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Winn NC, Schleh MW, Garcia JN, Lantier L, McGuinness OP, Blair JA, Hasty AH, Wasserman DH. Insulin at the intersection of thermoregulation and glucose homeostasis. Mol Metab 2024; 81:101901. [PMID: 38354854 PMCID: PMC10877958 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammals are protected from changes in environmental temperature by altering energetic processes that modify heat production. Insulin is the dominant stimulus of glucose uptake and metabolism, which are fundamental for thermogenic processes. The purpose of this work was to determine the interaction of ambient temperature induced changes in energy expenditure (EE) on the insulin sensitivity of glucose fluxes. Short-term and adaptive responses to thermoneutral temperature (TN, ∼28 °C) and room (laboratory) temperature (RT, ∼22 °C) were studied in mice. This range of temperature does not cause detectable changes in circulating catecholamines or shivering and postabsorptive glucose homeostasis is maintained. We tested the hypothesis that a decrease in EE that occurs with TN causes insulin resistance and that this reduction in insulin action and EE is reversed upon short term (<12h) transition to RT. Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (Rd) and tissue-specific glucose metabolic index were assessed combining isotopic tracers with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. EE and insulin-stimulated Rd are both decreased (∼50%) in TN-adapted vs RT-adapted mice. When RT-adapted mice are switched to TN, EE rapidly decreases and Rd is reduced by ∼50%. TN-adapted mice switched to RT exhibit a rapid increase in EE, but whole-body insulin-stimulated Rd remains at the low rates of TN-adapted mice. In contrast, whole body glycolytic flux rose with EE. This higher EE occurs without increasing glucose uptake from the blood, but rather by diverting glucose from glucose storage to glycolysis. In addition to adaptations in insulin action, 'insulin-independent' glucose uptake in brown fat is exquisitely sensitive to thermoregulation. These results show that insulin action adjusts to non-stressful changes in ambient temperature to contribute to the support of body temperature homeostasis without compromising glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Winn
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Michael W Schleh
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jamie N Garcia
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Louise Lantier
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Owen P McGuinness
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joslin A Blair
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David H Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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2
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Moon S, Alsarkhi L, Lin TT, Inoue R, Tahiri A, Colson C, Cai W, Shirakawa J, Qian WJ, Zhao JY, El Ouaamari A. Transcriptome and secretome profiling of sensory neurons reveals sex differences in pathways relevant to insulin sensing and insulin secretion. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23185. [PMID: 37695721 PMCID: PMC10503313 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300941r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) convey somatosensory and metabolic cues to the central nervous system and release substances from stimulated terminal endings in peripheral organs. Sex-biased variations driven by the sex chromosome complement (XX and XY) have been implicated in the sensory-islet crosstalk. However, the molecular underpinnings of these male-female differences are not known. Here, we aim to characterize the molecular repertoire and the secretome profile of the lower thoracic spinal sensory neurons and to identify molecules with sex-biased insulin sensing- and/or insulin secretion-modulating activity that are encoded independently of circulating gonadal sex hormones. We used transcriptomics and proteomics to uncover differentially expressed genes and secreted molecules in lower thoracic T5-12 DRG sensory neurons derived from sexually immature 3-week-old male and female C57BL/6J mice. Comparative transcriptome and proteome analyses revealed differential gene expression and protein secretion in DRG neurons in males and females. The transcriptome analysis identified, among others, higher insulin signaling/sensing capabilities in female DRG neurons; secretome screening uncovered several sex-specific candidate molecules with potential regulatory functions in pancreatic β cells. Together, these data suggest a putative role of sensory interoception of insulin in the DRG-islet crosstalk with implications in sensory feedback loops in the regulation of β-cell activity in a sex-biased manner. Finally, we provide a valuable resource of molecular and secretory targets that can be leveraged for understanding insulin interoception and insulin secretion and inform the development of novel studies/approaches to fathom the role of the sensory-islet axis in the regulation of energy balance in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Moon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Lamyaa Alsarkhi
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Tai-Tu Lin
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Ryota Inoue
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Azeddine Tahiri
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
| | - Cecilia Colson
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Weikang Cai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Jun Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Jerry Yingtao Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Abdelfattah El Ouaamari
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 01595, USA
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3
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Qiu R, Wu B, He Y, Huang S, Wang S, Li H, Zheng F. Age-related adiposity and beta-cell function: impact on prediabetes and diabetes prevalence in middle-aged and older Han Chinese adults. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:405-413. [PMID: 36083401 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of aging on the prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes, and the influence of aging on the associations among adipose mass, redistribution, β cell function, and the prevalence of hyperglycaemia. METHOD This urban-based cross-sectional study included 1033 Chinese Han people, aged 40-65 years. The abdominal subcutaneous fat area (SFA) and visceral fat area (VFA) were determined by magnetic resonance imaging. The prevalence rates of prediabetes and diabetes were analyzed according to age group (40-49, 50-59, and 60-65 years). The effects of aging on abdominal fat mass, adipose distribution, insulin action indexes were also assessed. RESULTS Prediabetes and diabetes prevalence gradually increased with age. Both SFA and VFA increased, while SFA/VFA decreased, in the 50-59 and 60-65 years age groups compared to the 40-49 years group. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) increased with fat mass. Homeostatic model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-β) and early-phase insulin secretion (∆I30/∆G30) were decreased in the 60-65 years group compared to the younger age groups. Increased age, VFA, and HOMA-IR, as well as decreased HOMA-β, were risk factors for the development of prediabetes and diabetes. The associations between central obesity and the development of prediabetes and diabetes, but not the associations of SFA/VFA, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-β with hyperglycaemia prevalence, weakened with age. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes increased with age. Central obesity may be related stronger to the development of hyperglycaemia in younger people.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - B Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Y He
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - S Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - S Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - H Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - F Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China.
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Omale S, Amagon KI, Johnson TO, Bremner SK, Gould GW. A systematic analysis of anti-diabetic medicinal plants from cells to clinical trials. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14639. [PMID: 36627919 PMCID: PMC9826616 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes is one of the fastest-growing health emergencies of the 21st century, placing a severe economic burden on many countries. Current management approaches have improved diabetic care, but several limitations still exist, such as decreased efficacy, adverse effects, and the high cost of treatment, particularly for developing nations. There is, therefore, a need for more cost-effective therapies for diabetes management. The evidence-based application of phytochemicals from plants in the management of diseases is gaining traction. Methodology Various plants and plant parts have been investigated as antidiabetic agents. This review sought to collate and discuss published data on the cellular and molecular effects of medicinal plants and phytochemicals on insulin signaling pathways to better understand the current trend in using plant products in the management of diabetes. Furthermore, we explored available information on medicinal plants that consistently produced hypoglycemic effects from isolated cells to animal studies and clinical trials. Results There is substantial literature describing the effects of a range of plant extracts on insulin action and insulin signaling, revealing a depth in knowledge of molecular detail. Our exploration also reveals effective antidiabetic actions in animal studies, and clear translational potential evidenced by clinical trials. Conclusion We suggest that this area of research should be further exploited in the search for novel therapeutics for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Omale
- African Centre for Excellence in Phytomedicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Kennedy I. Amagon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Titilayo O. Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Shaun Kennedy Bremner
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gwyn W. Gould
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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5
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Accili D, Du W, Kitamoto T, Kuo T, McKimpson W, Miyachi Y, Mukhanova M, Son J, Wang L, Watanabe H. Reflections on the state of diabetes research and prospects for treatment. Diabetol Int 2023; 14:21-31. [PMID: 36636157 PMCID: PMC9829952 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-022-00600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Research on the etiology and treatment of diabetes has made substantial progress. As a result, several new classes of anti-diabetic drugs have been introduced in clinical practice. Nonetheless, the number of patients achieving glycemic control targets has not increased for the past 20 years. Two areas of unmet medical need are the restoration of insulin sensitivity and the reversal of pancreatic beta cell failure. In this review, we integrate research advances in transcriptional regulation of insulin action and pathophysiology of beta cell dedifferentiation with their potential impact on prospects of a durable "cure" for patients suffering from type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Accili
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Wen Du
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Takumi Kitamoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670 Japan
| | - Taiyi Kuo
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Wendy McKimpson
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Yasutaka Miyachi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka Japan
| | - Maria Mukhanova
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Jinsook Son
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Liheng Wang
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Hitoshi Watanabe
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
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6
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Dhaher NF, Shaat N, Nilsson A, Bennet L. Insulin secretion and action with increasing age - A comparison between Middle Eastern immigrants and native Swedes. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10913. [PMID: 36247141 PMCID: PMC9563179 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Little is known how insulin secretion and action change over time in populations of different ethnicities. We studied changes in insulin secretion and action with increasing age in Iraqi-born immigrants and native Swedes, and investigated if the changes were modified by region of origin. Methods Residents of Malmö, 30–75 years of age born in Iraq or Sweden, were invited to participate in this population-based, cross-sectional study. Health examination, medical history, lifestyle, sociodemographic data, and fasting blood samples were assessed. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed and insulin secretion (disposition index, DIo) and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) calculated using the Matsuda indices. Results In total 1881 people participated; 1193 Iraqi- and 688 Swedish born. DIo decreased with increasing age in the total study population (β for the effect of age on ln DIo: -0.018, 95% CI -0.023 to -0.013, P < 0.001), adjusted for origin, lifestyle and anthropometric measures. DIo was generally lower in Iraqis vs. Swedes (median: 12,712.9 vs. 14,659.2, P = 0.004), but the difference disappeared when adjusted for BMI. Further, ISI declined with increasing age in both Iraqis and Swedes. ISI was generally lower among Iraqis compared to Swedes, (median: 76.9 vs. 102.3, p < .001). The difference could not be fully explained by age, sex, lifestyle, and anthropometric measures. No significant interactions were observed. Conclusions The levels of DIo and ISI were lower among Iraqis compared to Swedes and declined with increasing age, irrespective of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Fadhel Dhaher
- Department of Medicine, Trelleborg's Hospital, Trelleborg, Sweden,Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden,Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden,Corresponding author.
| | - Nael Shaat
- Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden,Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anton Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Louise Bennet
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden,Clinical Research and Trial Centre, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Jaiswal N, Gavin M, Loro E, Sostre-Colón J, Roberson PA, Uehara K, Rivera-Fuentes N, Neinast M, Arany Z, Kimball SR, Khurana TS, Titchenell PM. AKT controls protein synthesis and oxidative metabolism via combined mTORC1 and FOXO1 signalling to govern muscle physiology. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:495-514. [PMID: 34751006 PMCID: PMC8818654 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletomuscular diseases result in significant muscle loss and decreased performance, paralleled by a loss in mitochondrial and oxidative capacity. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are two potent anabolic hormones that activate a host of signalling intermediates including the serine/threonine kinase AKT to influence skeletal muscle physiology. Defective AKT signalling is associated with muscle pathology, including cachexia, sarcopenia, and disuse; however, the mechanistic underpinnings remain unresolved. METHODS To elucidate the role of AKT signalling in muscle mass and physiology, we generated both congenital and inducible mouse models of skeletal muscle-specific AKT deficiency. To understand the downstream mechanisms mediating AKT's effects on muscle biology, we generated mice lacking AKT1/2 and FOXO1 (M-AKTFOXO1TKO and M-indAKTFOXO1TKO) to inhibit downstream FOXO1 signalling, AKT1/2 and TSC1 (M-AKTTSCTKO and M-indAKTTSCTKO) to activate mTORC1, and AKT1/2, FOXO1, and TSC1 (M-QKO and M-indQKO) to simultaneously activate mTORC1 and inhibit FOXO1 in AKT-deficient skeletal muscle. Muscle proteostasis and physiology were assessed using multiple assays including metabolic labelling, mitochondrial function, fibre typing, ex vivo physiology, and exercise performance. RESULTS Here, we show that genetic ablation of skeletal muscle AKT signalling resulted in decreased muscle mass and a loss of oxidative metabolism and muscle performance. Specifically, deletion of muscle AKT activity during development or in adult mice resulted in a significant reduction in muscle growth by 30-40% (P < 0.0001; n = 12-20) and 15% (P < 0.01 and P < 0.0001; n = 20-30), respectively. Interestingly, this reduction in muscle mass was primarily due to an ~40% reduction in protein synthesis in both M-AKTDKO and M-indAKTDKO muscles (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01; n = 12-20) without significant changes in proteolysis or autophagy. Moreover, a significant reduction in oxidative capacity was observed in both M-AKTDKO (P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001; n = 5-12) and M-indAKTDKO (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01; n = 4). Mechanistically, activation and inhibition of mTORC1/FOXO1, respectively, but neither alone, were sufficient to restore protein synthesis, muscle oxidative capacity, and muscle function in the absence of AKT in vivo. In a mouse model of disuse-induced muscle loss, simultaneous activation of mTORC1 and inhibition of FOXO1 preserved muscle mass following immobilization (~5-10% reduction in casted M-indFOXO1TSCDKO muscles vs. ~30-40% casted M-indControl muscles, P < 0.05 and P < 0.0001; n = 8-16). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this study provides novel insights into the AKT-dependent mechanisms that underlie muscle protein homeostasis, function, and metabolism in both normal physiology and disuse-induced muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Jaiswal
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Gavin
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emanuele Loro
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Penn Muscle Institute, Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jaimarie Sostre-Colón
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul A Roberson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kahealani Uehara
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Rivera-Fuentes
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Neinast
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scot R Kimball
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Tejvir S Khurana
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Penn Muscle Institute, Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul M Titchenell
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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8
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Jarosinski MA, Dhayalan B, Chen YS, Chatterjee D, Varas N, Weiss MA. Structural principles of insulin formulation and analog design: A century of innovation. Mol Metab 2021; 52:101325. [PMID: 34428558 PMCID: PMC8513154 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of insulin in 1921 and its near-immediate clinical use initiated a century of innovation. Advances extended across a broad front, from the stabilization of animal insulin formulations to the frontiers of synthetic peptide chemistry, and in turn, from the advent of recombinant DNA manufacturing to structure-based protein analog design. In each case, a creative interplay was observed between pharmaceutical applications and then-emerging principles of protein science; indeed, translational objectives contributed to a growing molecular understanding of protein structure, aggregation and misfolding. SCOPE OF REVIEW Pioneering crystallographic analyses-beginning with Hodgkin's solving of the 2-Zn insulin hexamer-elucidated general features of protein self-assembly, including zinc coordination and the allosteric transmission of conformational change. Crystallization of insulin was exploited both as a step in manufacturing and as a means of obtaining protracted action. Forty years ago, the confluence of recombinant human insulin with techniques for site-directed mutagenesis initiated the present era of insulin analogs. Variant or modified insulins were developed that exhibit improved prandial or basal pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. Encouraged by clinical trials demonstrating the long-term importance of glycemic control, regimens based on such analogs sought to resemble daily patterns of endogenous β-cell secretion more closely, ideally with reduced risk of hypoglycemia. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Next-generation insulin analog design seeks to explore new frontiers, including glucose-responsive insulins, organ-selective analogs and biased agonists tailored to address yet-unmet clinical needs. In the coming decade, we envision ever more powerful scientific synergies at the interface of structural biology, molecular physiology and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Jarosinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA
| | - Balamurugan Dhayalan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA
| | - Yen-Shan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA
| | - Deepak Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA
| | - Nicolás Varas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA
| | - Michael A Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405, IN, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA.
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9
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Zhang L, Gopalasingam G, Herzog H. Ninjin'yoeito, a herbal medicine, enhances glucose tolerance in mice. Neuropeptides 2021; 88:102150. [PMID: 33895618 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes increases under conditions of obesity but also due to aging. While a variety of treatment options are being explored there are still many unanswered questions about the underlying mechanisms for the aetiology and progression of this illness. Here we show that pre-treatment with Ninjin'yoeito (NYT), a herbal medicine composed of 12 different ingrediencies, before a glucose challenge results in significantly improved glucose tolerance. This occurs in the absence of significant alterations in insulin excursion compared to vehicle treatment, indicating NYT improves insulin responsiveness and/or insulin-independent glucose disposal. Furthermore, we identify Ginseng - one of the 12 ingredients of NYT - as one key component contributing to NYT's effect on glucose clearance. Importantly, lack of Y4 receptor signalling abolishes the positive effects of NYT on glucose tolerance suggesting Y4 receptor-controlled pathways are crucial in mediating this action of NYT. Using c-fos as neuronal activation marker, we show NYT activates the area postrema - a circumventricular organ in the brainstem that expresses high level of Y4 receptors, supporting an involvement of brainstem Y4 signalling in NYT-activated central networks. Together, these data suggest that NYT is a positive influencer of glucose metabolism in insulin-sensitive tissues and the mechanistic actions of NYT include brainstem Y4 circuitries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Gopana Gopalasingam
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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10
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Abstract
Insulin resistance is one of the earliest defects in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Over the past 50 years, elucidation of the insulin signalling network has provided important mechanistic insights into the abnormalities of glucose, lipid and protein metabolism that underlie insulin resistance. In classical target tissues (liver, muscle and adipose tissue), insulin binding to its receptor initiates a broad signalling cascade mediated by changes in phosphorylation, gene expression and vesicular trafficking that result in increased nutrient utilisation and storage, and suppression of catabolic processes. Insulin receptors are also expressed in non-classical targets, such as the brain and endothelial cells, where it helps regulate appetite, energy expenditure, reproductive hormones, mood/behaviour and vascular function. Recent progress in cell biology and unbiased molecular profiling by mass spectrometry and DNA/RNA-sequencing has provided a unique opportunity to dissect the determinants of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome; best studied are extrinsic factors, such as circulating lipids, amino acids and other metabolites and exosomal microRNAs. More challenging has been defining the cell-intrinsic factors programmed by genetics and epigenetics that underlie insulin resistance. In this regard, studies using human induced pluripotent stem cells and tissues point to cell-autonomous alterations in signalling super-networks, involving changes in phosphorylation and gene expression both inside and outside the canonical insulin signalling pathway. Understanding how these multi-layered molecular networks modulate insulin action and metabolism in different tissues will open new avenues for therapy and prevention of type 2 diabetes and its associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago M Batista
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nida Haider
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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11
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance is a pathophysiological condition associated with diabetes and cardiometabolic diseases that is characterized by a diminished tissue response to insulin action. Our understanding of this complex phenomenon and its role in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases is rooted in the discovery of insulin, its isolation and purification, and the challenges encountered with its therapeutic use. SUMMARY In this historical perspective, we explore the evolution of the term "insulin resistance" and demonstrate how advances in insulin and glucose analytics contributed to the recognition and validation of this metabolic entity. We identify primary discoveries which were pivotal in expanding our knowledge of insulin resistance, the challenges in measurement and interpretation, contemporary techniques, and areas of future exploration. Key Message: Measurements of insulin resistance are important tools for defining and treating cardiometabolic diseases. Accurate quantification of this pathophysiological entity requires careful consideration of the assumptions and pitfalls of the methodological techniques and the historical and clinical context when interpreting and applying the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandhna R. Sharma
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Samantha T. Matta
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Stephanie T. Chung
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,*Stephanie T. Chung,
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12
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Abstract
Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of physiological function leading to increase in the vulnerability to death. This deterioration process occurs in all living organisms and is the primary risk factor for pathological conditions including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular diseases. Most of the age-related diseases have been associated with impairment of action of an important hormone, namely insulin. It is well-known that this hormone is a critical mediator of metabolism, growth, proliferation and differentiation. Insulin action depends on two processes that determine its circulating levels, insulin secretion and clearance, and insulin sensitivity in its target tissues. Aging has deleterious effects on these three mechanisms, impairing insulin action, thereby increasing the risk for diseases and death. Thus, improving insulin action may be an important strategy to have a healthier and longer life.
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13
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Visentin R, Cobelli C, Dalla Man C. The Padova Type 2 Diabetes Simulator from Triple-Tracer Single-Meal Studies: In Silico Trials Also Possible in Rare but Not-So-Rare Individuals. Diabetes Technol Ther 2020; 22:892-903. [PMID: 32324063 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2020.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background:In silico trials in type 2 diabetes (T2D) would be useful for testing diabetes treatments and accelerating the development of new antidiabetic drugs. In this study, we present a T2D simulator able to reproduce the variability observed in a T2D population. The simulator also allows to safely experiment on virtual subjects with severe (and possibly rare) pathological conditions. Methods: A meal simulation model of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide systems, made of 15 differential equations and 39 parameters, has been identified using a system decomposition and forcing function Bayesian strategy on data of 51 T2D subjects undergoing a single triple-tracer mixed meal. One hundred T2D in silico subjects have been generated from the joint distribution of estimated model parameters. A case study is presented to illustrate the simulator use for testing a virtual drug (improving insulin action and secretion) in a subpopulation of rare, extremely impaired, T2D subjects. Results: The model well fitted T2D data and parameters were estimated with precision. Simulated plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide well matched the data (e.g., median [25th-75th percentile] glucose area under the curves of 6.9 [6.1-8.5] 104 mg/dL·min in silico vs. 7.0 [5.6-8.2] 104 mg/dL·min in vivo). The potential use of the simulator was shown in a case study, in which the (virtual) antidiabetic drug dose was optimized for very insulin-resistant T2D subjects. Conclusions: We have developed a T2D simulator that captures the behavior of T2D population during a meal, both in terms of average and intersubject variability. The simulator represents a cost-effective way to test new antidiabetic drugs, before moving to human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Visentin
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Cobelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Dalla Man
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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14
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Brown EC, Franklin BA, Regensteiner JG, Stewart KJ. Effects of single bout resistance exercise on glucose levels, insulin action, and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes: A narrative review. J Diabetes Complications 2020; 34:107610. [PMID: 32402840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Previous studies have reported beneficial effects of chronic resistance exercise in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. To clarify potential modulators of acute responses to resistance exercise, we reviewed the literature to determine the effects of a single bout of resistance exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in type 2 diabetes. METHODS Pubmed and Embase were searched for studies investigating the effects of single bouts of resistance exercise on glucose and insulin levels, and cardiovascular disease risk in people with diabetes. Fourteen reports were identified and reviewed to formulate evidence-based resistance exercise prescription recommendations. RESULTS Glucose and insulin levels appear to decrease with resistance exercise with effects lasting up to 24 and 18 h, respectively. Bouts of resistance exercise may outperform aerobic exercise in reducing ambulatory blood pressure, with effects lasting up to 24 h. Moreover, resistance exercise after rather than before a meal may be more effective in reducing glucose, insulin, and triacylglycerol levels. However, reducing injectable insulin dosage prior to resistance exercise may blunt its favorable effects on glucose levels. CONCLUSIONS This review suggests that a single bout of resistance exercise may be effective for acutely improving cardiometabolic markers in people with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise C Brown
- School of Health Sciences, Oakland University, 433 Meadow Brook Rd, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
| | - Barry A Franklin
- Preventative Cardiology/Cardiac Rehabilitation, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Beaumont Health and Wellness Center, Royal Oak, MI, USA.
| | - Judith G Regensteiner
- Center for Women's Health Research, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - Kerry J Stewart
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Adams JD, Dalla Man C, Laurenti MC, Andrade MDH, Cobelli C, Rizza RA, Bailey KR, Vella A. Fasting glucagon concentrations are associated with longitudinal decline of β-cell function in non-diabetic humans. Metabolism 2020; 105:154175. [PMID: 32045582 PMCID: PMC7093233 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Abnormal glucagon concentrations are a feature of prediabetes but it is uncertain if α-cell dysfunction contributes to a longitudinal decline in β-cell function. We therefore sought to determine if a decline in β-cell function is associated with a higher nadir glucagon in the postprandial period or with higher fasting glucagon. METHODS This was a longitudinal study in which 73 non-diabetic subjects were studied on 2 occasions 6.6 ± 0.3 years apart using a 2-hour, 7-sample oral glucose tolerance test. Disposition Index (DI) was calculated using the oral minimal model applied to the measurements of glucose, insulin, C-peptide concentrations during the studies. We subsequently examined the relationship of glucagon concentrations at baseline with change in DI (used as a measure of β-cell function) after adjusting for changes in weight and the baseline value of DI. RESULTS After adjusting for covariates, nadir postprandial glucagon concentrations were not associated with changes in β-cell function as quantified by DI. On the other hand, fasting glucagon concentrations during the baseline study were inversely correlated with longitudinal changes in DI. CONCLUSIONS Defects in α-cell function, manifest as elevated fasting glucagon, are associated with a subsequent decline in β-cell function. It remains to be ascertained if abnormal α-cell function contributes directly to loss of β-cell secretory capacity in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D Adams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chiara Dalla Man
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marcello C Laurenti
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M Daniela Hurtado Andrade
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Claudio Cobelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Robert A Rizza
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kent R Bailey
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Adrian Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
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16
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Rivera Diaz PA, Gómez Camargo DE, Ondo-Méndez A, Gómez-Alegría CJ. A colorimetric bioassay for quantitation of both basal and insulin-induced glucose consumption in 3T3-L1 adipose cells. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03422. [PMID: 32140580 PMCID: PMC7049645 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The quantitation of glucose consumption in animal cell cultures is mainly based on the use of radiolabeled or fluorescent analogues, resulting in expensive and tedious procedures, requiring special equipment and, sometimes, with potential health and environmental risks. Objectives The objective of this work was to evaluate the application of a blood plasma colorimetric assay to quantify glucose consumption in in vitro cultures of adipose cells. Methods We worked with 3T3-L1 adipose cells differentiated by 7–8 days, which were exposed to different initial glucose concentrations (5.5, 2.8 and 1.4 mM) for variable times, either in the absence or the presence of 100 nM insulin. Using a commercial colorimetric glucose assay, extracellular glucose was determined, and glucose uptake was calculated as the difference between the initial and final glucose concentration. Results The colorimetric assay allowed us to quantify glucose uptake in our cell model, observing a linear response over time (r2≥0.9303) to the different glucose concentrations, both in the basal and insulin-induced condition. The insulin-stimulated glucose consumption was higher than basal consumption at all glucose concentrations evaluated, but significant differences were observed at 120-, 360- and 480-min in glucose 5.5 mM (p ≤ 0.01, n = 5), and 240 min in glucose 1.4 mM (p ≤ 0.01, n = 5). A Vmax of 4.1 and 5.9 nmol/ml/min (basal and insulin-induced, respectively) and a Km of 1.1 mM (same in basal vs insulin-stimulated) were calculated. The bioassay was also useful in a pharmacological context: in glucose 1.4 mM, glucose consumption showed an effect that depended on insulin concentration, with a calculated EC50 of 18.4 ± 1.1 nM. Conclusions A simple and low-cost bioassay is proposed to quantify glucose consumption in 3T3-L1 adipose cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A. Rivera Diaz
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Farmacia, Grupo de investigación UNIMOL, Av. Carrera 30 #45-03, Bogotá, Código Postal 111321, Colombia
| | - Doris E. Gómez Camargo
- Universidad de Cartagena, Facultad de Medicina, Doctorado en Medicina Tropical del SUE Caribe, Grupo UNIMOL, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Ondo-Méndez
- Universidad del Rosario, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Grupo de Investigación Clínica, Colombia
| | - Claudio J. Gómez-Alegría
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Farmacia, Grupo de investigación UNIMOL, Av. Carrera 30 #45-03, Bogotá, Código Postal 111321, Colombia
- Corresponding author.
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Cervone DT, Hucik B, Lovell AJ, Dyck DJ. Unacylated ghrelin stimulates fatty acid oxidation to protect skeletal muscle against palmitate-induced impairment of insulin action in lean but not high-fat fed rats. Metabol Open 2020; 5:100026. [PMID: 32812929 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2020.100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ghrelin is a gut hormone that spikes in circulation before mealtime. Recent findings suggest that both ghrelin isoforms stimulate skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation, lending to the possibility that it may regulate skeletal muscle’s handling of meal-derived substrates. It was hypothesized in the current study that ghrelin may preserve muscle insulin response during conditions of elevated saturated fatty acid (palmitate) availability by promoting its oxidation. Methods and results Soleus muscle strips were isolated from male rats to determine the direct effects of ghrelin isoforms on fatty acid oxidation, glucose uptake and insulin signaling. We demonstrate that unacylated ghrelin (UnAG) is the more potent stimulator of skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation. Both isoforms of ghrelin generally protected muscle from impaired insulin-mediated phosphorylation of AKT Ser473 and Thr308, as well as downstream phosphorylation of AS160 Ser588 during high palmitate exposure. However, only UnAG was able to preserve insulin-stimulated glucose uptake during exposure to high palmitate concentrations. The use of etomoxir, an irreversible inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-1) abolished this protection, strongly suggesting that UnAG’s stimulation of fatty acid oxidation may be essential to this protection. To our knowledge, we are also the first to investigate the impact of a chronic high-fat diet on ghrelin’s actions in muscle. Following 6 wks of a high-fat diet, UnAG was unable to preserve insulin-stimulated signaling or glucose transport during an acute high palmitate exposure. UnAG was also unable to further stimulate 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) or fatty acid oxidation during high palmitate exposure. Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-2 (CRF-2R) content was significantly decreased in muscle from high-fat fed animals, which may partially account for the loss of UnAG’s effects. Conclusions UnAG is able to protect muscle from acute lipid exposure, likely due to its ability to stimulation fatty acid oxidation. This effect is lost in high-fat fed animals, implying a resistance to ghrelin at the level of the muscle. The underlying mechanisms accounting for ghrelin resistance in high fat-fed animals remain to be discovered. Saturated lipids acutely impair muscle insulin signaling and glucose transport. Ghrelin isoforms consistently protect insulin signaling from lipid detriment. Unacylated ghrelin more potently stimulates fat oxidation, preserving glucose transport. Muscle of chronic high fat-fed rats may be resistant to ghrelin’s metabolic effects.
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18
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Stöckli J, Zadoorian A, Cooke KC, Deshpande V, Yau B, Herrmann G, Kebede MA, Humphrey SJ, James DE. ABHD15 regulates adipose tissue lipolysis and hepatic lipid accumulation. Mol Metab 2019; 25:83-94. [PMID: 31105056 PMCID: PMC6601125 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Insulin suppresses adipose tissue lipolysis after a meal, playing a key role in metabolic homeostasis. This is mediated via the kinase Akt and its substrate phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B). Once phosphorylated and activated, PDE3B hydrolyses cAMP leading to the inactivation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and suppression of lipolysis. However, several gaps have emerged in this model. Here we investigated the role of the PDE3B-interacting protein, α/β-hydrolase ABHD15 in this process. Methods Lipolysis, glucose uptake, and signaling were assessed in ABHD15 knock down and knock out adipocytes and fat explants in response to insulin and/or β-adrenergic receptor agonist. Glucose and fatty acid metabolism were determined in wild type and ABHD15−/− littermate mice. Results Deletion of ABHD15 in adipocytes resulted in a significant defect in insulin-mediated suppression of lipolysis with no effect on insulin-mediated glucose uptake. ABHD15 played a role in suppressing PKA signaling as phosphorylation of the PKA substrate Perilipin-1 remained elevated in response to insulin upon ABHD15 deletion. ABHD15−/− mice had normal glucose metabolism but defective fatty acid metabolism: plasma fatty acids were elevated upon fasting and in response to insulin, and this was accompanied by elevated liver triglycerides upon β-adrenergic receptor activation. This is likely due to hyperactive lipolysis as evident by the larger triglyceride depletion in brown adipose tissue in these mice. Finally, ABHD15 protein levels were reduced in adipocytes from mice fed a Western diet, further implicating this protein in metabolic homeostasis. Conclusions Collectively, ABHD15 regulates adipocyte lipolysis and liver lipid accumulation, providing novel therapeutic opportunities for modulating lipid homeostasis in disease. Insulin was unable to suppress lipolysis in the absence of ABHD15 in adipocytes in vitro, ex vivo and in mice in vivo. The lipolysis defect was associated with defective signalling via protein kinase A and its substrate Perilipin-1. The defect was specific for lipolysis with no impairment in insulin signalling or insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Deletion of ABHD15 caused a significant increase in fatty acid deposition in liver in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Stöckli
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Armella Zadoorian
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kristen C Cooke
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Vinita Deshpande
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Belinda Yau
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Gaia Herrmann
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Melkam A Kebede
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sean J Humphrey
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Small L, Brandon AE, Parker BL, Deshpande V, Samsudeen AF, Kowalski GM, Reznick J, Wilks DL, Preston E, Bruce CR, James DE, Turner N, Cooney GJ. Reduced insulin action in muscle of high fat diet rats over the diurnal cycle is not associated with defective insulin signaling. Mol Metab 2019; 25:107-118. [PMID: 31029696 PMCID: PMC6600078 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Energy metabolism and insulin action follow a diurnal rhythm. It is therefore important that investigations into dysregulation of these pathways are relevant to the physiology of this diurnal rhythm. Methods We examined glucose uptake, markers of insulin action, and the phosphorylation of insulin signaling intermediates in muscle of chow and high fat, high sucrose (HFHS) diet-fed rats over the normal diurnal cycle. Results HFHS animals displayed hyperinsulinemia but had reduced systemic glucose disposal and lower muscle glucose uptake during the feeding period. Analysis of gene expression, enzyme activity, protein abundance and phosphorylation revealed a clear diurnal regulation of substrate oxidation pathways with no difference in Akt signaling in muscle. Transfection of a constitutively active Akt2 into the muscle of HFHS rats did not rescue diet-induced reductions in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Conclusions These studies suggest that reduced glucose uptake in muscle during the diurnal cycle induced by short-term HFHS-feeding is not the result of reduced insulin signaling. Investigating metabolism in rodents over the diurnal cycle more accurately models normal animal physiology. Diurnal regulation of substrate oxidation is altered in muscle of HFHS-fed rats. There is a disconnect between glucose uptake and canonical insulin signaling in muscle. Activation of Akt2 does not rescue diet-induced reductions in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewin Small
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda E Brandon
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Science, Charles Perkins Centre D17, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Parker
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Science, Charles Perkins Centre D17, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vinita Deshpande
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Science, Charles Perkins Centre D17, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Azrah F Samsudeen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Greg M Kowalski
- Deakin University, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jane Reznick
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Donna L Wilks
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elaine Preston
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Clinton R Bruce
- Deakin University, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Geelong, Australia
| | - David E James
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Science, Charles Perkins Centre D17, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory J Cooney
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Science, Charles Perkins Centre D17, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Wędrychowicz A, Sztefko K, Starzyk JB. Sclerostin and its association with insulin resistance in children and adolescents. Bone 2019; 120:232-238. [PMID: 30055341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies have shown that sclerostin, which is mainly known as a negative regulator of bone formation, could play an important role in the crosstalk between bone and glucose metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sclerostin, other bone and fat related factors as osteocalcin (OC), Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor NF-қB ligand (RANKL), leptin and adiponectin with glucose metabolism and insulin action in children and adolescents with obesity compared with healthy children and adolescents. METHODS Fifty-five obese children and adolescents, a mean age of 13.2 ± 3.4 yrs., BMI 28.89 ± 5.5 kg/m2, and 26 healthy controls (mean age 13.0 ± 4.3 yrs., BMI 19.96 ± 3.1 kg/m2), sex-, and Tanner stage-matched were included into the study. Fasting blood samples for measurement of sclerostin, glucose, lipid profile, HbA1c, C-peptide, OC, RANKL, leptin and adiponectin, and vitamin D were taken at 8.00 AM. RESULTS Sclerostin, osteocalcin, RANKL, and adiponectin levels did not differ between obese patients and the control group. Leptin and fasting insulin levels were significantly higher in obese subjects compared with controls (p < 0.01, p = 0.01, respectively). A positive correlation between sclerostin and OC (r = 0.417, p = 0.027) and negative correlations between sclerostin and HOMA-IR and between sclerostin and age (r = -0.24, p = 0.045, r = -0.23, p = 0.037, respectively) were found in all of the subjects. Sclerostin did not correlate with HbA1c, lipids, RANKL and fat-derived leptin and adiponectin. Partial correlation analysis adjusted for age, SDS-BMI and Tanner staging only revealed a negative correlation between sclerostin and HOMA-IR (r = -0.3, p = 0.01). In obese patients this correlation was stronger than in the whole group (r = -0.39, p = 0.005). Moreover, a negative correlation between sclerostin and insulin was found in obese patients (r = -0.39, p = 0.006). In the healthy cohort, sclerostin had a negative correlation only with C-peptide (r = -0.79, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Sclerostin could play an important role in the regulation of glucose metabolism in children and adolescents, regardless of other fat and bone-derived factors. In obese young patients it's action could be associated with decreasing insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wędrychowicz
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Pediatric Institute, Medical College, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Sztefko
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Pediatric Institute, Medical College, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy B Starzyk
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Pediatric Institute, Medical College, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
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Hörbelt T, Tacke C, Markova M, Herzfeld de Wiza D, Van de Velde F, Bekaert M, Van Nieuwenhove Y, Hornemann S, Rödiger M, Seebeck N, Friedl E, Jonas W, Thoresen GH, Kuss O, Rosenthal A, Lange V, Pfeiffer AFH, Schürmann A, Lapauw B, Rudovich N, Pivovarova O, Ouwens DM. The novel adipokine WISP1 associates with insulin resistance and impairs insulin action in human myotubes and mouse hepatocytes. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2054-2065. [PMID: 29754289 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Wingless-type (Wnt) inducible signalling pathway protein-1 (WISP1) has been recently identified as a proinflammatory adipokine. We examined whether WISP1 expression and circulating levels are altered in type 2 diabetes and whether WISP1 affects insulin signalling in muscle cells and hepatocytes. METHODS Serum and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) biopsies, for analysis of circulating WISP1 levels by ELISA and WISP1 mRNA expression by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, were collected from normal-weight men (control group, n = 33) and obese men with (n = 46) and without type 2 diabetes (n = 56) undergoing surgery. Following incubation of primary human skeletal muscle cells (hSkMCs) and murine AML12 hepatocytes with WISP1 and insulin, insulin signalling was analysed by western blotting. The effect of WISP1 on insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis and gluconeogenesis was investigated in hSkMCs and murine hepatocytes, respectively. RESULTS Circulating WISP1 levels were higher in obese men (independent of diabetes status) than in normal-weight men (mean [95% CI]: 70.8 [55.2, 86.4] ng/l vs 42.6 [28.5, 56.6] ng/l, respectively; p < 0.05). VAT WISP1 expression was 1.9-fold higher in obese men vs normal-weight men (p < 0.05). Circulating WISP1 levels were positively associated with blood glucose in the OGTT and circulating haem oxygenase-1 and negatively associated with adiponectin levels. In hSkMCs and AML12 hepatocytes, recombinant WISP1 impaired insulin action by inhibiting phosphorylation of insulin receptor, Akt and its substrates glycogen synthase kinase 3β, FOXO1 and p70S6 kinase, and inhibiting insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis and suppression of gluconeogenic genes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Circulating WISP1 levels and WISP1 expression in VAT are increased in obesity independent of glycaemic status. Furthermore, WISP1 impaired insulin signalling in muscle and liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Hörbelt
- Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Tacke
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariya Markova
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Daniella Herzfeld de Wiza
- Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Marlies Bekaert
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Silke Hornemann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Maria Rödiger
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nicole Seebeck
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Friedl
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Wenke Jonas
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam, Germany
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oliver Kuss
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Volker Lange
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Surgery, Vivantes Hospital, Berlin, Germany
- Helios Hospital Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bruno Lapauw
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natalia Rudovich
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Spital Bülach, Bülach, Switzerland
| | - Olga Pivovarova
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany.
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
| | - D Margriet Ouwens
- Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Hingst JR, Bruhn L, Hansen MB, Rosschou MF, Birk JB, Fentz J, Foretz M, Viollet B, Sakamoto K, Færgeman NJ, Havelund JF, Parker BL, James DE, Kiens B, Richter EA, Jensen J, Wojtaszewski JFP. Exercise-induced molecular mechanisms promoting glycogen supercompensation in human skeletal muscle. Mol Metab 2018; 16:24-34. [PMID: 30093357 PMCID: PMC6158101 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective A single bout of exercise followed by intake of carbohydrates leads to glycogen supercompensation in prior exercised muscle. Our objective was to illuminate molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon in skeletal muscle of man. Methods We studied the temporal regulation of glycogen supercompensation in human skeletal muscle during a 5 day recovery period following a single bout of exercise. Nine healthy men depleted (day 1), normalized (day 2) and supercompensated (day 5) muscle glycogen in one leg while the contralateral leg served as a resting control. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps in combination with leg balance technique allowed for investigating insulin-stimulated leg glucose uptake under these 3 experimental conditions. Cellular signaling in muscle biopsies was investigated by global proteomic analyses and immunoblotting. We strengthened the validity of proposed molecular effectors by follow-up studies in muscle of transgenic mice. Results Sustained activation of glycogen synthase (GS) and AMPK in combination with elevated expression of proteins determining glucose uptake capacity were evident in the prior exercised muscle. We hypothesize that these alterations offset the otherwise tight feedback inhibition of glycogen synthesis and glucose uptake by glycogen. In line with key roles of AMPK and GS seen in the human experiments we observed abrogated ability for glycogen supercompensation in muscle with inducible AMPK deletion and in muscle carrying a G6P-insensitive form of GS in muscle. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that both AMPK and GS are key regulators of glycogen supercompensation following a single bout of glycogen-depleting exercise in skeletal muscle of both man and mouse. A single bout of exercise followed by carbohydrate intake leads to glycogen supersompensation in the prior exercised muscle. Skeletal muscle AMPK and glycogen synthase remain activated beyound normalized muscle glycogen content. Glycogen synthesis above resting levels is mediated independent of muscle insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne R Hingst
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lea Bruhn
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads B Hansen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie F Rosschou
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper B Birk
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joachim Fentz
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Foretz
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Viollet
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Nils J Færgeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper F Havelund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Benjamin L Parker
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Bennet L, Franks PW, Zöller B, Groop L. Family history of diabetes and its relationship with insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in Iraqi immigrants and native Swedes: a population-based cohort study. Acta Diabetol 2018; 55:233-242. [PMID: 29274011 PMCID: PMC5829110 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-017-1088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Middle Eastern immigrants to western countries are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. However, the heritability and impact of first-degree family history (FH) of type 2 diabetes on insulin secretion and action have not been adequately described. METHODS Citizens of Malmö, Sweden, aged 30-75 years born in Iraq or Sweden were invited to participate in this population-based study. Insulin secretion (corrected insulin response and oral disposition index) and action (insulin sensitivity index) were assessed by oral glucose tolerance tests. RESULTS In total, 45.7% of Iraqis (616/1348) and 27.4% of native Swedes (201/733) had FH in parent(s), sibling(s) or single parent and sibling, i.e., FH+. Approximately 8% of Iraqis and 0.7% of Swedes had ≥ 3 sibling(s) and parent(s) with diabetes, i.e., FH++. Irrespective of family size, prediabetes and diabetes increased with family burden (FH- 29.4%; FH+ 38.8%; FH++ 61.7%) without significant differences across ethnicities. With increasing level of family burden, insulin secretion rather than insulin action decreased. Individuals with a combination of ≥ 3 siblings and parents with diabetes presented with the lowest levels of insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS The Iraqi immigrant population often present with a strong familial burden of type 2 diabetes with the worst glycemic control and highest diabetes risk in individuals with ≥ 3 siblings and parents with diabetes. Our data show that in a population still free from diabetes familial burden influences insulin secretion to a higher degree than insulin action and may be a logical target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Bennet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
- Department of Family Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Center, 28-11-015, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology/Lund University Diabetes Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bengt Zöller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Family Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology/Lund University Diabetes Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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24
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Bilotta FL, Arcidiacono B, Messineo S, Greco M, Chiefari E, Britti D, Nakanishi T, Foti DP, Brunetti A. Insulin and osteocalcin: further evidence for a mutual cross-talk. Endocrine 2018; 59:622-632. [PMID: 28866834 PMCID: PMC5847166 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the last few years, bone has been recognized as an endocrine organ that modulates glucose metabolism by secretion of osteocalcin, an osteoblast-specific hormone, that influences fat deposition and blood sugar levels. To date, however, very few in vitro models have been developed to investigate, at the molecular levels, the relationship between glucose, insulin and osteocalcin. This study aims at covering this gap. METHODS We studied osteogenic differentiation, osteocalcin gene expression, and osteblast-mediated insulin secretion, using cultured MG-63 human osteoblast-like cells that underwent glucotoxicity and insulin resistance. In addition, we investigated whether a correlation existed between hyperglycemia and/or insulin resistance and total osteocalcin serum concentrations in patients. RESULTS While insulin and low glucose increased osteocalcin gene expression, disruption of insulin signaling in MG-63 osteoblasts and high glucose concentration in cell culture medium decreased osteocalcin gene transcription and reduced osteogenic differentiation. Concomitantly, insulin secretion was significantly impaired in rat INS-1 β-cells treated with conditioned medium from insulin resistant MG-63 cells or cells exposed to high glucose concentrations. Also, chronic hyperglycemia, but not insulin resistance, inversely correlated with circulating osteocalcin levels in patients. CONCLUSION Our results further support the existence of an endocrine axis between bone, where osteocalcin is produced, and pancreatic β-cells, and add new insights into the molecular details of this relationship. These findings may contribute to the understanding of osteocalcin regulation and its role in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco L Bilotta
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Biagio Arcidiacono
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Messineo
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marta Greco
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Eusebio Chiefari
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Tomoko Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 108-8639, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniela P Foti
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Brunetti
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Abstract
Due to the beneficial effects on a wide range of modern medical conditions, most professional societies recommend regular aerobic exercise as part of a healthy lifestyle. Many of the exercise-related health benefits exhibit a dose-response relationship: Up to a point, more exercise is more beneficial. However, recent studies have suggested that different exercise intensities may provide distinct health benefits, independent of energy expenditure (i.e., exercise dose). One of these benefits, primarily mediated by the skeletal muscle, is exercise-related changes in insulin action and glucose homeostasis. Glucose uptake in the exercising muscle occurs through insulin-independent mechanisms whose downstream signaling events ultimately converge with insulin-signaling pathways, a fact that may explain why exercise and insulin have additive effect on skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Although the existing evidence is somewhat conflicting, well-controlled randomized studies suggest that, when controlled for total energy expenditure, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise improves insulin sensitivity more than vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise. The mechanisms underlying this difference are largely unknown. One possible explanation involves enhanced metabolism of fatty acid stores in the skeletal muscle by moderate-intensity exercise, which may directly improve insulin sensitivity. Overall, new technologic and physiologic investigative tools are beginning to shed light on the biology. Further understanding of these mechanisms will lead to better understanding of the clinical implications of a healthy lifestyle and may ultimately offer new therapeutic targets for common medical conditions such as insulin resistance and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W McGarrah
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA. .,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Cris A Slentz
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - William E Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Svart MV, Rittig N, Kampmann U, Voss TS, Møller N, Jessen N. Metabolic effects of insulin in a human model of ketoacidosis combining exposure to lipopolysaccharide and insulin deficiency: a randomised, controlled, crossover study in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:1197-1206. [PMID: 28389705 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is often caused by concomitant systemic inflammation and lack of insulin. Here we used an experimental human model to test whether and how metabolic responses to insulin are impaired in the early phases of DKA with a specific focus on skeletal muscle metabolism. METHODS Nine individuals with type 1 diabetes from a previously published cohort were investigated twice at Aarhus University Hospital using a 120 min infusion of insulin (3.0/1.5 mU kg-1 min-1) after an overnight fast under: (1) euglycaemic conditions (CTR) or (2) hyperglycaemic ketotic conditions (KET) induced by an i.v. bolus of lipopolysaccharide and 85% reduction in insulin dosage. The primary outcome was insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two arms at the time of screening using www.randomizer.org . The study was not blinded. RESULTS All nine volunteers completed the 2 days and are included in the analysis. Circulating concentrations of glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate increased during KET (mean ± SEM 17.7 ± 0.6 mmol/l and 1.6 ± 0.2 mmol/l, respectively), then decreased after insulin treatment (6.6 ± 0.7 mmol/l and 0.1 ± 0.07 mmol/l, respectively). Prior to insulin infusion (KET vs CTR) isotopically determined endogenous glucose production rates were 17 ± 1.7 μmol kg-1 min-1 vs 8 ± 1.3 μmol kg-1 min-1 (p = 0.003), whole body phenylalanine fluxes were 2.9 ± 0.5 μmol kg-1 min-1 vs 3.1 ± 0.4 μmol kg-1 min-1 (p = 0.77) and urea excretion rates were 16.9 ± 2.4 g/day vs 7.3 ± 1.7 g/day (p = 0.01). Insulin failed to stimulate forearm glucose uptake and glucose oxidation in KET compared with CTR (p < 0.05). Glycogen synthase phosphorylation was impaired in skeletal muscle. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In KET, hyperglycaemia is primarily driven by increased endogenous glucose production. Insulin stimulation during early phases of DKA is associated with reduced glucose disposal in skeletal muscle, impaired glycogen synthase function and lower glucose oxidation. This underscores the presence of muscle insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of DKA. Trial registration www.clinicaltrials.gov (ID number: NCT02157155). Funding This work was funded by the Danish Council for Strategic Research (grant no. 0603-00479B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads V Svart
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Rittig
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ulla Kampmann
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas S Voss
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Lu J, Varghese RT, Zhou L, Vella A, Jensen MD. Glucose tolerance and free fatty acid metabolism in adults with variations in TCF7L2 rs7903146. Metabolism 2017; 68:55-63. [PMID: 28183453 PMCID: PMC5308561 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE TCF7L2 variant rs7903146 is associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes. We investigated the effect of TCF7L2 variant rs7903146 and glucose tolerance on free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We recruited 120 individuals, half homozygous for the major CC allele and half homozygous for the minor TT allele at rs7903146; each underwent a 2-h, 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Plasma glucose, insulin and free fatty acid concentrations were measured on blood collected before and during the OGTT. RESULTS Total FFA concentrations and percent FA species during OGTT were not different in CC and TT carriers when males and females were considered together. However, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) concentrations and percentages were greater in TT than CC females during the OGTT. TT carriers with high HOMA-IR had significantly greater fasting FFA concentrations, lower disposition index (DI) and greater AUC of glucose than high HOMA-IR CC carriers, whereas no such differences were observed in the low HOMA-IR group. We found that fasting (826±25 vs. 634±22μmol/L, P<0.0001) and OGTT plasma FFA concentrations were greater in IGT than NGT subjects, and the difference remained after adjusting for sex, age, BMI, and genotype. Finally, IGT subjects had greater MUFA concentrations and percentages than NGT subjects during OGTT. CONCLUSIONS Despite similar fasting insulin and glucose, fasting plasma FFA are greater in IGT than NGT adults. Insulin resistance and sex influence plasma FFA responses amongst carriers of the minor T allele of TCF7L2 rs7903146.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Ron T Varghese
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Lianzhen Zhou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Adrian Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Michael D Jensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.
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28
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Mendler M, Riedinger C, Schlotterer A, Volk N, Fleming T, Herzig S, Nawroth PP, Morcos M. Reduction in ins-7 gene expression in non-neuronal cells of high glucose exposed Caenorhabditis elegans protects from reactive metabolites, preserves neuronal structure and head motility, and prolongs lifespan. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31:304-310. [PMID: 27776915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose derived metabolism generates reactive metabolites affecting the neuronal system and lifespan in C. elegans. Here, the role of the insulin homologue ins-7 and its downstream effectors in the generation of high glucose induced neuronal damage and shortening of lifespan was studied. RESULTS In C. elegans high glucose conditions induced the expression of the insulin homologue ins-7. Abrogating ins-7 under high glucose conditions in non-neuronal cells decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS)-formation and accumulation of methylglyoxal derived advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), prevented structural neuronal damage and normalised head motility and lifespan. The restoration of lifespan by decreased ins-7 expression was dependent on the concerted action of sod-3 and glod-4 coding for the homologues of iron-manganese superoxide dismutase and glyoxalase 1, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Under high glucose conditions mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress and glycation are downstream targets of ins-7. This impairs the neuronal system and longevity via a non-neuronal/neuronal crosstalk by affecting sod-3 and glod-4, thus giving further insight into the pathophysiology of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mendler
- Department of Medicine 1 and Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christin Riedinger
- Department of Medicine 1 and Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Schlotterer
- Department of Medicine 1 and Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; 5(th) Medical Department, University Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nadine Volk
- Department of Medicine 1 and Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fleming
- Department of Medicine 1 and Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
| | - Peter P Nawroth
- Department of Medicine 1 and Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
| | - Michael Morcos
- Department of Medicine 1 and Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; 5(th) Medical Department, University Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Abstract
In primary aldosteronism (PA), insulin response to glucose is not fully understood. Insulin action was elucidated using indices in 32 PA and 21 essential hypertension (EH) patients. These patients were evaluated using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) indices, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), and insulinogenic index (IGI), which were expressed for insulin sensitivity/secretion and the early phase of insulin secretion. Insulin sensitivity and early phase of insulin secretion were decreased in PA, and there was a negative correlation between serum potassium concentration and insulin sensitivity indices. These findings suggest that glucose intolerance in PA may be caused by hypokalemia-induced insulin resistance and hypokalemia-independent impairment of early-phase insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Watanabe
- a Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension , Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Midori Yatabe
- a Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension , Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- a Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension , Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo , Japan
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Abstract
Recent results suggest that insulin is synthesised by a subpopulation of neurons in the cerebral cortex and neural progenitor cells of the hippocampus. Supplementing the slow supply of insulin to the brain by pancreatic beta cells, the insulin locally released by neurons provides a rapid means of regulating local microcircuits, effectively modulating synaptic transmission and on-demand energy homeostasis of neural networks. Modulation of insulin production by brain neurons via glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists might be useful in counteracting diabetes, obesity and neurodegenerative diseases. Replacement of lost pancreatic beta cells by autologous transplantation of insulin-producing neural progenitor cells could be a viable therapy for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva A Csajbók
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tamás
- MTA-SZTE Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
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Afonso RA, Gaspar JM, Lamarão I, Lautt WW, Macedo MP. Postprandial insulin action relies on meal composition and hepatic parasympathetics: dependency on glucose and amino acids: Meal, parasympathetics & insulin action. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 27:70-8. [PMID: 26410344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Insulin sensitivity (IS) increases following a meal. Meal composition affects postprandial glucose disposal but still remains unclear which nutrients and mechanisms are involved. We hypothesized that gut-absorbed glucose and amino acids stimulate hepatic parasympathetic nerves, potentiating insulin action. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were 24 h fasted and anesthetized. Two series of experiments were performed. (A) IS was assessed before and after liquid test meal administration (10 ml.kg(-1), intraenteric): glucose + amino acids + lipids (GAL, n=6); glucose (n=5); amino acids (n=5); lipids (n=3); glucose + amino acids (GA, n=9); amino acids + lipids (n=3); and glucose + lipids (n=4). (B) Separately, fasted animals were submitted to hepatic parasympathetic denervation (DEN); IS was assessed before and after GAL (n=4) or GA administration (n=4). (A) Both GAL and GA induced significant insulin sensitization. GAL increased IS from 97.9±6.2 mg glucose/kg bw (fasting) to 225.4±18.3 mg glucose/kg bw (P<0.001; 143.6±26.0% potentiation of IS); GA increased IS from 109.0±6.6 to 240.4±18.0 mg glucose/kg bw (P<0.001; 123.1±13.4% potentiation). None of the other meals potentiated IS. (B) GAL and GA did not induce a significant insulin sensitization in DEN animal. To achieve maximal insulin sensitization following a meal, it is required that gut-absorbed glucose and amino acids trigger a vagal reflex that involves hepatic parasympathetic nerves.
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Gao S, McMillan RP, Zhu Q, Lopaschuk GD, Hulver MW, Butler AA. Therapeutic effects of adropin on glucose tolerance and substrate utilization in diet-induced obese mice with insulin resistance. Mol Metab 2015; 4:310-24. [PMID: 25830094 PMCID: PMC4354928 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The peptide hormone adropin regulates fuel selection preferences in skeletal muscle under fed and fasted conditions. Here, we investigated whether adropin treatment can ameliorate the dysregulation of fuel substrate metabolism, and improve aspects of glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obesity (DIO) with insulin resistance. Methods DIO C57BL/6 mice maintained on a 60% kcal fat diet received five intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of the bioactive peptide adropin34-76 (450 nmol/kg/i.p.). Following treatment, glucose tolerance and whole body insulin sensitivity were assessed and indirect calorimetry was employed to analyze whole body substrate oxidation preferences. Biochemical assays performed in skeletal muscle samples analyzed insulin signaling action and substrate oxidation. Results Adropin treatment improved glucose tolerance, enhanced insulin action and augmented metabolic flexibility towards glucose utilization. In muscle, adropin treatment increased insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation and cell-surface expression of GLUT4 suggesting sensitization of insulin signaling pathways. Reduced incomplete fatty acid oxidation and increased CoA/acetyl-CoA ratio suggested improved mitochondrial function. The underlying mechanisms appear to involve suppressions of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1B (CPT-1B) and CD36, two key enzymes in fatty acid utilization. Adropin treatment activated pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), a rate-limiting enzyme in glucose oxidation, and downregulated PDH kinase-4 (PDK-4) that inhibits PDH. Along with these changes, adropin treatment downregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α that regulates expression of Cpt1b, Cd36 and Pdk4. Conclusions Adropin treatment of DIO mice enhances glucose tolerance, ameliorates insulin resistance and promotes preferential use of carbohydrate over fat in fuel selection. Skeletal muscle is a key organ in mediating adropin's whole-body effects, sensitizing insulin signaling pathways and altering fuel selection preference to favor glucose while suppressing fat oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Gao
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Ryan P. McMillan
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Qingzhang Zhu
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Gary D. Lopaschuk
- Department of Pediatrics, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew W. Hulver
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Andrew A. Butler
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
- Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Corresponding author. Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63104, USA. Tel.: +1 314 977 6425; fax: +1 314 977 6410.
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Dungan CM, Wright DC, Williamson DL. Lack of REDD1 reduces whole body glucose and insulin tolerance, and impairs skeletal muscle insulin signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:778-83. [PMID: 25445588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A lack of the REDD1 promotes dysregulated growth signaling, though little has been established with respect to the metabolic role of REDD1. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the role of REDD1 on glucose and insulin tolerance, as well as insulin stimulated growth signaling pathway activation in skeletal muscle. First, intraperitoneal (IP) injection of glucose or insulin were administered to REDD1 wildtype (WT) versus knockout (KO) mice to examine changes in blood glucose over time. Next, alterations in skeletal muscle insulin (IRS-1, Akt, ERK 1/2) and growth (4E-BP1, S6K1, REDD1) signaling intermediates were determined before and after IP insulin treatment (10min). REDD1 KO mice were both glucose and insulin intolerant when compared to WT mice, evident by higher circulating blood glucose concentrations and a greater area under the curve following IP injections of glucose or insulin. While the REDD1 KO exhibited significant though blunted insulin-stimulated increases (p<0.05) in Akt S473 and T308 phosphorylation versus the WT mice, acute insulin treatment has no effect (p<0.05) on REDD1 KO skeletal muscle 4E-BP1 T37/46, S6K1 T389, IRS-1 Y1222, and ERK 1/2 T202/Y204 phosphorylation versus the WT mice. Collectively, these novel data suggest that REDD1 has a more distinct role in whole body and skeletal muscle metabolism and insulin action than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory M Dungan
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David L Williamson
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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34
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Bennet L, Groop L, Franks PW. Ethnic differences in the contribution of insulin action and secretion to type 2 diabetes in immigrants from the Middle East compared to native Swedes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 105:79-87. [PMID: 24842242 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated insulin action (insulin sensitivity index, ISI) and insulin secretion (oral disposition indices, DIo) and studied metabolic, demographic and lifestyle-related risk factors for type 2 diabetes and insulin action, in the largest non-European immigrant group to Sweden, immigrants from Iraq and native Swedes. METHODS Population-based, cross-sectional study conducted 2010-2012 including residents 30-75 years of age born in Iraq or Sweden, in whom oral glucose tolerance tests were performed and sociodemography and lifestyle behaviors were characterized. RESULTS In Iraqis compared to Swedes, ISI was more impaired (76.9 vs. 102.3, p<.001) whereas corrected insulin response CIR was higher (226.6 vs. 188.6, p=.016). However, insulin secretion was inadequate given the substantial insulin resistance, as indicated by lower DIo indices in Iraqis than in Swedes (DIo 12,712.9 vs. 14,659.2, p<.001). The crude ethnic difference in ISI was not offset by traditional risk factors like waist circumference, body mass index or family history of diabetes. In Iraqis, ISI conveyed somewhat higher odds of type 2 diabetes than in Swedes (odds ratio OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.99) vs. OR 0.95, 0.92-0.99), as indicated by an interaction between country of birth and ISI (Pinteraction=.044). CONCLUSION This study reports ethnic differences in the contribution of insulin action to type 2 diabetes. Our data suggests that the impaired insulin action observed in immigrants from the Middle East to Sweden is not fully explained by established risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Bennet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden; Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology/Lund University Diabetes Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden; Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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35
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Martin SD, Morrison S, Konstantopoulos N, McGee SL. Mitochondrial dysfunction has divergent, cell type-dependent effects on insulin action. Mol Metab 2014; 3:408-18. [PMID: 24944900 PMCID: PMC4060359 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to insulin resistance is a contentious issue in metabolic research. Recent evidence implicates mitochondrial dysfunction as contributing to multiple forms of insulin resistance. However, some models of mitochondrial dysfunction fail to induce insulin resistance, suggesting greater complexity describes mitochondrial regulation of insulin action. We report that mitochondrial dysfunction is not necessary for cellular models of insulin resistance. However, impairment of mitochondrial function is sufficient for insulin resistance in a cell type-dependent manner, with impaired mitochondrial function inducing insulin resistance in adipocytes, but having no effect, or insulin sensitising effects in hepatocytes. The mechanism of mitochondrial impairment was important in determining the impact on insulin action, but was independent of mitochondrial ROS production. These data can account for opposing findings on this issue and highlight the complexity of mitochondrial regulation of cell type-specific insulin action, which is not described by current reductionist paradigms.
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Key Words
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- AS160, Akt substrate of 160 kDa
- Adipocyte
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- ECAR, extracellular acidification rate
- FoxO1, forkhead box protein O1
- G.O., glucose oxidase
- GLUT4, facilitative glucose transporter isoform 4
- GP, glucose production
- HI-FBS, heat-inactivated foetal bovine serum
- Hepatocyte
- IRS1, insulin receptor substrate 1
- Insulin action
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential
- Mitochondria
- MnTBAP, manganese (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin chloride
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TNFα, tumour necrosis factor alpha
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheree D Martin
- Metabolic Remodelling Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Shona Morrison
- Metabolic Remodelling Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Nicky Konstantopoulos
- Metabolic Remodelling Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sean L McGee
- Metabolic Remodelling Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia ; Cell Signalling and Metabolism Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Richard AJ, Burris TP, Sanchez-Infantes D, Wang Y, Ribnicky DM, Stephens JM. Artemisia extracts activate PPARγ, promote adipogenesis, and enhance insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue of obese mice. Nutrition 2014; 30:S31-6. [PMID: 24985103 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have shown that the inability of adipose tissue to properly expand during the obese state or respond to insulin can lead to metabolic dysfunction. Artemisia is a diverse group of plants that has a history of medicinal use. The aim of this study was to examine the ability of ethanolic extracts of Artemisia scoparia (SCO) and Artemisia santolinifolia (SAN) to modulate adipocyte development in cultured adipocytes and white adipose tissue (WAT) function in vivo using a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. METHOD Adipogenesis was assessed using Oil Red O staining and immunoblotting. A nuclear receptor specificity assay was used to examine the specificity of SCO- and SAN-induced PPARγ activation. C57BL/6J mice, fed a high-fat diet, were gavaged with saline, SCO, or SAN for 2 wk. Whole-body insulin sensitivity was examined using insulin tolerance tests. WAT depots were assessed via immunoblotting for markers of insulin action and adipokine production. RESULTS We established that SCO and SAN were highly specific activators of PPARγ and did not activate other nuclear receptors. After a 1-wk daily gavage, SCO- and SAN-treated mice had lower insulin-induced glucose disposal rates than control mice. At the end of the 2-wk treatment period, SCO- and SAN-treated mice had enhanced insulin-responsive Akt serine-473 phosphorylation and significantly decreased monocyte chemotactic protein-1 levels in visceral WAT compared with control mice; these differences were depot specific. Moreover, plasma adiponectin levels were increased following SCO treatment. CONCLUSION Overall, these studies demonstrate that extracts from two Artemisia species can have metabolically favorable effects on adipocytes and WAT.
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Green A, Krause J, Rumberger JM. Curcumin is a direct inhibitor of glucose transport in adipocytes. Phytomedicine 2014; 21:118-122. [PMID: 24060216 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin has been reported to inhibit insulin signaling and translocation of GLUT4 to the cell surface in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We have investigated the effect of curcumin on insulin signaling in primary rat adipocytes. Curcumin (20 μM) inhibited both basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport (2-deoxyglucose uptake), but had no effect on insulin inhibition of lipolysis. Dose-response experiments demonstrated that curcumin (0-100 μM) inhibited basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport, but even at the highest concentration tested did not affect lipolysis. Inhibition was equal in cells that had been pre-incubated with curcumin and in cells to which curcumin was added immediately before the glucose transport assay. Similarly, time-course experiments revealed that the inhibitory effect of curcumin was evident at the earliest time point tested (30 s). Thus it is unlikely that inhibition of insulin signaling or of translocation of GLUT4 to the cell surface is involved in the inhibitory effect of curcumin. Curcumin did not affect the stimulatory action of insulin on phosphorylation of Akt at serine 473. We conclude that curcumin is a direct inhibitor of glucose transporters in rat adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Green
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, SUNY Oneonta, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA.
| | - Jean Krause
- Bassett Healthcare, Cooperstown, NY 13326, USA
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Kuroda A, Kaneto H, Kawashima S, Sakamoto K, Takahara M, Shiraiwa T, Yasuda T, Katakami N, Matsuoka TA, Shimomura I, Matsuhisa M. Regular insulin, rather than rapid-acting insulin, is a suitable choice for premeal bolus insulin in lean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig 2012; 4:78-81. [PMID: 24843634 PMCID: PMC4019291 DOI: 10.1111/j.2040-1124.2012.00231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the usefulness of premeal rapid‐acting and regular insulin in type 2 diabetes patients. A total of 56 type 2 diabetic patients were investigated during hospitalization. Premeal rapid‐acting insulin was applied instead of other medications. Premeal insulin was titrated to adjust premeal and bedtime blood glucose levels to 81–120 mg/dL. Premeal rapid‐acting insulin was changed to regular insulin just before a meal at the same dosage if the postmeal blood glucose level was lower than the premeal blood glucose level. A total of 15 patients changed to regular insulin, and 41 patients continued rapid‐acting insulin. The blood glucose level was comparable between these two groups. Body mass index was significantly lower in the patients using regular insulin. According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, low body mass index was an independent variable accounting for the usefulness of regular insulin. Regular insulin, rather than rapid‐acting insulin, is a suitable choice for premeal insulin in lean type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Kuroda
- Diabetes Therapeutics and Research Center The University of Tokushima Tokushima
| | - Hideaki Kaneto
- Department of Metabolic Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawashima
- Department of Metabolic Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Kenya Sakamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine Osaka Police Hospital Osaka Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takahara
- Department of Metabolic Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Toshihiko Shiraiwa
- Department of Metabolic Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Yasuda
- Department of Metabolic Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Naoto Katakami
- Department of Metabolic Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Matsuoka
- Department of Metabolic Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Iichiro Shimomura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Munehide Matsuhisa
- Diabetes Therapeutics and Research Center The University of Tokushima Tokushima
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