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Porphyromonas spp. have an extensive host range in ill and healthy individuals and an unexpected environmental distribution: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Anaerobe 2020; 66:102280. [PMID: 33011277 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the anaerobic bacteria Porphyromonas, mainly focused on P. gingivalis, have revealed new bacterial structures, metabolic pathways, and physiologic functionalities. Porphyromonas are mainly described as being associated with mammals and involved in chronic oral infections and secondary pathologies such as cancers or neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we collected and analyzed information regarding Porphyromonas isolation sites and associated conditions and showed that Porphyromonas are detected in numerous pristine and anthropic environments and that their host range appears wider than previously believed, including aquatic animals, arthropods, and birds, even if their predominant hosts remain humans, pets, and farm animals. Our analyses also revealed their presence in multiple organs and in a substantial proportion of healthy contexts. Overall, the growing numbers of microbiota studies have allowed unprecedented advances in the understanding of Porphyromonas ecology but raise questions regarding their phylogenic assignment. In conclusion, this systematic and meta-analysis provides an overview of current knowledge regarding Porphyromonas ecological distribution and encourages additional research to fill the knowledge gaps to better understand their environmental distribution and inter- and intra-species transmission.
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Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of severe periodontitis includes herpesvirus-bacteria coinfection. This article evaluates the pathogenicity of herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus) and periodontopathic bacteria (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis) and coinfection of these infectious agents in the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Cytomegalovirus and A. actinomycetemcomitans/P. gingivalis exercise synergistic pathogenicity in the development of localized ("aggressive") juvenile periodontitis. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus are associated with P. gingivalis in adult types of periodontitis. Periodontal herpesviruses that enter the general circulation may also contribute to disease development in various organ systems. A 2-way interaction is likely to occur between periodontal herpesviruses and periodontopathic bacteria, with herpesviruses promoting bacterial upgrowth, and bacterial factors reactivating latent herpesviruses. Bacterial-induced gingivitis may facilitate herpesvirus colonization of the periodontium, and herpesvirus infections may impede the antibacterial host defense and alter periodontal cells to predispose for bacterial adherence and invasion. Herpesvirus-bacteria synergistic interactions, are likely to comprise an important pathogenic determinant of aggressive periodontitis. However, mechanistic investigations into the molecular and cellular interaction between periodontal herpesviruses and bacteria are still scarce. Herpesvirus-bacteria coinfection studies may yield significant new discoveries of pathogenic determinants, and drug and vaccine targets to minimize or prevent periodontitis and periodontitis-related systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Chen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jørgen Slots
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Calcium and vitamin D supplementation and/or periodontal therapy in the treatment of periodontitis among Brazilian pregnant women: protocol of a feasibility randomised controlled trial (the IMPROVE trial). Pilot Feasibility Stud 2019; 5:38. [PMID: 30873290 PMCID: PMC6402123 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-019-0417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontitis is a common oral inflammation, which is a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Intakes of vitamin D and calcium are inversely associated with occurrence and progression of periodontitis. This study aims to assess the feasibility of a multi-component intervention, including provision of milk powder supplemented with calcium and vitamin D and periodontal therapy (PT), for improving maternal periodontal health and metabolic and inflammatory profiles of low-income Brazilian pregnant women with periodontitis. Methods The IMPROVE trial is a feasibility randomised controlled trial (RCT) with a 2 × 2 factorial design with a parallel process evaluation. Pregnant women with periodontitis, aged 18–40 years and with < 20 gestational weeks (n = 120) were recruited and randomly allocated into four groups: (1) fortified sachet (vitamin D and calcium) and powdered milk plus PT during pregnancy, (2) placebo sachet and powdered milk plus PT during pregnancy, (3) fortified sachet (vitamin D and calcium) and powdered milk plus PT after delivery and (4) placebo sachet and powdered milk plus PT after delivery. Dentists and participants are blinded to fortification. Acceptability of study design, recruitment strategy, random allocation, data collection procedures, recruitment rate, adherence and attrition rate will be evaluated. Data on serum levels of vitamin D, calcium and inflammatory biomarkers; clinical periodontal measurements; anthropometric measurements; and socio-demographic questionnaires are collected at baseline, third trimester and 6–8 weeks postpartum. Qualitative data are collected using focus group, for analysis of favourable factors and barriers related to study adherence. Discussion Oral health and mineral/vitamin supplementation are much overlooked in the public prenatal assistance in Brazil and of scarcity of clinical trials addressing these issues in low and middle-income countries,. To fill this gap the present study was designed to assess the feasibility of a RCT on acceptability of a multi-component intervention combining conventional periodontal treatment and consumption of milk fortified with calcium-vitamin D for improving periodontal conditions and maternal metabolic and inflammation status, among Brazilian low-income pregnant women with periodontitis. Thus, we hope that this relatively low-cost and safe multicomponent intervention can help reduce inflammation, improve maternal periodontal health and metabolic profile and consequently prevent negative gestational outcomes. Trial registration NCT, NCT03148483. Registered on May 11, 2017.
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Chen C, Hemme C, Beleno J, Shi ZJ, Ning D, Qin Y, Tu Q, Jorgensen M, He Z, Wu L, Zhou J. Oral microbiota of periodontal health and disease and their changes after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. THE ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:1210-1224. [PMID: 29339824 PMCID: PMC5932080 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-017-0037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the microbial diversity and community assembly of oral microbiota in periodontal health and disease and after nonsurgical periodontal treatment. The V4 region of 16S rRNA gene from DNA of 238 saliva and subgingival samples of 21 healthy and 48 diseased subjects was amplified and sequenced. Among 1979 OTUs identified, 28 were overabundant in diseased plaque. Six of these taxa were also overabundant in diseased saliva. Twelve OTUs were overabundant in healthy plaque. There was a trend for disease-associated taxa to decrease and health-associated taxa to increase after treatment with notable variations among individual sites. Network analysis revealed modularity of the microbial communities and identified several health- and disease-specific modules. Ecological drift was a major factor that governed community turnovers in both plaque and saliva. Dispersal limitation and homogeneous selection affected the community assembly in plaque, with the additional contribution of homogenizing dispersal for plaque within individuals. Homogeneous selection and dispersal limitation played important roles, respectively, in healthy saliva and diseased pre-treatment saliva between individuals. Our results revealed distinctions in both taxa and assembly processes of oral microbiota between periodontal health and disease. Furthermore, the community assembly analysis has identified potentially effective approaches for managing periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Chen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Chris Hemme
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Joan Beleno
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhou Jason Shi
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Daliang Ning
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Yujia Qin
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Qichao Tu
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Michael Jorgensen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhili He
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Liyou Wu
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Costa B, Lima JEDO, Gomide MR, Rosa OPDS. Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of the Periodontal Status of Children with Unilateral Complete Cleft Lip and Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2017; 40:585-9. [PMID: 14577819 DOI: 10.1597/01-083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare periodontal conditions in children with and without cleft. Design Clinical examinations and microbiological analysis of 57 selected children, including 30 with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (experimental group) and 27 without clefts (control group). Setting Hospital of Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRCA) in Bauru, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Patients, Participants All children examined were healthy and between the ages of 5 and 6 years. Results The mean plaque index (PI) in the experimental group was higher (1.82 ± 0.3) than in the control group (1.63 ± 0.38), although this difference was not statistically significant. The mean gingival index (GI) in the experimental group (1.82 ± 0.38) was found to be significantly higher (p < .05) than that of the control group (0.79 ± 0.33). The cleft area in the experimental group, with a mean PI of 2.04 ± 0.58 and mean GI of 1.11 ± 0.26, compared with the posterior area, with a mean PI of 1.74 ± 0.37 and mean GI of 1.04 ± 0.26, showed a statistically significant difference only in the PI. Most of the children in both experimental and control groups presented a moderate PI degree (73.33% and 81.48%, respectively) and a high prevalence of mild gingivitis (53.33% and 70.37%, respectively). Analysis of the organisms showed that Prevotella nigrescens was detected in 16.67% of the experimental group and 11.11% of the control, whereas Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola were not detected. Conclusion Children with clefts showed greater gingival inflammation, despite the same amount of plaque and prevalence of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Costa
- Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of Sao Paulo, Bauru, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Du Q, Li M, Zhou X, Tian K. A comprehensive profiling of supragingival bacterial composition in Chinese twin children and their mothers. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 110:615-627. [PMID: 28120199 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0828-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the factors influencing the oral microbiome, 16 twin pairs and their mothers were enrolled in this study. There were 7 monozygotic (MZ) twins and 9 dizygotic (DZ) twins, with an average age of 6.18 ± 3.5. Supragingival plaques and caries tissues were collected and the 16S rDNA was analyzed by 454 pyrosequencing. A total of 18 phyla and 179 genuses were found. Caries children harbored a higher portion of Actinobacteria than caries-free ones, and one lineage was found to be less abundant in the caries tissues compared to the supragingival plaque at each level from the phylum down to the genus level, which was Fusobacteria at Phylum, Fusobacteriia at Class, Fusobacteriales at Order, Leptotrichiaceae at Family and Leptotrichia at genus level. The adults harbored a significantly higher portion of Treponema, which may be related to adult periodontitis. The phylogenetic tree showed that there was a high similarity of oral microbiota within co-twins, but no significant difference was detected between MZ and DZ twins. Also, the similarity level of primary dentition children to their mother was significantly higher than that of mixed dentition children, suggesting that environmental factors may have a stronger impact than the genetic factors on the constitution of the oral microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Du
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kun Tian
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Silva de Araujo Figueiredo C, Gonçalves Carvalho Rosalem C, Costa Cantanhede AL, Abreu Fonseca Thomaz ÉB, Fontoura Nogueira da Cruz MC. Systemic alterations and their oral manifestations in pregnant women. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2017; 43:16-22. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Monteiro MDF, Casati MZ, Taiete T, do Vale HF, Nociti FH, Sallum EA, Silvério KG, Casarin RCV. Periodontal clinical and microbiological characteristics in healthyversusgeneralized aggressive periodontitis families. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42:914-21. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcio Z. Casati
- Division of Periodontics; State University of Campinas; Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Tiago Taiete
- Division of Periodontics; State University of Campinas; Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Hugo F. do Vale
- Division of Periodontics; State University of Campinas; Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | | | | | - Karina G. Silvério
- Division of Periodontics; State University of Campinas; Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
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Haubek D, Johansson A. Pathogenicity of the highly leukotoxic JP2 clone of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and its geographic dissemination and role in aggressive periodontitis. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:23980. [PMID: 25206940 PMCID: PMC4139931 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.23980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis in adolescents. In the middle of the 1990s, a specific JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans, belonging to the cluster of serotype b strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans and having a number of other characteristics, was found to be strongly associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis, particularly in North Africa. Although several longitudinal studies still point to the bacterial species, A. actinomycetemcomitans as a risk factor of aggressive periodontitis, it is now also widely accepted that the highly leukotoxic JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans is implicated in rapidly progressing forms of aggressive periodontitis. The JP2 clone strains are highly prevalent in human populations living in Northern and Western parts of Africa. These strains are also prevalent in geographically widespread populations that have originated from the Northwest Africa. Only sporadic signs of a dissemination of the JP2 clone strains to non-African populations have been found despite Africans living geographically widespread for hundreds of years. It remains an unanswered question if a particular host tropism exists as a possible explanation for the frequent colonization of the Northwest African population with the JP2 clone. Two exotoxins of A. actinomycetemcomitans are known, leukotoxin (LtxA) and cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt). LtxA is able to kill human immune cells, and Cdt can block cell cycle progression in eukaryotic cells and thus induce cell cycle arrest. Whereas the leukotoxin production is enhanced in JP2 clone strains thus increasing the virulence potential of A. actinomycetemcomitans, it has not been possible so far to demonstrate such a role for Cdt. Lines of evidence have led to the understanding of the highly leukotoxic JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans as an aetiological factor of aggressive periodontitis. Patients, who are colonized with the JP2 clone, are likely to share this clone with several family members because the clone is transmitted through close contacts. This is a challenge to the clinicians. The patients need intense monitoring of their periodontal status as the risk for developing severely progressing periodontal lesions are relatively high. Furthermore, timely periodontal treatment, in some cases including periodontal surgery supplemented by the use of antibiotics, is warranted. Preferably, periodontal attachment loss should be prevented by early detection of the JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans by microbial diagnostic testing and/or by preventive means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Haubek
- Section for Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Molecular Periodontology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
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Monteiro MF, Casati MZ, Taiete T, Sallum EA, Nociti FH, Ruiz KG, Casarin RCV. Salivary carriage of periodontal pathogens in generalized aggressive periodontitis families. Int J Paediatr Dent 2014; 24:113-21. [PMID: 23647376 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP) is a multifactorial disease that shows a specific microbial profile and a familial aggregation. AIM This study evaluated the salivary microbial profile of families with a history of GAP and compared them with healthy families. DESIGN Fifteen families with parents presenting periodontal health and 15 with parents with a history of GAP were selected. Each family had a child aged 6-12 years. Stimulated saliva was collected from all subjects, and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) amounts were determined. RESULTS Children of GAP families showed higher detection of Aa (90%) than children of healthy families (45%) (P < 0.05). Parents with GAP showed a Pg salivary concentration statistically higher than that of healthy parents (P < 0.05).Children of GAP families, however, exhibited similar Pg concentration than healthy children (P > 0.05). Tf amounts did not differ either in parents or in children (P > 0.05) The infection risk calculation indicates that children who have one parent who is positive for Aa have 16.3 times (95% CI 3.1-87.2) more risk of being infected with Aa (P < 0.05) than children from an Aa-negative family. CONCLUSION It may be concluded that children of parents with aggressive periodontitis have higher levels and higher risk of Aa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabelle Freitas Monteiro
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Sun R, Kittichotirat W, Wang J, Jan M, Chen W, Asikainen S, Bumgarner R, Chen C. Genomic Stability of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans during Persistent Oral Infection in Human. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66472. [PMID: 23824402 PMCID: PMC3688926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans exhibits substantial variations in gene content among unrelated strains primarily due to the presence or absence of genomic islands. This study examined the genomic stability of A. actinomycetemcomitans during its persistent infection in the same host. Four pairs of A. actinomycetemcomitans strains, each pair isolated from an individual over time (0–10 years), were examined for their gains/losses of genes by whole genome sequencing, comparative genomic hybridization by microarray and PCR analysis. Possible effects due to genomic changes were further assessed by comparative transcriptome analysis using microarrays. The results showed that each pair of strains was clonally identical based on phylogenetic analysis of 150 core genes. A novel 24.1-Kb plasmid found in strain S23A was apparently lost in the sibling strain I23C. A 353-bp inversion affecting two essential genes of the serotype-specific gene cluster was found in the serotype antigen-nonexpressing strain I23C, while the same gene cluster was intact in the serotype-expressing sibling strain S23A. A 2,293-bp deletion affecting a gene encoding oxaloacetate decarboxylase and its neighbor region was found in strain SCC2302 but not in the sibling strain AAS4a. However, no evidence of gains or losses of genomic islands was found in the paired strains. Transcriptome profiles showed little or no difference in the paired strains. In conclusion, the genome of A. actinomycetemcomitans appears to be relatively stable during short-term infection. Several types of genomic changes were observed in the paired strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans recovered from the same subjects, including a mutation in serotype-specific gene cluster that may allow the bacteria to evade host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxing Sun
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Weerayuth Kittichotirat
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant, Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkhuntien, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Justin Wang
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Minnie Jan
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Weizhen Chen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Roger Bumgarner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Casey Chen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Stahringer SS, Clemente JC, Corley RP, Hewitt J, Knights D, Walters WA, Knight R, Krauter KS. Nurture trumps nature in a longitudinal survey of salivary bacterial communities in twins from early adolescence to early adulthood. Genome Res 2012; 22:2146-52. [PMID: 23064750 PMCID: PMC3483544 DOI: 10.1101/gr.140608.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Variation in the composition of the human oral microbiome in health and disease has been observed. We have characterized inter- and intra-individual variation of microbial communities of 107 individuals in one of the largest cohorts to date (264 saliva samples), using culture-independent 16S rRNA pyrosequencing. We examined the salivary microbiome in up to three time-points during 10 yr spanning adolescence, and determined the influence of human genotype, gender, age, and weight class. Participants, including 27 monozygotic and 18 dizygotic twin pairs, were sampled mainly at ages 12-13, 17-18, and 22-24, with a few sampled as early as 8 yr of age. In contrast to gut or skin microbiomes, there is a core genus-level salivary microbiome. Individuals are more similar to themselves and their co-twins in the 12-17 and in the 17-22 cohorts than to the whole sample population, but not over the 10 yr from 12 to 22; and monozygotic twin pairs are statistically not more similar than dizygotic twin pairs. The data are most consistent with shared environment serving as the main determinant of microbial populations. Twins resemble each other more closely than the whole population at all time-points, but become less similar to each other when they age and no longer cohabit. Several organisms have age-specific abundance profiles, including members of the genera Veillonella, Actinomyces, and Streptococcus. There is no clear effect of weight class and gender. The results of this work will provide a basis to further study oral microbes and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone S. Stahringer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jose C. Clemente
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - John Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Dan Knights
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - William A. Walters
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Krauter
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Claesson R, Lagervall M, Höglund-Aberg C, Johansson A, Haubek D. Detection of the highly leucotoxic JP2 clone of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in members of a Caucasian family living in Sweden. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 38:115-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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HAUBEK DORTE. The highly leukotoxic JP2 clone of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: evolutionary aspects, epidemiology and etiological role in aggressive periodontitis. APMIS 2010:1-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Booij-Vrieling HE, van der Reijden WA, Houwers DJ, de Wit WEAJ, Bosch-Tijhof CJ, Penning LC, van Winkelhoff AJ, Hazewinkel HAW. Comparison of periodontal pathogens between cats and their owners. Vet Microbiol 2010; 144:147-52. [PMID: 20189734 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia are strongly associated with periodontal disease and are highly prevalent in humans with periodontitis. Porphyromonas and Tannerella spp. have also been isolated from the oral cavity of cats. The oral microflora in animals was compared with those in humans in earlier studies, but no studies are available on the comparison of the oral microflora from pets and their respective owners. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of these bacteria in the oral microflora of cats and their owners, since animal to human transmission, or vice versa, of oral pathogens could have public health implications. This study investigated the prevalence of Porphyromonas gulae, P. gingivalis, and T. forsythia in the oral microflora of cats and their owners, using culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All Porphyromonas isolates from cats (n=64) were catalase positive, whereas the Porphyromonas isolates from owners (n=7) were catalase negative, suggesting that the isolates from cats were P. gulae whereas those from the owners were P. gingivalis. T. forsythia was recovered from both cats (n=63) and owners (n=31); the proportion of T. forsythia relative to the total CFU was higher in cats with periodontitis than in cats without periodontal disease. Genotyping of T. forsythia isolates (n=54) in six cat/owner couples showed that in one cat/owner couple the T. forsythia isolates (n=6) were identical. These T. forsythia isolates were all catalase positive, which led us to hypothesize that transmission from cats to owners had occurred and that cats may be a reservoir of T. forsythia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Booij-Vrieling
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, PO Box 80154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Doğan B, Kipalev AS, Okte E, Sultan N, Asikainen SE. Consistent Intrafamilial Transmission ofActinobacillus actinomycetemcomitansDespite Clonal Diversity. J Periodontol 2008; 79:307-15. [PMID: 18251645 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Başak Doğan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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17
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Trieger N. The surgical treatment of periodontal infections. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2007; 15:123-8. [PMID: 18088666 DOI: 10.1016/s1042-3699(02)00069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norman Trieger
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, 111E. 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
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18
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Sakai VT, Campos MR, Machado MAAM, Lauris JRP, Greene AS, Santos CF. Prevalence of four putative periodontopathic bacteria in saliva of a group of Brazilian children with mixed dentition: 1-year longitudinal study. Int J Paediatr Dent 2007; 17:192-9. [PMID: 17397463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-263x.2006.00813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed at evaluating the prevalence of putative periodontal pathogens (Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella nigrescens, Treponema denticola) in saliva of children with mixed dentition at two different time points, correlating these findings with a clinical parameter of gingival health. DESIGN Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection was used to determine the prevalence of these bacteria in saliva of 64 children in 2003 and 60 children in 2004. Gingival health was assessed by gingival index. RESULT Sixty-two (96.9%) and 50 (83.3%) children presented low gingival inflammation, whereas 2 (3.1%) and 10 (16.7%) had moderate scores in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Majority of the children (81.3% in 2003 and 73.3% in 2004) had detectable levels of at least one of the bacteria. The prevalence found was of 4.7% and 1.7% for A. actinomycetemcomitans, 6.3% and 8.3% for P. gingivalis, 23.4% and 48.3% for P. nigrescens (P < 0.05), and 71.9% and 50% for T. denticola (P < 0.05) in 2003 and 2004, respectively. No significant relationship between gingival index and presence of these bacteria and combination of different species was found. CONCLUSION A high percentage of children harboured at least one of the putative periodontal pathogens in saliva, but presented periodontally healthy conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien T Sakai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fine DH, Kaplan JB, Kachlany SC, Schreiner HC. How we got attached to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans: A model for infectious diseases. Periodontol 2000 2006; 42:114-57. [PMID: 16930309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Fine
- Center for Oral Infectious Diseases, Department of Oral Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Slots
- School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Missailidis CG, Umeda JE, Ota-Tsuzuki C, Anzai D, Mayer MPA. Distribution of fimA genotypes of Porphyromonas gingivalis in subjects with various periodontal conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 19:224-9. [PMID: 15209991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2004.00140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fimbria encoded by the gene fimA is considered one of the main factors in the colonization of the oral cavity by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Allelic variation in fimA led to the classification of strains of P. gingivalis into six genotypes. The occurrence of P. gingivalis was determined by polymerase chain reaction using 16S rRNA primers in 302 subgingival samples obtained from 102 Brazilian subjects exhibiting different periodontal conditions. Distribution of fimA genotypes was assessed in 146 P. gingivalis positive samples by polymerase chain reaction using primers pairs homologous to the different fimA genes. P. gingivalis was detected in 51 of 57 (89.4%) patients with periodontal attachment loss, in six of 20 gingivitis patients (30.0%) and in two of 25 (8.0%) subjects with a healthy periodontium. Variant type II was the only type detected in 53 sites (39.3%), distributed among 19 periodontitis patients (37.3%) and in one patient with no periodontal destruction. Type Ib was the second most prevalent genotype in periodontitis patients (19.6%). Genotype V was not detected in the studied population. Type IV was the most commonly type found among gingivitis patients, either alone or in combination with other genotypes. Multiple genotypes were detected in nine sites (6.1%). A fimA genotype was not identified in 26 sites (17.8%) of 146 sites positive for P. gingivalis, suggesting that other alleles of fimA not yet sequenced may be prevalent in this population. These data demonstrated that P. gingivalis type II strains followed by type Ib are more prevalent in periodontitis patients from a multiracial population in Brazil, suggesting an increased pathogenic potential of these types.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Missailidis
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sirinian G, Shimizu T, Sugar C, Slots J, Chen C. Periodontopathic bacteria in young healthy subjects of different ethnic backgrounds in Los Angeles. J Periodontol 2002; 73:283-8. [PMID: 11922257 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2002.73.3.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study determined risk indicators for oral colonization by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus, and Treponema denticola in 150 children and adolescents, 4 to 16 years of age, living in Los Angeles, California. METHODS Fifty Caucasians, 50 Hispanics, and 50 Asian-Americans completed a questionnaire on demographic characteristics. 16S rRNA-based polymerase chain reaction identification was employed to determine the presence of test bacteria in unstimulated saliva. Step-wise logistic regression analysis identified explanatory variables (risk indicators) accounting for the salivary presence of periodontopathic bacteria. RESULTS A. actinomycetemcomitans occurred in 15%, P. gingivalis in 15%, B. forsythus in 14%, and T. denticola in 18% of all subjects. Two or more pathogens were detected in 20% of Hispanic subjects and in 12% of Asian-American subjects but not in any Caucasians (P = 0.0005, chi square test). However, no stable multivariate model including ethnicity was found for multiple pathogens. Risk for harboring any pathogens increased with the length of time lapse from last dental visit (odds ratio [OR], 4.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.83 to 12.21), and decreased with higher education level of the mother (OR, 0.258; 95% CI, 0.052 to 0.875). Risk for harboring 2 or more periodontal pathogens decreased with the years the parents had resided in the United States (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.901 to 0.992). Risk for harboring A. actinomycetemcomitans decreased as the number of years the parents had resided in the United States increased (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86 to 0.95), and decreased with higher income level of the father (OR, 0.201; 95% CI, 0.038 to 0.948). Girls were at higher risk for harboring P. gingivalis (OR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.02 to 7.03), but at lower risk for carrying T. denticola (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.98). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that salivary occurrence of periodontopathic bacteria in young individuals was related to the length of time the parents had lived in the United States, education level of the mother, length of time since last dental visit, and gender, but apparently not to ethnicity per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garo Sirinian
- Division of Surgical, Therapeutic and Bioengineering Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, USA
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Guthmiller JM, Lally ET, Korostoff J. Beyond the specific plaque hypothesis: are highly leukotoxic strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans a paradigm for periodontal pathogenesis? CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2001; 12:116-24. [PMID: 11345522 DOI: 10.1177/10454411010120020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is a facultative anaerobe implicated in a variety of periodontal diseases. Its presence is most closely associated with localized juvenile periodontitis (LIP), although the exact role of the organism in this and other periodontal diseases is not entirely clear. While A. actinomycetemcomitans produces several different putative virulence factors, the most widely studied is the leukotoxin. The leukotoxin selectively kills polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages in vitro, constituting the host's first line of defense. Interestingly, even though all strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans have the genes encoding the leukotoxin, there is variability in leukotoxin expression. Differences in the structure of the promoter region of the leukotoxin gene operon were shown to correlate directly with levels of leukotoxin production. Highly leukotoxic forms appear to exhibit increased pathogenic potential, as evidenced by recent studies that have shown a significant association between the prevalence of such strains and the occurrence of LIP in several different populations. This represents the first demonstration of an association between a particular subset of a pathogenic species and a specific periodontal disease. Early identification of A. actinomycetemcomitans by microbial and genetic assays to evaluate leukotoxicity may enhance the efficacy of preventive and/or therapeutic techniques. Future investigations should continue to evaluate pathogenic variations of additional virulence factors expressed in vivo, not only of A. actinomycetemcomitans, but also of other periodontal bacteria and infectious disease pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Guthmiller
- Department of Periodontics and Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1001, USA.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- I Darby
- University of Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Alsina M, Olle E, Frias J. Improved, low-cost selective culture medium for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:509-13. [PMID: 11158098 PMCID: PMC87767 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.2.509-513.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is considered to be one of the major oral putative pathogens, especially in cases of juvenile periodontitis. This microorganism requires nutritionally complex media for growth, and therefore the media for its primary isolation usually include blood agar or serum in their base. In this study we present a new medium, Dentaid-1, which improves the detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans in periodontal samples. In its composition, blood and serum have been omitted, hence reducing its cost and making it a more restrictive medium against the growth of other microorganisms with high nutritional requirements. The growth yields of pure cultures of the bacteria on Dentaid-1 were comparable to those on nonselective blood agar. Moreover, clinical efficacy was evaluated in subgingival samples from 77 subjects with adult periodontitis. Dentaid-1 detected A. actinomycetemcomitans in 24 subjects, while a previously described tryptic soy-serum-bacitracin-vancomycin agar detected the microorganism in only 19 subjects (79.1%). Dentaid-1 is a low-cost, noninhibitory formula for the improved diagnosis and monitoring of patients subgingivally infected by this important oral putative pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alsina
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID, 08290 Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain.
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Occurrence of Seven Putative Periodontal Pathogens in the Subgingival Plague of two Native Populations in the Xingu Indian Park. Anaerobe 2000. [DOI: 10.1006/anae.2000.0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Irfan UM, Dawson DV, Bissada NF. Assessment of familial patterns of microbial infection in periodontitis. J Periodontol 1999; 70:1406-18. [PMID: 10588506 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1999.70.11.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review approaches to the assessment of familial patterns of microbial infection and disease in periodontitis, and to identify statistical methods appropriate to such considerations of family data. Previous studies have provided evidence for the presence of familial aggregation of periodontal pathogens and periodontitis and have alluded to possible transmissibility of these organisms within families. Modern statistical techniques permit the appropriate analysis of the correlated data inherent in families, properly allowing for these statistical dependencies while including the possibility of adjustment for risk factors which may also aggregate in families. Such approaches as multiple linear regression, multivariate logistic regression, and regressive modeling provide the necessary tools to assess the familial aggregation of risk factors and disease in periodontitis. In particular, regressive models permit the analysis of familiality (membership to family) as a risk factor without reference to a specific underlying biologic mechanism, and also permit the possibility of adjustment for covariates, such as age and access to dental care. They also allow consideration of specific mechanisms, e.g., susceptibility genes of major effect. Using such techniques, it is possible to more completely explore and describe familial patterns of periodontal infection and other aspects of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- U M Irfan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109-1998, USA
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