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Erler K, Krafczyk N, Steinbrenner H, Klotz LO. Selective activation of cellular stress response pathways by fumaric acid esters. FEBS Open Bio 2024. [PMID: 38794848 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The cellular response to oxidants or xenobiotics comprises two key pathways, resulting in modulation of NRF2 and FOXO transcription factors, respectively. Both mount a cytoprotective response, and their activation relies on crucial protein thiol moieties. Using fumaric acid esters (FAEs), known thiol-reactive compounds, we tested for activation of NRF2 and FOXO pathways in cultured human hepatoma cells by dimethyl/diethyl as well as monomethyl/monoethyl fumarate. Whereas only the diesters caused acute glutathione depletion and activation of the stress kinase p38MAPK, all four FAEs stimulated NRF2 stabilization and upregulation of NRF2 target genes. However, no significant FAE-induced activation of FOXO-dependent target gene expression was observed. Therefore, while both NRF2 and FOXO pathways are responsive to oxidants and xenobiotics, FAEs selectively activate NRF2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Erler
- Nutrigenomics Section, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Niklas Krafczyk
- Nutrigenomics Section, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Holger Steinbrenner
- Nutrigenomics Section, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Lars-Oliver Klotz
- Nutrigenomics Section, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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2
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Jin X, Dong W, Chang K, Yan Y. Research on the signaling pathways related to the intervention of traditional Chinese medicine in Parkinson's disease:A literature review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 326:117850. [PMID: 38331124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting more than 10 million people worldwide and is characterized by the progressive loss of Daergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. It has been reported that signaling pathways play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PD, while the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have been found to possess a protective effect against PD. TCM has demonstrated significant potential in mitigating oxidative stress (OS), neuroinflammation, and apoptosis of DA neurons via the regulation of signaling pathways associated with PD. AIM OF THE REVIEW This study discussed and analyzed the signaling pathways involved in the occurrence and development of PD and the mechanism of active ingredients of TCM regulating PD via signaling pathways, with the aim of providing a basis for the development and clinical application of therapeutic strategies for TCM in PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS With "Parkinson's disease", "Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease", "Lewy Body Parkinson's Disease", "Parkinson's Disease, Idiopathic", "Parkinson Disease, Idiopathic", "Parkinson's disorders", "Parkinsonism syndrome", "Traditional Chinese medicine", "Chinese herbal medicine", "active ingredients", "medicinal plants" as the main keywords, PubMed, Web of Science and other online search engines were used for literature retrieval. RESULTS PD exhibits a close association with various signaling pathways, including but not limited to MAPKs, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, Nrf2/ARE, Wnt/β-catenin, TLR/TRIF, NLRP3, Notch. The therapeutic potential of TCM lies in its ability to regulate these signaling pathways. In addition, the active ingredients of TCM have shown significant effects in improving OS, neuroinflammation, and DA neuron apoptosis in PD. CONCLUSION The active ingredients of TCM have unique advantages in regulating PD-related signaling pathways. It is suggested to combine network pharmacology and bioinformatics to study the specific targets of TCM. This not only provides a new way for the prevention and treatment of PD with the active ingredients of TCM, but also provides a scientific basis for the selection and development of TCM preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Quality Assurance and Sustainable Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials, Chinese Medicine Resource Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Wendi Dong
- Foshan Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Kaile Chang
- Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Yongmei Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Quality Assurance and Sustainable Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials, Chinese Medicine Resource Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Department of Encephalopathy, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, China.
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Pant T, Uche N, Juric M, Zielonka J, Bai X. Regulation of immunomodulatory networks by Nrf2-activation in immune cells: Redox control and therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103077. [PMID: 38359749 PMCID: PMC10877431 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases present a serious health challenge due to their widespread prevalence and the severe impact on patients' lives. In the quest to alleviate the burden of these diseases, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has emerged as a pivotal player. As a transcription factor intimately involved in cellular defense against metabolic and oxidative stress, Nrf2's role in modulating the inflammatory responses of immune cells has garnered significant attention. Recent findings suggest that Nrf2's ability to alter the redox status of cells underlies its regulatory effects on immune responses. Our review delves into preclinical and clinical evidence that underscores the complex influence of Nrf2 activators on immune cell phenotypes, particularly in the inflammatory milieu. By offering a detailed analysis of Nrf2's role in different immune cell populations, we cast light on the potential of Nrf2 activators in shaping the immune response towards a more regulated state, mitigating the adverse effects of inflammation through modeling redox status of immune cells. Furthermore, we explore the innovative use of nanoencapsulation techniques that enhance the delivery and efficacy of Nrf2 activators, potentially advancing the treatment strategies for inflammatory ailments. We hope this review will stimulate the development and expansion of Nrf2-targeted treatments that could substantially improve outcomes for patients suffering from a broad range of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Pant
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Nnamdi Uche
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matea Juric
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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Li G, Huang P, Cui S, He Y, Jiang Q, Li B, Li Y, Xu J, Wang Z, Tan Y, Chen S. Tai Chi improves non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: One-year randomized controlled study with the investigation of mechanisms. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 120:105978. [PMID: 38244460 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tai Chi was found to improve motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Whether long-term Tai Chi training could improve non-motor symptoms (NMS) and the related mechanisms were unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate Tai Chi's impact on non-motor symptoms in PD and related mechanisms. METHODS 95 early-stage PD patients were recruited and randomly divided into Tai Chi (N = 32), brisk walking (N = 31), and no-exercise groups (N = 32). All subjects were evaluated at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months within one-year intervention. Non-motor symptoms (including cognition, sleep, autonomic symptoms, anxiety/depression, and quality of life) were investigated by rating scales. fMRI, plasma cytokines and metabolomics, and blood Huntingtin interaction protein 2 (HIP2) mRNA levels were detected to observe changes in brain networks and plasma biomarkers. RESULTS Sixty-six patients completed the study. Non-motor functions assessed by rating scales, e.g. PD cognitive rating scale (PDCRS) and Epworth Sleepiness scale (ESS), were significantly improved in the Tai Chi group than the control group. Besides, Tai Chi had advantages in improving NMS-Quest and ESS than brisk walking. Improved brain function was seen in the somatomotor network, correlating with improved PDCRS (p = 0.003, respectively). Downregulation of eotaxin and upregulation of BDNF demonstrated a positive correlation with improvement of PDCRS and PDCRS-frontal lobe scores (p ≤ 0.037). Improvement of energy and immune-related metabolomics (p ≤ 0.043), and elevation of HIP2 mRNA levels (p = 0.003) were also found associated with the improvement of PDCRS. CONCLUSIONS Tai Chi improved non-motor symptoms in PD, especially in cognition and sleep. Enhanced brain network function, downregulation of inflammation, and enhanced energy metabolism were observed after Tai Chi training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China; Lab for Translational Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shishuang Cui
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yachao He
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinying Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Binyin Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyan Tan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China; Lab for Translational Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China.
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Xiang Y, Song X, Long D. Ferroptosis regulation through Nrf2 and implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:579-615. [PMID: 38265475 PMCID: PMC10861688 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the background knowledge of ferroptosis in the nervous system, as well as the key role of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in regulating ferroptosis. The article takes Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) as the starting point to explore the close association between Nrf2 and ferroptosis, which is of clear and significant importance for understanding the mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) based on oxidative stress (OS). Accumulating evidence links ferroptosis to the pathogenesis of NDs. As the disease progresses, damage to the antioxidant system, excessive OS, and altered Nrf2 expression levels, especially the inhibition of ferroptosis by lipid peroxidation inhibitors and adaptive enhancement of Nrf2 signaling, demonstrate the potential clinical significance of Nrf2 in detecting and identifying ferroptosis, as well as targeted therapy for neuronal loss and mitochondrial dysfunction. These findings provide new insights and possibilities for the treatment and prevention of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiang
- School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Song
- School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingxin Long
- School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China.
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China.
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Yao MF, Dang T, Wang HJ, Zhu XZ, Qiao C. Mitochondrial homeostasis regulation: A promising therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2024; 459:114811. [PMID: 38103871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs) or Lewy neurites (LNs) which consist of α-synuclein (α-syn) and a complex mix of other biomolecules. Mitochondrial dysfunction is widely believed to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of PD and other related neurodegenerative diseases. But mitochondrial dysfunction is subject to complex genetic regulation. There is increasing evidence that PD-related genes directly or indirectly affect mitochondrial integrity. Therefore, targeted regulation of mitochondrial function has great clinical application prospects in the treatment of PD. However, lots of PD drugs targeting mitochondria have been developed but their clinical therapeutic effects are not ideal. This review aims to reveal the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases based on the mitochondrial structure and function, which may highlight potential interventions and therapeutic targets for the development of PD drugs to recover mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Fan Yao
- Department of Clinical Pharmabcy, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China; College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Tao Dang
- Department of Clinical Pharmabcy, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China; College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Hua-Jun Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmabcy, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Xiao-Zhong Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Chen Qiao
- Department of Clinical Pharmabcy, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China; College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
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Romero-Zerbo SY, Valverde N, Claros S, Zamorano-Gonzalez P, Boraldi F, Lofaro FD, Lara E, Pavia J, Garcia-Fernandez M, Gago B, Martin-Montañez E. New molecular mechanisms to explain the neuroprotective effects of insulin-like growth factor II in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00049-3. [PMID: 38341032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the hallmarks of Parkinsońs Disease (PD) is oxidative distress, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) has been proven to have antioxidant and neuroprotective effects in some neurodegenerative diseases, including PD. Consequently, there isgrowing interest in understanding the different mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective effect of this hormone. OBJECTIVES To clarify the mechanism of action of IGF-II involved in the protective effect of this hormone. METHODS The present study was carried out on a cellular model PD based on the incubation of dopaminergic cells (SN4741) in a culture with the toxic 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), in the presence of IGF-II. This model undertakes proteomic analyses in order to understand which molecular cell pathways might be involved in the neuroprotective effect of IGF-II. The most important proteins found in the proteomic study were tested by Western blot, colorimetric enzymatic activity assay and immunocytochemistry. Along with the proteomic study, mitochondrial morphology and function were also studied by transmission electron microscopy and oxygen consumption rate. The cell cycle was also analysed using 7AAd/BrdU staining, and flow cytometry. RESULTS The results obtained indicate that MPP+, MPP++IGF-II treatment and IGF-II, when compared to control, modified the expression of 197, 246 proteins and 207 respectively. Some of these proteins were found to be involved in mitochondrial structure and function, and cell cycle regulation. Including IGF-II in the incubation medium prevents the cell damage induced by MPP+, recovering mitochondrial function and cell cycle dysregulation, and thereby decreasing apoptosis. CONCLUSION IGF-II improves mitochondrial dynamics by promoting the association of Mitofilin with mitochondria, regaining function and redox homeostasis. It also rebalances the cell cycle, reducing the amount of apoptosis and cell death by the regulation of transcription factors, such as Checkpoint kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana-Yanina Romero-Zerbo
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Malaga 29010, Spain
| | - Nadia Valverde
- Departamento de Farmacología y Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Malaga 29010, Spain
| | - Silvia Claros
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Malaga 29010, Spain
| | - Pablo Zamorano-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Malaga 29010, Spain
| | - Federica Boraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita. Patologia Generale, Universita di Modena e Reggio Emilia 4112, Italy
| | - Francesco-Demetrio Lofaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita. Patologia Generale, Universita di Modena e Reggio Emilia 4112, Italy
| | - Estrella Lara
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Malaga 29010, Spain
| | - Jose Pavia
- Departamento de Farmacología y Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Malaga 29010, Spain.
| | - Maria Garcia-Fernandez
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Malaga 29010, Spain.
| | - Belen Gago
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Malaga 29010, Spain
| | - Elisa Martin-Montañez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Malaga 29010, Spain
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Janssen Daalen JM, Koopman WJH, Saris CGJ, Meinders MJ, Thijssen DHJ, Bloem BR. The Hypoxia Response Pathway: A Potential Intervention Target in Parkinson's Disease? Mov Disord 2024; 39:273-293. [PMID: 38140810 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which only symptomatic treatments are available. Both preclinical and clinical studies suggest that moderate hypoxia induces evolutionarily conserved adaptive mechanisms that enhance neuronal viability and survival. Therefore, targeting the hypoxia response pathway might provide neuroprotection by ameliorating the deleterious effects of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, which underlie neurodegeneration in PD. Here, we review experimental studies regarding the link between PD pathophysiology and neurophysiological adaptations to hypoxia. We highlight the mechanistic differences between the rescuing effects of chronic hypoxia in neurodegeneration and short-term moderate hypoxia to improve neuronal resilience, termed "hypoxic conditioning". Moreover, we interpret these preclinical observations regarding the pharmacological targeting of the hypoxia response pathway. Finally, we discuss controversies with respect to the differential effects of hypoxia response pathway activation across the PD spectrum, as well as intervention dosing in hypoxic conditioning and potential harmful effects of such interventions. We recommend that initial clinical studies in PD should focus on the safety, physiological responses, and mechanisms of hypoxic conditioning, as well as on repurposing of existing pharmacological compounds. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules M Janssen Daalen
- Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Werner J H Koopman
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan G J Saris
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan J Meinders
- Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Song Y, Qu Y, Mao C, Zhang R, Jiang D, Sun X. Post-translational modifications of Keap1: the state of the art. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1332049. [PMID: 38259518 PMCID: PMC10801156 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1332049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway plays a crucial role in cellular defense against oxidative stress-induced damage. Its activation entails the expression and transcriptional regulation of several proteins involved in detoxification and antioxidation processes within the organism. Keap1, serving as a pivotal transcriptional regulator within this pathway, exerts control over the activity of Nrf2. Various post-translational modifications (PTMs) of Keap1, such as alkylation, glycosylation, glutathiylation, S-sulfhydration, and other modifications, impact the binding affinity between Keap1 and Nrf2. Consequently, this leads to the accumulation of Nrf2 and its translocation to the nucleus, and subsequent activation of downstream antioxidant genes. Given the association between the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway and various diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and diabetes, comprehending the post-translational modification of Keap1 not only deepens our understanding of Nrf2 signaling regulation but also contributes to the identification of novel drug targets and biomarkers. Consequently, this knowledge holds immense importance in the prevention and treatment of diseases induced by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjia Song
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Caiyun Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Deyou Jiang
- Department of Typhoid, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xutao Sun
- Department of Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Hushpulian DM, Kaidery NA, Dutta D, Sharma SM, Gazaryan I, Thomas B. Emerging small molecule inhibitors of Bach1 as therapeutic agents: Rationale, recent advances, and future perspectives. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300176. [PMID: 37919861 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 is the master regulator of cellular stress response, facilitating the expression of cytoprotective genes, including those responsible for drug detoxification, immunomodulation, and iron metabolism. FDA-approved Nrf2 activators, Tecfidera and Skyclarys for patients with multiple sclerosis and Friedreich's ataxia, respectively, are non-specific alkylating agents exerting side effects. Nrf2 is under feedback regulation through its target gene, transcriptional repressor Bach1. Specifically, in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases with Bach1 dysregulation, excessive Bach1 accumulation interferes with Nrf2 activation. Bach1 is a heme sensor protein, which, upon heme binding, is targeted for proteasomal degradation, relieving the repression of Nrf2 target genes. Ideally, a combination of Nrf2 stabilization and Bach1 inhibition is necessary to achieve the full therapeutic benefits of Nrf2 activation. Here, we discuss recent advances and future perspectives in developing small molecule inhibitors of Bach1, highlighting the significance of the Bach1/Nrf2 signaling pathway as a promising neurotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M Hushpulian
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnologies, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Navneet Ammal Kaidery
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Debashis Dutta
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sudarshana M Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Irina Gazaryan
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Dyson College of Arts and Sciences, Pace University, Pleasantville, New York, USA
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Drug Discovery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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11
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LaPak KM, Saeidi S, Bok I, Wamsley NT, Plutzer IB, Bhatt DP, Luo J, Ashrafi G, Major MB. Proximity proteomic analysis of the NRF family reveals the Parkinson's disease protein ZNF746/PARIS as a co-complexed repressor of NRF2. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eadi9018. [PMID: 38085818 PMCID: PMC10760916 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adi9018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) transcription factor activates cytoprotective and metabolic gene expression in response to various electrophilic stressors. Constitutive NRF2 activity promotes cancer progression, whereas decreased NRF2 function contributes to neurodegenerative diseases. We used proximity proteomic analysis to define protein networks for NRF2 and its family members NRF1, NRF3, and the NRF2 heterodimer MAFG. A functional screen of co-complexed proteins revealed previously uncharacterized regulators of NRF2 transcriptional activity. We found that ZNF746 (also known as PARIS), a zinc finger transcription factor implicated in Parkinson's disease, physically associated with NRF2 and MAFG, resulting in suppression of NRF2-driven transcription. ZNF746 overexpression increased oxidative stress and apoptosis in a neuronal cell model of Parkinson's disease, phenotypes that were reversed by chemical and genetic hyperactivation of NRF2. This study presents a functionally annotated proximity network for NRF2 and suggests a link between ZNF746 overexpression in Parkinson's disease and inhibition of NRF2-driven neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M. LaPak
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Soma Saeidi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ilah Bok
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Nathan T. Wamsley
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Isaac B. Plutzer
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Dhaval P. Bhatt
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jingqin Luo
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, WUSM and Siteman Cancer Center Biostatistics and Qualitative Research Shared Resource, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ghazaleh Ashrafi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - M. Ben Major
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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12
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Venkatesan D, Iyer M, Narayanasamy A, Gopalakrishnan AV, Vellingiri B. Plausible Role of Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number in Neurodegeneration-a Need for Therapeutic Approach in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6992-7008. [PMID: 37523043 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an advancing age-associated progressive brain disorder which has various diverse factors, among them mitochondrial dysfunction involves in dopaminergic (DA) degeneration. Aging causes a rise in mitochondrial abnormalities which leads to structural and functional modifications in neuronal activity and cell death in PD. This ends in deterioration of mitochondrial function, mitochondrial alterations, mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA CN) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity. mtDNA levels or mtDNA CN in PD have reported that mtDNA depletion would be a predisposing factor in PD pathogenesis. To maintain the mtDNA levels, therapeutic approaches have been focused on mitochondrial biogenesis in PD. The depletion of mtDNA levels in PD can be influenced by autophagic dysregulation, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, sirtuins, and calcium homeostasis. The current review describes the regulation of mtDNA levels and discusses the plausible molecular pathways in mtDNA CN depletion in PD pathogenesis. We conclude by suggesting further research on mtDNA depletion which might show a promising effect in predicting and diagnosing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Venkatesan
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to Be University), Coimbatore, 641021, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to Be University), Coimbatore, 641021, India
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India.
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13
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Ocaña MC, Bernal M, Yang C, Caro C, Domínguez A, Vu HS, Cárdenas C, García-Martín ML, DeBerardinis RJ, Quesada AR, Martínez-Poveda B, Medina MÁ. New insights in the targets of action of dimethyl fumarate in endothelial cells: effects on energetic metabolism and serine synthesis in vitro and in vivo. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1084. [PMID: 37880317 PMCID: PMC10600195 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate is an ester from the Krebs cycle intermediate fumarate. This drug is approved and currently used for the treatment of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis, and its anti-angiogenic activity was reported some years ago. Due to the current clinical relevance of this compound and the recently manifested importance of endothelial cell metabolism on the angiogenic switch, we wanted to elucidate whether dimethyl fumarate has an effect on energetic metabolism of endothelial cells. Different experimental approximations were performed in endothelial cells, including proteomics, isotope tracing and metabolomics experimental approaches, in this work we studied the possible role of dimethyl fumarate in endothelial cell energetic metabolism. We demonstrate for the first time that dimethyl fumarate promotes glycolysis and diminishes cell respiration in endothelial cells, which could be a consequence of a down-regulation of serine and glycine synthesis through inhibition of PHGDH activity in these cells. Dimethyl fumarate alters the energetic metabolism of endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo through an unknown mechanism, which could be the cause or the consequence of its pharmacological activity. This new discovery on the targets of this compound could open a new field of study regarding the mechanism of action of dimethyl fumarate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mª Carmen Ocaña
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
- IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga and nano medicine Platform), E-29590, Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Bernal
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
- IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga and nano medicine Platform), E-29590, Málaga, Spain
| | - Chendong Yang
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Carlos Caro
- IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga and nano medicine Platform), E-29590, Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Laboratory-BMRL, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Seville, Spain
| | - Alejandro Domínguez
- IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga and nano medicine Platform), E-29590, Málaga, Spain
| | - Hieu S Vu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Casimiro Cárdenas
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
- Research Support Central Services (SCAI) of the University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - María Luisa García-Martín
- IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga and nano medicine Platform), E-29590, Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Laboratory-BMRL, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Seville, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ana R Quesada
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
- IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga and nano medicine Platform), E-29590, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Poveda
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, E-29071, Málaga, Spain.
- IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga and nano medicine Platform), E-29590, Málaga, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Medina
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, E-29071, Málaga, Spain.
- IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga and nano medicine Platform), E-29590, Málaga, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Chen WT, Dodson M. The untapped potential of targeting NRF2 in neurodegenerative disease. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1270838. [PMID: 37840813 PMCID: PMC10569223 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1270838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Since its initial discovery almost three decades ago, the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) has been shown to regulate a host of downstream transcriptional responses and play a critical role in preventing or promoting disease progression depending on the context. Critically, while the importance of proper nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 function has been demonstrated across a variety of pathological settings, the ability to progress NRF2-targeted therapeutics to clinic has remained frustratingly elusive. This is particularly true in the case of age-related pathologies, where nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 is a well-established mitigator of many of the observed pathogenic effects, yet options to target this pathway remain limited. Along these lines, loss of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 function has clearly been shown to enhance neuropathological outcomes, with enhancing nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway activation to prevent neurodegenerative/neurological disease progression continuing to be an active area of interest. One critical obstacle in generating successful therapeutics for brain-related pathologies is the ability of the compound to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), which has also hampered the implementation of several promising nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 inducers. Another limitation is that many nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 activators have undesirable off-target effects due to their electrophilic nature. Despite these constraints, the field has continued to evolve, and several viable means of targeting nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in a neuropathological context have emerged. In this perspective, we will briefly discuss the key findings and promising therapeutic options that have been discovered to date, as well as highlight emerging areas of NRF2-neurodegeneration research that provide hope for successfully targeting this pathway in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Dodson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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15
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Saratsi A, Samartzi F, Panagiotidis I, Basioura A, Tsiokos D, Ligda C, Rekkas CA. Post-Thaw Parameters of Buck Semen Quality after Soy Lecithin Extender Supplementation with Fumaric Acid. Vet Sci 2023; 10:569. [PMID: 37756091 PMCID: PMC10534350 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The supplementation of cryopreservation media with antioxidants improves the post-thaw quality and fertilizing ability of spermatozoa. To maximize the fertility of frozen-thawed buck spermatozoa, further research is required to overcome obstacles that have yielded controversial results and standardize protocols. In the present work, the effect of adding fumaric acid (a well-described antioxidant) to a soy lecithin semen extender on certain quality parameters of spermatozoa following freezing and thawing was examined for the first time. Five sexually mature Skopelos bucks were used, and ejaculates were collected with an artificial vagina. The semen samples (98 samples, five replicates) were diluted (400 × 106 spermatozoa/mL) with OviXcell®, supplemented with fumaric acid (0 mM, 2.15 mM, 10 mM or 30 mM), equilibrated (5 °C; 3 h), packed (0.5 mL straws), frozen and stored (-196 °C) until further processing. After thawing, the spermatozoa total and progressive motility (CASA), viability (eosin-nigrosin), membrane functional integrity (HOST), acrosome integrity (SpermBlue®) and mitochondrial function (Rhodamine-123/SYBR-14/PI) were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA, followed by Duncan's test; significance was set at 0.05. The addition of 2.15 mM fumaric acid improved (p < 0.05) spermatozoa viability, membrane functional integrity, acrosome integrity and mitochondrial function compared to all other concentrations. The addition of 30 mM fumaric acid decreased (p < 0.05) spermatozoa viability and mitochondrial function compared to all other concentrations. These results indicate a beneficial effect of a 2.15 mM fumaric acid addition to a soy lecithin extender on post-thaw buck spermatozoa quality. Further research is required to evaluate the in vivo fertility of frozen-thawed buck spermatozoa treated with fumaric acid, as well as to elucidate the mechanism of action of fumaric acid in spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Saratsi
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DIMITRA, ELGO Campus, 57001 Thermi-Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.S.); (F.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Foteini Samartzi
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DIMITRA, ELGO Campus, 57001 Thermi-Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.S.); (F.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Ioannis Panagiotidis
- Department of Animal Reproduction & Artificial Insemination, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Thessaloniki, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, 9 Verias Str., 57008 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Athina Basioura
- Department of Agriculture, University of Western Macedonia, Terma Kontopoulou, 53100 Florina, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Tsiokos
- Research Institute of Animal Science, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DIMITRA, 58100 Paralimni Giannitsa, Greece;
| | - Christina Ligda
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DIMITRA, ELGO Campus, 57001 Thermi-Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.S.); (F.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Constantinos A. Rekkas
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DIMITRA, ELGO Campus, 57001 Thermi-Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.S.); (F.S.); (C.L.)
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16
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Bresciani G, Manai F, Davinelli S, Tucci P, Saso L, Amadio M. Novel potential pharmacological applications of dimethyl fumarate-an overview and update. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1264842. [PMID: 37745068 PMCID: PMC10512734 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1264842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. DMF is known to stabilize the transcription factor Nrf2, which in turn induces the expression of antioxidant response element genes. It has also been shown that DMF influences autophagy and participates in the transcriptional control of inflammatory factors by inhibiting NF-κB and its downstream targets. DMF is receiving increasing attention for its potential to be repurposed for several diseases. This versatile molecule is indeed able to exert beneficial effects on different medical conditions through a pleiotropic mechanism, in virtue of its antioxidant, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative effects. A growing number of preclinical and clinical studies show that DMF may have important therapeutic implications for chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular and respiratory pathologies, cancer, eye disorders, neurodegenerative conditions, and systemic or organ specific inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. This comprehensive review summarizes and highlights the plethora of DMF's beneficial effects and underlines its repurposing opportunities in a variety of clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Bresciani
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federico Manai
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology L. Spallanzani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Vittorio Erspamer, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marialaura Amadio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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17
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Son J, Accili D. Reversing pancreatic β-cell dedifferentiation in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1652-1658. [PMID: 37524865 PMCID: PMC10474037 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of glucose homeostasis is fundamental for survival and health. Diabetes develops when glucose homeostasis fails. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell failure. The failure of β-cells to compensate for insulin resistance results in hyperglycemia, which in turn drives altered lipid metabolism and β-cell failure. Thus, insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells is a primary component of glucose homeostasis. Impaired β-cell function and reduced β-cell mass are found in diabetes. Both features stem from a failure to maintain β-cell identity, which causes β-cells to dedifferentiate into nonfunctional endocrine progenitor-like cells or to trans-differentiate into other endocrine cell types. In this regard, one of the key issues in achieving disease modification is how to reestablish β-cell identity. In this review, we focus on the causes and implications of β-cell failure, as well as its potential reversibility as a T2D treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsook Son
- Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Domenico Accili
- Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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18
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Fukui K, You F, Kato Y, Kimura M, Harakawa Y, Yoshikawa T, Inufusa H. Twendee X, a mixed antioxidant supplement, improves cognitive function, coordination, and neurotrophic factor expression in long-term vitamin E-deficient mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2023; 72:93-100. [PMID: 36936879 PMCID: PMC10017315 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.22-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation products gradually accumulate during senescence, enhancing the risk of onset of many severe diseases. One such disease is dementia, and the number of cases of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, has been increasing world-wide. These diseases can be prevented via attenuation of age-related physiological dysfunction; one preventive approach is the ingestion of antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin E. Many antioxidants are readily available commercially. Ingestion of mixed antioxidants is expected to provide further beneficial effects for human health. In this study, we used vitamin E-deficient mice as an animal model of increased oxidative stress and assessed the effects of dosing with mixed antioxidants. Administration of a commercial mixed antioxidant formula, Twendee X significantly improved cognitive function and coordination compared to untreated vitamin E-deficient animals. Furthermore, the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor were significantly increased in the cerebral cortex of Twendee X-dosed vitamin E-deficient mice compared to untreated animals. These results indicate that intake of a mixed antioxidant supplement may be beneficial to human health, even after oxidative stress has begun. In the next stage, it will be necessary to compare with other antioxidants and consider whether it is effective in the aged model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Fukui
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of System Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku 307, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (KF)
| | - Fukka You
- Division of Anti-oxidant Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Yanagito 1-1, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
- Anti-oxidant Research Laboratory, Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, Tanakamonzen-cho 103-5, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8225, Japan
| | - Yugo Kato
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of System Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku 307, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Miyu Kimura
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of System Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku 307, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Harakawa
- Division of Anti-oxidant Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Yanagito 1-1, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Yoshikawa
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, Tanakamonzen-cho 103-5, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8225, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Inufusa
- Division of Anti-oxidant Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Yanagito 1-1, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
- Anti-oxidant Research Laboratory, Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, Tanakamonzen-cho 103-5, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8225, Japan
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19
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Chen YH, Kuo YY, You YQ, Lin YT, Chen PC. Endonuclease VIII-like 1 deficiency potentiates nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron degeneration in a male mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2023; 165:741-755. [PMID: 36840377 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common movement disorder caused by a characteristic loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and degeneration of dopamine terminals in the dorsal striatum. Previous studies have suggested that oxidative stress-induced DNA damage may be involved in PD pathogenesis, as steady-state levels of several types of oxidized nucleobases were shown to be elevated in PD brain tissues. These DNA lesions are normally removed from the genome by base excision repair, which is initiated by DNA glycosylase enzymes such as endonuclease VIII-like 1 (Neil1). In this study, we show that Neil1 plays an important role in limiting oxidative stress-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. In particular, Neil1-deficient male mice exhibited enhanced sensitivity to nigrostriatal degeneration after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) administration, and Neil1-deficient animals had higher levels of γH2AX-marked DNA damage than wild-type (WT) controls, regardless of treatment status. Moreover, MPTP-treated Neil1-/- male mice had slightly elevated expression of genes related to the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent antioxidant pathway. Treatment with the Nrf2 activator, monomethyl fumarate, reduced PD-like behaviors and pathology in Neil1-/- male mice, suggesting that Neil1 is an important defense molecule in an oxidative cellular environment. Taken together, these results suggest that Neil1 DNA glycosylase may play an important role in limiting oxidative stress-mediated PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Kuo
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Qian You
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Tin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chen
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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20
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Sivagnanam S, Das K, Pan I, Barik A, Stewart A, Maity B, Das P. Functionalized Fluorescent Nanostructures Generated from Self-Assembly of a Cationic Tripeptide Direct Cell-Selective Chemotherapeutic Drug Delivery. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:836-847. [PMID: 36757106 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanodrug delivery systems (NDDs) capable of conveying chemotherapeutics directly into malignant cells without harming healthy ones are of significant interest in the field of cancer therapy. However, the development of nanostructures with the requisite biocompatibility, inherent optical properties, cellular penetration ability, encapsulation capability, and target selectivity has remained elusive. In an effort to develop cell-selective NDDs, we have synthesized a cationic tripeptide Boc-Arg-Trp-Phe-OMe (PA1), which self-assembles into well-ordered spheres in 100% aqueous medium. The inherent fluorescence properties of the peptide PA1 were shifted from the ultraviolet to the visible region by the self-assembly. These fluorescent nanostructures are proteolytically stable, photostable, and biocompatible, with characteristic blue fluorescence signals that permit us to monitor their intracellular entry in real time. We also demonstrate that these tripeptide spherical structures (TPSS) have the capacity to entrap the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (Dox), shuttle the encapsulated drug within cancerous cells, and initiate the DNA damage signaling cascade, which culminates in apoptosis. Next, we functionalized the TPSS with an epithelial-cell-specific epithelial cell adhesion molecule aptamer. Aptamer-conjugated PA1 (PA1-Apt) facilitated efficient Dox delivery into the breast cancer epithelial cell line MCF7, resulting in cell death. However, cells of the human cardiomyocyte cell line AC16 were resistant to the cell killing actions of PA1-Apt. Together, these data demonstrate that not only can the self-assembly of cationic tripeptides like PA1 be exploited for efficient drug encapsulation and delivery but their unique chemistry also allows for functional modifications, which can improve the selectivity of these versatile NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniyam Sivagnanam
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Potheri, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kiran Das
- Department of Systems Biology, Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), SGPGI Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ieshita Pan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Atanu Barik
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India
| | - Adele Stewart
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Biswanath Maity
- Department of Systems Biology, Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), SGPGI Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyadip Das
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Potheri, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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Meng M, Zhao X, Huo R, Li X, Chang G, Shen X. Disodium Fumarate Alleviates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Mitochondrial Damage, and Oxidative Stress Induced by the High-Concentrate Diet in the Mammary Gland Tissue of Hu Sheep. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020223. [PMID: 36829784 PMCID: PMC9952365 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-term feeding of the high-concentrate diet (HC) reduced rumen pH and induced subacute rumen acidosis (SARA), leading to mammary gland tissue damage among ruminants. Disodium fumarate enhanced rumen bufferation and alleviated a decrease in rumen pH induced by the HC diet. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether disodium fumarate could alleviate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial damage, and oxidative stress induced by the high-concentrate diet in the mammary gland tissue of Hu sheep. In this study, 18 Hu sheep in mid-lactation were randomly divided into three groups: one fed with a low-concentrate diet (LC) diet, one fed with a HC diet, and one fed with a HC diet with disodium fumarate (AHC). Each sheep was given an additional 10 g of disodium fumarate/day. The experiment lasted for eight weeks. After the experiment, rumen fluid, blood, and mammary gland tissue were collected. The results show that, compared with the LC diet, the HC diet could reduce rumen pH, and the pH below 5.6 was more than 3 h, and the LPS content of blood and rumen fluid in HC the diet was significantly higher than in the LC diet. This indicates that the HC diet induced SARA in Hu sheep. However, the supplementation of disodium fumarate in the HC diet increased the rumen pH and decreased the content of LPS in blood and rumen fluid. Compared with the LC diet, the HC diet increased Ca2+ content in mammary gland tissue. However, the AHC diet decreased Ca2+ content. The HC diet induced ER stress in mammary gland tissue by increasing the mRNA and protein expressions of GRP78, CHOP, PERK, ATF6, and IRE1α. The HC diet also activated the IP3R-VDAC1-MCU channel and lead to mitochondrial damage by inhibiting mitochondrial fusion and promoting mitochondrial division, while disodium fumarate could alleviate these changes. In addition, disodium fumarate alleviated oxidative stress induced by the HC diet by activating Nrf2 signaling and reducing ROS production in mammary gland tissue. In conclusion, the supplementation of disodium fumarate at a daily dose of 10 g/sheep enhanced rumen bufferation by maintaining the ruminal pH above 6 and reduced LPS concentration in ruminal fluid and blood. This reaction avoided the negative effect observed by non-supplemented sheep that were fed with a high-concentrate diet involving endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage in the mammary gland tissue of Hu sheep.
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Zhao Z, Dong R, Cui K, You Q, Jiang Z. An updated patent review of Nrf2 activators (2020-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:29-49. [PMID: 36800917 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2178299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a pivotal transcription factor that controls the expression of numerous cytoprotective genes and regulates cellular defense system against oxidative insults. Thus, activating the Nrf2 pathway is a promising strategy for the treatment of various chronic diseases characterized by oxidative stress. AREAS COVERED This review first discusses the biological effects of Nrf2 and the regulatory mechanism of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-Nrf2-antioxidant response element (Keap1-Nrf2-ARE) pathway. Then, Nrf2 activators (2020-present) are summarized based on the mechanism of action. The case studies consist of chemical structures, biological activities, structural optimization, and clinical development. EXPERT OPINION Extensive efforts have been devoted to developing novel Nrf2 activators with improved potency and drug-like properties. These Nrf2 activators have exhibited beneficial effects in in vitro and in vivo models of oxidative stress-related chronic diseases. However, some specific problems, such as target selectivity and brain blood barrier (BBB) permeability, still need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziquan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruitian Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Keni Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Accili D, Du W, Kitamoto T, Kuo T, McKimpson W, Miyachi Y, Mukhanova M, Son J, Wang L, Watanabe H. Reflections on the state of diabetes research and prospects for treatment. Diabetol Int 2023; 14:21-31. [PMID: 36636157 PMCID: PMC9829952 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-022-00600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Research on the etiology and treatment of diabetes has made substantial progress. As a result, several new classes of anti-diabetic drugs have been introduced in clinical practice. Nonetheless, the number of patients achieving glycemic control targets has not increased for the past 20 years. Two areas of unmet medical need are the restoration of insulin sensitivity and the reversal of pancreatic beta cell failure. In this review, we integrate research advances in transcriptional regulation of insulin action and pathophysiology of beta cell dedifferentiation with their potential impact on prospects of a durable "cure" for patients suffering from type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Accili
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Wen Du
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Takumi Kitamoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670 Japan
| | - Taiyi Kuo
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Wendy McKimpson
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Yasutaka Miyachi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka Japan
| | - Maria Mukhanova
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Jinsook Son
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Liheng Wang
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Hitoshi Watanabe
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
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Marques ES, Severance EG, Min B, Arsenault P, Conlin SM, Timme-Laragy AR. Developmental impacts of Nrf2 activation by dimethyl fumarate (DMF) in the developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 194:284-297. [PMID: 36528121 PMCID: PMC9906634 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is pharmaceutical activator of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates of many cellular antioxidant response pathways, and has been used to treat inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. However, DMF has been shown to produce adverse effects on offspring in animal studies and as such is not recommended for use during pregnancy. The goal of this work is to better understand how these adverse effects are initiated and the role of DMF-induced Nrf2 activation during three critical windows of development in embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio): pharyngula, hatching, and protruding-mouth stages. To evaluate Nrf2 activation, wildtype zebrafish, and mutant zebrafish (nrf2afh318/fh318) embryos with a loss of function mutation in Nrf2a, the co-ortholog to human Nrf2, were treated for 6 h with DMF (0-20 μM) beginning at the pharyngula, hatching, or protruding-mouth stage and assessed for survival and morphology. Nrf2a mutant fish had an increase in survival, however, morphology studies demonstrated Nrf2a mutant fish had more severe deformities occurring with exposures during the hatching stage. To verify Nrf2 cellular localization and downstream impacts on protein-S-glutathionylation in situ, a concentration below the LOAEL was chosen (7 μM) for immunohistochemistry and S-glutathionylation. Embryos were imaged via epifluorescence microscopy studies, the Nrf2a protein in the body tissue was decreased with DMF only when exposed at the hatching stage, while total protein S-glutathionylation was modulated by Nrf2a activity and DMF during the pharyngula and protruding-mouth stage. The pancreatic islet and liver were further analyzed via confocal microscopy. Pancreatic islets and liver also had tissue specific differences with Nrf2a protein expression and protein S-glutathionylation. This work demonstrates how critical windows of exposure and Nrf2a activity may influence toxicity of DMF and highlights tissue-specific changes in Nrf2a protein levels and S-glutathionylation in pancreatic islet and liver during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Marques
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Emily G Severance
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Bellis Min
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Paige Arsenault
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Sarah M Conlin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Alicia R Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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25
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Role of Nrf2 in aging, Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 82:101756. [PMID: 36243357 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear Factor-Erythroid Factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important transcription factor that regulates the expression of large number of genes in healthy and disease states. Nrf2 is made up of 605 amino acids and contains 7 conserved regions known as Nrf2-ECH homology domains. Nrf2 regulates the expression of several key components of oxidative stress, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, autophagy and mitochondrial function in all organs of the human body, in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Mounting evidence also suggests that altered expression of Nrf2 is largely involved in aging, neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's diseases, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Stroke, Multiple sclerosis and others. The purpose of this article is to detail the essential role of Nrf2 in oxidative stress, antioxidative defense, detoxification, inflammatory responses, transcription factors, proteasomal and autophagic/mitophagic degradation, and metabolism in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. This article also highlights the Nrf2 structural and functional activities in healthy and disease states, and also discusses the current status of Nrf2 research and therapeutic strategies to treat aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Mathis BJ, Kato H, Hiramatsu Y. Induction of Cardiac Pathology: Endogenous versus Exogenous Nrf2 Upregulation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233855. [PMID: 36497112 PMCID: PMC9736027 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a master regulator of the endogenous antioxidant response to reactive oxygen species as well as a controller of Phase II detoxification in response to xenobiotics. This amenity to specific external manipulation exploits the binding affinity of Nrf2 for its constitutive repressor and degradation facilitator Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Derived from both natural and synthesized origins, these compounds have been extensively tested without definitive beneficial results. Unfortunately, multiple terminated trials have shown a negative side to Nrf2 with regard to cardiac pathologies while animal-based studies have demonstrated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and heart failure after chronic Nrf2 upregulation. Putatively based on autophagic control of Nrf2 activity-modulating upstream factors, new evidence of miRNA involvement has added complexity to this mechanism. What follows is an extensive survey of Nrf2-regulating exogenous compounds that may promote cardiomyopathy, clinical trial evidence, and a comparison to exercise-induced factors that also upregulate Nrf2 while preventing cardiac pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J. Mathis
- International Medical Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba 305-8576, Ibaraki, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-853-3004
| | - Hideyuki Kato
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuji Hiramatsu
- International Medical Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba 305-8576, Ibaraki, Japan
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Xu RC, Miao WT, Xu JY, Xu WX, Liu MR, Ding ST, Jian YX, Lei YH, Yan N, Liu HD. Neuroprotective Effects of Sodium Butyrate and Monomethyl Fumarate Treatment through GPR109A Modulation and Intestinal Barrier Restoration on PD Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194163. [PMID: 36235813 PMCID: PMC9571500 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has connected Parkinson's disease (PD) with impaired intestinal barrier. The activation of G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) protects the intestinal barrier by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Sodium butyrate (NaB), which is a GPR109A ligand, may have anti-PD effects. The current study's objective is to demonstrate that NaB or monomethyl fumarate (MMF, an agonist of the GPR109A) can treat PD mice induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) via repairing the intestinal barrier. Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups randomly: control, MPTP + vehicle, MPTP + NaB, and MPTP + MMF. Modeling mice received MPTP (20 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for a week, while control mice received sterile PBS. Then, four groups each received two weeks of sterile PBS (10 mL/kg/day, i.g.), sterile PBS (10 mL/kg/day, i.g.), NaB (600 mg/kg/day, i.g.), or MMF (100 mg/kg/day, i.g.). We assessed the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins (occludin and claudin-1), GPR109A, and p65 in the colon, performed microscopic examination via HE staining, quantified markers of intestinal permeability and proinflammatory cytokines in serum, and evaluated motor symptoms and pathological changes in the substantia nigra (SN) or striatum. According to our results, MPTP-induced defected motor function, decreased dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in the striatum, decreased tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons and increased activated microglia in the SN, and systemic inflammation were ameliorated by NaB or MMF treatment. Additionally, the ruined intestinal barrier was also rebuilt and NF-κB was suppressed after the treatment, with higher levels of TJ proteins, GPR109A, and decreased intestinal permeability. These results show that NaB or MMF can remedy motor symptoms and pathological alterations in PD mice by restoring the intestinal barrier with activated GPR109A. We demonstrate the potential for repairing the compromised intestinal barrier and activating GPR109A as promising treatments for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Chen Xu
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- College of First Clinical, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wen-Teng Miao
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- College of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jing-Yi Xu
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- College of First Clinical, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wen-Xin Xu
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- College of First Clinical, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ming-Ran Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- College of First Clinical, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Song-Tao Ding
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yu-Xin Jian
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- College of First Clinical, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yi-Han Lei
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- College of First Clinical, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Neurology, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Han-Deng Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-23-65712090
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Sauerland MB, Davies MJ. Electrophile versus oxidant modification of cysteine residues: Kinetics as a key driver of protein modification. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 727:109344. [PMID: 35777524 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Humans have widespread exposure to both oxidants, and soft electrophilic compounds such as alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes and quinones. Electrophilic motifs are commonly found in a drugs, industrial chemicals, pollutants and are also generated via oxidant-mediated degradation of biomolecules including lipids (e.g. formation of 4-hydroxynonenal, 4-hydroxyhexenal, prostaglandin J2). All of these classes of compounds react efficiently with Cys residues, and the particularly the thiolate anion, with this resulting in Cys modification via either oxidation or adduct formation. This can result in deleterious or beneficial effects, that are either reversible (e.g. in cell signalling) or irreversible (damaging). For example, acrolein is a well-established toxin, whereas dimethylfumarate is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and psoriasis. This short review discusses the targets of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, and particularly two prototypic cases, acrolein and dimethylfumarate, and the factors that control the selectivity and kinetics of reaction of these species. Comparison is made between the reactivity of oxidants versus soft electrophiles. These rate constants indicate that electrophiles can be significant thiol modifying agents in some situations, as they have rate constants similar to or greater than species such as H2O2, can be present at higher concentrations, and are less efficiently removed by protective systems when compared to H2O2. They may also induce similar or higher levels of modification than highly reactive oxidants, due to the very low concentrations of oxidants formed in most in vivo situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max B Sauerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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Ahuja M, Kaidery NA, Dutta D, Attucks OC, Kazakov EH, Gazaryan I, Matsumoto M, Igarashi K, Sharma SM, Thomas B. Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of the Nrf2/Bach1 Signaling Pathway in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091780. [PMID: 36139853 PMCID: PMC9495572 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although a complex interplay of multiple environmental and genetic factors has been implicated, the etiology of neuronal death in PD remains unresolved. Various mechanisms of neuronal degeneration in PD have been proposed, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, α-synuclein proteostasis, disruption of calcium homeostasis, and other cell death pathways. While many drugs individually targeting these pathways have shown promise in preclinical PD models, this promise has not yet translated into neuroprotective therapies in human PD. This has consequently spurred efforts to identify alternative targets with multipronged therapeutic approaches. A promising therapeutic target that could modulate multiple etiological pathways involves drug-induced activation of a coordinated genetic program regulated by the transcription factor, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Nrf2 regulates the transcription of over 250 genes, creating a multifaceted network that integrates cellular activities by expressing cytoprotective genes, promoting the resolution of inflammation, restoring redox and protein homeostasis, stimulating energy metabolism, and facilitating repair. However, FDA-approved electrophilic Nrf2 activators cause irreversible alkylation of cysteine residues in various cellular proteins resulting in side effects. We propose that the transcriptional repressor of BTB and CNC homology 1 (Bach1), which antagonizes Nrf2, could serve as a promising complementary target for the activation of both Nrf2-dependent and Nrf2-independent neuroprotective pathways. This review presents the current knowledge on the Nrf2/Bach1 signaling pathway, its role in various cellular processes, and the benefits of simultaneously inhibiting Bach1 and stabilizing Nrf2 using non-electrophilic small molecules as a novel therapeutic approach for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuj Ahuja
- Darby Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
| | - Navneet Ammal Kaidery
- Darby Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
| | - Debashis Dutta
- Darby Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
| | | | | | - Irina Gazaryan
- Pace University, White Plains, NY 10601, USA
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, School of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 111401 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnologies, Higher School of Economics, 111401 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mitsuyo Matsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
| | - Sudarshana M. Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Darby Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
- Department of Drug Discovery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
- Correspondence:
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Esteras N, Abramov AY. Nrf2 as a regulator of mitochondrial function: Energy metabolism and beyond. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 189:136-153. [PMID: 35918014 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are unique and essential organelles that mediate many vital cellular processes including energy metabolism and cell death. The transcription factor Nrf2 (NF-E2 p45-related factor 2) has emerged in the last few years as an important modulator of multiple aspects of mitochondrial function. Well-known for controlling cellular redox homeostasis, the cytoprotective effects of Nrf2 extend beyond its ability to regulate a diverse network of antioxidant and detoxification enzymes. Here, we review the role of Nrf2 in the regulation of mitochondrial function and structure. We focus on Nrf2 involvement in promoting mitochondrial quality control and regulation of basic aspects of mitochondrial function, including energy production, reactive oxygen species generation, calcium signalling, and cell death induction. Given the importance of mitochondria in the development of multiple diseases, these findings reinforce the pharmacological activation of Nrf2 as an attractive strategy to counteract mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Esteras
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
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31
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Stykel MG, Ryan SD. Nitrosative stress in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:104. [PMID: 35953517 PMCID: PMC9372037 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized, in part, by the loss of dopaminergic neurons within the nigral-striatal pathway. Multiple lines of evidence support a role for reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in degeneration of this pathway, specifically nitric oxide (NO). This review will focus on how RNS leads to loss of dopaminergic neurons in PD and whether RNS accumulation represents a central signal in the degenerative cascade. Herein, we provide an overview of how RNS accumulates in PD by considering the various cellular sources of RNS including nNOS, iNOS, nitrate, and nitrite reduction and describe evidence that these sources are upregulating RNS in PD. We document that over 1/3 of the proteins that deposit in Lewy Bodies, are post-translationally modified (S-nitrosylated) by RNS and provide a broad description of how this elicits deleterious effects in neurons. In doing so, we identify specific proteins that are modified by RNS in neurons which are implicated in PD pathogenesis, with an emphasis on exacerbation of synucleinopathy. How nitration of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) leads to aSyn misfolding and toxicity in PD models is outlined. Furthermore, we delineate how RNS modulates known PD-related phenotypes including axo-dendritic-, mitochondrial-, and dopamine-dysfunctions. Finally, we discuss successful outcomes of therapeutics that target S-nitrosylation of proteins in Parkinson’s Disease related clinical trials. In conclusion, we argue that targeting RNS may be of therapeutic benefit for people in early clinical stages of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan G Stykel
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Scott D Ryan
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, ON, Canada. .,Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, 6868 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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32
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Cai L, Arbab AS, Lee TJ, Sharma A, Thomas B, Igarashi K, Raju RP. BACH1-Hemoxygenase-1 axis regulates cellular energetics and survival following sepsis. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:134-145. [PMID: 35691510 PMCID: PMC10507736 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex disease due to dysregulated host response to infection. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction leading to metabolic dysregulation are among the hallmarks of sepsis. The transcription factor NRF2 (Nuclear Factor E2-related factor2) is a master regulator of the oxidative stress response, and the NRF2 mediated antioxidant response is negatively regulated by BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1) protein. This study tested whether Bach1 deletion improves organ function and survival following polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We observed enhanced post-CLP survival in Bach1-/- mice with a concomitantly increased liver HO-1 expression, reduced liver injury and oxidative stress, and attenuated systemic and tissue inflammation. After sepsis induction, the liver mitochondrial function was better preserved in Bach1-/- mice. Furthermore, BACH1 deficiency improved liver and lung blood flow in septic mice, as measured by SPECT/CT. RNA-seq analysis identified 44 genes significantly altered in Bach1-/- mice after sepsis, including HMOX1 and several genes in lipid metabolism. Inhibiting HO-1 activity by Zinc Protoporphyrin-9 worsened organ function in Bach1-/- mice following sepsis. We demonstrate that mitochondrial bioenergetics, organ function, and survival following experimental sepsis were improved in Bach1-/- mice through the HO-1-dependent mechanism and conclude that BACH1 is a therapeutic target in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Cai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ali S Arbab
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Drug Discovery, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Raghavan Pillai Raju
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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An Overview of NRF2-Activating Compounds Bearing α,β-Unsaturated Moiety and Their Antioxidant Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158466. [PMID: 35955599 PMCID: PMC9369284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The surge of scientific interest in the discovery of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2 (NFE2)-Related Factor 2 (NRF2)-activating molecules underscores the importance of NRF2 as a therapeutic target especially for oxidative stress. The chemical reactivity and biological activities of several bioactive compounds have been linked to the presence of α,β-unsaturated structural systems. The α,β-unsaturated carbonyl, sulfonyl and sulfinyl functional groups are reportedly the major α,β-unsaturated moieties involved in the activation of the NRF2 signaling pathway. The carbonyl, sulfonyl and sulfinyl groups are generally electron-withdrawing groups, and the presence of the α,β-unsaturated structure qualifies them as suitable electrophiles for Michael addition reaction with nucleophilic thiols of cysteine residues within the proximal negative regulator of NRF2, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1). The physicochemical property such as good lipophilicity of these moieties is also an advantage because it ensures solubility and membrane permeability required for the activation of the cytosolic NRF2/KEAP1 system. This review provides an overview of the reaction mechanism of α,β-unsaturated moiety-bearing compounds with the NRF2/KEAP1 complex, their pharmacological properties, structural activity-relationship and their effect on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses. As the first of its kind, this review article offers collective and comprehensive information on NRF2-activators containing α,β-unsaturated moiety with the aim of broadening their therapeutic prospects in a wide range of oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Dong YNA, Mesaros C, Xu P, Mercado-Ayón E, Halawani S, Ngaba LV, Warren N, Sleiman P, Rodden LN, Schadt KA, Blair IA, Lynch DR. Frataxin controls ketone body metabolism through regulation of OXCT1. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac142. [PMID: 36016708 PMCID: PMC9396447 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease caused by the deficiency of mitochondrial protein frataxin, which plays a crucial role in iron-sulphur cluster formation and ATP production. The cellular function of frataxin is not entirely known. Here, we demonstrate that frataxin controls ketone body metabolism through regulation of 3-Oxoacid CoA-Transferase 1 (OXCT1), a rate limiting enzyme catalyzing the conversion of ketone bodies to acetoacetyl-CoA that is then fed into the Krebs cycle. Biochemical studies show a physical interaction between frataxin and OXCT1 both in vivo and in vitro. Frataxin overexpression also increases OXCT1 protein levels in human skin fibroblasts while frataxin deficiency decreases OXCT1 in multiple cell types including cerebellum and skeletal muscle both acutely and chronically, suggesting that frataxin directly regulates OXCT1. This regulation is mediated by frataxin-dependent suppression of ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)-dependent OXCT1 degradation. Concomitantly, plasma ketone bodies are significantly elevated in frataxin deficient knock-in/knockout (KIKO) mice with no change in the levels of other enzymes involved in ketone body production. In addition, ketone bodies fail to be metabolized to acetyl-CoA accompanied by increased succinyl-CoA in vitro in frataxin deficient cells, suggesting that ketone body elevation is caused by frataxin-dependent reduction of OXCT1 leading to deficits in tissue utilization of ketone bodies. Considering the potential role of metabolic abnormalities and deficiency of ATP production in FRDA, our results suggest a new role for frataxin in ketone body metabolism and also suggest modulation of OXCT1 may be a potential therapeutic approach for FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi NA Dong
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peining Xu
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Sarah Halawani
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lucie Vanessa Ngaba
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nathan Warren
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patrick Sleiman
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Layne N Rodden
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kimberly A Schadt
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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35
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Normal and Pathological NRF2 Signalling in the Central Nervous System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081426. [PMID: 35892629 PMCID: PMC9394413 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) was originally described as a master regulator of antioxidant cellular response, but in the time since, numerous important biological functions linked to cell survival, cellular detoxification, metabolism, autophagy, proteostasis, inflammation, immunity, and differentiation have been attributed to this pleiotropic transcription factor that regulates hundreds of genes. After 40 years of in-depth research and key discoveries, NRF2 is now at the center of a vast regulatory network, revealing NRF2 signalling as increasingly complex. It is widely recognized that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in human physiological and pathological processes such as ageing, obesity, diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. The high oxygen consumption associated with high levels of free iron and oxidizable unsaturated lipids make the brain particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. A good stability of NRF2 activity is thus crucial to maintain the redox balance and therefore brain homeostasis. In this review, we have gathered recent data about the contribution of the NRF2 pathway in the healthy brain as well as during metabolic diseases, cancer, ageing, and ageing-related neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss promising therapeutic strategies and the need for better understanding of cell-type-specific functions of NRF2 in these different fields.
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36
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Pouremamali F, Pouremamali A, Dadashpour M, Soozangar N, Jeddi F. An update of Nrf2 activators and inhibitors in cancer prevention/promotion. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:100. [PMID: 35773670 PMCID: PMC9245222 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein is a basic-region leucine zipper transcription factor that defends against endogenous or exogenous stressors. By inducing several cytoprotective and detoxifying gene expressions, Nrf2 can increase the sensitivity of the cells to oxidants and electrophiles. Transient Nrf2 activation, by its specific activators, has protective roles against carcinogenesis and cancer development. However, permanent activation of Nrf2 promotes various cancer properties, comprising malignant progression, chemo/radio resistance, and poor patient prognosis. Taken together, these findings suggest that reaching an optimal balance between paradoxical functions of Nrf2 in malignancy may render a selective improvement to identify therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment. In this review, we describe lately discovered Nrf2 inducers and inhibitors, and their chemopreventive and/or anticancer activities. The Nrf2 pathway signifies one of the most significant cell defense procedures against exogenous or endogenous stressors. Certainly, by increasing the expression of several cytoprotective genes, the transcription factor Nrf2 can shelter cells and tissues from multiple sources of damage including electrophilic, xenobiotic, metabolic, and oxidative stress. Notably, the aberrant activation or accumulation of Nrf2, a common event in many tumors, confers a selective advantage to cancer cells and is connected to malignant progression, therapy resistance, and poor prognosis. Therefore, lately, Nrf2 has arisen as a hopeful target in treatment of cancer, and many struggles have been made to detect therapeutic strategies intended at disrupting its pro-oncogenic role. By summarizing the outcomes from past and recent studies, this review provided an overview concerning the Nrf2 pathway and the molecular mechanisms causing Nrf2 hyperactivation in cancer cells. Finally, this paper also described some of the most promising therapeutic approaches that have been successfully employed to counteract Nrf2 activity in tumors, with a particular emphasis on the development of natural compounds and the adoption of drug repurposing strategies. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Pouremamali
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Pouremamali
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dadashpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Narges Soozangar
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran. .,Zoonoses Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Farhad Jeddi
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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37
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Musacchio T, Yin J, Kremer F, Koprich JB, Brotchie JM, Volkmann J, Ip CW. Temporal, spatial and molecular pattern of dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the AAV-A53T α-synuclein rat model of Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2022; 432:113968. [PMID: 35738338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of the nigrostriatal tract is a neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). A differential intraneuronal vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra (SN) has been suggested, starting as an axonopathy followed by neuronal cell loss that is accompanied with motor deficits. To date, there is no therapy available to delay or halt this neurodegeneration. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like-2 factor (Nrf2) and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) are crucial molecular regulators that undergo nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling and are involved in regulation of axonal and perikarya degeneration of neurons under various pathologic conditions. We here aimed to analyze the time course of dopaminergic neurodegeneration in an AAV PD rat model overexpressing human mutated A53T α-synuclein (haSyn), differentially correlate striatal terminal and SN perikarya loss with behavioral deficits and investigate if nucleo-cytoplasmic Nrf2 and HDAC1 expression are altered in dopaminergic perikarya of the haSyn PD rat model. We observed impaired motor performance in haSyn PD rats assessed by the single pellet reaching task at four- and six-weeks post AAV injection (P < 0.05 each). However, only striatal terminal loss correlated significantly with motor deficits in haSyn PD rats, indicating that parkinsonian motor features reflect the striatal dopaminergic denervation, but cannot be taken as an indirect measure of neurodegeneration per se. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated an upregulation of HDAC1 in the dopaminergic cell nucleus (P < 0.05) while no changes were observed for Nrf2. These data suggest a critical functional role of the axonopathy on motor behavior in haSyn PD rats and mechanistically point towards an impaired nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation of HDAC1 and thus a potential role of disturbed histone acetylation in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Musacchio
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Department of Neurology, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jing Yin
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Department of Neurology, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Kremer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Department of Neurology, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - James B Koprich
- The Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, 8KD402, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada; Atuka Inc., First Canadian Place, 100 King Street West, Toronto, Ontario M5X 1C9, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Brotchie
- The Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, 8KD402, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada; Atuka Inc., First Canadian Place, 100 King Street West, Toronto, Ontario M5X 1C9, Canada
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Department of Neurology, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Department of Neurology, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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38
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Antioxidant Therapy in Cancer: Rationale and Progress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061128. [PMID: 35740025 PMCID: PMC9220137 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by increased oxidative stress, an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. Enhanced ROS accumulation, as a result of metabolic disturbances and signaling aberrations, can promote carcinogenesis and malignant progression by inducing gene mutations and activating pro-oncogenic signaling, providing a possible rationale for targeting oxidative stress in cancer treatment. While numerous antioxidants have demonstrated therapeutic potential, their clinical efficacy in cancer remains unproven. Here, we review the rationale for, and recent advances in, pre-clinical and clinical research on antioxidant therapy in cancer, including targeting ROS with nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as NRF2 activators, vitamins, N-acetylcysteine and GSH esters, or targeting ROS with enzymatic antioxidants, such as NOX inhibitors and SOD mimics. In addition, we will offer insights into prospective therapeutic options for improving the effectiveness of antioxidant therapy, which may expand its applications in clinical cancer treatment.
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Morozzi C, Sauerland M, Gamon LF, Manandhar A, Ulven T, Davies MJ. Synthesis and cellular evaluation of click-chemistry probes to study the biological effects of alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyls. Redox Biol 2022; 52:102299. [PMID: 35358849 PMCID: PMC8966197 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are commonly exposed to α,β-unsaturated carbonyls as both environmental toxins (e.g. acrolein) and therapeutic drugs (e.g. dimethylfumarate, DMFU, a front-line drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and psoriasis). These compounds undergo rapid Michael addition reactions with amine, imidazole and thiol groups on biological targets, with reaction at protein Cys residues being a major reaction pathway. However, the cellular targets of these species (the ‘adductome’) are poorly understood due to the absence of readily identifiable tags or reporter groups (chromophores/fluorophores or antigens) on many α,β-unsaturated carbonyls. Here we report a ‘proof of concept’ study in which we synthesize novel α,β-unsaturated carbonyls containing an alkyne function introduced at remote sites on the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (e.g. one of the methyl groups of dimethylfumarate). The presence of this tag allows ‘click-chemistry’ to be used to visualize, isolate, enrich and characterize the cellular targets of such compounds. The probes show similar selectivity and reactivity to the parent compounds, and compete for cellular targets, yielding long-lived (stable) adducts that can be visualized in intact cells (such as primary human coronary artery smooth muscle cells), and extracted and enriched for subsequent target analysis. It is shown using this approach that dimethylfumarate forms adducts with multiple intracellular targets including cytoskeletal, organelle and nuclear species, with these including the rate-limiting glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). This approach should be amenable to use with multiple α,β-unsaturated carbonyls and a wide variety of targets containing nucleophilic sites. Humans are widely exposed to α,β-unsaturated carbonyls via drugs and environmental toxins. These compounds react with cellular targets, and particularly Cys residues, via Michael addition. Alkyne tagged derivatives have been synthesized to allow click chemistry detection. These tags allow visualization, extraction, enrichment and identification of adducted proteins. GAPDH reacts with dimethylfumarate, with adducts detected in both the cytosol and nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Morozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Max Sauerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Luke F Gamon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Asmita Manandhar
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Jagtvej 162, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Jagtvej 162, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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40
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Majkutewicz I. Dimethyl fumarate: A review of preclinical efficacy in models of neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 926:175025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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41
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Li J, Baker J, Higham A, Shah R, Montero-Fernandez A, Murray C, Cooper N, Lucas C, Fox C, Singh D, Lea S. COPD lung studies of Nrf2 expression and the effects of Nrf2 activators. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1431-1443. [PMID: 35441963 PMCID: PMC9293829 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nrf2 regulates cellular antioxidant defence in lung cells, including epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages (AM). The Nrf2/Keap-1 pathway can be modulated by activators with different modes of action; electrophilic compounds and protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibitors. We assessed Nrf2 and Keap-1 protein and gene levels in COPD compared to controls and the effect of Nrf2 activators on COPD AM. METHODS Lung resected tissue from non-smokers, smokers and COPD patients were analysed for epithelial and AM expression of Nrf2 and Keap-1 by imunoshistochemistry and by qPCR in isolated AM. AM were cultured with Nrf2 activators CDDO, C4X_6665, GSK7, MMF and Sulforaphane. Expression of Nrf2 target genes NQO1, HMOX1 SOD1 and TXNRD1 and NQO1 activity were assessed. RESULTS Nrf2 and Keap-1 expression was not altered in the epithelium or AM of COPD patients compared to controls. NQO1 activity was downregulated, while NQO1, HMOX1, SOD1 and TXNRD1 gene expression increased in COPD patients. All Nrf2 activators increased NQO1 activity, and NQO1, HMOX1, SOD1 and TXNRD1 expression in AMs from both COPD and smokers. The potency of C4X_6665 on NQO1 activity and regulation of Nrf2 target gene expression was higher than other compounds. CONCLUSION There is evidence of dysregulation of the Nrf2 signalling pathway in AM from COPD patients. The higher potency of the novel PPI Nrf2 compound C4X_6665 for inducing antioxidant activity and gene expression compared to electrophilic and other PPI Nrf2 activators highlights the therapeutic potential of this compound to address Nrf2 pathway dysregulation in COPD AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - James Baker
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Higham
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Rajesh Shah
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Manchester University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dave Singh
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, The Langley Building, Southmoor Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon Lea
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK. .,2nd Floor Office Education and Research Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Southmoor Road, Manchester, M23 9LT, UK.
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Thomas SD, Jha NK, Sadek B, Ojha S. Repurposing Dimethyl Fumarate for Cardiovascular Diseases: Pharmacological Effects, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Promise. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050497. [PMID: 35631325 PMCID: PMC9143321 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a small molecule that has been shown to assert potent in vivo immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory therapeutic actions. The drug has been approved and is currently in use for treating multiple sclerosis and psoriasis in the USA and Europe. Since inflammatory reactions have been significantly implicated in the etiology and progression of diverse disease states, the pharmacological actions of DMF are presently being explored and generalized to other diseases where inflammation needs to be suppressed and immunoregulation is desirable, either as a monotherapeutic agent or as an adjuvant. In this review, we focus on DMF, and present an overview of its mechanism of action while briefly discussing its pharmacokinetic profile. We further discuss in detail its pharmacological uses and highlight its potential applications in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. DMF, with its unique combination of anti-inflammatory and vasculoprotective effects, has the potential to be repurposed as a therapeutic agent in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The clinical studies mentioned in this review with respect to the beneficial effects of DMF in atherosclerosis involve observations in patients with multiple sclerosis and psoriasis in small cohorts and for short durations. The findings of these studies need to be assessed in larger prospective clinical trials, ideally with a double-blind randomized study design, investigating the effects on cardiovascular endpoints as well as morbidity and mortality. The long-term impact of DMF therapy on cardiovascular diseases also needs to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilu Deepa Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
- Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India;
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
- Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (S.O.)
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
- Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (S.O.)
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43
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Tastan B, Arioz BI, Genc S. Targeting NLRP3 Inflammasome With Nrf2 Inducers in Central Nervous System Disorders. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865772. [PMID: 35418995 PMCID: PMC8995746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is an intracellular multiprotein complex that plays an essential role in the innate immune system by identifying and eliminating a plethora of endogenous and exogenous threats to the host. Upon activation of the NLRP3 complex, pro-inflammatory cytokines are processed and released. Furthermore, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex can induce pyroptotic cell death, thereby propagating the inflammatory response. The aberrant activity and detrimental effects of NLRP3 inflammasome activation have been associated with cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, clinical strategies targeting the inhibition of the self-propelled NLRP3 inflammasome activation are required. The transcription factor Nrf2 regulates cellular stress response, controlling the redox equilibrium, metabolic programming, and inflammation. The Nrf2 pathway participates in anti-oxidative, cytoprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities. This prominent regulator, through pharmacologic activation, could provide a therapeutic strategy for the diseases to the etiology and pathogenesis of which NLRP3 inflammasome contributes. In this review, current knowledge on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and Nrf2 pathways is presented; the relationship between NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and Nrf2 pathway, as well as the pre/clinical use of Nrf2 activators against NLRP3 inflammasome activation in disorders of the central nervous system, are thoroughly described. Cumulative evidence points out therapeutic use of Nrf2 activators against NLRP3 inflammasome activation or diseases that NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to would be advantageous to prevent inflammatory conditions; however, the side effects of these molecules should be kept in mind before applying them to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Tastan
- Genc Laboratory, Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Burak I. Arioz
- Genc Laboratory, Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sermin Genc
- Genc Laboratory, Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey,Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey,*Correspondence: Sermin Genc,
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44
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Neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning of rats and dopaminergic neurotoxicity: proposed animal model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:445-461. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chakkittukandiyil A, Sajini DV, Karuppaiah A, Selvaraj D. The principal molecular mechanisms behind the activation of Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway leading to neuroprotective action in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2022; 156:105325. [PMID: 35278519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. PD is associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta region of the midbrain. Present therapies for PD provide only symptomatic relief by restoring the dopamine (DA) level. However, they are not disease modifying agents and so they do not delay the disease progression. Alpha-synuclein aggregation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic inflammation are considered to be the major pathological mechanisms mediating neurodegeneration in PD. To resist oxidative stress, the human body has an antioxidant defence mechanism consisting of many antioxidants and cytoprotective genes. The expression of those genes are largely controlled by the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/Nuclear factor - erythroid - 2 - related factor 2/Antioxidant response element (Keap1/Nrf2/ARE) signalling pathway. The transcription factor Nrf2 is activated in response to oxidative or electrophilic stress and protects the cells from oxidative stress and inflammation. Nrf2 has been widely considered as a therapeutic target for neurodegeneration and several drugs are now being tested in clinical trials. Regulation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway by small molecules which can act as Nrf2 activators could be effective for treating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in PD. In this review, we had discussed the principal molecular mechanisms behind the neuroprotective effects of Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway in PD. Additionally, we also discussed the small molecules and phytochemicals that could activate the Nrf2 mediated anti-oxidant pathway for neuroprotection in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritha Chakkittukandiyil
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deepak Vasudevan Sajini
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arjunan Karuppaiah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, PSG College of Pharmacy, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Divakar Selvaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India.
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46
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Saha S, Buttari B, Profumo E, Tucci P, Saso L. A Perspective on Nrf2 Signaling Pathway for Neuroinflammation: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:787258. [PMID: 35126058 PMCID: PMC8813964 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.787258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), the leading causes of dementia. These neurological disorders are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins such as amyloid-ß (Aß), tau protein and α-synuclein, contributing to mitochondrial fragmentation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Misfolded proteins activate microglia, which induces neuroinflammation, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and subsequently facilitates synaptic damage and neuronal loss. So far, all the proposed drugs were based on the inhibition of protein aggregation and were failed in clinical trials. Therefore, the treatment options of dementia are still a challenging issue. Thus, it is worthwhile to study alternative therapeutic strategies. In this context, there is increasing data on the pivotal role of transcription factor NF- E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) on the redox homeostasis and anti-inflammatory functions in neurodegenerative disorders. Interestingly, Nrf2 signaling pathway has shown upregulation of antioxidant genes, inhibition of microglia-mediated inflammation, and improved mitochondrial function in neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting Nrf2 activation could be a novel therapeutic approach to target pathogenesis. The present review will examine the correlation between Nrf2 signaling with neuroinflammation in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Saha
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Brigitta Buttari
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Profumo
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Son J, Ding H, Farb TB, Efanov AM, Sun J, Gore JL, Syed SK, Lei Z, Wang Q, Accili D, Califano A. BACH2 inhibition reverses β cell failure in type 2 diabetes models. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:153876. [PMID: 34907913 DOI: 10.1172/jci153876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with defective insulin secretion and reduced β cell mass. Available treatments provide a temporary reprieve, but secondary failure rates are high, making insulin supplementation necessary. Reversibility of β cell failure is a key translational question. Here, we reverse engineered and interrogated pancreatic islet-specific regulatory networks to discover T2D-specific subpopulations characterized by metabolic inflexibility and endocrine progenitor/stem cell features. Single-cell gain- and loss-of-function and glucose-induced Ca2+ flux analyses of top candidate master regulatory (MR) proteins in islet cells validated transcription factor BACH2 and associated epigenetic effectors as key drivers of T2D cell states. BACH2 knockout in T2D islets reversed cellular features of the disease, restoring a nondiabetic phenotype. BACH2-immunoreactive islet cells increased approximately 4-fold in diabetic patients, confirming the algorithmic prediction of clinically relevant subpopulations. Treatment with a BACH inhibitor lowered glycemia and increased plasma insulin levels in diabetic mice, and restored insulin secretion in diabetic mice and human islets. The findings suggest that T2D-specific populations of failing β cells can be reversed and indicate pathways for pharmacological intervention, including via BACH2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsook Son
- Department of Medicine and.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hongxu Ding
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas B Farb
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Alexander M Efanov
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jiajun Sun
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Julie L Gore
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Samreen K Syed
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Zhigang Lei
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Qidi Wang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Domenico Accili
- Department of Medicine and.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Wang Y, Gao L, Chen J, Li Q, Huo L, Wang Y, Wang H, Du J. Pharmacological Modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway as a Therapeutic Target of Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:757161. [PMID: 34887759 PMCID: PMC8650509 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.757161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder featuring both motor and nonmotor symptoms associated with a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Oxidative stress (OS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. Genetic and environmental factors can produce OS, which has been implicated as a core contributor to the initiation and progression of PD through the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) orchestrates activation of multiple protective genes, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which protects cells from OS. Nrf2 has also been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects and modulate both mitochondrial function and biogenesis. Recently, a series of studies have reported that different bioactive compounds were shown to be able to activate Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) and can ameliorate PD-associated neurotoxin, both in animal models and in tissue culture. In this review, we briefly overview the sources of OS and the association between OS and the pathogenesis of PD. Then, we provided a concise overview of Nrf2/ARE pathway and delineated the role played by activation of Nrf2/HO-1 in PD. At last, we expand our discussion to the neuroprotective effects of pharmacological modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 by bioactive compounds and the potential application of Nrf2 activators for the treatment of PD. This review suggests that pharmacological modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway by bioactive compounds is a therapeutic target of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Luyan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, The Fourth Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
| | - Liang Huo
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
| | - Hongquan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jichen Du
- Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
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Bach1 derepression is neuroprotective in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2111643118. [PMID: 34737234 PMCID: PMC8694049 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111643118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway is a promising therapeutic target for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Canonical Nrf2 activators targeting Keap1 thiols are known to be preventive but never effectively cure chronic neurodegeneration because of their electrophilic nature, resulting in nonspecific reactions with active cysteine residues in a variety of cellular proteins. We show that genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of the Nrf2 repressor Bach1 in a posttreatment regimen of experimental PD is neuroprotective by up-regulating Bach1-targeted pathways involving both Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response element (ARE) and non-ARE genes. Inhibition of Bach1 by a nonelectrophilic substituted benzimidazole is a promising therapeutic approach for PD. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Mounting evidence suggests that Nrf2 is a promising target for neuroprotective interventions in PD. However, electrophilic chemical properties of the canonical Nrf2-based drugs cause irreversible alkylation of cysteine residues on cellular proteins resulting in side effects. Bach1 is a known transcriptional repressor of the Nrf2 pathway. We report that Bach1 levels are up-regulated in PD postmortem brains and preclinical models. Bach1 knockout (KO) mice were protected against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity and associated oxidative damage and neuroinflammation. Functional genomic analysis demonstrated that the neuroprotective effects in Bach1 KO mice was due to up-regulation of Bach1-targeted pathways that are associated with both Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response element (ARE) and Nrf2-independent non-ARE genes. Using a proprietary translational technology platform, a drug library screen identified a substituted benzimidazole as a Bach1 inhibitor that was validated as a nonelectrophile. Oral administration of the Bach1 inhibitor attenuated MPTP neurotoxicity in pre- and posttreatment paradigms. Bach1 inhibitor–induced neuroprotection was associated with the up-regulation of Bach1-targeted pathways in concurrence with the results from Bach1 KO mice. Our results suggest that genetic deletion as well as pharmacologic inhibition of Bach1 by a nonelectrophilic inhibitor is a promising therapeutic approach for PD.
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Targetable Pathways for Alleviating Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration of Metabolic and Non-Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111444. [PMID: 34768878 PMCID: PMC8583882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative and inherited metabolic diseases frequently compromise nervous system function, and mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been implicated as key events leading to neurodegeneration. Mitochondria are essential for neuronal function; however, these organelles are major sources of endogenous reactive oxygen species and are vulnerable targets for oxidative stress-induced damage. The brain is very susceptible to oxidative damage due to its high metabolic demand and low antioxidant defence systems, therefore minimal imbalances in the redox state can result in an oxidative environment that favours tissue damage and activates neuroinflammatory processes. Mitochondrial-associated molecular pathways are often compromised in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration, including the parkin/PINK1, Nrf2, PGC1α, and PPARγ pathways. Impairments to these signalling pathways consequently effect the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria, which has been suggested as contributing to the development of neurodegeneration. Mitochondrial dysfunction prevention has become an attractive therapeutic target, and there are several molecular pathways that can be pharmacologically targeted to remove damaged mitochondria by inducing mitochondrial biogenesis or mitophagy, as well as increasing the antioxidant capacity of the brain, in order to alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction and prevent the development and progression of neurodegeneration in these disorders. Compounds such as natural polyphenolic compounds, bioactive quinones, and Nrf2 activators have been reported in the literature as novel therapeutic candidates capable of targeting defective mitochondrial pathways in order to improve mitochondrial function and reduce the severity of neurodegeneration in these disorders.
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