM, Mahmmod Y, Said D, Samir M, Mawgod SA, Sorour HK, AbdelRahman MAA, Selim S, Saad AM, El-Saadony MT, El-Meihy RM, Abd El-Hack ME, El-Tarabily KA, Zanaty AM. Common viral and bacterial avian respiratory infections: an updated review. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102553. [PMID: 36965253 PMCID: PMC10064437 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens that cause chronic diseases in birds use the respiratory tract as a primary route of infection, and respiratory disorders are the main leading source of financial losses in the poultry business. Respiratory infections are a serious problem facing the poultry sector, causing severe economic losses. Avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and avian pneumovirus are particularly serious viral respiratory pathogens. Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Staphylococcus, Bordetella avium, Pasteurella multocida, Riemerella anatipestifer, Chlamydophila psittaci, and Escherichia coli have been identified as the most serious bacterial respiratory pathogens in poultry. This review gives an updated summary, incorporating the latest data, about the evidence for the circulation of widespread, economically important poultry respiratory pathogens, with special reference to possible methods for the control and prevention of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Yehia
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Yasser Mahmmod
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Al Ain 17155, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dalia Said
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Samir
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdel Mawgod
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Hend K Sorour
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mona A A AbdelRahman
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Rasha M El-Meihy
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Qaluybia 13736, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Ali M Zanaty
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
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5
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Badawy B, Elafify M, Farag AMM, Moustafa SM, Sayed-Ahmed MZ, Moawad AA, Algammal AM, Ramadan H, Eltholth M. Ecological Distribution of Virulent Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Livestock, Environment, and Dairy Products. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111651. [PMID: 36421295 PMCID: PMC9686664 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of mastitis, leading to severe economic losses in the dairy industry. It is also zoonotic, with potential risks to public health. This study aimed to detect the occurrence of S. aureus-resistant strains isolated from cattle, buffalo, their environment, milk and dairy products; and to investigate the extent of animal, ecological, and food contamination by methicillin-resistant (MRSA) or enterotoxigenic S. aureus. Samples (n = 350) were collected from four animal (two cattle and two buffalo) farms, i.e., their environment. Thirty Karish cheese samples were collected from 10 markets in Mansoura, Egypt. S. aureus was detected in 17.9%, 17.6%, and 16.7% of samples collected from cattle, buffalo and Karish cheese, respectively. About 19% of isolated S. aureus strains carried the mecA gene. The distribution of the mecA gene was high in isolates from Karish cheese (60%), followed by samples collected from buffalo (16.2%) and cattle (16%). More than 34% of isolated S. aureus strains were enterotoxigenic, and the presence of enterotoxin genes was higher in isolates from Karish cheese (80%) than those from cattle (48%) and buffalo (18.9%). The most predominant enterotoxin gene among isolated S. aureus strains was the sea gene (26.9%), followed by sec (4.5%) and sed (3%) genes. Isolated strains were resistant to clindamycin (100%), kanamycin (97%), nalidixic acid (86.6%), cefotaxime (73.1%) sulphamethazole—trimethoprim (65.6%). Meanwhile, 95.5%, 94%, 86.6% and 77.7% of S. aureus strains were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, imipenem and both cefoxitin and gentamycin, respectively. In conclusion, the presence of enterotoxigenic- and methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains in animals, their environment, and dairy products represents a public health concern, particularly in small-scale dairy farms in Egypt. To reduce the risk of infection of livestock and humans with resistant strains, strict regulations and guidelines for antimicrobial use in such a system are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Badawy
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (B.B.); (H.R.)
| | - Mahmoud Elafify
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Alshimaa M. M. Farag
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Samar M. Moustafa
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z. Sayed-Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 82722, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira A. Moawad
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Abdelazeem M. Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (B.B.); (H.R.)
| | - Mahmoud Eltholth
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
- Department of Health Studies, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
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Elbaz NF, Abd Al Fatah ME. Bacterial diseases outbreaks in some freshwater fish farms in Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt. JOURNAL OF APPLIED AQUACULTURE 2022:1-23. [DOI: 10.1080/10454438.2022.2105673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa F. Elbaz
- Fish Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhur, Egypt
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Mahmoud SIA, Zyan KA, Hamoud MM, Khalifa E, Dardir S, Khalifa R, Kilany WH, Elfeil WK. Effect of Co-infection of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza H9N2 Virus and Avian Pathogenic E. coli on H9N2-Vaccinated Commercial Broiler Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:918440. [PMID: 35836502 PMCID: PMC9274096 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.918440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 40 years, low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) subtype H9N2 has been endemic in most Middle Eastern countries and of course Egypt which is one of the biggest poultry producers in the middle east region. The major losses with the H9N2 virus infections come from complicated infections in commercial broiler chickens, especially E. coli infection. In this work, 2,36,345 Arbor acres broiler chickens from the same breeder flock were placed equally in four pens, where two pens were vaccinated against LPAIV of subtype H9N2 virus, and the other two pens served as non-vaccinated controls. All were placed on the same farm under the same management conditions. A total of twenty birds from each pen were moved to biosafety level−3 chicken isolators (BSL-3) on days 21 and 28 of life and challenged with LPAIV-H9N2 or E. coli. Seroconversion for H9N2 was evaluated before and after the challenge. The recorded results revealed a significant decrease in clinical manifestations and virus shedding in terms of titers of shedding virus and number of shedders in vaccinated compared to non-vaccinated chickens. In groups early infected with LPAIV-H9N2 virus either vaccinated or not vaccinated, there was no significant difference in clinical sickness or mortalities in both groups, but in late infection groups with H9N2 alone, non-vaccinated infected group showed significantly higher clinical sickness in comparison with infected vaccinated group but also without mortality. In groups co-infected with E. coli (I/M) and H9N2, it showed 100% mortalities either in vaccinated or non-vaccinated H9N2 groups and thus reflect the high pathogenicity of used E. coli isolates, whereas in groups co-infected with E. coli (per os to mimic the natural route of infection) and LPAIV-H9N2, mortality rates were significantly higher in non-vaccinated groups than those vaccinated with H9N2 vaccine (15 vs. 5%). In conclusion, the use of the LPAIV H9N2 vaccine has significantly impacted the health status, amount of virus shed, and mortality of challenged commercial broilers, as it can minimize the losses and risks after co-infection with E. coli (orally) and LPAIV-H9N2 virus under similar natural route of infection in commercial broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif I. A. Mahmoud
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Kamel A. Zyan
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Hamoud
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Mohamed M. Hamoud
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt
| | - Shahin Dardir
- Department Veterinary Care and Laboratories Department, Cairo Poultry Corporate, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rabab Khalifa
- Department Veterinary Care and Laboratories Department, Cairo Poultry Corporate, Giza, Egypt
| | - Walid H. Kilany
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael K. Elfeil
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Wael K. Elfeil
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8
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Sultan HA, Elfeil WK, Nour AA, Tantawy L, Kamel EG, Eed EM, El Askary A, Talaat S. Efficacy of the Newcastle Disease Virus Genotype VII.1.1-Matched Vaccines in Commercial Broilers. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 10:vaccines10010029. [PMID: 35062690 PMCID: PMC8779737 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Class II genotype VII Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) are predominant in the Middle East and Asia despite intensive vaccination programs using conventional live and inactivated NDV vaccines. In this study, the protective efficacies of three commercial vaccine regimes involving genotype II NDV, recombinant genotype VII NDV-matched, and an autogenous velogenic NDV genotype VII vaccine were evaluated against challenge with velogenic NDV genotype VII (accession number MG029120). Three vaccination regimes were applied as follows: group-1 received inactivated genotype II, group-2 received inactivated recombinant genotype VII NDV-matched, and group-3 received velogenic inactivated autogenous NDV genotype VII vaccines given on day 7; for the live vaccine doses, each group received the same live genotype II vaccine. The birds in all of the groups were challenged with NDV genotype VII, which was applied on day 28. Protection by the three regimes was evaluated after infection based on mortality rate, clinical signs, gross lesions, virus shedding, seroconversion, and microscopic changes. The results showed that these three vaccination regimes partially protected commercial broilers (73%, 86%, 97%, respectively, vs. 8.6% in non-vaccinated challenged and 0% in non-vaccinated non-challenged birds) against mortality at 10 days post-challenge (dpc). Using inactivated vaccines significantly reduced the virus shedding at the level of the number of shedders and the amount of virus that was shed in all vaccinated groups (G1-3) compared to in the non-vaccinated group (G-4). In conclusion, using closely genotype-matched vaccines (NDV-GVII) provided higher protection than using vaccines that were not closely genotype-matched and non-genotype-matched. The vaccine seeds that were closely related to genotype VII.1.1 provided higher protection against challenge against this genotype since it circulates in the Middle East region. Updating vaccine seeds with recent and closely related isolates provides higher protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham A. Sultan
- Department of Birds and Rabbits Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menoufiya 32958, Egypt; (E.G.K.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence: (H.A.S.); (W.K.E.)
| | - Wael K. Elfeil
- Avian and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 51522, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.A.S.); (W.K.E.)
| | - Ahmed A. Nour
- Agriculture Research Center, National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza 12566, Egypt;
| | - Laila Tantawy
- Agriculture Research Center, Pathology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza 12566, Egypt;
| | - Elsayed G. Kamel
- Department of Birds and Rabbits Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menoufiya 32958, Egypt; (E.G.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Emad M. Eed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (E.M.E.); (A.E.A.)
| | - Ahmad El Askary
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (E.M.E.); (A.E.A.)
| | - Shaimaa Talaat
- Department of Birds and Rabbits Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menoufiya 32958, Egypt; (E.G.K.); (S.T.)
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Elfeil WK, Abouelmaatti RR, Talat S, Fawzy M, Rady M, Diab M, Alkahtani S, Sultan H, Sun C, Lei L, Han W, Sedeik M, Abdel-Daim MM. Molecular characterization of Toll-like receptor type-3 in mallard duck and its response to Newcastle disease virus infection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:55786-55795. [PMID: 34142323 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14759-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), type I transmembrane pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), are composed of the extracellular domain that is implicated in the recognition of microbial products and initiates the innate and adaptive immune response. Previous reports on TLRs in birds showed significant levels of inter- and intraspecific genetic variation. Little is known about the structure and function of the avian immune system, especially waterfowl species. This work aimed to identify and clone Anas platyrhynchos (mallard duck) TLR-3 (dTLR-3) and its expression level following challenge with velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as a model for waterfowl species. The mallard duck TLR-3 full-length cDNA sequence had been cloned, which consisted of 2457 nucleotides. The translated amino acid sequence showed identity degree as 97% with Muscovy duck, 95% with geese, 89% with helmeted guineafowls, 88% with the chickens TLR-3 gene, 82% with turkey TLR-3, and 79% with zebra finch, while it showed 54% with human one; the analysis data suggested that the new sequence is probably homologous to vertebrates' TLR-3. The predicted protein encoded by the duck dTLR-3 mRNA sequence is composed of 819 amino acids. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence indicated that dTLR-3 has typical structural features and contains the main components of proteins in the TLR family. The dTLR-3 expressed in almost all examined tissues of mallard duck following quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis and using B-actin as a housekeeping gene. To check the functionality of the receptor and its role in viral infection, we evaluate the expression level in different tissues and its changes following NDV infection. The results showed significant (P < 0.05) upregulated in the brain at 24 h (1.84-fold), reached a peak at 48 h (4.82-fold), and recovered to normal levels at 72 h post-infection. These results indicate a complete and functional dTLR-3 that is orthologous to other vertebrate receptors with its potential role in early response against viral infection in mallard duck species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael K Elfeil
- No. 13 Avian and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Kilo 4.5 campus, 41522, Ismailia, Egypt.
- Microbiology and Immunology lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China.
| | - Reham R Abouelmaatti
- Basic Medicine Division, Norman Bethune College of Medical Sciences, Jilin University Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
- Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Veterinary Medicine Directorate, General Organization for Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Sharqia Branch, 44511, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa Talat
- Birds and Rabbits Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fawzy
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Rady
- Central Lab for Quality Control on Poultry Production (CLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Diab
- Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, New Valley, Egypt
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham Sultan
- Birds and Rabbits Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Changjiang Sun
- Microbiology and Immunology lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Liancheng Lei
- Microbiology and Immunology lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Wenyu Han
- Microbiology and Immunology lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Mahmoud Sedeik
- Poultry and Fish Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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Virulence attitude estimation of Pasteurella multocida isolates in embryonated chicken eggs. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:6153-6162. [PMID: 34554268 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A total of 220 birds of age ranging from 3 to 14 weeks old were collected from several backyards and different farms in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, and surveyed for the presence of fowl cholera. Twenty Pasteurella multocida from chickens (15/145, 10%) and ducks (5/75, 6%) were bacteriologically isolated, and it was shown that the infection was significantly related to age and breed. Capsular typing, using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), demonstrated that all strains were type A (100%). Disk diffusion assay towards ten antimicrobials revealed high susceptibilities to amikacin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, and neomycin with varying degrees. Doxycycline was effective at the lowest concentration (MIC 0.125-1 µg/ml). Multidrug resistance was detected with a percentage of 25%. Multidrug-resistant isolates (five isolates) were subjected to study their pathogenicity in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE). The results showed a variation in indices between different dilutions of the tested strains. The resulting pathogenicity indices showed significant differences (P < 0.05) according to the origin and dilution of the isolate. From the original inoculum to 10-4 dilutions, the mortality of inoculated embryos occurred within 1-2 days with pathological findings, including maceration and lesions on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). From dilutions ranging from 10-5 to 10-9, no death occurred until 7 days post-inoculation, but a variation in the lesions on CAM was observed. In conclusion, P. multocida serogroup A could be intensely pathogenic for mature chickens thus causing considerable economic losses, and PCR provides a suitable technique for early and rapid diagnosis of fowl cholera.
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Abdel-Latef GK, Mohammed AN. Efficiency evaluation of some novel disinfectants and anti-bacterial nanocomposite on zoonotic bacterial pathogens in commercial Mallard duck pens for efficient control. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8:105-115. [PMID: 33860020 PMCID: PMC8043352 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2021.h492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work aimed to detect the frequency of pathogenic bacteria of zoonotic importance in ducks' dropping, their surrounding environment, and farmworkers in contact with them. Furthermore, the susceptibility pattern of isolated bacteria to antimicrobial drugs and the efficiency of disinfectants (CID 20, Durak® plus, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nano zinc oxide (ZnO NPs), and hydrogen peroxide loaded nano zinc oxide (H2O2/ZnO NPs) composites against isolated bacteria were evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 271 samples were collected from duck pens, including 35 fecal droppings, 200 environmental samples, and 36 from the hands of pen workers for isolation and identification of bacterial strains using standard microbiological procedures. After that, the antibiotic sensitivity testing of 40 bacterial isolates was carried out using disk diffusion assay. ZnO NPs and H2O2/ZnO NPs were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectrum and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The efficacy of disinfectants and nanocomposites was evaluated against enteropathogenic bacteria using the broth macro-dilution method. RESULTS The results showed that the overall prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in duck pens was 62.73. The highest isolation rate was detected in duck fecal droppings (100%), while Escherichia coli was found to be the most isolated pathogen (56.47%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.8%), Proteus mirabilis (15.29), and Salmonella species (6.47%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in the majority of bacterial isolates. The efficiency of CID 20 and Durak® plus disinfectants against all bacterial isolates was highly susceptible (100%) after 120 min of exposure time compared to the effectiveness of H2O2 on enteropathogenic bacteria which did not exceeded 60% at 5% concentration. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of Salmonella spp. to Durak® plus did not exceeded 80%. CONCLUSION The duck fecal droppings are the primary source of bacterial isolates. MDR isolates were susceptible to both CID 20 and Durak® plus disinfectants after 120 min of exposure time at a concentration of 1:100 ml. Besides, H2O2/ZnO NPs composite proved its lethal effect against all testing strains at 0.02 mg/ml after 120 min of exposure. Strict biosecurity guidelines are required to mitigate and prevent the transmission of potentially zoonotic pathogens through the farm environment and/or duck droppings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihan K. Abdel-Latef
- Department of Hygiene, Zoonoses and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Asmaa N. Mohammed
- Department of Hygiene, Zoonoses and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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12
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Islam MS, Nayeem MMH, Sobur MA, Ievy S, Islam MA, Rahman S, Kafi MA, Ashour HM, Rahman MT. Virulence Determinants and Multidrug Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Migratory Birds. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020190. [PMID: 33671995 PMCID: PMC7919266 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory birds are carriers of multidrug resistant pathogenic Escherichia coli. However, their roles in the dissemination of these resistant pathogens are still being neglected in Bangladesh. The present study was therefore carried out to detect multidrug resistant E. coli. In addition, these isolates were also screened for the presence of avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC)-associated virulence genes. A total of 66 fecal matter samples of migratory birds were screened. E. coli were isolated and identified by culturing and biochemical tests followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). APEC-associated virulence genes were detected by PCR. Disk diffusion assays were employed to investigate antibiogram profiles. Bivariate analysis was performed to assess correlations in resistance patterns between antimicrobials and to assess associations between virulence genes of E. coli. Among the 66 samples assessed by PCR, 55 (83.33%) were found positive for E. coli. Of these 55 isolates, the APEC-associated virulence gene fimC was detected in 67.27% of the isolates, which was significantly higher than in the cases of iucD (29.09%) and papC (5.45%) genes. In addition, three isolates were found positive for all three virulence genes, while 23 and 12 isolates were positive for one and two virulence genes respectively. In the bivariate analysis, significant associations were detected between fimC and iucD virulence genes. Using the antibiogram, all E. coli isolates were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR). The isolates exhibited 100% resistance against ampicillin and erythromycin in addition to varying percentages of resistance against streptomycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol. Highly positive correlations between tetracycline and ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline were observed by bivariate analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports APEC-associated virulence genes of MDR E. coli from migratory birds in Bangladesh. Results indicate that migratory birds are reservoirs of MDR E. coli isolates carrying APEC-associated virulence genes, which can seriously contribute to the development of human and animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Saiful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.I.); (M.M.H.N.); (M.A.S.); (S.I.); (M.A.I.); (S.R.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Md. Mehedi Hasan Nayeem
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.I.); (M.M.H.N.); (M.A.S.); (S.I.); (M.A.I.); (S.R.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Md. Abdus Sobur
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.I.); (M.M.H.N.); (M.A.S.); (S.I.); (M.A.I.); (S.R.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Samina Ievy
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.I.); (M.M.H.N.); (M.A.S.); (S.I.); (M.A.I.); (S.R.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Md. Amirul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.I.); (M.M.H.N.); (M.A.S.); (S.I.); (M.A.I.); (S.R.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.I.); (M.M.H.N.); (M.A.S.); (S.I.); (M.A.I.); (S.R.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Md. Abdul Kafi
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.I.); (M.M.H.N.); (M.A.S.); (S.I.); (M.A.I.); (S.R.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Hossam M. Ashour
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.M.A.); (M.T.R.)
| | - Md. Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.I.); (M.M.H.N.); (M.A.S.); (S.I.); (M.A.I.); (S.R.); (M.A.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.M.A.); (M.T.R.)
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13
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Algammal AM, Hetta HF, Batiha GE, Hozzein WN, El Kazzaz WM, Hashem HR, Tawfik AM, El-Tarabili RM. Virulence-determinants and antibiotic-resistance genes of MDR-E. coli isolated from secondary infections following FMD-outbreak in cattle. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19779. [PMID: 33188216 PMCID: PMC7666185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, multidrug-resistance traits, PCR-detection of virulence, and antibiotic-resistance genes of E. coli isolated from secondary infections following FMD-outbreak in cattle. A total of 160 random samples were gathered from private dairy farms in Damietta Province, Egypt. The specimens were subjected to bacteriological examination, serotyping, congo-red binding assay, antibiogram-testing, and PCR-monitoring of virulence-determinant genes (tsh, phoA, hly, eaeA, sta, and lt) as well as the antibiotic-resistance genes (blaTEM, blaKPC, and blaCTX). The prevalence of E. coli was 30% (n = 48) distributed in 8 serogroups (40/48, 83.3%), while 8 isolates (8/48, 16.6%) were untypable. Besides, 83.3% of the examined isolates were positive for CR-binding. The tested strains harbored the virulence genes phoA, hly, tsh, eaeA, sta, and lt with a prevalence of 100% and 50%, 45.8%, 25%, 8.4%, and 6.2%, respectively. Furthermore, 50% of the recovered strains were multidrug-resistant (MDR) to penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems, and are harboring the blaTEM, blaCTX, and blaKPC genes. Moreover, 25% of the examined strains are resistant to penicillins, and cephalosporins, and are harboring the blaTEM and blaCTX genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report concerning the E. coli secondary bacterial infections following the FMD-outbreak. The emergence of MDR strains is considered a public health threat and indicates complicated treatment and bad prognosis of infections caused by such strains. Colistin sulfate and levofloxacin have a promising in vitro activity against MDR-E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelazeem M Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, 71515, Egypt.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0595, USA
| | - Gaber E Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Wael N Hozzein
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Waleed M El Kazzaz
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Hany R Hashem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Ayat M Tawfik
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Port-Said University, Port-Said, 42526, Egypt
| | - Reham M El-Tarabili
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Different Vaccination Regimes for Avian Influenza H9N2 in Broiler Chicken. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101875. [PMID: 33066560 PMCID: PMC7602138 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza virus is one of the major threats that has been affecting the poultry industry in the Middle East region for decades. Attempts to eradicate this disease have failed. Currently, there are commercial vaccines that are either imported or produced locally from recently circulating isolates of H9N2 in Egypt and Middle Eastern countries. This present work focused on comparing the effectiveness of two vaccines belonging to these categories in Egypt. Two commercial broiler flocks (Cobb-500 Broiler) with maternally derived immunity (MDA) against H9N2 virus were employed and placed under normal commercial field conditions or laboratory conditions. Immunity was evaluated on the basis of detectable humoral antibodies against influenza H9N2 virus, and challenge was conducted at 28 days of life using a recent wild H9N2 virus. The results showed that vaccination on the 7th day of life provided significantly higher immune response in both vaccine types, with significantly lower virus shedding compared to vaccination at day 1 of life, regardless of field or laboratory conditions. In addition, the vaccine produced from a recent local H9N2 isolate (MEFLUVAC-H9-16) provided a significantly higher humoral immune response under both field and laboratory conditions, as measured by serology and virus shedding (number of shedders and amount of shedding virus), being significantly lower following challenge on the 28th day of life, contrary to the imported H9 vaccine. In conclusion, use of H9N2 vaccine at 7 days of life provided a significantly higher protection than vaccination at day 1 of life in birds with MDA, suggesting vaccination regimes between 5-8-days of life for broiler chicks with MDA. Moreover, use of a vaccine prepared from a recently circulating H9N2 virus showed significantly higher protection and was more suitable for birds in the Middle East.
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Algammal AM, Hetta HF, Elkelish A, Alkhalifah DHH, Hozzein WN, Batiha GES, El Nahhas N, Mabrok MA. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): One Health Perspective Approach to the Bacterium Epidemiology, Virulence Factors, Antibiotic-Resistance, and Zoonotic Impact. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3255-3265. [PMID: 33061472 PMCID: PMC7519829 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s272733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major human pathogen and a historically emergent zoonotic pathogen with public health and veterinary importance. In humans, MRSA commonly causes severe infectious diseases, including food poisoning, pyogenic endocarditis, suppurative pneumonia, otitis media, osteomyelitis, and pyogenic infections of the skin, soft tissues. In the horse, MRSA could cause a localized purulent infection and botryomycosis; in cattle and ewe, localized pyogenic infection and severe acute mastitis with marked toxemia; in sheep, abscess disease resembles caseous lymphadenitis caused by anaerobic strains; in dogs and cats, pustular dermatitis and food poisoning; in pig, exudative epidermatitis “greasy pig disease; in birds, MRSA causes bumble-foot. The methicillin resistance could be determined by PCR-based detection of the mecA gene as well as resistance to cefoxitin. In Egypt, MRSA is one of the important occasions of subclinical and clinical bovine mastitis, and the prevalence of MRSA varies by geographical region. In this review, we are trying to illustrate variable data about the host susceptibility, diseases, epidemiology, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, treatment, and control of MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelazeem M Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit 71515, Egypt.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0595, USA
| | - Amr Elkelish
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Dalal Hussien H Alkhalifah
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael N Hozzein
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Nihal El Nahhas
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21515, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Mabrok
- Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.,Fish Infectious Diseases Research Unit (FID RU), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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16
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Genes Encoding the Virulence and the Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterotoxigenic and Shiga-Toxigenic E. coli Isolated from Diarrheic Calves. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060383. [PMID: 32532070 PMCID: PMC7354582 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calf diarrhea is one of the considerable infectious diseases in calves, which results in tremendous economic losses globally. To determine the prevalence of Shiga-toxigenic E. coli (STEC) and Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) incriminated in calf diarrhea, with special reference to Shiga- toxins genes (stx1 and stx2) and enterotoxins genes (lt and sta) that govern their pathogenesis, as well as the virulence genes; eaeA (intimin) and f41(fimbrial adhesion), and the screening of their antibiogram and antimicrobial resistance genes; aadB, sul1, and bla-TEM, a total of 274 fecal samples were collected (April 2018–Feb 2019) from diarrheic calves at different farms in El-Sharqia Governorate, Egypt. The bacteriological examination revealed that the prevalence of E. coli in diarrheic calves was 28.8%. The serotyping of the isolated E. coli revealed 7 serogroups; O26, O128, O111, O125, O45, O119 and O91. Furthermore, the Congo red binding test was carried out, where 89.8% of the examined strains (n = 71) were positive. The antibiogram of the isolated strains was investigated; the majority of E. coli serotypes exhibit multidrug resistance (MDR) to four antimicrobial agents; neomycin, gentamycin, streptomycin, and amikacin. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the prevalence of the virulence genes; stx1, stx2 lt, sta, f41 and eaeA, as well as the antimicrobial resistance genes; aadB, sul1, and bla-TEM. The prevalence of STEC was 20.2% (n = 16), while the prevalence of ETEC was 30.4% (n = 24). Briefly, the Shiga toxins genes; stx1 and stx2, are the most prevalent virulence genes associated with STEC, which are responsible for the pathogenesis of the disease and helped by the intimin gene (eaeA). In addition, the lt gene is the most prevalent enterotoxin gene accompanied by the ETEC strains, either alone or in combination with sta and/or f41 genes. The majority of pathogenic E. coli incriminated in calf diarrhea possesses the aadB resistance gene, followed by the sul1 gene. Enrofloxacin, florfenicol, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and ampicillin-sulbactam, are the most effective antimicrobial agents against the isolated STEC and ETEC strains.
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Algammal AM, El-Sayed ME, Youssef FM, Saad SA, Elhaig MM, Batiha GE, Hozzein WN, Ghobashy MOI. Prevalence, the antibiogram and the frequency of virulence genes of the most predominant bacterial pathogens incriminated in calf pneumonia. AMB Express 2020; 10:99. [PMID: 32472209 PMCID: PMC7260340 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic resistance and certain virulence genes of the most predominant bacterial pathogens causing BRD. A total of 225 calves; 55 apparently healthy and 170 diseased; were sampled. Bacteriological examination, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCR based detection of some virulence genes were performed. In addition, the serotyping of E. coli was performed using the slide agglutination test. The most predominant bacterial pathogens retrieved from apparently healthy calves were E. coli (16.4%) and S. aureus (10.9%), and in pneumonic calves were E. coli (23.5%), P. vulgaris (12.4%) and S. aureus (11.8%). The most prevalent virulence gene in E. coli was the fimH gene (100%), followed by eaeA gene (24.5%) and hly gene (20.4%). All the examined S. aureus strains harbored spa and coa genes; likewise, all P. multocida strains harbored toxA gene. The majority of the isolated strains displayed remarkable sensitivity to norfloxacin and enrofloxacin; furthermore, the retrieved E. coli strains exhibited multidrug-resistance to gentamicin, erythromycin, streptomycin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, in addition, the isolated S. aureus and P. aeruginosa strains showed multidrug-resistance to amoxicillin, ampicillin and tetracycline. E. coli serogroups including O18, O143, O1, and O6 were retrieved from pneumonic calves as the first report in Egypt. In conclusion, the synergism between the conventional and genotypic analysis is an effective gadget for the characterization of bacterial pathogens causing BRD. Continuous surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility is essential to select the drug of choice due to the development of multidrug-resistant strains.
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Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, Virulence and Enterotoxins-Determinant Genes of MRSA Isolated from Subclinical Bovine Mastitis in Egypt. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050362. [PMID: 32397408 PMCID: PMC7281566 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus has worldwide public health significance. Here, we aimed to determine the prevalence of S. aureus, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and the virulence and enterotoxins determinant genes of MRSA strains that caused subclinical bovine mastitis. Milk samples were collected from 120 lactating animals (50 buffaloes and 70 dairy cattle) from different farms located in Ismailia Province (Egypt). The collected samples were investigated for subclinical mastitis using a California mastitis test. The total prevalence of S. aureus was 35.9% (84/234) with 36.3% (53/146) in cattle and 31% (31/88) in buffaloes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 35.7% (30/84) of the isolated strains were resistant to cefoxitin, defined as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), with 37.7% (20/53) in cattle and 32.2% (10/31) in buffaloes. Using PCR, 100% of the tested strains harbored coa and mecA genes, while 86.6% were positive for spa gene, with remarkable gene size polymorphism. Additionally, 10% of the tested strains contained the pvl gene. Further, using multiplex PCR, 26.6% of the tested samples had sea gene, two strains had sec gene and only one strain had sea and sec genes. The seb and sed genes were absent in the tested strains. In conclusion, mecA, coa and spa virulence genes were widely distributed in MRSA strains isolated from bovine milk, whereas the sea gene was the most predominant enterotoxin gene. Notably, this is the first report that emphasizes the prevalence of pvl gene of MRSA isolated from bovine milk in Egypt.
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Molecular Typing, Antibiogram and PCR-RFLP Based Detection of Aeromonas hydrophila Complex Isolated from Oreochromis niloticus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030238. [PMID: 32235800 PMCID: PMC7157191 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile Aeromonas septicemia is a common bacterial disease that affects Oreochromis niloticus and causes tremendous economic losses globally. In order to investigate the prevalence, molecular typing, antibiogram and the biodiversity of Aeromonas hydrophila complex, a total of 250 tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were collected randomly from 10 private tilapia farms (25 fish/farm) at El-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The collected fish were subjected to clinical and bacteriological examinations. The majority of infected fish displayed ulcerative necrosis, exophthalmia, and internal signs of hemorrhagic septicemia. The prevalence of A. hydrophia complex was 13.2%, where the liver was the most predominant affected organ (54.1%). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to verify the identification of A. hydrophila complex using one set of primers targeting gyrB as well as the detection of virulent genes (aerA, alt, and ahp). All isolates were positive for the gyrB-conserved gene and harbored aerA and alt virulence genes. However, none of those isolates were positive for the ahp gene. The antimicrobial sensitivity was carried out, where the recovered strains were completely sensitive to ciprofloxacin and highly resistant to amoxicillin. All retrieved strains showed the same phenotypic characteristics and were identical based on the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Experimentally challenged fish presented a high mortality rate (76.67%) and showed typical signs as in naturally infected ones. In conclusion, the synergism of phenotypic and genotypic characterization is a valuable epidemiological tool for the diagnosis of A. hydrophila complex. RFLP is a fundamental tool for monitoring the biodiversity among all retrieved strains of A. hydrophia.
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Eid S, Marouf S, Hefny HY, Al-Atfeehy NM. Pasteurellaceae members with similar morphological patterns associated with respiratory manifestations in ducks. Vet World 2019; 12:2061-2069. [PMID: 32095060 PMCID: PMC6989323 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.2061-2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: A total of 112 freshly dead ducks aged from 2 to 20 weeks old with a history of respiratory manifestations were investigated for the implication of Pasteurellaceae family members. Materials and Methods: Isolation and identification to the family level were conducted by conventional bacteriological methods, including microscopic examination and biochemical characterization. Identification to the species level was conducted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and analytical profile index (API) 20E kits. Results: Conventional bacteriological isolation and biochemical characterization revealed the infection of 16/112 examined birds with a prevalence rate of 14.3%. PCR confirmed the detection of Pasteurellaceae family conserved genes RpoB and Bootz in 16/16 (100%) isolates. PCR was also used for genus and species identification of the isolated Pasteurellaceae members; the results revealed that 5/16 (31.3%) of isolates were Gallibacterium anatis and 2/16 of isolates (12.5%) were Pasteurella multocida. Riemerella anatipestifer, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Avibacterium paragallinarum were not detected by PCR. Biotyping by API 20E successfully identified 5/16 (31.3%) isolates that could not be typed by PCR and confirmed their belonging to Pasteurella pneumotropica. Neither the available PCR primer sets nor API 20E succeeded for species identification of 4/16 (25%) isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility profiling of isolates revealed that 16/16 (100%) of isolates demonstrated multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes. Moreover, 16/16 (100%) of isolates demonstrated a phenotypic resistance pattern to neomycin. Conclusion: Combined genotypic, phenotypic, biotyping, and virulence characterizations are required for laboratory identification of pathogenic Pasteurellaceae. Moreover, P. multocida was not the prevailed member implicated in respiratory problems in ducks as P. pneumotropica, G. anatis, and unidentified strains were involved with higher prevalence. Chloramphenicol and ampicillin demonstrated the highest in vitro effects on the studied Pasteurellaceae. Furthermore, the prevalence of multidrug-resistant isolates signified the demand to implement targeted surveillance in the ducks’ production sector, and MDR survey in poultry sectors in Egypt to apply effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Eid
- Department of Bacteriology, Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Nadi El-Seid St., P.O. Box 246, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Sherif Marouf
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hefny Y Hefny
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Zagazig Provincial Laboratory, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Nayera M Al-Atfeehy
- Department of Bacteriology, Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Nadi El-Seid St., P.O. Box 246, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
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21
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Enany ME, Algammal AM, Nasef SA, Abo-Eillil SAM, Bin-Jumah M, Taha AE, Allam AA. The occurrence of the multidrug resistance (MDR) and the prevalence of virulence genes and QACs resistance genes in E. coli isolated from environmental and avian sources. AMB Express 2019; 9:192. [PMID: 31797067 PMCID: PMC6890893 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colibacillosis is a major disease affecting poultry leads to high morbidity and mortality which causing tremendous economic losses worldwide. These economic disparities are amplified among low and middle-income where sanitation and hygiene are challenged by the increasing demand for quality sources of animal protein. With a view to investigating the prevalence of virulence genes and QACs resistance genes as well as monitoring the antibiogram of E. coli strains, a total of 368 specimens were collected from diseased broiler chickens (n = 226) and environmental sources (n = 142) at large-scale poultry farms in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. The bacteriological examination proved that E. coli prevalence was 26.76% and 50.44% in the farm environment and diseased broilers, respectively. In tandem, the isolated E. coli strains were serogrouped, determining the most common serotypes were O78, O1:H7, O91:H21 and O126. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility against 12 antibiotics, screened for 4 virulence genes (iss, papC, eaeA, and cfaI), and screened for 3 QACs resistance genes (qacEΔ1, qacA/B, and qacC/D). All the tested strains were positive for iss and papC genes, only 20.3% of the tested strains were positive for eaeA gene, moreover, the examined strains were negative to CFAI gene. Furthermore, all the tested strains were positive for qacEΔ1, qacA/B, and qacC/D genes. In conclusion; virulence genes (iss, papC) as well as QACs resistance genes are common in avian Pathogenic E. coli and environmental strains and are mainly associated with multi-drug resistance phenomena.![]()
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Whittaker DJ, Slowinski SP, Greenberg JM, Alian O, Winters AD, Ahmad MM, Burrell MJE, Soini HA, Novotny MV, Ketterson ED, Theis KR. Experimental evidence that symbiotic bacteria produce chemical cues in a songbird. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.202978. [PMID: 31537652 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Symbiotic microbes that inhabit animal scent glands can produce volatile compounds used as chemical signals by the host animal. Though several studies have demonstrated correlations between scent gland bacterial community structure and host animal odour profiles, none have systematically demonstrated a causal relationship. In birds, volatile compounds in preen oil secreted by the uropygial gland serve as chemical cues and signals. Here, we tested whether manipulating the uropygial gland microbial community affects chemical profiles in the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis). We found an effect of antibiotic treatment targeting the uropygial gland on both bacterial and volatile profiles. In a second experiment, we cultured bacteria from junco preen oil, and found that all of the cultivars produced at least one volatile compound common in junco preen oil, and that most cultivars produced multiple preen oil volatiles. In both experiments, we identified experimentally generated patterns in specific volatile compounds previously shown to predict junco reproductive success. Together, our data provide experimental support for the hypothesis that symbiotic bacteria produce behaviourally relevant volatile compounds within avian chemical cues and signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Whittaker
- BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Samuel P Slowinski
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Jonathan M Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Osama Alian
- BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-4320, USA
| | - Andrew D Winters
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Madison M Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Mikayla J E Burrell
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA.,Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Helena A Soini
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA.,Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Milos V Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA.,Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Ellen D Ketterson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Kevin R Theis
- BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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