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Fikry H, Saleh LA, Mahmoud FA, Gawad SA, Abd-Alkhalek HA. CoQ10 targeted hippocampal ferroptosis in a status epilepticus rat model. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 396:371-397. [PMID: 38499882 PMCID: PMC11144258 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-024-03880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE), the most severe form of epilepsy, leads to brain damage. Uncertainty persists about the mechanisms that lead to the pathophysiology of epilepsy and the death of neurons. Overloading of intracellular iron ions has recently been identified as the cause of a newly recognized form of controlled cell death called ferroptosis. Inhibiting ferroptosis has shown promise as a treatment for epilepsy, according to recent studies. So, the current study aimed to assess the possible antiepileptic impact of CoQ10 either alone or with the standard antiepileptic drug sodium valproate (SVP) and to evaluate the targeted effect of COQ10 on hippocampal oxidative stress and ferroptosis in a SE rat model. Using a lithium-pilocarpine rat model of epilepsy, we evaluated the effect of SVP, CoQ10, or both on seizure severity, histological, and immunohistochemical of the hippocampus. Furthermore, due to the essential role of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in inducing ferroptosis, we evaluated malonaldehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and ferritin in tissue homogenate. Our work illustrated that ferroptosis occurs in murine models of lithium-pilocarpine-induced seizures (epileptic group). Nissl staining revealed significant neurodegeneration. A significant increase in the number of astrocytes stained with an astrocyte-specific marker was observed in the hippocampus. Effective seizure relief can be achieved in the seizure model by administering CoQ10 alone compared to SVP. This was accomplished by lowering ferritin levels and increasing GPX4, reducing MDA, and increasing GSH in the hippocampus tissue homogenate. In addition, the benefits of SVP therapy for regulating iron stores, GPX4, and oxidative stress markers were amplified by incorporating CoQ10 as compared to SVP alone. It was concluded that CoQ10 alone has a more beneficial effect than SVP alone in restoring histological structures and has a targeted effect on hippocampal oxidative stress and ferroptosis. In addition, COQ10 could be useful as an adjuvant to SVP in protecting against oxidative damage and ferroptosis-related damage that result from epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Fikry
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Khalifa El-Maamon st, Abbasiya sq., Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
| | - Lobna A Saleh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Khalifa El-Maamon st, Abbasiya sq., Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Faten A Mahmoud
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Khalifa El-Maamon st, Abbasiya sq., Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdel Gawad
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Khalifa El-Maamon st, Abbasiya sq., Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Hadwa Ali Abd-Alkhalek
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Khalifa El-Maamon st, Abbasiya sq., Cairo, 11566, Egypt
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Wang X, Li H, Sheng Y, He B, Liu Z, Li W, Yu S, Wang J, Zhang Y, Chen J, Qin L, Meng X. The function of sphingolipids in different pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116071. [PMID: 38183741 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SPLs) represent a highly diverse and structurally complex lipid class. The discussion of SPL metabolism-related issues is of importance in understanding the neuropathological progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular deposits of the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) and intraneuronal aggregates of the microtubule-associated protein tau. Critical roles of Aβ oligomer deposited and ganglioside GM1 could be formed as "seed" from insoluble GAβ polymer in initiating the pathogenic process, while tau might also mediate SPLs and their toxicity. The interaction between ceramide and α-Synuclein (α-Syn) accelerates the aggregation of ferroptosis and exacerbates the pathogenesis of AD. For instance, reducing the levels of SPLs can mitigate α-Syn accumulation and inhibit AD progression. Meanwhile, loss of SPLs may inhibit the expression of APOE4 and confer protection against AD, while the loss of APOE4 expression also disrupts SPLs homeostasis. Moreover, the heightened activation of sphingomyelinase promotes the ferroptosis signaling pathway, leading to exacerbated AD symptoms. Ferroptosis plays a vital role in the pathological progression of AD by influencing Aβ, tau, APOE, and α-Syn. Conversely, the development of AD also exacerbates the manifestation of ferroptosis and SPLs. We are compiling the emerging techniques (Derivatization and IM-MS) of sphingolipidomics, to overcome the challenges of AD diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we examined the intricate neuro-mechanistic interactions between SPLs and Aβ, tau, α-Syn, APOE, and ferroptosis, mediating the onset of AD. Furthermore, our findings highlight the potential of targeting SPLs as underexplored avenue for devising innovative therapeutic strategies against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Huaqiang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Yunjie Sheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Bingqian He
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Zeying Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Wanli Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Shujie Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Jiajing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Jianyu Chen
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, PR China.
| | - Luping Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
| | - Xiongyu Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
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Cerasuolo M, Di Meo I, Auriemma MC, Trojsi F, Maiorino MI, Cirillo M, Esposito F, Polito R, Colangelo AM, Paolisso G, Papa M, Rizzo MR. Iron and Ferroptosis More than a Suspect: Beyond the Most Common Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration for New Therapeutic Approaches to Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9637. [PMID: 37298586 PMCID: PMC10253771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a multifactorial process that involves multiple mechanisms. Examples of neurodegenerative diseases are Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These are progressive and irreversible pathologies, characterized by neuron vulnerability, loss of structure or function of neurons, and even neuron demise in the brain, leading to clinical, functional, and cognitive dysfunction and movement disorders. However, iron overload can cause neurodegeneration. Dysregulation of iron metabolism associated with cellular damage and oxidative stress is reported as a common event in several neurodegenerative diseases. Uncontrolled oxidation of membrane fatty acids triggers a programmed cell death involving iron, ROS, and ferroptosis, promoting cell death. In Alzheimer's disease, the iron content in the brain is significantly increased in vulnerable regions, resulting in a lack of antioxidant defenses and mitochondrial alterations. Iron interacts with glucose metabolism reciprocally. Overall, iron metabolism and accumulation and ferroptosis play a significant role, particularly in the context of diabetes-induced cognitive decline. Iron chelators improve cognitive performance, meaning that brain iron metabolism control reduces neuronal ferroptosis, promising a novel therapeutic approach to cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Cerasuolo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (I.D.M.); (M.C.A.); (F.T.); (M.I.M.); (M.C.); (F.E.); (G.P.)
| | - Irene Di Meo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (I.D.M.); (M.C.A.); (F.T.); (M.I.M.); (M.C.); (F.E.); (G.P.)
| | - Maria Chiara Auriemma
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (I.D.M.); (M.C.A.); (F.T.); (M.I.M.); (M.C.); (F.E.); (G.P.)
| | - Francesca Trojsi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (I.D.M.); (M.C.A.); (F.T.); (M.I.M.); (M.C.); (F.E.); (G.P.)
| | - Maria Ida Maiorino
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (I.D.M.); (M.C.A.); (F.T.); (M.I.M.); (M.C.); (F.E.); (G.P.)
| | - Mario Cirillo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (I.D.M.); (M.C.A.); (F.T.); (M.I.M.); (M.C.); (F.E.); (G.P.)
| | - Fabrizio Esposito
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (I.D.M.); (M.C.A.); (F.T.); (M.I.M.); (M.C.); (F.E.); (G.P.)
| | - Rita Polito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience “R. Levi-Montalcini”, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Paolisso
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (I.D.M.); (M.C.A.); (F.T.); (M.I.M.); (M.C.); (F.E.); (G.P.)
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks Morphology and System Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘‘Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maria Rosaria Rizzo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (I.D.M.); (M.C.A.); (F.T.); (M.I.M.); (M.C.); (F.E.); (G.P.)
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Valencia-Hernández I, González-Piña R, García-Díaz G, Ramos-Languren L, Parra-Cid C, Lomelí J, Montes S, Ríos C, Bueno-Nava A. Alpha 2-adrenergic receptor activation reinstates motor deficits in rats recovering from cortical injury. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:875-880. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.353501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Tu J, Yan J, Liu J, Liu D, Wang X, Gao F. Iron deposition in the precuneus is correlated with mild cognitive impairment in patients with cerebral microbleeds: A quantitative susceptibility mapping study. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:944709. [PMID: 36003962 PMCID: PMC9395124 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.944709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to define whether mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is associated with iron deposition in rich-club nodes distant from cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Methods A total of 64 participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning and were separated into three groups, namely, CMB(+), CMB(–), and healthy controls (HCs). We compared their characteristics and susceptibility values of rich-club nodes [e.g., superior frontal gyrus (SFG), precuneus, superior occipital gyrus (SOG), thalamus, and putamen]. We then divided the CMB(+) and CMB(–) groups into subgroups of patients with or without MCI. Then, we analyzed the relationship between iron deposition and MCI by comparing the susceptibility values of rich-club nodes. We assessed cognitive functions using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and quantified iron content using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). Results In the putamen, the CMB(+) and CMB(–) groups had significantly different susceptibility values. Compared with the HCs, the CMB(+) and CMB(–) groups had significantly different susceptibility values for the SFG and SOG. In addition, we found significant differences in the putamen susceptibility values of the CMB(+)MCI(+) group and the two CMB(–) groups. The CMB(+)MCI(+) and CMB(+)MCI(–) groups had significantly different precuneus susceptibility values. The binary logistic regression analysis revealed that only higher susceptibility values of precuneus were associated with a cognitive decline in patients with CMBs, and it indicated statistical significance. Conclusion Iron deposition in the precuneus is an independent risk factor for MCI in patients with CMBs. CMBs might influence iron content in remote rich-club nodes and be relevant to MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Gao
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Deficiency of the RNA-binding protein Cth2 extends yeast replicative lifespan by alleviating its repressive effects on mitochondrial function. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111113. [PMID: 35858543 PMCID: PMC9382658 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron dyshomeostasis contributes to aging, but little information is available about the molecular mechanisms. Here, we provide evidence that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, aging is associated with altered expression of genes involved in iron homeostasis. We further demonstrate that defects in the conserved mRNA-binding protein Cth2, which controls stability and translation of mRNAs encoding iron-containing proteins, increase lifespan by alleviating its repressive effects on mitochondrial function. Mutation of the conserved cysteine residue in Cth2 that inhibits its RNA-binding activity is sufficient to confer longevity, whereas Cth2 gain of function shortens replicative lifespan. Consistent with its function in RNA degradation, Cth2 deficiency relieves Cth2-mediated post-transcriptional repression of nuclear-encoded components of the electron transport chain. Our findings uncover a major role of the RNA-binding protein Cth2 in the regulation of lifespan and suggest that modulation of iron starvation signaling can serve as a target for potential aging interventions. Dysregulation of iron homeostasis contributes to aging, but little information is available about the molecular mechanisms. Here, Patnaik et al. show that the mRNA-binding protein Cth2, which is involved in regulation of iron-dependent genes, is induced during aging and links impaired iron homeostasis with an age-related decline of mitochondrial function.
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7
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Gu X, Lai D, Liu S, Chen K, Zhang P, Chen B, Huang G, Cheng X, Lu C. Hub Genes, Diagnostic Model, and Predicted Drugs Related to Iron Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:949083. [PMID: 35875800 PMCID: PMC9300955 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.949083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disease, remains unclear in terms of its underlying causative genes and effective therapeutic approaches. Meanwhile, abnormalities in iron metabolism have been demonstrated in patients and mouse models with AD. Therefore, this study sought to find hub genes based on iron metabolism that can influence the diagnosis and treatment of AD. First, gene expression profiles were downloaded from the GEO database, including non-demented (ND) controls and AD samples. Fourteen iron metabolism-related gene sets were downloaded from the MSigDB database, yielding 520 iron metabolism-related genes. The final nine hub genes associated with iron metabolism and AD were obtained by differential analysis and WGCNA in brain tissue samples from GSE132903. GO analysis revealed that these genes were mainly involved in two major biological processes, autophagy and iron metabolism. Through stepwise regression and logistic regression analyses, we selected four of these genes to construct a diagnostic model of AD. The model was validated in blood samples from GSE63061 and GSE85426, and the AUC values showed that the model had a relatively good diagnostic performance. In addition, the immune cell infiltration of the samples and the correlation of different immune factors with these hub genes were further explored. The results suggested that these genes may also play an important role in immunity to AD. Finally, eight drugs targeting these nine hub genes were retrieved from the DrugBank database, some of which were shown to be useful for the treatment of AD or other concomitant conditions, such as insomnia and agitation. In conclusion, this model is expected to guide the diagnosis of patients with AD by detecting the expression of several genes in the blood. These hub genes may also assist in understanding the development and drug treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Xuefeng Gu
| | - Donglin Lai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaijie Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Gang Huang
| | - Xiaoqin Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Xiaoqin Cheng
| | - Changlian Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Changlian Lu
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Mao H, Dou W, Chen K, Wang X, Wang X, Guo Y, Zhang C. Evaluating iron deposition in gray matter nuclei of patients with unilateral middle cerebral artery stenosis using quantitative susceptibility mapping. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 34:103021. [PMID: 35500369 PMCID: PMC9065429 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Iron mediated oxidative stress is involved in the process of brain injury after long-term ischemia. While increased iron deposition in the affected brain regions was observed in animal models of ischemic stroke, potential changes in the brain iron content in clinical patients with cerebral ischemia remain unclear. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), a non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging technique, can be used to evaluate iron content in the gray matter (GM) nuclei reliably. In this study, we aimed to quantitatively evaluate iron content changes in GM nuclei of patients with long-term unilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis/occlusion-related cerebral ischemia using QSM. Forty-six unilateral MCA stenosis/occlusion patients and 38 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls underwent QSM. Clinical variables of history of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, smoking, and drinking in all patients were evaluated. The iron-related susceptibility of GM nucleus subregions, including the bilateral caudate nucleus (CN), putamen (PU), globus pallidus (GP), thalamus, substantia nigra (SN), red nucleus, and dentate nucleus, was assessed. Susceptibility was compared between the bilateral GM nuclei in patients and controls. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to evaluate the efficacy of QSM susceptibility in distinguishing patients with unilateral MCA stenosis/occlusion from healthy controls. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between ipsilateral susceptibility levels and clinical variables. Except for the CN, the susceptibility in most bilateral GM nucleus subregions was comparable in healthy controls, whereas for patients with unilateral MCA stenosis/occlusion, the ipsilateral PU, GP, and SN exhibited significantly higher susceptibility than the contralateral side (all P < 0.05). Compared with controls, susceptibility of the ipsilateral PU, GP, and SN and of contralateral PU in patients were significantly increased (all P < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) was greater for the ipsilateral PU than for the GP and SN (AUC = 0.773, 0.662 and 0.681; all P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the increased susceptibility of the ipsilateral PU was significantly associated with hypertension, of the ipsilateral GP associated with smoking, and of the ipsilateral SN associated with diabetes (all P < 0.05). Our findings provide support for abnormal iron accumulation in the GM nuclei after chronic MCA stenosis/occlusion and its correlation with some cerebrovascular disease risk factors. Therefore, iron deposition in the GM nuclei, as measured by QSM, may be a potential biomarker for long-term cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Mao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China; Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250000, China
| | - Weiqiang Dou
- MR Research, GE Healthcare, Beijing 10076, China
| | - Kunjian Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China; Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250000, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China; Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250000, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China.
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China; Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250000, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China
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Long HZ, Cheng Y, Zhou ZW, Luo HY, Wen DD, Gao LC. The key roles of organelles and ferroptosis in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1257-1280. [PMID: 35293012 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-related neurodegenerative disease, is a striking global health problem. Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation products and the accumulation of lethal reactive oxygen species. Strict regulation of iron metabolism is essential to ensure neuronal homeostasis. Excess and deficiency of iron are both associated with neurodegeneration. Studies have shown that oxidative stress caused by cerebral iron metabolism disorders in the body is involved in the process of AD, ferroptosis may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD, and regulating ferroptosis is expected to be a new direction for the treatment of AD. Various organelles are closely related to ferroptosis: mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosome are involved in the regulation of ferroptosis from the aspects of iron metabolism and redox imbalance. In this review, the relationship between AD and the dysfunction of organelles (including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, and Golgi apparatus) and the role of organelles in ferroptosis of AD were reviewed to provide insights for understanding the relationship between organelles and ferroptosis in AD and the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zhi Long
- School of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong-Yu Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Li-Chen Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
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10
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Mesa-Herrera F, Marín R, Torrealba E, Díaz M. Multivariate Assessment of Lipoxidative Metabolites, Trace Biometals, and Antioxidant and Detoxifying Activities in the Cerebrospinal Fluid Define a Fingerprint of Preclinical Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:387-402. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-215437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: There exists considerable interest in the identification of molecular traits during early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered the closest prodromal stage of AD, and to develop gradually from earlier stages although not always progresses to AD. Classical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers, amyloid-β peptides and tau/p-tau proteins, have been measured in prodromal stages yet results are heterogeneous and far from conclusive. Therefore, there exists a pressing need to identify a neurochemical signature for prodromal stages and to predict which cases might progress to AD. Objective: Exploring potential CSF biomarkers related to brain oxidative and inorganic biochemistry during prodromal stages of the disease. Methods: We have analyzed CSF levels of lipoxidative markers (MDA and 8-isoF2α), biometals (Cu, Zn, Se, Mn, and Fe), iron-transport protein transferrin (TFER), antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx4), detoxifying enzymes (GST and BuChE), as well as classical amyloid-β and total and phosphorylated tau, in cognitively healthy controls, patients with MCI, and subjects exhibiting subjective memory complaints (SMC). Results: Inter-group differences for several variables exhibit differentiable trends along the HC ⟶ SMC ⟶ MCI sequence. More interestingly, the combination of Se, Cu, Zn, SOD, TFER, and GST variables allow differentiable fingerprints for control subjects and each prodromal stage. Further, multivariate scores correlate positively with neurocognitive In-Out test, hence with both episodic memory decline and prediction to dementia. Conclusion: We conclude that changes in the CSF biochemistry related to brain oxidative defense and neurometallomics might provide more powerful and accurate diagnostic tools in preclinical stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Mesa-Herrera
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology, Biology Section, Science School, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Raquel Marín
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences School, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
- Associate Research Unit ULL-CSIC Membrane Physiology and Biophysics in Neurodegenerative and Cancer Diseases, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Eduardo Torrealba
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
- IUETSP (Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias), Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
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11
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Majerníková N, den Dunnen WFA, Dolga AM. The Potential of Ferroptosis-Targeting Therapies for Alzheimer's Disease: From Mechanism to Transcriptomic Analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:745046. [PMID: 34987375 PMCID: PMC8721139 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.745046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, currently affects 40–50 million people worldwide. Despite the extensive research into amyloid β (Aβ) deposition and tau protein hyperphosphorylation (p-tau), an effective treatment to stop or slow down the progression of neurodegeneration is missing. Emerging evidence suggests that ferroptosis, an iron-dependent and lipid peroxidation-driven type of programmed cell death, contributes to neurodegeneration in AD. Therefore, how to intervene against ferroptosis in the context of AD has become one of the questions addressed by studies aiming to develop novel therapeutic strategies. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of ferroptosis in AD, when ferroptosis occurs in the disease course, and which ferroptosis-related genes are differentially expressed in AD remains to be established. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on cell mechanisms involved in ferroptosis, we discuss how these processes relate to AD, and we analyze which ferroptosis-related genes are differentially expressed in AD brain dependant on cell type, disease progression and gender. In addition, we point out the existing targets for therapeutic options to prevent ferroptosis in AD. Future studies should focus on developing new tools able to demonstrate where and when cells undergo ferroptosis in AD brain and build more translatable AD models for identifying anti-ferroptotic agents able to slow down neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nad'a Majerníková
- Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F A den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Research Institute Brain and Cognition, Molecular Neuroscience and Aging Research (MOLAR), University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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12
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Keleş Altun İ, Atagün Mİ, Erdoğan A, Oymak Yenilmez D, Yusifova A, Şenat A, Erel Ö. Serum hepcidin / ferroportin levels in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 68:126843. [PMID: 34416474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite several alternatives for cellular iron influx, the only mechanism for cellular iron efflux is ferroportin mediated active transport. In cases of ferroportin dysfunction, iron accumulates in the cell and causes ferroptosis. Hepcidin suppresses ferroportin levels and inflammatory activation increases hepcidin production. Mild inflammation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder may alter hepcidin and ferroportin. METHODS The study included a total of 137 patients aged 18-65 years, 57 diagnosed with schizophrenia and 80 with bipolar disorder, according to the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, and a control group (HC) of 42 healthy individuals. Biochemical analyses, thyroid function tests, hemogram, serum iron level, iron-binding capacity, and ferritin levels were examined. Serum levels of hepcidin and ferroportin were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. RESULTS A statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in terms of the serum ferroportin levels (F = 15.69, p < 0.001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the schizophrenia group had higher ferroportin levels than in the bipolar group (p < 0.001) and HCs (p < 0.001). Hepcidin levels did not differ between the groups. Chlorpromazine equivalent doses of antipsychotics correlated with ferroportin levels (p = 0.024). CONCLUSION Ferroportin levels were increased in the schizophrenia group, although iron and hepcidin levels were within normal ranges. Antipsychotics may alter the mechanisms which control ferroportin levels. Further studies are needed to examine the relationships between antipsychotics and iron metabolism for determination of causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlkay Keleş Altun
- Department of Psychiatry, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Research and Training Hospital, Dortcelik Mental Health Hospital, Halide Edip Adıvar Str. No: 18, Nilufer, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Murat İlhan Atagün
- Department of Psychiatry, Izmir Bakırcay University, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi Mustafa Kemal Region, Kaynaklar Street, 35 665, Menemen, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Ali Erdoğan
- Department of Psychiatry, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, 07070, Campus, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Dicle Oymak Yenilmez
- Department of Psychiatry, Edirne Sultan Murat State Hospital, Fatih Region Şehit Sercan Gedikli Str. No:1, Yeni Toki Merkez, Edirne, Turkey.
| | - Aygün Yusifova
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Univerisity, Faculty of Medicine, Bilkent Road 3. Km., Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Almila Şenat
- Department of Biochemistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Univerisity, Faculty of Medicine, Bilkent Road 3. Km., Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Özcan Erel
- Department of Biochemistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Univerisity, Faculty of Medicine, Bilkent Road 3. Km., Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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13
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Chansiw N, Kulprachakarn K, Paradee N, Prommaban A, Srichairatanakool S. Protection of Iron-Induced Oxidative Damage in Neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) Cells by Combination of 1-(N-Acetyl-6-aminohexyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridin-4-one and Green Tea Extract. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2021; 2021:5539666. [PMID: 33986790 PMCID: PMC8079199 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5539666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is a crucial trace element and essential for many cellular processes; however, excessive iron accumulation can induce oxidative stress and cell damage. Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, have been associated with altered iron homoeostasis causing altered iron distribution and accumulation in brain tissue. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of 1-(N-acetyl-6-aminohexyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridin-4-one (CM1) in combination with green tea extract (GTE) on iron-induced oxidative stress in neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. Cells were cultured in medium with or without ferric chloride loading. Their viability and mitochondrial activity were assessed using MTT and JC-1 staining methods. Levels of the cellular labile iron pool (LIP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid-peroxidation products were determined using calcein acetoxymethyl ester, 2',7'-dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate, and TBARS-based assays, respectively. The viability of iron-loaded cells was found to be significantly increased after treatment with CM1 (10 µM) for 24 h. CM1 co-treatment with GTE resulted in a greater protective effect than their monotherapy. Combination of CM1 and GTE also reduced mitochondrial disruption and LIP content and ROS and TBARS production. In conclusion, the combination of CM1 and GTE exhibits protection against iron-induced oxidative stress in neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nittaya Chansiw
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Kulprachakarn
- Research Institute for Health Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Narisara Paradee
- Oxidative Stress Cluster, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Adchara Prommaban
- Oxidative Stress Cluster, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Somdet Srichairatanakool
- Oxidative Stress Cluster, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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14
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The Neuromelanin Paradox and Its Dual Role in Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010124. [PMID: 33467040 PMCID: PMC7829956 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with an increasing dysfunction of key brain homeostasis mechanisms and represents the main risk factor across most neurodegenerative disorders. However, the degree of dysregulation and the affectation of specific pathways set apart normal aging from neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, the neuronal metabolism of catecholaminergic neurotransmitters appears to be a specifically sensitive pathway that is affected in different neurodegenerations. In humans, catecholaminergic neurons are characterized by an age-related accumulation of neuromelanin (NM), rendering the soma of the neurons black. This intracellular NM appears to serve as a very efficient quencher for toxic molecules. However, when a neuron degenerates, NM is released together with its load (many undegraded cellular components, transition metals, lipids, xenobiotics) contributing to initiate and worsen an eventual immune response, exacerbating the oxidative stress, ultimately leading to the neurodegenerative process. This review focuses on the analysis of the role of NM in normal aging and neurodegeneration related to its capabilities as an antioxidant and scavenging of harmful molecules, versus its involvement in oxidative stress and aberrant immune response, depending on NM saturation state and its extracellular release.
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15
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Li J, Zhang Q, Zhang N, Guo L. Increased Brain Iron Detection by Voxel-Based Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With an Executive Function Decline. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:606182. [PMID: 33519360 PMCID: PMC7843466 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.606182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Brain iron accumulation has been suggested as a pathomechanism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with cognitive impairment. This research aims to examine the total-brain pattern of iron accumulation in relation to executive function decline in patients with T2DM by voxel-based quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) analysis. Materials and Methods A total of 32 patients with T2DM and 34 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in this study. All participants underwent brain magnetic resonance examination, and 48 individuals underwent cognitive function assessments. Imaging data were collected with three-dimensional fast low-angle shot sequences to achieve magnitude as well as phase images. Using voxel-based QSM analysis, we compared the voxel-wise susceptibility values of the whole brain among groups and explored whether the susceptibility values had correlations with cognitive data. Results Among the 66 participants, cognitive function was estimated in 23 patients with T2DM (11 males and 12 females; average age, 64.65 ± 8.44 years) and 25 HCs (13 males and 12 females; average age, 61.20 ± 7.62 years). T2DM patients exhibited significantly (t = 4.288, P < 0.001) lower Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores [T2DM, 27 (27, 28); HCs, 29 (28, 29); normal standard ≥ 26)] and higher Trail-making Test (TMT)-A/TMT-B scores [71 (51, 100)/185 (149, 260)] than HCs [53 (36.5, 63.5)/150 (103, 172.5)] (Z = 2.612, P = 0.009; Z = 2.797, P = 0.005). Subjects with T2DM showed significantly higher susceptibility values than HCs in the caudate/putamen/pallidum, frontal inferior triangular gyrus, and precentral gyrus on the right hemisphere. In contrast (HC > T2DM), no region showed a significant difference in susceptibility values between the groups. The correlation analysis between susceptibility values and cognitive function scores was tested by voxel-based susceptibility value with sex and age as covariates. After multiple comparison correction, in T2DM patients, the left thalamus showed a significant relationship with TMT-A (R 2 = 0.53, P = 0.001). The right thalamus and left thalamus showed a significant relationship with TMT-B (R 2 = 0.35, P = 0.019; and R 2 = 0.38, P = 0.017, respectively). In HCs, the cluster of right precentral/middle frontal gyrus/inferior frontal gyrus/inferior triangular gyrus showed a significant relationship with TMT-B (R 2 = 0.59, P = 0.010). No relationship was found between the susceptibility values with MoCA in the brain region in both two groups. Conclusion Patients with T2DM presented declined cognitive assessments and elevated iron deposition in the striatum and frontal lobe, suggesting that executive function decline in T2DM might be associated with the cerebral iron burden and that changes in susceptibility values may represent a latent quantitative imaging marker for early assessment of cognitive decline in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qihao Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nan Zhang
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lingfei Guo
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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16
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Jiang X, Zhou T, Bai R, Xie Y. Hydroxypyridinone-Based Iron Chelators with Broad-Ranging Biological Activities. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14470-14501. [PMID: 33023291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron plays an essential role in all living cells because of its unique chemical properties. It is also the most abundant trace element in mammals. However, when iron is present in excess or inappropriately located, it becomes toxic. Excess iron can become involved in free radical formation, resulting in oxidative stress and cellular damage. Iron chelators are used to treat serious pathological disorders associated with systemic iron overload. Hydroxypyridinones stand out for their outstanding chelation properties, including high selectivity for Fe3+ in the biological environment, ease of derivatization, and good biocompatibility. Herein, we overview the potential for multifunctional hydroxypyridinone-based chelators to be used as therapeutic agents against a wide range of diseases associated either with systemic or local elevated iron levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, P.R. China
| | - Renren Bai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China.,College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
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17
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Bond S, Lopez-Lloreda C, Gannon PJ, Akay-Espinoza C, Jordan-Sciutto KL. The Integrated Stress Response and Phosphorylated Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2α in Neurodegeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:123-143. [PMID: 31913484 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proposed molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative pathogenesis are varied, precluding the development of effective therapies for these increasingly prevalent disorders. One of the most consistent observations across neurodegenerative diseases is the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). eIF2α is a translation initiation factor, involved in cap-dependent protein translation, which when phosphorylated causes global translation attenuation. eIF2α phosphorylation is mediated by 4 kinases, which, together with their downstream signaling cascades, constitute the integrated stress response (ISR). While the ISR is activated by stresses commonly observed in neurodegeneration, such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation, it is a canonically adaptive signaling cascade. However, chronic activation of the ISR can contribute to neurodegenerative phenotypes such as neuronal death, memory impairments, and protein aggregation via apoptotic induction and other maladaptive outcomes downstream of phospho-eIF2α-mediated translation inhibition, including neuroinflammation and altered amyloidogenic processing, plausibly in a feed-forward manner. This review examines evidence that dysregulated eIF2a phosphorylation acts as a driver of neurodegeneration, including a survey of observations of ISR signaling in human disease, inspection of the overlap between ISR signaling and neurodegenerative phenomenon, and assessment of recent encouraging findings ameliorating neurodegeneration using developing pharmacological agents which target the ISR. In doing so, gaps in the field, including crosstalk of the ISR kinases and consideration of ISR signaling in nonneuronal central nervous system cell types, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bond
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Claudia Lopez-Lloreda
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick J Gannon
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cagla Akay-Espinoza
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly L Jordan-Sciutto
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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18
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Jiang X, Guo J, Lv Y, Yao C, Zhang C, Mi Z, Shi Y, Gu J, Zhou T, Bai R, Xie Y. Rational design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel multitargeting anti-AD iron chelators with potent MAO-B inhibitory and antioxidant activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115550. [PMID: 32503694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of (3-hydroxypyridin-4-one)-coumarin hybrids were developed and investigated as potential multitargeting candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through the incorporation of iron-chelating and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibition. This combination endowed the hybrids with good capacity to inhibit MAO-B as well as excellent iron-chelating effects. The pFe3+ values of the compounds were ranging from 16.91 to 20.16, comparable to more potent than the reference drug deferiprone (DFP). Among them, compound 18d exhibited the most promising activity against MAO-B, with an IC50 value of 87.9 nM. Moreover, compound 18d exerted favorable antioxidant activity, significantly reversed the amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42) induced PC12 cell damage. More importantly, 18d remarkably ameliorated the cognitive dysfunction in a scopolamine-induced mice AD model. In brief, a series of hybrids with potential anti-AD effect were successfully obtained, indicating that the design of iron chelators with MAO-B inhibitory and antioxidant activities is an attractive strategy against AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianan Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yangjing Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Chuansheng Yao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Changjun Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhisheng Mi
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yuan Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Jinping Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Renren Bai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China; College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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19
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Peroxiredoxin 5 deficiency exacerbates iron overload-induced neuronal death via ER-mediated mitochondrial fission in mouse hippocampus. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:204. [PMID: 32205843 PMCID: PMC7090063 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for cellular functions, including those of neuronal cells. However, an imbalance of iron homeostasis, such as iron overload, has been observed in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Iron overload causes neuronal toxicity through mitochondrial fission, dysregulation of Ca2+, ER-stress, and ROS production. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms between iron-induced oxidative stress and iron toxicity related to mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in vivo are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate the role of peroxiredoxin 5 (Prx5) in iron overload-induced neurotoxicity using Prx5-deficient mice. Iron concentrations and ROS levels in mice fed a high iron diet were significantly higher in Prx5−/− mice than wildtype (WT) mice. Prx5 deficiency also exacerbated ER-stress and ER-mediated mitochondrial fission via Ca2+/calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of Drp1 at Serine 637. Moreover, immunoreactive levels of cleaved caspase3 in the CA3 region of the hippocampus were higher in iron-loaded Prx5−/− mice than WT mice. Furthermore, treatment with N-acetyl-cysteine, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, attenuated iron overload-induced hippocampal damage by inhibiting ROS production, ER-stress, and mitochondrial fission in iron-loaded Prx5−/− mice. Therefore, we suggest that iron overload-induced oxidative stress and ER-mediated mitochondrial fission may be essential for understanding iron-mediated neuronal cell death in the hippocampus and that Prx5 may be useful as a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of iron overload-mediated diseases and neurodegenerative diseases.
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20
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Yan N, Zhang J. Iron Metabolism, Ferroptosis, and the Links With Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1443. [PMID: 32063824 PMCID: PMC7000453 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential transition metal for numerous biologic processes in mammals. Iron metabolism is regulated via several coordination mechanisms including absorption, utilization, recycling, and storage. Iron dyshomeostasis can result in intracellular iron retention, thereby damaging cells, tissues, and organs through free oxygen radical generation. Numerous studies have shown that brain iron overload is involved in the pathological mechanism of neurodegenerative disease including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Ferroptosis, a newly defined iron-dependent form of cell death, which is distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and other forms of cell death, may provide us a new viewpoint. Here, we set out to summarize the current knowledge of iron metabolism and ferroptosis, and review the contributions of iron and ferroptosis to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Yan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - JunJian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Li J, Zhang Q, Zhang N, Guo L. Increased Brain Iron Deposition in the Putamen in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Detected by Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:7242530. [PMID: 33062715 PMCID: PMC7533753 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7242530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying brain structural changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients have attracted increasing attention. The insulin-resistant state causes iron overload in neurons and leads to lesions in the central nervous system. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) can provide a noninvasive quantitative analysis of brain iron deposition. We aimed to compare the difference of brain iron deposition in the gray matter nucleus between T2DM patients and healthy elderly individuals using QSM. METHODS Thirty-two T2DM patients and thirty-two age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in this research. Twenty-three patients and twenty-six HCs underwent cognitive assessments. Brain QSM maps were computed from multiecho GRE data using morphology-enabled dipole inversion with automatic uniform cerebrospinal fluid zero reference algorithm (MEDI+0). ITK-SNAP was used to measure the susceptibility values reflecting the content of iron in the regions of interest (ROIs). RESULTS The study included thirty-two T2DM patients (20 males and 12 females; mean age of 61.09 ± 9.99 years) and 32 HCs (14 males and 18 females; mean age of 59.09 ± 9.77 years). These participants had no significant difference in age or gender (P > 0.05). Twenty-three patients with T2DM (11 males and 12 females; mean age, 64.65 ± 8.44 years) and twenty-six HCs (14 males and 12 females; mean age, 62.30 ± 6.13 years) received an assessment of cognitive function. T2DM patients exhibited an obviously (t = 3.237, P = 0.003) lower Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score (26.78 ± 2.35; HCs, 28.42 ± 0.64; normal standard ≥26) and a higher Stroop color-word test (SCWT)-C score [87(65,110); HC, 63(60,76.75), Z = -2.232, P = 0.003] than HCs. The mean susceptibility values in the putamen appeared obviously higher in T2DM patients than in HCs (t = -3.994, P < 0.001). The susceptibility values and cognitive assessment scores showed no obvious association (P > 0.05). However, an obvious correlation was observed between the changes in the susceptibility values in the putamen and the thalamus/dentate nucleus (r = 0.404, P < 0.001; r = 0.423, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION T2DM patients showed increased susceptibility values in the putamen and had declines in executive functions, but the linear association between them was not statistically significant. Changes in susceptibility values in the putamen indicated increased iron deposition and might be used as a quantitative imaging marker of central nervous system injury in T2DM patients. QSM might be able to help probe micro neuronal damage in gray matter and provide information on diabetic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. 95 Yongan Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qihao Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York. 71st E No. 515, 10044 New York, USA
| | - Nan Zhang
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. Jing-wu Road No. 324, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Lingfei Guo
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. Jing-wu Road No. 324, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
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22
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Sun J, Lai Z, Ma J, Gao L, Chen M, Chen J, Fang J, Fan Y, Bao Y, Zhang D, Chan P, Yang Q, Ye C, Wu T, Ma T. Quantitative Evaluation of Iron Content in Idiopathic Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder. Mov Disord 2019; 35:478-485. [PMID: 31846123 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurology and GeriatricsXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics Beijing China
| | - Zhaoyu Lai
- School of Electronic and Information EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Jinghong Ma
- Department of NeurologyXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Linlin Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurology and GeriatricsXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics Beijing China
| | - Meijie Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurology and GeriatricsXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics Beijing China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurology and GeriatricsXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics Beijing China
| | - Jiliang Fang
- Department of RadiologyGuang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yangyang Fan
- Department of RadiologyGuang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yan Bao
- Department of RadiologyGuang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Dongling Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurology and GeriatricsXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics Beijing China
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurology and GeriatricsXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics Beijing China
- Clinical Center for Parkinson's DiseaseCapital Medical University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of EducationBeijing Key Laboratory for Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Beijing China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of RadiologyXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Chenfei Ye
- School of Electronic and Information EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen Shenzhen Guangdong China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory Shenzhen Guangdong China
- Mindsgo Life Science Shenzhen Ltd Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurology and GeriatricsXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics Beijing China
- Clinical Center for Parkinson's DiseaseCapital Medical University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of EducationBeijing Key Laboratory for Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Beijing China
| | - Ting Ma
- School of Electronic and Information EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen Shenzhen Guangdong China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Beijing China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory Shenzhen Guangdong China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain ProtectionCapital Medical University Beijing China
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23
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Lynch MA. Can the emerging field of immunometabolism provide insights into neuroinflammation? Prog Neurobiol 2019; 184:101719. [PMID: 31704314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years it has become increasingly clear that an understanding of the interaction between metabolism and immune function can provide an insight into cellular responses to challenges. Significant progress has been made in terms of how macrophages are metabolically re-programmed in response to inflammatory stimuli but, to date, little emphasis has been placed on evaluating equivalent changes in microglia. The need to make progress is driven by the fact that, while microglial activation and the cell's ability to adopt an inflammatory phenotype is necessary to fulfil the neuroprotective function of the cell, persistent activation of microglia and the associated neuroinflammation is at the heart of several neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the metabolic changes that accompany microglial responses may broaden our perspective on how dysfunction might arise and be tempered. This review will evaluate the current literature that addresses the interplay between inflammation and metabolic reprogramming in microglia, reflecting on the parallels that exist with macrophages. It will consider the changes that take place with age including those that have been reported in neurons and astrocytes with the development of non-invasive imaging techniques, and reflect on the literature that is currently available relating to metabolic reprogramming of microglia with age and in neurodegeneration. Finally it will consider the possibility that manipulating microglial metabolism may provide a valuable approach to modulating neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Lynch
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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24
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Cory-Slechta DA, Sobolewski M, Marvin E, Conrad K, Merrill A, Anderson T, Jackson BP, Oberdorster G. The Impact of Inhaled Ambient Ultrafine Particulate Matter on Developing Brain: Potential Importance of Elemental Contaminants. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:976-992. [PMID: 31610749 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319878400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies report associations between air pollution (AP) exposures and several neurodevelopmental disorders including autism, attention deficit disorder, and cognitive delays. Our studies in mice of postnatal (human third trimester brain equivalent) exposures to concentrated ambient ultrafine particles (CAPs) provide biological plausibility for these associations, producing numerous neuropathological and behavioral features of these disorders, including male-biased vulnerability. These findings raise questions about the specific components of AP that underlie its neurotoxicity, which our studies suggest could involve trace elements as candidate neurotoxicants. X-ray fluorescence analyses of CAP chamber filters confirm contamination of AP exposures by multiple elements, including iron (Fe) and sulfur (S). Correspondingly, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry of brains of male mice indicates marked postexposure elevations of Fe and S and other elements. Elevations of brain Fe and S in particular are consistent with potential ferroptotic, oxidative stress, and altered antioxidant capacity-based mechanisms of CAPs-induced neurotoxicity, supported by observations of increased serum oxidized glutathione and increased neuronal cell death in nucleus accumbens with no corresponding significant increase in caspase-3, in male brains following postnatal CAP exposures. Understanding the role of trace element contaminants of particulate matter AP as a source of neurotoxicity is critical for public health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marissa Sobolewski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Elena Marvin
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Katherine Conrad
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Alyssa Merrill
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Tim Anderson
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Gunter Oberdorster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
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25
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T2*-weighted MRI values correlate with motor and cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 80:91-98. [PMID: 31103636 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain iron load is one of the main neuropathologic hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous studies indicated that iron in the substantia nigra (SN) is related to disease duration and motor impairment. We explore, through a cross-sectional study, the association between brain iron distribution, evaluated by T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T2*), and clinical features in a cohort of patients with PD. Thirty-two patients with PD, compared with 10 control subjects, were evaluated for motor and cognitive features (attention and working memory, executive functions, language, memory, and visuospatial function). They underwent a magnetic resonance imaging protocol including T2* analysis of specific brain regions of interest to measure iron load compared with healthy control subjects. We found that iron content of the SN correlated positively with both disease duration and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III off score. Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Spatial Span, and Graded Naming Test scores were inversely associated with iron load of the SN, whereas Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV Similarities score showed an inverse relationship with iron content in all the regions of interest examined. Our findings suggest a relationship between topographic brain iron distribution and cognitive domain impairment.
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26
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Halon-Golabek M, Borkowska A, Herman-Antosiewicz A, Antosiewicz J. Iron Metabolism of the Skeletal Muscle and Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:165. [PMID: 30949015 PMCID: PMC6436082 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies clearly indicate that the endocrine function of the skeletal muscle is essential for a long and healthy life. Regular exercise, which has been shown to stimulate the release of myokines, lowers the risk of many diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, emphasizing the role of skeletal muscle in proper functioning of other tissues. In addition, exercise increases insulin sensitivity, which may also impact iron metabolism. Even though the role of iron in neurodegeneration is well established, the exact mechanisms of iron toxicity are not known. Interestingly, exercise has been shown to modulate iron metabolism, mainly by reducing body iron stores. Insulin signaling and iron metabolism are interconnected, as high tissue iron stores are associated with insulin resistance, and conversely, impaired insulin signaling may lead to iron accumulation in an affected tissue. Excess iron accumulation in tissue triggers iron-dependent oxidative stress. Further, iron overload in the skeletal muscle not only negatively affects muscle contractility but also might impact its endocrine function, thus possibly affecting the clinical outcome of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss possible mechanisms of iron dependent oxidative stress in skeletal muscle, its impact on muscle mass and endocrine function, as well as on neurodegeneration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Halon-Golabek
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andzelika Borkowska
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Herman-Antosiewicz
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jedrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
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27
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Ndayisaba A, Kaindlstorfer C, Wenning GK. Iron in Neurodegeneration - Cause or Consequence? Front Neurosci 2019; 13:180. [PMID: 30881284 PMCID: PMC6405645 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron dyshomeostasis can cause neuronal damage to iron-sensitive brain regions. Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation reflects a group of disorders caused by iron overload in the basal ganglia. High iron levels and iron related pathogenic triggers have also been implicated in sporadic neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Iron-induced dyshomeostasis within vulnerable brain regions is still insufficiently understood. Here, we summarize the modes of action by which iron might act as primary or secondary disease trigger in neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, available treatment options targeting brain iron dysregulation and the use of iron as biomarker in prodromal stages are critically discussed to address the question of cause or consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Ndayisaba
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Gregor K Wenning
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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28
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McIntosh A, Mela V, Harty C, Minogue AM, Costello DA, Kerskens C, Lynch MA. Iron accumulation in microglia triggers a cascade of events that leads to altered metabolism and compromised function in APP/PS1 mice. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:606-621. [PMID: 30661261 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the changes that typify Alzheimer's disease (AD) are neuroinflammation and microglial activation, amyloid deposition perhaps resulting from compromised microglial function and iron accumulation. Data from Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) identified a number of gene variants that endow a significant risk of developing AD and several of these encode proteins expressed in microglia and proteins that are implicated in the immune response. This suggests that neuroinflammation and the accompanying microglial activation are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. The trigger(s) leading to these changes remain to be identified. In this study, we set out to examine the link between the inflammatory, metabolic and iron-retentive signature of microglia in vitro and in transgenic mice that overexpress the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1; APP/PS1 mice), a commonly used animal model of AD. Stimulation of cultured microglia with interferon (IFN)γ and amyloid-β (Aβ) induced an inflammatory phenotype and switched the metabolic profile and iron handling of microglia so that the cells became glycolytic and iron retentive, and the phagocytic and chemotactic function of the cells was reduced. Analysis of APP/PS1 mice by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed genotype-related hypointense areas in the hippocampus consistent with iron deposition, and immunohistochemical analysis indicated that the iron accumulated in microglia, particularly in microglia that decorated Aβ deposits. Isolated microglia prepared from APP/PS1 mice were characterized by a switch to a glycolytic and iron-retentive phenotype and phagocytosis of Aβ was reduced in these cells. This evidence suggests that the switch to glycolysis in microglia may kick-start a cascade of events that ultimately leads to microglial dysfunction and Aβ accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison McIntosh
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Virginia Mela
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Conor Harty
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Aedin M Minogue
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Derek A Costello
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christian Kerskens
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marina A Lynch
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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29
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Dexmedetomidine Promotes SH-SY5Y Cell Resistance Against Impairment of Iron Overload by Inhibiting NF-κB Pathways. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:959-967. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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30
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Mon EE, Wei FY, Ahmad RNR, Yamamoto T, Moroishi T, Tomizawa K. Regulation of mitochondrial iron homeostasis by sideroflexin 2. J Physiol Sci 2018; 69:359-373. [PMID: 30570704 PMCID: PMC6373408 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial iron is indispensable for heme biosynthesis and iron–sulfur cluster assembly. Several mitochondrial transmembrane proteins have been implicated to function in the biosynthesis of heme and iron–sulfur clusters by transporting reaction intermediates. However, several mitochondrial proteins related to iron metabolism remain uncharacterized. Here, we show that human sideroflexin 2 (SFXN2), a member of the SFXN protein family, is involved in mitochondrial iron metabolism. SFXN2 is an evolutionarily conserved protein that localized to mitochondria via its transmembrane domain. SFXN2-knockout (KO) cells had an increased mitochondrial iron content, which was associated with decreases in the heme content and heme-dependent enzyme activities. By contrast, the activities of iron–sulfur cluster-dependent enzymes were unchanged in SFXN2-KO cells. Moreover, abnormal iron metabolism impaired mitochondrial respiration in SFXN2-KO cells and accelerated iron-mediated death of these cells. Our findings demonstrate that SFXN2 functions in mitochondrial iron metabolism by regulating heme biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Ei Mon
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan. .,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Raja Norazireen Raja Ahmad
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tomizawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan. .,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan. .,Neutron Therapy Research Center, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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31
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Nuñez MT, Chana-Cuevas P. New Perspectives in Iron Chelation Therapy for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040109. [PMID: 30347635 PMCID: PMC6316457 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron chelation has been introduced as a new therapeutic concept for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases with features of iron overload. At difference with iron chelators used in systemic diseases, effective chelators for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases must cross the blood–brain barrier. Given the promissory but still inconclusive results obtained in clinical trials of iron chelation therapy, it is reasonable to postulate that new compounds with properties that extend beyond chelation should significantly improve these results. Desirable properties of a new generation of chelators include mitochondrial destination, the center of iron-reactive oxygen species interaction, and the ability to quench free radicals produced by the Fenton reaction. In addition, these chelators should have moderate iron binding affinity, sufficient to chelate excessive increments of the labile iron pool, estimated in the micromolar range, but not high enough to disrupt physiological iron homeostasis. Moreover, candidate chelators should have selectivity for the targeted neuronal type, to lessen unwanted secondary effects during long-term treatment. Here, on the basis of a number of clinical trials, we discuss critically the current situation of iron chelation therapy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases with an iron accumulation component. The list includes Parkinson’s disease, Friedreich’s ataxia, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, Huntington disease and Alzheimer’s disease. We also review the upsurge of new multifunctional iron chelators that in the future may replace the conventional types as therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco T Nuñez
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800024, Chile.
| | - Pedro Chana-Cuevas
- Center for the Treatment of Movement Disorders, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Belisario Prat 1597, Santiago 83800000, Chile.
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32
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Chung JY, Kim HS, Song J. Iron metabolism in diabetes-induced Alzheimer's disease: a focus on insulin resistance in the brain. Biometals 2018; 31:705-714. [PMID: 30043289 PMCID: PMC6133192 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by an excessive accumulation of toxic amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and memory dysfunction. The onset of AD is influenced by age, genetic background, and impaired glucose metabolism in the brain. Several studies have demonstrated that diabetes involving insulin resistance and glucose tolerance could lead to AD, ultimately resulting in cognitive dysfunction. Even though the relationship between diabetes and AD was indicated by significant evidences, the critical mechanisms and metabolic alterations in diabetes induced AD are not clear until now. Recently, iron metabolism has been shown to play multiple roles in the central nervous system (CNS). Iron deficiency and overload are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Iron binds to Aβ and subsequently regulates Aβ toxicity in the CNS. In addition, previous studies have shown that iron is involved in the aggravation of insulin resistance. Considering these effects of iron metabolism in CNS, we expect that iron metabolism may play crucial roles in diabetic AD brain. Thus, we review the recent evidence regarding the relationship between diabetes-induced AD and iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Chung
- Department of Neurology, Chosun University School of Medicine and Hospital, Gwangju, 61452, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, South Korea.
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, South Korea.
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