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Weijdijk LPM, Ziukaite L, Van der Weijden GAF, Bakker EWP, Slot DE. The risk of tooth loss in patients with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Dent Hyg 2021; 20:145-166. [PMID: 33973353 PMCID: PMC9291053 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aim The aim of this systematic review was to comprehensively and critically summarize and synthesize the risk of losing teeth among with diabetes mellitus (DM) compared to those without DM, as established in observational studies. Materials and methods MEDLINE‐PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched through a period from their inception through October 2020 to identify eligible studies. Papers that primarily evaluate the number of teeth in DM patients compared to non‐DM individuals were included. A descriptive analysis of the selected studies was conducted, and when feasible, a meta‐analysis was performed. The quality of the studies was assessed. Results A total of 1087 references were generated, and screening of the papers resulted in 10 eligible publications. A descriptive analysis demonstrated that six of these studies indicate a significantly higher risk of tooth loss in DM patients. This was confirmed by the meta‐analysis risk ratio of 1.63 95% CI (1.33; 2.00, p < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis illustrates that this is irrespective of the risk‐of‐bias assessment. The higher risk of tooth loss in DM patients was also higher when only DM type II patients or studies with a cross‐sectional design were considered. Patients with a poor DM control status presented a significantly increased risk of tooth loss. When the data were separated by the world continent where the study was performed, Asia and South America had numerically higher risks and a 95% CI that did not overlap with Europe and North America. Conclusion There is moderate certainty for a small but significantly higher risk of tooth loss in DM patients as compared to those without DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte P M Weijdijk
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), ACTA is a joint venture between the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Amsterdam and the Faculty of Dentistry of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Clinic for Dentistry, Dental Care Utrecht (DCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), ACTA is a joint venture between the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Amsterdam and the Faculty of Dentistry of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Ziukaite
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), ACTA is a joint venture between the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Amsterdam and the Faculty of Dentistry of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G A Fridus Van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), ACTA is a joint venture between the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Amsterdam and the Faculty of Dentistry of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric W P Bakker
- Division Clinical Methods and Public Health Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Else Slot
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), ACTA is a joint venture between the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Amsterdam and the Faculty of Dentistry of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Histological and Nanomechanical Properties of a New Nanometric Hydroxiapatite Implant Surface. An In Vivo Study in Diabetic Rats. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13245693. [PMID: 33322243 PMCID: PMC7764315 DOI: 10.3390/ma13245693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Implant therapy is a predictable treatment to replace missing teeth. However, the osseointegration process may be negatively influenced by systemic conditions, such as diabetes mellitus (DM). Microtopography and implant surface developments are strategies associated to better bone repair. This study aimed to evaluate, in healthy and diabetic rats, histomorphometric (bone to implant contact = %BIC; and bone area fraction occupancy = %BAFO) and nanomechanical (elastic modulus = EM; and hardness = H) bone parameters, in response to a nanometric hydroxyapatite implant surface. Mini implants (machined = MAC; double acid etched = DAE, and with addition of nano-hydroxyapatite = NANO) were installed in tibias of healthy and diabetic rats. The animals were euthanized at 7 and 30 days. NANO surface presented higher %BIC and %BAFO when compared to MAC and DAE (data evaluated as a function of implant surface). NANO surface presented higher %BIC and %BAFO, with statistically significant differences (data as a function of time and implant surface). NANO surface depicted higher EM and H values, when compared to machined and DAE surfaces (data as a function of time and implant surface). Nano-hydroxyapatite coated implants presented promising biomechanical results and could be an important tool to compensate impaired bone healing reported in diabetics.
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Siddiqi A, Zafar S, Sharma A, Quaranta A. Diabetic patients' knowledge of the bidirectional link: are dental health care professionals effectively conveying the message? Aust Dent J 2019; 64:312-326. [PMID: 31509258 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has emerged as a global public health concern with significant upshots due to its high prevalence, severity and associated complications. The present review aims to evaluate the literature that has investigated the awareness and attitude of diabetic patients about their oral/periodontal health to identify gaps in the dissemination of this critical information. Literature addressing diabetic patient's awareness/knowledge, response to their periodontal health needs, and the source of oral health education was investigated using a computer search of electronic databases. Twenty-six papers were included in the systematic review for analysis. The studies reported data from 13 different countries involving 10 550 participants, 9843 patients with DM and 974 healthy controls. The overall analysis of the studies showed that approximately 73% of the diabetic patients were unaware of the link between their systemic condition (DM) and periodontal health. The results of the study show that a large number of diabetic patients are unaware of the link between oral/periodontal health and DM. There is a strong need to implement the recent guidelines established by the IDF/EFP concerning mutual care of diabetic patients by the medical and dental health care professionals. This will result in improved general and oral health of our diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Siddiqi
- Department of Periodontics and Implantology, School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Zafar
- Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Sharma
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Quaranta
- Department of Periodontics and Implantology, School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Yoo JJ, Kim DW, Kim MY, Kim YT, Yoon JH. The effect of diabetes on tooth loss caused by periodontal disease: A nationwide population-based cohort study in South Korea. J Periodontol 2019; 90:576-583. [PMID: 30548930 DOI: 10.1002/jper.18-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our purpose was to compare the risk of tooth loss caused by periodontal disease between diabetic and nondiabetic individuals and to estimate the relative risk of tooth loss according to the severity and control of diabetes. METHODS We selected 10,215 individuals who were diagnosed as diabetics in the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) database in 2003 and the same number of individuals who had never been diagnosed with diabetes during the period covered by the NHIS-NSC (2002-2013) with propensity score matching. Diabetic individuals were divided into two groups according to the treatment modality. We counted the number of teeth lost in each group to determine the difference in the risk of tooth loss among groups and used the Cox proportional hazards model to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) of tooth loss caused by periodontitis. RESULTS Diabetic individuals had a higher risk of tooth loss than nondiabetic individuals (HR = 1.298, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.233 ≤ HR ≤ 1.366; P < 0.01). The severer the degree of diabetes, the higher the risk of tooth loss. As the number of dental visits increased, the risk of tooth loss declined (HR = 0.998, 95% CI: 0.996 ≤ HR ≤ 0.999; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of this retrospective cohort study, the risk of tooth loss among diabetic individuals was higher than that among nondiabetic individuals. The risk of tooth loss declined with increasing numbers of dental visits and increased with the severity of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Joo Yoo
- Department of Prosthodontics, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Policy Research Affairs, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Yong Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Taek Kim
- Department of Periodontology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Ho Yoon
- Department of Prosthodontics, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Kurahashi T, Kitagawa M, Matsukubo T. Factors Associated with Number of Present Teeth in Adults in Japanese Urban City. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2017; 58:85-94. [DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2016-2200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Miki Kitagawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Tokyo Dental College
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Knight ET, Leichter JW, Tawse-Smith A, Thomson WM. Quantifying the Association Between Self-Reported Diabetes and Periodontitis in the New Zealand Population. J Periodontol 2015; 86:945-54. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.150048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zhao D, Zhang S, Chen X, Liu W, Sun N, Guo Y, Dong Y, Mo A, Yuan Q. Evaluation of Periodontitis and Bone Loss in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. J Periodontol 2014; 85:1515-20. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Chee B, Park B, Bartold PM. Periodontitis and type II diabetes: a two-way relationship. INT J EVID-BASED HEA 2014; 11:317-29. [PMID: 24298927 DOI: 10.1111/1744-1609.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For many years an association between diabetes and periodontitis has been suspected. In more recent times this relationship has been suggested to be bidirectional with each condition being able to influence the other. In this review the two-way relationship between diabetes and periodontitis is considered. For this narrative review a very broad search strategy of the literature was developed using both EMBASE and MEDLINE (via PubMed) databases. The reference lists from the selected papers were also scanned, and this provided an additional source of papers for inclusion and further assessment. The data available suggest that diabetes is a risk as well as a modifying factor for periodontitis. Individuals with diabetes are more likely to have periodontitis and with increased severity when diabetes is uncontrolled/poorly controlled. Possible mechanisms of how diabetes affects periodontitis include adipokine-mediated inflammation, neutrophil dysfunction, uncoupling of bone and advanced glycation end-products-receptor for advanced glycation end-products interaction. Evidence is accruing to support how periodontitis can affect diabetes and complications associated with diabetes. There is some evidence demonstrating that periodontal therapy can result in a moderate improvement in glycaemic control. Available evidence indicates that diabetes and peridontitis are intricately interrelated and that each condition has the capacity to influence clinical features of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Chee
- Department of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Dağ A, Tules Fırat E, Uysal E, Ketani Ş, Aydın Ketani M. Histological investigation of the impact of streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes on the healthy gingivae of rats. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014; 28:710-715. [PMID: 26740771 PMCID: PMC4684055 DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2014.943558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at the histological investigation of the impact of experimental diabetes on the healthy gingiva of rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were used in this study. The animals were randomly divided into two groups (n = 15) prior to the experiment. Group 1 experimental diabetes was created by streptozotocin injection in 15 rats. Group 2 comprised the control group (15 rats). On the 7th, 14th and 21st days after the induction of diabetes by streptozotocin, five animals from each group were euthanized by cardiac puncture. The gingiva of the maxillary left first molar tooth of the sacrificed animals was extracted for histological examination. Histological examination demonstrated that, when compared to the control group, the diabetes group displayed marked hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis of the gingival epithelium on day 21 post-induction. Furthermore, the diabetes group presented with an increased number of inflammatory cells and vasodilatation of the capillaries, in comparison to the controls. The overall evaluation of the findings obtained in this study suggested that diabetes alone could cause changes in the periodontium and affect periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Dağ
- Faculty of Dentistry, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | | | - Ersin Uysal
- Diyarbakir Vocational School, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Şennur Ketani
- Faculty of Education, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
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Li N, Collyer CA. Gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis - Complex domain structures confer diverse functions. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2014; 1:41-58. [PMID: 24466435 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.1.2011.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingipains, a group of arginine or lysine specific cysteine proteinases (also known as RgpA, RgpB and Kgp), have been recognized as major virulence factors in Porphyromonas gingivalis. This bacterium is one of a handful of pathogens that cause chronic periodontitis. Gingipains are involved in adherence to and colonization of epithelial cells, haemagglutination and haemolysis of erythrocytes, disruption and manipulation of the inflammatory response, and the degradation of host proteins and tissues. RgpA and Kgp are multi-domain proteins composed of catalytic domains and haemagglutinin/adhesin (HA) regions. The structure of the HA regions have previously been defined by a gingipain domain structure hypothesis which is a set of putative domain boundaries derived from the sequences of fragments of these proteins extracted from the cell surface. However, multiple sequence alignments and hidden Markov models predict an alternative domain architecture for the HA regions of gingipains. In this alternate model, two or three repeats of the so-called "cleaved adhesin" domains (and one other undefined domain in some strains) are the modules which constitute the substructure of the HA regions. Recombinant forms of these putative cleaved adhesin domains are indeed stable folded protein modules and recently determined crystal structures support the hypothesis of a modular organisation of the HA region. Based on the observed K2 and K3 structures as well as multiple sequence alignments, it is proposed that all the cleaved adhesin domains in gingipains will share the same β-sandwich jelly roll fold. The new domain model of the structure for gingipains and the haemagglutinin (HagA) proteins of P. gingivalis will guide future functional studies of these virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Li
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney NSW Australia
| | - C A Collyer
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney NSW Australia
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Amiri AA, Maboudi A, Bahar A, Farokhfar A, Daneshvar F, Khoshgoeian HR, Nasohi M, Khalilian A. Relationship between Type 2 Diabetic Retinopathy and Periodontal Disease in Iranian Adults. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014; 6:139-44. [PMID: 24741553 PMCID: PMC3978937 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.128476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: Periodontal disease in diabetic patients can compromise a patient's ability to maintain a proper metabolic control and may be associated with diabetic complication. Aims: This study was designed to evaluate the frequency of periodontal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and how this was related with the presence of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Materials and Methods: A comparison was made of periodontal parameters (plaque index (PI), community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), periodontal disease severity measured in quartiles of probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL)) in a group of diabetic patients with retinopathy (n = 84) versus a group of diabetic patients without retinopathy (n = 129). In addition, 73 age- and sex-matched individuals were selected to serve as the control group. Analysis was performed to evaluate the relationships between periodontal disease and DR. Results: In terms of PI, no statistically significant differences were observed, so, oral hygiene was similar in both groups. Diabetic patients with retinopathy had greater CPITN (P < 0.001) and more severe periodontal disease (P < 0.001) than no retinopathy. Also, our results indicated a relationship between type 2 DM and periodontal disease. Conclusions: The patients with diabetes retinopathy appear to show increased periodontal disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ahmadzadeh Amiri
- Bu Ali-Sina Clinical Research Development Unit, Diabetes Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran ; Diabetes Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Avideh Maboudi
- Department of Periodontics, Dental Faculty, Diabetes Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Adele Bahar
- Diabetes Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Asadollah Farokhfar
- Bu Ali-Sina Clinical Research Development Unit, Diabetes Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Daneshvar
- Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Mazandaran, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Nasohi
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Alireza Khalilian
- Department of Biostatistics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Sari, Iran
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Movva LR, Ho DK, Corbet EF, Leung WK. Type-2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic control, serum inflammatory factors, lifestyle, and periodontal status. J Dent Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Meenawat A, Punn K, Srivastava V, Meenawat AS, Dolas RS, Govila V. Periodontal disease and type I diabetes mellitus: Associations with glycemic control and complications. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2013; 17:597-600. [PMID: 24174752 PMCID: PMC3808013 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.119286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate periodontal health status in patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) and to establish a correlation between metabolic control and periodontal health status. MATERIALS AND METHODS Periodontal health parameters namely plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded in 28 patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) and 20 healthy controls. Diabetes history was recorded based on the information provided by the physician and it included date of diagnosis, duration, age of diagnosis, latest values of glycosylated haemoglobin and existing diabetic complications. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between periodontal parameters and degree of metabolic control, the duration of the disease and the appearance of complications. RESULTS The periodontal health in the diabetic group was compromised and they had greater bleeding index (P < 0.001), probing pocket depth (P < 0.001) and clinical attachment level (P = 0.001). Patients diagnosed for diabetes for shorter duration of time (4-7 years) showed bleeding index-disease severity correlation to be 1.760 ± 0.434. CONCLUSION Periodontal disease was more evident in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients and periodontal inflammation is greatly increased in subjects with longer disease course, poor metabolic control and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajita Meenawat
- Department of Periodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karan Punn
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Srivastava
- Department of Periodontics, Chandra Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anand S. Meenawat
- Department of Medicine, Satyam Hospital and Research Center, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R. S. Dolas
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Govila
- Department of Periodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Abstract
A bidirectional relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontal diseases (PDs) has been established. It is estimated that patients with poorly controlled DM are 3 times more likely to develop chronic PD compared with normoglycemic individuals despite similar composition in subgingival biofilms. Furthermore, these patients present with increased severity and rapid progression of attachment loss around teeth resulting in edentulism. Treatment of PD results in a modest but significant improvement in glycemic control in patients with DM reflected by a 0.4 % reduction in HbA1c-glycated hemoglobin levels. Compelling evidence from in vitro and animal studies supports a plausible biological explanation for the relationship between the 2 conditions centered on systemic low-grade inflammation. However, the limited number of comparable large randomized clinical trials is reflected in the limited specific guidelines offered by the international organizations for DM and PD regarding the management of the 2 diseases in an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corneliu Sima
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Room 221 Fitzgerald Building, 150 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been described as a new epidemic. Approximately 285 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, and this number is predicted to increase by approximately 50% by year 2030. This article will review oral health manifestations of diabetes and discuss associations between periodontal disease and diabetes. Although there is a strong body of evidence that supports the relationship between oral health and type 2 diabetes mellitus, oral health awareness is lacking among patients with diabetes and other health professionals. There is a need for the treating physician to be educated about the various oral manifestations of diabetes so that they can be diagnosed early and timely referrals to oral health specialists can be made. The established link between periodontitis and diabetes calls for an increased need to study ways to control both diseases, particularly among populations with health disparities and limited access to oral and health care.
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Abstract
The impact of dietary behaviors and food consumption and their relation to oral health are significant public health issues. Women and men exhibit different dietary behaviors. Understanding the influences of dietary behaviors on oral health from the perspective of gender disparities, however, is limited. This article provides the intersections of dietary factors and oral-systemic health for which women are at greater risk than men. Topics include the effect of dietary choices on oral health disparities seen in female patients. Interventional strategies at the local and community level that are designed to influence the balance between dietary habits and oral-systemic health are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Kim
- Department of Public Health, Center for Health Disparities, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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Ajita M, Karan P, Vivek G, S MA, Anuj M. Periodontal disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus: associations with glycemic control and complications: an Indian perspective. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2013; 7:61-63. [PMID: 23680241 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the frequency of periodontal disease in a group of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and its relationship with diabetic metabolic control, duration and complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comparison was made of periodontal parameters (plaque index, bleeding index, pocket depth and attachment loss) in a group of diabetic patients versus a group of non-diabetics (n=20). Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between periodontal parameters and degree of metabolic control, the duration of the disease and the appearance of complications. RESULTS Diabetics had greater bleeding index (p<0.001), probing pocket depth (p<0.001) and clinical attachment level (p=0.001). Patients diagnosed for diabetes for shorter duration of time (4-7 years) showed bleeding index-disease severity correlation to be 1.760 ± 0.434. CONCLUSION Patients with type 1 diabetes have increased periodontal disease susceptibility. Periodontal inflammation is greatly increased in subjects with longer disease course, poor metabolic control and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenawat Ajita
- Department of Periodontics, BBD College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Lucknow 226 010, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Chaudhari M, Hubbard R, Reid RJ, Inge R, Newton KM, Spangler L, Barlow WE. Evaluating components of dental care utilization among adults with diabetes and matched controls via hurdle models. BMC Oral Health 2012; 12:20. [PMID: 22776352 PMCID: PMC3528407 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-12-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background About one-third of adults with diabetes have severe oral complications. However, limited previous research has investigated dental care utilization associated with diabetes. This project had two purposes: to develop a methodology to estimate dental care utilization using claims data and to use this methodology to compare utilization of dental care between adults with and without diabetes. Methods Data included secondary enrollment and demographic data from Washington Dental Service (WDS) and Group Health Cooperative (GH), clinical data from GH, and dental-utilization data from WDS claims during 2002–2006. Dental and medical records from WDS and GH were linked for enrolees continuously and dually insured during the study. We employed hurdle models in a quasi-experimental setting to assess differences between adults with and without diabetes in 5-year cumulative utilization of dental services. Propensity score matching adjusted for differences in baseline covariates between the two groups. Results We found that adults with diabetes had lower odds of visiting a dentist (OR = 0.74, p < 0.001). Among those with a dental visit, diabetes patients had lower odds of receiving prophylaxes (OR = 0.77), fillings (OR = 0.80) and crowns (OR = 0.84) (p < 0.005 for all) and higher odds of receiving periodontal maintenance (OR = 1.24), non-surgical periodontal procedures (OR = 1.30), extractions (OR = 1.38) and removable prosthetics (OR = 1.36) (p < 0.001 for all). Conclusions Patients with diabetes are less likely to use dental services. Those who do are less likely to use preventive care and more likely to receive periodontal care and tooth-extractions. Future research should address the possible effectiveness of additional prevention in reducing subsequent severe oral disease in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Chaudhari
- Washington Dental Service, 9706 Fourth Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
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Silva JAF, Lopes Ferrucci D, Peroni LA, de Paula Ishi E, Rossa-Junior C, Carvalho HF, Stach-Machado DR. Periodontal disease-associated compensatory expression of osteoprotegerin is lost in type 1 diabetes mellitus and correlates with alveolar bone destruction by regulating osteoclastogenesis. Cells Tissues Organs 2012; 196:137-50. [PMID: 22301390 DOI: 10.1159/000330879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar bone resorption results from the inflammatory response to periodontal pathogens. Systemic diseases that affect the host response, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), can potentiate the severity of periodontal disease (PD) and accelerate bone resorption. However, the biological mechanisms by which DM1 modulates PD are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of DM1 on alveolar bone resorption and to evaluate the role of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) in osteoclastogenesis in rats. PD was induced by means of ligature in nondiabetic and in streptozotocyn-induced DM1 rats. Morphological and morphometric analyses, stereology and osteoclast counting were performed. RANKL and OPG mRNA levels, protein content, and location were determined. PD caused alveolar bone resorption, increased the number of osteoclasts in the alveolar bone crest and also promoted changes in RANKL/OPG mRNA expression. DM1 alone showed alveolar bone destruction and an increased number of osteoclasts at the periapical and furcal regions. DM1 exacerbated these characteristics, with a greater impact on bone structure, resulting in a low OPG content and a higher RANKL/OPG ratio, which correlated with prominent osteoclastogenesis. This work demonstrates that the effects of PD and DM1 enhance bone destruction, confirms the importance of the RANKL signaling pathway in bone destruction in DM1 in animal models and suggests the existence of alternative mechanisms potentiating bone degradation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliete Aparecida F Silva
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, Physiology and Biophysics, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Oates TW, Huynh-Ba G, Vargas A, Alexander P, Feine J. A critical review of diabetes, glycemic control, and dental implant therapy. Clin Oral Implants Res 2011; 24:117-27. [PMID: 22111901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically examine the evidence guiding the use of implant therapy relative to glycemic control for patients with diabetes and to consider the potential for both implant therapy to support diabetes management and hyperglycemia to compromise implant integration. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic approach was used to identify and review clinical investigations directly assessing implant survival or failure for patients with diabetes. A MEDLINE (PubMED) database search identified potential articles for inclusion using the search strategy: (dental implants OR oral implants) AND (diabetes OR diabetic). Inclusion in this review required longitudinal assessments including at least 10 patients, with included articles assessed relative to documentation of glycemic status for patients. RESULTS Although the initial search identified 129 publications, this was reduced to 16, for inclusion. Reported implant failure rates for diabetic patients ranged from 0% to 14.3%. The identification and reporting of glycemic control was insufficient or lacking in 13 of the 16 studies with 11 of these enrolling only patients deemed as having acceptable glycemic control, limiting interpretation of findings relative to glycemic control. Three of the 16 studies having interpretable information on glycemic control failed to demonstrate a significant relationship between glycemic control and implant failure, with failure rates ranging from 0% to 2.9%. CONCLUSIONS Clinical evidence is lacking for the association of glycemic control with implant failure while support is emerging for implant therapy in diabetes patients with appropriate accommodations for delays in implant integration based on glycemic control. The role for implants to improve oral function in diabetes management and the effects of hyperglycemia on implant integration remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Oates
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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21
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Takano M, Sugano N, Mochizuki S, Koshi RN, Narukawa TS, Sawamoto Y, Ito K. Hepatocytes produce tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in response to Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontal Res 2011; 47:89-94. [PMID: 21895661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The liver plays a major role in clearing systemic bacterial infections. In addition, inflammatory cytokines produced in the liver play a critical role in systemic cytokine levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by hepatocytes in response to periodontal pathogens. MATERIAL AND METHODS The mouse hepatic carcinoma cell line Hepa-1.6 and the mouse macrophage-like cell line RAW 264 were co-cultured in Transwell insert plates. Cells were stimulated with bacterial extracts prepared from Porphyromonas gingivalis and the induction of TNF-α and IL-6 was measured using real-time PCR and ELISA. RESULTS After stimulation with bacteria, the induction of TNF-α and IL-6 was observed in RAW 264 cells and Hepa-1.6 cells. Significant reduction of TNF-α mRNA expression in Hepa-1.6 cells was observed after treatment with antibody to TNF-α. CONCLUSION The results obtained in the present study show that P. gingivalis extract induces TNF-α and IL-6 in an in vitro liver model and that macrophage-derived TNF-α mediates the induction of TNF-α in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takano
- Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Newton KM, Chaudhari M, Barlow WE, Inge RE, Theis MK, Spangler LA, Hujoel PP, Reid RJ. A population-based study of periodontal care among those with and without diabetes. J Periodontol 2011; 82:1650-6. [PMID: 21609255 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our objectives were to describe the prevalence of periodontal care (a marker of periodontitis) among persons with and without diabetes and to examine the association between periodontal care and diabetes. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis, using 5 years of electronic data from a population-based cohort (N = 46,132), aged 40 to 70 years, with dental and medical insurance, and ≥ 1 dental and ≥ 1 medical visit. Periodontal care (yes/no) was defined by dental claims codes for procedures used to manage periodontitis. The association between periodontal care and diabetes was determined using logistic regression adjusted for and stratified by age, sex, insurance type, smoking status, body mass index (BMI) (in kilograms per square meter), and resource utilization band (RUB) (a measure of expected health care utilization attributable to comorbidity). RESULTS Overall, 11.2% (5,153 of 46,132) met diabetes criteria. The age-adjusted prevalence of periodontal care among those with and without diabetes was 39.1% and 32.5%, respectively (P <0.0001). The association between diabetes and periodontal care decreased with increasing age (interaction, P <0.0001), adjusting for BMI and RUB. The aged-stratified, adjusted odds ratio (OR) for periodontal care associated with diabetes was highest among those aged 40 to 44 years [OR, 1.6; confidence interval (CI), 1.30 to 1.97] and lowest among those aged 60 to 64 years (OR, 0.97; CI, 0.81 to 1.15) and was significant only among those aged 40 to 54 years. CONCLUSION We found that the prevalence of periodontal care was significantly higher among those with diabetes compared to those without diabetes and that the magnitude of this association decreased with increasing age.
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Abrao L, Chagas JK, Schmid H. Periodontal disease and risk for neuropathic foot ulceration in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 90:34-9. [PMID: 20637517 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetic neuropathy (DN) has been associated with oral dryness, tooth loss and an increased risk for foot ulceration, but the association between periodontal problems and DN has not been fully elucidated. This study investigated whether the risk for neuropathic foot ulceration (DM-NFUR) was associated with periodontal disease (PD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS This cross-sectional study examined 122 patients with type 2 diabetes for PD; findings were compared with results for presence of DM-NFUR. PD severity was classified as none/mild (NM-PD), moderate/severe (MS-PD) and edentulous (E). RESULTS NM-PD was found in 40.2% patients; MS-PD, in 32.0%; and 27.8% were edentulous. DM-NFUR was detected in 18.4% of the patients in the NM-PD group, in 68.2% in the MS-PD group, and in 61.8% of completely edentulous individuals. PD was significantly correlated with DM-NFUR (p<or=0.001). After adjustment for sex, age, diabetes duration, dental health care and education, PD and edentulism were independently associated with DM-NFUR (odds ratio(adjusted); 6.6; 95% CI 2.3-18.8; p<or=0.001, and odds ratio(adjusted) 4.9; 95% CI 1.6-15.3; p<or=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Patients with DM-NFUR have substantially more MS-PD and edentulism. Further studies should evaluate whether diabetic neuropathy is a risk factor for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Abrao
- Diabetes Education and Research Center, Hospital Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Al-Khabbaz AK, Al-Shammari KF, Al-Saleh NA. Knowledge about the association between periodontal diseases and diabetes mellitus: contrasting dentists and physicians. J Periodontol 2010; 82:360-6. [PMID: 20831373 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a strong body of evidence that supports the relationship between periodontal diseases and diabetes mellitus (DM). Many patients are unaware of the effects of diabetes on oral health. Whether health care providers are applying the information about the link between DM and periodontal diseases in their practices depends on the levels of their knowledge of such valuable information. Therefore, the aims of this study are to evaluate the knowledge of dental and medical practitioners concerning the effects of diabetes on periodontal health and to find out if the practitioners are aware of the bidirectional relationship between periodontal diseases and DM. METHODS This was a cross-sectional survey of randomly selected general practitioners practicing in Kuwait. Participants were asked about specific periodontal complications that they believed patients diagnosed with diabetes were more susceptible to, and their awareness of the bidirectional relationship between diabetes and periodontal diseases was evaluated. RESULTS A total of 510 general practitioners (232 physicians and 278 dentists) participated in the study. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding mean ages, sex distributions, and years in practice. Only 50% of all study participants believed that patients with diabetes were more susceptible to tooth loss because of periodontal diseases than were individuals without diabetes. Dentists were significantly more aware of gingival bleeding, tooth mobility, and alveolar bone resorption than were physicians. Factors significantly associated with having knowledge about the effects of diabetes on periodontal health in logistic regression analyses were older age, female sex, and the dental profession. CONCLUSION The knowledge about the association between periodontal diseases and DM should be increased among dental and medical practitioners to effectively prevent, manage, and control diabetes and periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej K Al-Khabbaz
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
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Stabholz A, Soskolne WA, Shapira L. Genetic and environmental risk factors for chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2010; 53:138-53. [PMID: 20403110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Heitz-Mayfield LJA, Lang NP. Comparative biology of chronic and aggressive periodontitis vs. peri-implantitis. Periodontol 2000 2010; 53:167-81. [PMID: 20403112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review was undertaken to address the similarities and dissimilarities between the two disease entities of periodontitis and peri-implantitis. The overall analysis of the literature on the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontitis and peri-implantitis provided an impression that these two diseases have more similarities than differences. First, the initiation of the two diseases is dependent on the presence of a biofilm containing pathogens. While the microbiota associated with periodontitis is rich in gram-negative bacteria, a similar composition has been identified in peri-implant diseases. However, increasing evidence suggests that S. aureus may be an important pathogen in the initiation of some cases of peri-implantitis. Further research into the role of this gram-positive facultative coccus, and other putative pathogens, in the development of peri-implantitis is indicated. While the initial host response to the bacterial challenge in peri-implant mucositis appears to be identical to that encountered in gingivitis, persistent biofilm accumulation may elicit a more pronounced inflammatory response in peri-implant mucosal tissues than in the dentogingival unit. This may be a result of structural differences (such as vascularity and fibroblast-to-collagen ratios). When periodontitis and peri-implantitis were produced experimentally by applying plaque-retaining ligatures, the progression of mucositis to peri-implantitis followed a very similar sequence of events as the development of gingivitis to periodontitis. However, some of the peri-implantitis lesions appeared to have periods of rapid progression, in which the infective lesion reached the alveolar bone marrow. It is therefore reasonable to assume that peri-implantitis in humans may also display periods of accelerated destruction that are more pronounced than that observed in cases of chronic periodontitis. From a clinical point of view the identified and confirmed risk factors for periodontitis may be considered as identical to those for peri-implantitis. In addition, patients susceptible to periodontitis appear to be more susceptible to peri-implantitis than patients without a history of periodontitis. As both periodontitis and peri-implantitis are opportunistic infections, their therapy must be antiinfective in nature. The same clinical principles apply to debridement of the lesions and the maintenance of an infection-free oral cavity. However, in daily practice, such principles may occasionally be difficult to apply in peri-implantitis treatment. Owing to implant surface characteristics and limited access to the microbial habitats, surgical access may be required more frequently, and at an earlier stage, in periimplantitis treatment than in periodontal therapy. In conclusion, it is evident that periodontitis and peri-implantitis are not fundamentally different from the perspectives of etiology, pathogenesis, risk assessment, diagnosis and therapy. Nevertheless, some difference in the host response to these two infections may explain the occasional rapid progression of peri-implantitis lesions. Consequently, a diagnosed peri-implantitis should be treated without delay.
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The effect of systemic anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment on Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in type 2 diabetic mice. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:379-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Xavier ACV, Silva IN, Costa FDO, Corrêa DS. [Periodontal status in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 53:348-54. [PMID: 19578597 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302009000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate periodontal condition of diabetic children and its related factors. METHODS The plaque index (PI), sites with bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were evaluated in all occlusion permanent teeth of 168 non smoking type 1 diabetic children, 13 +/- 3.5 years old. The PI and BOP evaluations were also performed in deciduous teeth. RESULTS It was observed a prevalence of 20.8% of gingivitis and 5.9% of periodontitis. Those individuals with poor metabolic control had higher percentage of affected sites on PD (p = 0.004) and on CAL (p = 0.014). Patients having more than five years with diabetes mellitus type 1 showed higher percentual of affected sites on PD (p = 0.002), on BOP (p < 0.001) and on CAL (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS DM1 duration and poor glycemic control were significantly associated with periodontal disturbances suggesting higher susceptibility of this population in developing DP.
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Maltz M, Jardim JJ, Alves LS. Health promotion and dental caries. Braz Oral Res 2010; 24 Suppl 1:18-25. [DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242010000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Kaur G, Holtfreter B, Rathmann WG, Schwahn C, Wallaschofski H, Schipf S, Nauck M, Kocher T. Association between type 1 and type 2 diabetes with periodontal disease and tooth loss. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:765-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tanwir F, Altamash M, Gustafsson A. Effect of diabetes on periodontal status of a population with poor oral health. Acta Odontol Scand 2009; 67:129-33. [PMID: 19367474 DOI: 10.1080/00016350802208406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes is a global health problem and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of diabetes on the periodontal status of a Pakistani population with poor oral hygiene. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty-eight individuals with diabetes and 80 non-diabetic individuals were recruited from a disadvantaged district in Karachi, Pakistan. The group with diabetes comprised 50 males and 38 females, and the non-diabetic group 43 males and 37 females. All underwent clinical and radiographic examination. RESULTS The average numbers of teeth in the diabetes and non-diabetes groups were 24 and 26, respectively. The odds ratio (OR) for missing or fewer teeth was 2.3 times higher for diabetics than for non-diabetics (CI 1.32-4.14; p<0.001). Diabetic patients had more sites with plaque than did non-diabetics (OR 1.96, CI 0.99-3.88; p<0.056). Moderate to severe periodontitis was significantly more prevalent among diabetic patients (p<0.01). CONCLUSION In this disadvantaged population with poor oral hygiene, diabetes has had a strongly negative influence on oral health: diabetic patients have fewer teeth, more plaque, and a higher prevalence of moderate to severe periodontal disease than non-diabetics.
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Morphological changes of gingiva in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Int J Dent 2009; 2009:725628. [PMID: 20339569 PMCID: PMC2836915 DOI: 10.1155/2009/725628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingivitis and periodontitis are chronic bacterial diseases of the underlying and surrounding tooth tissues. Diabetes mellitus is responsible for tooth deprivation both by decay and periodontal disease. The streptozotocin-induced diabetes results in a diabetic status in experimental animals similar to that observed in diabetes patients. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the gingival lesions and the microangiopathy changes in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups (control and experimental). Diabetes mellitus was induced by 45 mg/kg IV streptozotocin. The histological investigation of the marginal gingival and the relevant gingival papilla showed inflammation of the lamina propria and the squamous epithelium as well as marked thickness of the arteriole in the diabetic group, but no changes were observed in the control group. The results suggested a probable application of a routine gingival histological investigation in diabetic patients in order to control the progress of disease complications. It may be concluded that histological gingival investigation can be used as a routine assay for the control of the diabetic disease and prevention of its complications.
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Ünür M, Demirez E, Ağaçhan B, Görmüş U, Ergen A, Dalan B, İsbir T. The relationship of oral disturbances of diabetes mellitus patients with paraoxonase gene polymorphisms. Cell Biochem Funct 2008; 26:870-3. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ebersole JL, Holt SC, Hansard R, Novak MJ. Microbiologic and immunologic characteristics of periodontal disease in Hispanic americans with type 2 diabetes. J Periodontol 2008; 79:637-46. [PMID: 18380556 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiology of periodontitis in type 1 diabetes has been reported, but less is known about type 2 diabetes. Moreover, these data have not linked microbial colonization, host response, and clinical presentation in type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The objectives of this study were to relate periodontal status, periodontal microorganisms, and host-response characteristics in Hispanic Americans with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Plaque and serum samples were obtained from 63 Hispanic American subjects with and without type 2 diabetes. The microbiology of subgingival plaque samples was evaluated using DNA checkerboard hybridization, and serum antibody to a battery of oral microorganisms was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In general, similar pathogens were present in periodontitis sites from subjects with and without type 2 diabetes, although the periodontitis sites in diabetes showed a higher frequency of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), and Campylobacter spp. Serum antibody to Campylobacter rectus was elevated in type 2 diabetes, whereas antibody to P. gingivalis and C. rectus were elevated in subjects with periodontitis, irrespective of diabetes status. Stratification of the population based upon antibody to P. gingivalis or C. rectus suggested a linkage between elevated antibody to P. gingivalis, increased frequency of diabetes, and significantly worse periodontitis. CONCLUSION The increased severity of periodontal disease with type 2 diabetes may reflect an alteration of the pathogenic potential of periodontal bacteria and/or a modification of the characteristics of the host's inflammatory response that may contribute to a breakdown in the homeostasis of the periodontium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Novak MJ, Potter RM, Blodgett J, Ebersole JL. Periodontal disease in Hispanic Americans with type 2 diabetes. J Periodontol 2008; 79:629-36. [PMID: 18380555 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is a major risk factor for the development of periodontal disease in certain populations. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increased in Hispanic Americans, but its impact on the extent and severity of periodontal disease in this population has not been determined. METHODS Sixty-three Hispanic Americans, aged 33 to 72 years, from South Texas were grouped based on the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes. Past medical histories, including smoking, were obtained. Periodontal status was evaluated by measuring probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque, bleeding on probing, visual gingival inflammation, and calculus. RESULTS Type 2 diabetes was associated frequently with major medical complications in this population. Diabetes was associated with significantly more calculus formation and tooth loss and an increased extent and severity of periodontitis. Subjects with diabetes had nearly three times the mean CAL and frequency of PD >6 mm than subjects without diabetes and nearly twice the frequency of moderate to advanced attachment loss (> or =3 mm). Smoking and diabetes had significant independent effects on mean CAL and the frequency of deep pockets. Diabetes and smoking combined were associated with a significantly higher frequency of sites with CAL > or =3 mm compared to healthy non-smokers, healthy smokers, and non-smokers with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Hispanic Americans with type 2 diabetes had more supra- and subgingival calculus, an increased extent and severity of periodontal destruction, and an increased frequency of tooth loss due to periodontitis. An additive/synergistic contribution of type 2 diabetes and smoking for increasing the extent of periodontal disease was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M John Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Silva JAF, Lorencini M, Reis JRR, Carvalho HF, Cagnon VHA, Stach-Machado DR. The influence of type I diabetes mellitus in periodontal disease induced changes of the gingival epithelium and connective tissue. Tissue Cell 2008; 40:283-92. [PMID: 18439638 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease constitutes the most frequent chronic diseases in human dentition. Bacterial plaque is the main etiologic agent, although it is the host immune response that causes periodontal tissue destruction. Diabetes is considered an important risk factor, not only for the onset but also for progression of the disease. The aim of this study was to analyze structural changes in the rat gingival epithelium and connective tissue in response to the experimental periodontal disease induced by the ligature technique, under the influence of diabetes. The results showed that experimental periodontal disease is characterized by marked inflammation, affecting both the epithelial and connective tissues, causing degeneration of the dermal papilla, increase in the number of inflammatory cells, destruction of reticulin fibers, and accumulation of dense collagen fibers (fibrosis). These changes were worsened by diabetes, apparently by hampering the inflammatory response and affecting tissue repair of the affected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A F Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Colhoun HM, Slaney JM, Rubens MB, Fuller JH, Sheiham A, Curtis MA. Antibodies to periodontal pathogens and coronary artery calcification in type 1 diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:103-10. [PMID: 18230111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine whether serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels to Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans are higher in type 1 diabetic patients than in controls and are associated with coronary artery calcification, a measure of atherosclerosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS One-hundred and ninety nine type 1 diabetic patients (mean age 38 +/- 4 years) and 201 age- and gender-matched nondiabetic subjects had coronary artery calcification, as measured by electron beam computed tomography. Serum IgG levels to P. gingivalis W50 and to A. actinomycetemcomitans HK1651 whole cells were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS A similar proportion of diabetic patients (29%) and controls (31%, p = 0.7) had elevated serum IgG to periodontal bacteria, defined as being above the median antibody level for both microorganisms. Elevated antibody levels were associated with higher systolic blood pressure (p = 0.02) and an increased odds of coronary artery calcification in all subjects combined (odds ratio = 1.7, p = 0.047) and in diabetic subjects examined separately (odds ratio = 2.01, p = 0.027). Association of serum IgG levels with coronary artery calcification was independent of social class, lipids and antibody levels to other microorganisms, but not systolic blood pressure (odds ratio = 1.4, p = 0.1 on adjustment for blood pressure). There was no association between serum IgG level and vascular endothelial function. CONCLUSION Elevated levels of serum IgG to P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans are associated with coronary artery atherosclerosis. This may reflect a direct role for periodontal infection or a role for the host response to infection in coronary atherosclerosis, particularly in patients with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Colhoun
- The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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Kuo LC, Polson AM, Kang T. Associations between periodontal diseases and systemic diseases: a review of the inter-relationships and interactions with diabetes, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. Public Health 2007; 122:417-33. [PMID: 18028967 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review article is to examine the associations between periodontal diseases and common systemic diseases, namely diabetes, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. A substantial number of review articles have been published to elucidate the relationships between these diseases; however, none provide a complete overview on this topic from the aspects of definition, classification, clinical characteristics and manifestations, inter-relationships and interactions, proposed schematic mechanisms, clinical implications and management of periodontal patients with these systemic diseases. The aim of this article is to provide an overall understanding and general concepts of these issues in a concise and inter-related manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Chen Kuo
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Pontes Andersen CC, Flyvbjerg A, Buschard K, Holmstrup P. Relationship Between Periodontitis and Diabetes: Lessons From Rodent Studies. J Periodontol 2007; 78:1264-75. [PMID: 17608582 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.060491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A great amount of investigations have provided evidence that both type 1 and type 2 diabetes increase the risk and severity of periodontitis; several alterations in the diabetic periodontium are likely to be involved. Conversely, periodontitis has been shown to have an impact on diabetes, although less evidence is available on the underlying mechanisms. The association between periodontitis and diabetes has been discussed in several reviews over the past years; however, none has focused on the use and contribution of rodent models. METHODS This review describes the most commonly used rodent models of diabetes, periodontitis, and the association between the two diseases. Further, we summarize the influence of diabetes in the periodontium as well as the effect of periodontitis on diabetes status with special focus on evidence from experimental studies. RESULTS Rodent studies have confirmed human findings and further increased our knowledge on the alterations in the diabetic periodontium. On the other hand, few rodent investigations have explored the consequences of periodontitis for diabetes. Their results clearly indicate that periodontitis can become a health hazard not only for diabetes but also for prediabetes; the exact mechanisms are still to be unraveled. CONCLUSIONS Findings from rodent studies have been useful in increasing our understanding of periodontitis, diabetes, and their association and hold great promise for future investigations given the wide variety of possibilities for testing biologic hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla C Pontes Andersen
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Khader YS. Factors associated with periodontal diseases in Jordan: principal component and factor analysis approach. J Oral Sci 2007; 48:77-84. [PMID: 16858136 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.48.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify factors associated with periodontal disease in a Jordanian population using principal component and factor analysis techniques. Subjects were 603 dentate patients aged 15-65 years attending dental teaching clinics at the Jordan University of Science and Technology. Their oral hygiene and periodontal status were assessed using plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, gingival recession, and number of missing teeth. Factor and principal component analysis and binary logistic regression were conducted to identify factors related to periodontal disease. Probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, gingival recession, and number of missing teeth were sorted as the same factor and could be combined in one scale to measure the severity of periodontal disease. On the other hand, plaque index and gingival index were sorted as another factor and could be combined in another scale to correlate between oral hygiene and gingival status. The results demonstrated that increased age, low level of education, increased plaque index score, not brushing teeth, smoking more than 15 pack-years, and having diabetes were significantly associated with increased severity of periodontal disease. In conclusion, it was possible to form a standard scale, based on linear combinations of periodontal indices and parameters, to measure the severity of periodontal disease and determine its risk indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Saleh Khader
- Department of Public Health, Community Medicine and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid.
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Engebretson SP, Vossughi F, Hey-Hadavi J, Emingil G, Grbic JT. The influence of diabetes on gingival crevicular fluid beta-glucuronidase and interleukin-8. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33:784-90. [PMID: 16911568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2006.00984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) dysfunction is associated with diabetes. We examined the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) beta-glucuronidase (BG) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels of periodontitis patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty five adults with type 2 DM and 32 adults without DM, both with chronic periodontitis were enrolled. GCF was collected from eight posterior sites in each quadrant, and periodontal parameters were recorded. GCF was assayed for IL-8 by ELISA and BG by a fluorometric assay. RESULTS GCF IL-8 was positively correlated with probing depth (PD), and GCF BG but not clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), or plaque index (PI). In contrast, GCF BG was strongly correlated with each of the clinical measures of periodontal disease. Subjects with DM significantly lower levels of both BG (73.0+/-44.8 versus 121.9+/-84.6 pg/sample; p=0.002) and IL-8 (32.1+/-33.1 versus 90.8+/-83.2 pg/sample; p<0.0001) even after adjustments for age, gender, PD, CAL, BOP, and PI. Neither BG nor IL-8 was correlated with HbA1c levels in subjects with DM. CONCLUSION These data suggest that an inadequate local response by PMN, partially explained by an altered chemokine gradient, may contribute to periodontal disease in patients with type 2 DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Engebretson
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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Faria-Almeida R, Navarro A, Bascones A. Clinical and metabolic changes after conventional treatment of type 2 diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2006; 77:591-8. [PMID: 16584339 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the response to conventional periodontal treatment between patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus from a clinical and metabolic standpoint. METHODS A prospective, parallel, comparative longitudinal clinical study was performed between type 2 diabetics and non-diabetics with moderate generalized chronic periodontitis. The study period was 6 months. Conventional periodontal scaling and root planing were performed, and the response to this treatment was compared between the groups at 3 and 6 months, measuring the plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, level of clinical attachment, and gingival recession. In the diabetic patients, the clinical response was related to measurements of HbA1c and glucose in blood at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS An improvement in all clinical variables was observed, with no statistically significant differences between the groups, with the exception of probing depth (P <0.0207). The improvement observed in blood HbA1c levels confirmed a positive metabolic response to periodontal treatment, with a lower value for this variable at each measurement time. CONCLUSIONS Both groups of patients showed a clinical improvement after basic non-surgical periodontal treatment. The diabetic patients showed improved metabolic control (lower HbA1c) at 3 and 6 months after periodontal treatment.
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Kunzel C, Lalla E, Lamster IB. Management of the patient who smokes and the diabetic patient in the dental office. J Periodontol 2006; 77:331-40. [PMID: 16512746 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.040276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approaches to patient care consistent with a greater emphasis on the importance of risk factors associated with periodontal disease should include measures to reduce risk. In this article, we investigate the extent to which periodontists' and general practice dentists' (GPs) behaviors and attitudes reflect current understanding of the most important environmental risk factor for periodontitis (smoking) and the most important systemic disease risk factor for periodontitis (diabetes mellitus). METHODS A mail survey of active periodontists and GPs in the Northeastern United States was conducted during the fall of 2002. Random samples of periodontists and GPs listed in the designated Northeastern states were drawn from the 2002 American Academy of Periodontology Directory and the 2001 American Dental Directory, respectively. Responses were received from 103 periodontists (for a response rate of 73%) and from 105 GPs (for a response rate of 80%). RESULTS Although periodontists generally perform risk identification and management behaviors for patients who smoke or who have diabetes more frequently than GPs, both groups tend to engage in activities that inquire, discuss, and inform more than they tend to undertake measures to control or manage these risk factors. Rates of proactive patient management activities are quite low in both clinician groups. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to increase periodontists' and GPs' involvement in the active management of the patient who smokes and in the diabetic patient. Such actions can be expected to result in improved periodontal and general health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Kunzel
- College of Dental Medicine, Division of Community Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Khader YS, Dauod AS, El-Qaderi SS, Alkafajei A, Batayha WQ. Periodontal status of diabetics compared with nondiabetics: a meta-analysis. J Diabetes Complications 2006; 20:59-68. [PMID: 16389170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the association between diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases by comparing the extent and severity of periodontal diseases between diabetics and nondiabetics. METHODS A literature search was performed using MEDLINE database for published studies from January 1970 through October 2003 with manual search for references in relevant studies. This meta-analysis was based on 18 comparative cross-sectional studies, three prospective cohort studies and baseline data of two clinical trials that compared oral hygiene, gingival and periodontal status between diabetics and nondiabetics. Heterogeneity was obvious among included studies; therefore, the analysis using random-effects model was conducted. RESULTS This study demonstrated that diabetics had significantly worse oral hygiene as measured by the average of plaque index (P1I), higher severity of gingival disease as measured by the average of gingival index (GI) and higher severity of periodontal disease as measured by the average of probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). However, diabetics had similar extent of oral hygiene, gingival and periodontal disease as measured by percentages of surfaces or sites with specific scores of P1I, GI, bleeding on probing (BOP), PPD and CAL. CONCLUSIONS Diabetics had a significantly higher severity but the same extent of periodontal disease than nondiabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef S Khader
- Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, P.O. BOX 121, Jordan.
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Heitz-Mayfield LJA. Disease progression: identification of high-risk groups and individuals for periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32 Suppl 6:196-209. [PMID: 16128838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2005.00803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS While the role of bacteria in the initiation of periodontitis is primary, a range of host-related factors influence the onset, clinical presentation and rate of progression of disease. The objectives of this review are (1) to present evidence for individual predictive factors associated with a patient's susceptibility to progression of periodontitis and (2) to describe the use of prognostic models aimed at identifying high-risk groups and individuals in a clinical setting. METHODS Relevant publications in the English language were identified after Medline and PubMed database searches. Because of a paucity of longitudinal studies investigating factors including clinical, demographic, environmental, behavioural, psychosocial, genetic, systemic and microbiologic parameters to identify individuals at risk for disease progression, some association studies were also included in this review. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoking is a strong predictor of progressive periodontitis, the effect of which is dose related. High levels of specific bacteria have been predictive of progressive periodontitis in some studies but not all. Diabetics with poor glycaemic control have an increased risk for progression of periodontitis. The evidence for the effect of a number of putative factors including interleukin-1 genotype, osteoporosis and psychosocial factors is inconclusive and requires further investigation in prospective longitudinal studies. Specific and sensitive diagnostic tests for the identification of individuals susceptible to disease progression are not yet a reality. While factors assessed independently may not be valuable in predicting risk of future attachment loss, the combination of factors in a multifactorial model may be useful in identifying individuals at risk for disease progression. A number of multifactorial models for risk assessment, at a subject level have been developed but require validation in prospective longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J A Heitz-Mayfield
- Centre for Rural and Remote Oral Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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Bailey R, Gueldner S, Ledikwe J, Smiciklas-Wright H. The Oral Health of Older Adults: An Interdisciplinary Mandate. J Gerontol Nurs 2005; 31:11-7. [PMID: 16047955 DOI: 10.3928/0098-9134-20050701-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regan Bailey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Salvi GE, Kandylaki M, Troendle A, Persson GR, Lang NP. Experimental gingivitis in type 1 diabetics: a controlled clinical and microbiological study. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32:310-6. [PMID: 15766376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2005.00682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To monitor clinical and microbiological changes during experimental gingivitis in type 1 diabetics and non-diabetics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine type 1 diabetics with good/moderate metabolic control and nine age-gender matched non-diabetics were recruited. Probing pocket depths in all subjects did not exceed 4 mm and none were affected by attachment loss. According to the original model, an experimental 3-week plaque accumulation resulting in experimental gingivitis development and a subsequent 2-week period of optimal plaque control were staged. Subgingival plaque samples were collected at days 0, 21 and 35 from one site per quadrant, pooled and analysed using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. RESULTS Diabetics (mean age 25.6+/-5.8 standard deviation (SD), range 16-35 years) had a mean HbA1c level of 8.1+/-0.7% (SD), while non-diabetics (mean age 24.8+/-5.7 (SD), range 15-36 years) were metabolically controlled (HbA1c< or =6.5%). Between Days 0, 21 and 35, no statistically significant differences in mean plaque and gingival index scores were observed between diabetics and non-diabetics. At days 7 and 21, however, diabetics showed statistically significantly higher percentages of sites with gingival index scores > or =2 compared with non-diabetics. Mean DNA probe counts of the red and orange complex species increased significantly (p<0.05) between days 0 and 21 and decreased significantly (p<0.05) between days 21 and 35 in both groups. CONCLUSION Both diabetics and non-diabetics react to experimental plaque accumulation with gingival inflammation. Type 1 diabetics, however, develop an earlier and higher inflammatory response to a comparable bacterial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni E Salvi
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
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Georgiou TO, Marshall RI, Bartold PM. Prevalence of systemic diseases in Brisbane general and periodontal practice patients. Aust Dent J 2005; 49:177-84. [PMID: 15762338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2004.tb00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis has been associated with a number of systemic diseases such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart diseases, and respiratory diseases. This study aimed to determine whether there is a significant difference in the prevalence of systemic diseases (a) in patients referred for periodontal care compared to the general practice population, (b) in patients attending a public hospital and private practices, (c) in patients attending public and private periodontal practices, and (d) among patients with periodontitis of varying severity. METHODS Charts of 1000 adult patients were selected from four clinics (University of Queensland (UQ) School of Dentistry Admissions Clinic, UQ School of Dentistry Periodontics Clinic, Private Periodontal Practice, and Private General Dental Practice). The prevalence of medical conditions was evaluated using validated self-reported health questionnaires. The periodontal condition was assessed from the most recent relevant radiographs in the files. RESULTS Periodontal patients had a higher prevalence of systemic diseases compared to the general practice population. Public patients had a greater prevalence of systemic diseases compared to patients in private practice for both general practice and periodontal patients. In patients with advanced periodontitis, bronchitis, hepatitis and rheumatoid arthritis were most prevalent. Patients with periodontitis also took more medications and were more likely to suffer from multiple conditions compared to the general dental population. CONCLUSIONS Patients attending public dental facilities have an increased prevalence of systemic disease compared to those attending private practices. Furthermore periodontal patients have a greater prevalence of diseases compared to general practice patients. Patients with moderate or advanced periodontitis show an increase in the prevalence of some systemic diseases previously reported to be risk factors for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T O Georgiou
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland
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Campus G, Salem A, Uzzau S, Baldoni E, Tonolo G. Diabetes and Periodontal Disease: A Case-Control Study. J Periodontol 2005; 76:418-25. [PMID: 15857077 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.3.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is often associated with diabetes and might be considered one of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus, both in Type 1 (T1DM) and Type 2 (T2DM). This case-control study was designed to evaluate the possible association between non-insulin-dependent diabetes (T2DM) and clinical and microbiological periodontal disease among adult Sardinians. METHODS A total of 212 individuals participated in this study: 71 T2DM patients aged 61.0 +/- 11.0 years and 141 non-diabetic controls in good general health aged 59.1 +/- 9.2 years. All subjects were given a clinical periodontal examination for probing depth, attachment level, presence of calculus, bleeding on probing, and assessment of plaque. Subgingival plaque samples were obtained, and P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, and T. forsythensis were identified using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS T2DM patients showed a significantly lower number of teeth present (P = 0.002); a significant increase in number of probing depths >4 mm, and percent of pocket depths >4 mm (P = 0.04 and P = 0.05, respectively); periodontitis (P = 0.046); bleeding on probing (P = 0.02); and plaque index (P = 0.01). A significant association with diabetes was detected for plaque (X2= 4.46; P <0.05) and bleeding on probing (X2= 3.60; P <0.05). Concerning bacteria prevalence, a positive association was detected for P. gingivalis (X2= 2.80; P <0.05) and T. forsythensis (X2= 3.87; P <0.05). Presence of plaque was positively associated with case status (odds ratio [OR] = 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2, 3.6) and with prevalence of P. gingivalis and T. forsythensis (OR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.3, 2.2; and 1.2, 95% CI: 1.2, 1.8, respectively). CONCLUSION Patients with T2DM undoubtedly have a susceptibility for more severe periodontal disease.
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Engebretson SP, Hey-Hadavi J, Ehrhardt FJ, Hsu D, Celenti RS, Grbic JT, Lamster IB. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of interleukin-1beta and glycemic control in patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes. J Periodontol 2004; 75:1203-8. [PMID: 15515334 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.9.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with diabetes have increased incidence and severity of periodontal disease not accounted for by differences in the subgingival microbial infection. Poor glycemic control has been consistently associated with periodontal disease severity. Also, recent evidence suggests that hyperglycemia may induce inflammatory cytokine production. Few studies, however, have examined local biochemical measures of periodontal inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine whether glycemic control was related to gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). METHODS GCF samples were collected from 45 patients with type 2 diabetes and untreated chronic periodontitis. Plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and attachment level (AL) were recorded at six sites per tooth. IL-1beta levels were determined from individual GCF samples by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). Individual site and mean patient values were calculated. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were measured from anticoagulated whole blood using an automated affinity chromatography system. Serum glucose was also determined. RESULTS Clinical periodontal measures (PD, AL, BOP) and measures of glycemic control (HbA1c, random glucose) were significantly correlated with GCF IL-1beta. Patients with greater than 8% HbA1c had significantly higher mean GCF IL-1beta levels than patients with less than 8% HbA1c. In a multivariate model adjusting for age, gender, PD, AL, BOP, and PI, HbA1c and random glucose were independent predictors of high GCF IL-1beta. CONCLUSIONS Poor glycemic control is associated with elevated GCF IL-1beta. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that hyperglycemia contributes to an heightened inflammatory response, and suggests a mechanism to account for the association between poor glycemic control and periodontal destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Engebretson
- Columbia University School of Dental & Oral Surgery, Division of Periodontics, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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