1
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Yue N, Li D, Pan Y, Chen L, Liu S, Hou M, Luo Y. Structure, transduction pathway, behavior and toxicity of fish olfactory in aquatic environments. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2025; 294:110195. [PMID: 40107438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2025] [Accepted: 03/16/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
The olfactory system in teleost fish plays a vital role as chemosensory organ that directly interacts with the aquatic environment, exhibiting high sensitivity to chemical alteration in aquatic environments. However, despite its importance, there has been a lack of systematic reviews in the past decade on fish olfactory structure, transduction mechanisms, and the impact of environmental pollutants on olfactory toxicity. This study analyzed 272 relevant studies, focusing on the role of the olfactory system and the disruption of olfactory function by contaminants. Fish processes odors through olfactory receptor neurons, olfactory nerves, mitral/ruffed cells, glomeruli, and neurotransmitters, mediated by membrane potentials resulting from ion channels in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb, which are then relayed to higher brain regions via the medial olfactory tracts and lateral olfactory tracts for further integration and modulation. This process minimizes the overlap between complex odor sets, ensuring distinct representation of each odor and eliciting appropriate olfactory-mediated behaviors, such as feeding, migration, alarm responses, and reproduction. Current research identifies four main types of contaminants affecting the fish olfactory system: heavy metals (51.60 %), organic contaminants (33.79 %), acidification (12.33 %), and salinity (5.94 %). The main mechanisms of impact are: morphological changes (21.19 %), alterations in olfactory receptors (29.24 %), damage to olfactory receptor neurons and neurotransmitters disruption (26.69 %), plasticity (2.97 %), and defense mechanisms (19.92 %). We also identify uncertainties and proposes future research directions on the effects of contaminants on fish olfactory. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the toxicity of contaminants on fish olfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yue
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; The Research Institution of Beautiful China and Ecological Civilization (A University Think Tank of Shanghai Municipality), Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China.
| | - Yanling Pan
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Liting Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning City 530021, China
| | - Sisi Liu
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Meifang Hou
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; The Research Institution of Beautiful China and Ecological Civilization (A University Think Tank of Shanghai Municipality), Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Yongju Luo
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning City 530021, China
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2
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Vorhees NW, Groenwold SL, Williams MT, Putt LS, Sanchez-Gama N, Stalions GA, Taylor GM, Van Dort HE, Calvo-Ochoa E. Olfactory Dysfunction in a Novel Model of Prodromal Parkinson's Disease in Adult Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:4474. [PMID: 40429620 PMCID: PMC12111043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26104474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2025] [Revised: 05/02/2025] [Accepted: 05/05/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a clinical marker of prodromal Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To explore this relationship, we developed a zebrafish model that recapitulates the olfactory impairment observed in prodromal PD without affecting motor function. We used zebrafish due to their olfactory system's similarity to mammals and their unique nervous system regenerative capacity. By injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the dorsal telencephalic ventricle, we observed a significant loss of dopaminergic (DA) periglomerular neurons in the olfactory bulb (OB) and retrograde degeneration of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory epithelium (OE). These alterations impaired olfactory responses to cadaverine, an aversive odorant, while responses to alanine remained intact. 6-OHDA also triggered robust neuroinflammatory responses. By 7 days post-injection, dopaminergic synapses in the OB were remodeled, OSNs in the OE appeared recovered, and neuroinflammation subsided, leading to full recovery of olfactory responses to cadaverine. These findings highlight the remarkable neuroplasticity of zebrafish and suggest that this model of olfactory dysfunction associated with dopaminergic loss could provide valuable insights into some features of early PD pathology. Understanding the interplay between dopaminergic loss and olfactory dysfunction in a highly regenerative vertebrate may inform therapeutic strategies for individuals suffering from olfactory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Erika Calvo-Ochoa
- Biology Department and Neuroscience Program, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, USA
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3
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Cui X, Chen L, Tao B, Zhang X, Song Y, Chen J, Duan M, Li W, Chen K, Pei Y, Hu X, Feng K, Luo D, Luo H, Qiao Z, Zhou F, Zhu Z, Trudeau VL, Hu W. Olfactory GnRH3 crypt sensory neurons transduce sex pheromone signals to induce male courtship behavior in zebrafish. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2025:10.1007/s11427-025-2917-5. [PMID: 40347216 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-025-2917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 05/12/2025]
Abstract
Olfactory activation of neuroendocrine pathways plays vital roles in many organisms for reproduction and survival. The importance of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons for reproduction is well-established but little is known about whether they can directly sense and transmit sex pheromone signals. We have uncovered the migration path and distribution pattern of a new GnRH neuronal population that fulfills this role. GnRH3 neurons arise from the region located beneath olfactory placode, undergo bidirectional migration along the olfactory nerve, and cell bodies lie within the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb and hypothalamus. These olfactory epithelial GnRH3 neurons express ora4, the olfactory receptor that detects pheromones. GnRH3-OB neurons with olfactory epithelial GnRH3 neurons ablation failed to respond to the waterborne post-ovulatory sex pheromone prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). GnRH3 neurons in gnrh3-/- mutants have a reduced basal firing rate leading to abnormal responses to PGF2α. Male gnrh3-/- zebrafish exhibit deficiencies in courtship behavior and a decreased capacity to compete and spawn with females. These findings indicate that GnRH3-OE neurons function as crypt sensory neurons transducing sex pheromone-encoded information critical to reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Binbin Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanlong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ji Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ming Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kuangxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuerui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ke Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Daji Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hongrui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhixian Qiao
- Analytical and Testing Center, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Analytical and Testing Center, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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4
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Klimenkov IV, Pastukhov MV, Chang HM, Renn TY, Sudakov NP. Structural Rearrangement of the Olfactory Epithelium in Male Baikal Yellowfin Sculpins Across the Reproductive Period. BIOLOGY 2025; 14:179. [PMID: 40001947 PMCID: PMC11851611 DOI: 10.3390/biology14020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2025] [Accepted: 02/07/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025]
Abstract
The morphological peculiarities of receptor neurons and support cells in the olfactory epithelium of male yellowfin sculpin (Cottocomephorus grewingkii; Dybowski, 1874) were studied during the pre-spawning, spawning (when males do not feed and have a higher sensitivity to female pheromones), and guarding (the fertilized eggs) periods. This study was performed using electron transmission and laser confocal microscopy. Structural changes in the fish olfactory epithelium are associated with the shift in olfactory signals from alimentary to pheromonal. These results expand our knowledge of the odorant-dependent plasticity of the periphery of the fish olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Klimenkov
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Ulan-Batorskaya St., Irkutsk 664033, Russia;
| | - Mikhail V. Pastukhov
- Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1a Favorsky St., Irkutsk 664033, Russia;
| | - Hung-Ming Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan;
| | - Ting-Yi Renn
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan;
| | - Nikolay P. Sudakov
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Ulan-Batorskaya St., Irkutsk 664033, Russia;
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5
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Huisman BD, Michelson DA, Rubin SA, Kohlsaat K, Gomarga W, Fang Y, Lee JM, Del Nido P, Nathan M, Benoist C, Zon L, Mathis D. Cross-species analyses of thymic mimetic cells reveal evolutionarily ancient origins and both conserved and species-specific elements. Immunity 2025; 58:108-123.e7. [PMID: 39731911 PMCID: PMC11735279 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 11/27/2024] [Indexed: 12/30/2024]
Abstract
Thymic mimetic cells are molecular hybrids between medullary-thymic-epithelial cells (mTECs) and diverse peripheral cell types. They are involved in eliminating autoreactive T cells and can perform supplementary functions reflective of their peripheral-cell counterparts. Current knowledge about mimetic cells derives largely from mouse models. To provide the high resolution that proved revelatory for mice, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on purified mimetic-cell compartments from human pediatric donors. The single-cell profiles of individual donors were surprisingly similar, with diversification of neuroendocrine subtypes and expansion of the muscle subtype relative to mice. Informatic and imaging studies on the muscle-mTEC population highlighted a maturation trajectory suggestive of skeletal-muscle differentiation, some striated structures, and occasional cellular groupings reminiscent of neuromuscular junctions. We also profiled thymic mimetic cells from zebrafish. Integration of data from the three species identified species-specific adaptations but substantial interspecies conservation, highlighting the evolutionarily ancient nature of mimetic mTECs. Our findings provide a landscape view of human mimetic cells, with anticipated relevance in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke D Huisman
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel A Michelson
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; PhD Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara A Rubin
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; PhD Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katherine Kohlsaat
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wilson Gomarga
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ji Myung Lee
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedro Del Nido
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meena Nathan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Leonard Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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Tignard P, Pottin K, Geeverding A, Doulazmi M, Cabrera M, Fouquet C, Liffran M, Fouchard J, Rosello M, Albadri S, Del Bene F, Trembleau A, Breau MA. Basement membranes are crucial for proper olfactory placode shape, position and boundary with the brain, and for olfactory axon development. eLife 2024; 12:RP92004. [PMID: 39713923 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress, the complex roles played by the extracellular matrix in development and disease are still far from being fully understood. Here, we took advantage of the zebrafish sly mutation which affects Laminin γ1, a major component of basement membranes, to explore its role in the development of the olfactory system. Following a detailed characterisation of Laminin distribution in the developing olfactory circuit, we analysed basement membrane integrity, olfactory placode and brain morphogenesis, and olfactory axon development in sly mutants, using a combination of immunochemistry, electron microscopy and quantitative live imaging of cell movements and axon behaviours. Our results point to an original and dual contribution of Laminin γ1-dependent basement membranes in organising the border between the olfactory placode and the adjacent brain: they maintain placode shape and position in the face of major brain morphogenetic movements, they establish a robust physical barrier between the two tissues while at the same time allowing the local entry of the sensory axons into the brain and their navigation towards the olfactory bulb. This work thus identifies key roles of Laminin γ1-dependent basement membranes in neuronal tissue morphogenesis and axon development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pénélope Tignard
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7622), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR8246), Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Paris, France
| | - Karen Pottin
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7622), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Geeverding
- Imaging Facility, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Doulazmi
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR8256), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement, Paris, France
| | - Mélody Cabrera
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7622), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Coralie Fouquet
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7622), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Liffran
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR8246), Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Fouchard
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7622), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Marion Rosello
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Shahad Albadri
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Filippo Del Bene
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Alain Trembleau
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR8246), Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Paris, France
| | - Marie Anne Breau
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7622), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
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7
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Mayeur H, Leyhr J, Mulley J, Leurs N, Michel L, Sharma K, Lagadec R, Aury JM, Osborne OG, Mulhair P, Poulain J, Mangenot S, Mead D, Smith M, Corton C, Oliver K, Skelton J, Betteridge E, Dolucan J, Dudchenko O, Omer AD, Weisz D, Aiden EL, McCarthy SA, Sims Y, Torrance J, Tracey A, Howe K, Baril T, Hayward A, Martinand-Mari C, Sanchez S, Haitina T, Martin K, Korsching SI, Mazan S, Debiais-Thibaud M. The Sensory Shark: High-quality Morphological, Genomic and Transcriptomic Data for the Small-spotted Catshark Scyliorhinus Canicula Reveal the Molecular Bases of Sensory Organ Evolution in Jawed Vertebrates. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae246. [PMID: 39657112 PMCID: PMC11979771 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 11/21/2024] [Accepted: 11/21/2024] [Indexed: 12/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cartilaginous fishes (chondrichthyans: chimeras and elasmobranchs -sharks, skates, and rays) hold a key phylogenetic position to explore the origin and diversifications of jawed vertebrates. Here, we report and integrate reference genomic, transcriptomic, and morphological data in the small-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula to shed light on the evolution of sensory organs. We first characterize general aspects of the catshark genome, confirming the high conservation of genome organization across cartilaginous fishes, and investigate population genomic signatures. Taking advantage of a dense sampling of transcriptomic data, we also identify gene signatures for all major organs, including chondrichthyan specializations, and evaluate expression diversifications between paralogs within major gene families involved in sensory functions. Finally, we combine these data with 3D synchrotron imaging and in situ gene expression analyses to explore chondrichthyan-specific traits and more general evolutionary trends of sensory systems. This approach brings to light, among others, novel markers of the ampullae of Lorenzini electrosensory cells, a duplication hotspot for crystallin genes conserved in jawed vertebrates, and a new metazoan clade of the transient-receptor potential (TRP) family. These resources and results, obtained in an experimentally tractable chondrichthyan model, open new avenues to integrate multiomics analyses for the study of elasmobranchs and jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Mayeur
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Jake Leyhr
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John Mulley
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Nicolas Leurs
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Léo Michel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Kanika Sharma
- Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the University at Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany
| | - Ronan Lagadec
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Jean-Marc Aury
- Génomique Métabolique, Génoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry 91057, France
| | - Owen G Osborne
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Peter Mulhair
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Julie Poulain
- Génomique Métabolique, Génoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry 91057, France
| | - Sophie Mangenot
- Génomique Métabolique, Génoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry 91057, France
| | - Daniel Mead
- Sequencing Department, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Michelle Smith
- Sequencing Department, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Craig Corton
- Sequencing Department, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Karen Oliver
- Sequencing Department, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jason Skelton
- Sequencing Department, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Emma Betteridge
- Sequencing Department, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jale Dolucan
- The Center for Genome Architecture and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Olga Dudchenko
- The Center for Genome Architecture and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arina D Omer
- The Center for Genome Architecture and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David Weisz
- The Center for Genome Architecture and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Erez L Aiden
- The Center for Genome Architecture and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Shane A McCarthy
- Sequencing Department, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ying Sims
- Sequencing Department, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - James Torrance
- Sequencing Department, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Alan Tracey
- Sequencing Department, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kerstin Howe
- Sequencing Department, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Tobias Baril
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Alexander Hayward
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Camille Martinand-Mari
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Sanchez
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Tatjana Haitina
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kyle Martin
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Sigrun I Korsching
- Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the University at Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany
| | - Sylvie Mazan
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Mélanie Debiais-Thibaud
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
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8
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Li CY, Bowers JM, Alexander TA, Behrens KA, Jackson P, Amini CJ, Juntti SA. A pheromone receptor in cichlid fish mediates attraction to females but inhibits male parental care. Curr Biol 2024; 34:3866-3880.e7. [PMID: 39094572 PMCID: PMC11387146 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive behaviors differ across species, but the mechanisms that control variation in mating and parental care systems remain unclear. In many animal species, pheromones guide mating and parental care. However, it is not well understood how vertebrate pheromone signaling evolution can lead to new reproductive behavior strategies. In fishes, prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) drives mating and reproductive pheromone signaling in fertile females, but this pheromonal activity appears restricted to specific lineages, and it remains unknown how a female fertility pheromone is sensed for most fish species. Here, we utilize single-cell transcriptomics and CRISPR gene editing in a cichlid fish model to identify and test the roles of key genes involved in olfactory sensing of reproductive cues. We find that a pheromone receptor, Or113a, detects fertile cichlid females and thereby promotes male attraction and mating behavior, sensing a ligand other than PGF2α. Furthermore, while cichlid fishes exhibit extensive parental care, for most species, care is provided solely by females. We find that males initiate mouthbrooding parental care if they have disrupted signaling in ciliated sensory neurons due to cnga2b mutation or if or113a is inactivated. Together, these results show that distinct mechanisms of pheromonal signaling drive reproductive behaviors across taxa. Additionally, these findings indicate that a single pheromone receptor has gained a novel role in behavior regulation, driving avoidance of paternal care among haplochromine cichlid fishes. Lastly, a sexually dimorphic, evolutionarily derived parental behavior is controlled by central circuits present in both sexes, while olfactory signals gate this behavior in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Li
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jessica M Bowers
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Kristen A Behrens
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Peter Jackson
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Cyrus J Amini
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Scott A Juntti
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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9
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Tignard P, Pottin K, Geeverding A, Doulazmi M, Cabrera M, Fouquet C, Liffran M, Fouchard J, Rosello M, Albadri S, Del Bene F, Trembleau A, Breau MA. Laminin γ1-dependent basement membranes are instrumental to ensure proper olfactory placode shape, position and boundary with the brain, as well as olfactory axon development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.29.547040. [PMID: 39253416 PMCID: PMC11383033 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.29.547040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Despite recent progress, the complex roles played by the extracellular matrix in development and disease are still far from being fully understood. Here, we took advantage of the zebrafish sly mutation which affects Laminin γ1, a major component of basement membranes, to explore its role in the development of the olfactory system. Following a detailed characterisation of Laminin distribution in the developing olfactory circuit, we analysed basement membrane integrity, olfactory placode and brain morphogenesis, and olfactory axon development in sly mutants, using a combination of immunochemistry, electron microscopy and quantitative live imaging of cell movements and axon behaviours. Our results point to an original and dual contribution of Laminin γ1-dependent basement membranes in organising the border between the olfactory placode and the adjacent brain: they maintain placode shape and position in the face of major brain morphogenetic movements, they establish a robust physical barrier between the two tissues while at the same time allowing the local entry of the sensory axons into the brain and their navigation towards the olfactory bulb. This work thus identifies key roles of Laminin γ1-dependent basement membranes in neuronal tissue morphogenesis and axon development in vivo .
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10
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Mayeur H, Leyhr J, Mulley J, Leurs N, Michel L, Sharma K, Lagadec R, Aury JM, Osborne OG, Mulhair P, Poulain J, Mangenot S, Mead D, Smith M, Corton C, Oliver K, Skelton J, Betteridge E, Dolucan J, Dudchenko O, Omer AD, Weisz D, Aiden EL, McCarthy S, Sims Y, Torrance J, Tracey A, Howe K, Baril T, Hayward A, Martinand-Mari C, Sanchez S, Haitina T, Martin K, Korsching SI, Mazan S, Debiais-Thibaud M. The sensory shark: high-quality morphological, genomic and transcriptomic data for the small-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula reveal the molecular bases of sensory organ evolution in jawed vertebrates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.23.595469. [PMID: 39005470 PMCID: PMC11244906 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.23.595469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Cartilaginous fishes (chimaeras and elasmobranchs -sharks, skates and rays) hold a key phylogenetic position to explore the origin and diversifications of jawed vertebrates. Here, we report and integrate reference genomic, transcriptomic and morphological data in the small-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula to shed light on the evolution of sensory organs. We first characterise general aspects of the catshark genome, confirming the high conservation of genome organisation across cartilaginous fishes, and investigate population genomic signatures. Taking advantage of a dense sampling of transcriptomic data, we also identify gene signatures for all major organs, including chondrichthyan specializations, and evaluate expression diversifications between paralogs within major gene families involved in sensory functions. Finally, we combine these data with 3D synchrotron imaging and in situ gene expression analyses to explore chondrichthyan-specific traits and more general evolutionary trends of sensory systems. This approach brings to light, among others, novel markers of the ampullae of Lorenzini electro-sensory cells, a duplication hotspot for crystallin genes conserved in jawed vertebrates, and a new metazoan clade of the Transient-receptor potential (TRP) family. These resources and results, obtained in an experimentally tractable chondrichthyan model, open new avenues to integrate multiomics analyses for the study of elasmobranchs and jawed vertebrates.
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11
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Hawkins SJ, Gärtner Y, Offner T, Weiss L, Maiello G, Hassenklöver T, Manzini I. The olfactory network of larval Xenopus laevis regenerates accurately after olfactory nerve transection. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:3719-3741. [PMID: 38758670 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Across vertebrate species, the olfactory epithelium (OE) exhibits the uncommon feature of lifelong neuronal turnover. Epithelial stem cells give rise to new neurons that can adequately replace dying olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) during developmental and adult phases and after lesions. To relay olfactory information from the environment to the brain, the axons of the renewed ORNs must reconnect with the olfactory bulb (OB). In Xenopus laevis larvae, we have previously shown that this process occurs between 3 and 7 weeks after olfactory nerve (ON) transection. In the present study, we show that after 7 weeks of recovery from ON transection, two functionally and spatially distinct glomerular clusters are reformed in the OB, akin to those found in non-transected larvae. We also show that the same odourant response tuning profiles observed in the OB of non-transected larvae are again present after 7 weeks of recovery. Next, we show that characteristic odour-guided behaviour disappears after ON transection but recovers after 7-9 weeks of recovery. Together, our findings demonstrate that the olfactory system of larval X. laevis regenerates with high accuracy after ON transection, leading to the recovery of odour-guided behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Hawkins
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Yvonne Gärtner
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Offner
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Lukas Weiss
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Guido Maiello
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Thomas Hassenklöver
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Ivan Manzini
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
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12
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Masuda M, Ihara S, Mori N, Koide T, Miyasaka N, Wakisaka N, Yoshikawa K, Watanabe H, Touhara K, Yoshihara Y. Identification of olfactory alarm substances in zebrafish. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1377-1389.e7. [PMID: 38423017 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Escaping from danger is one of the most fundamental survival behaviors for animals. Most freshwater fishes display olfactory alarm reactions in which an injured fish releases putative alarm substances from the skin to notify its shoaling company about the presence of danger. Here, we identified two small compounds in zebrafish skin extract, designated as ostariopterin and daniol sulfate. Ostariopterin is a pterin derivative commonly produced in many freshwater fishes belonging to the Ostariophysi superorder. Daniol sulfate is a novel sulfated bile alcohol specifically present in the Danio species, including zebrafish. Ostariopterin and daniol sulfate activate distinct glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Zebrafish display robust alarm reactions, composed of darting, freezing, and bottom dwelling, only when they are concomitantly stimulated with ostariopterin and daniol sulfate. These results demonstrate that the fish alarm reaction is driven through a coincidence detection mechanism of the two compounds along the olfactory neural circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Masuda
- Laboratory for Systems Molecular Ethology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; RIKEN CBS-KAO Collaboration Center, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Sayoko Ihara
- ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoki Mori
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Koide
- Laboratory for Systems Molecular Ethology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Miyasaka
- Laboratory for Systems Molecular Ethology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; RIKEN CBS-KAO Collaboration Center, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Noriko Wakisaka
- Laboratory for Systems Molecular Ethology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hidenori Watanabe
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazushige Touhara
- ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoshihara
- Laboratory for Systems Molecular Ethology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; RIKEN CBS-KAO Collaboration Center, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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13
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Dieris M, Kowatschew D, Hassenklöver T, Manzini I, Korsching SI. Calcium imaging of adult olfactory epithelium reveals amines as important odor class in fish. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 396:95-102. [PMID: 38347202 PMCID: PMC10997700 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-024-03859-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The odor space of aquatic organisms is by necessity quite different from that of air-breathing animals. The recognized odor classes in teleost fish include amino acids, bile acids, reproductive hormones, nucleotides, and a limited number of polyamines. Conversely, a significant portion of the fish olfactory receptor repertoire is composed of trace amine-associated receptors, generally assumed to be responsible for detecting amines. Zebrafish possess over one hundred of these receptors, but the responses of olfactory sensory neurons to amines have not been known so far. Here we examined odor responses of zebrafish olfactory epithelial explants at the cellular level, employing calcium imaging. We report that amines elicit strong responses in olfactory sensory neurons, with a time course characteristically different from that of ATP-responsive (basal) cells. A quantitative analysis of the laminar height distribution shows amine-responsive cells undistinguishable from ciliated neurons positive for olfactory marker protein. This distribution is significantly different from those measured for microvillous neurons positive for transient receptor potential channel 2 and basal cells positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Our results suggest amines as an important odor class for teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dieris
- Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the University at Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47A, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - D Kowatschew
- Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the University at Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47A, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - T Hassenklöver
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen Germany, and Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Current address: Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - I Manzini
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen Germany, and Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Current address: Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - S I Korsching
- Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the University at Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47A, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
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14
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Edwards T, Bouyoucos IA, Hasler CT, Fry M, Anderson WG. Understanding olfactory and behavioural responses to dietary cues in age-1 lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 288:111560. [PMID: 38056556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Detection of environmental cues is essential for all vertebrates and is typically established by the olfactory epithelium and olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). In fishes, microvillous and ciliated OSNs are the principal types, typically detecting amino acids and bile salts, respectively. Activation of OSN receptors by specific ligands initiate downstream signal processing often leading to behavioural responses. In this study we used electrophysiological and behavioural techniques to evaluate olfactory detection and behaviour in juvenile lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens in response to hatchery- and natural dietary cues. We hypothesized that electro-olfactogram (EOG) and behavioural responses would be dependent on diet type. We predicted that inhibition of the phospholipase C/inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (PLC/IP3) secondary transduction pathway would reduce EOG responses to dietary cues and, inhibition of the adenylyl cyclase/adenosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) pathway, would have no effect. Furthermore, we predicted a strong EOG response would be manifested in a change in behaviour. We observed that both the PLC/IP3 and cAMP pathways were significantly involved in the detection of dietary cues. However, EOG responses did not manifest to behavioural responses, although the foraging activity to the hatchery cue was significantly greater compared to the control. Our results support the notion that lake sturgeon raised in a hatchery and fed a commercial pelleted diet may become accustomed to it prior to release into the wild. Further, this study suggests that, in conservation aquaculture settings, lake sturgeon should be exposed to natural dietary cues prior to release as one strategy to promote food recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Edwards
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Ian A Bouyoucos
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Caleb T Hasler
- The University of Winnipeg, Department of Biology, 515 Portage Ave Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Mark Fry
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - W Gary Anderson
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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15
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Rayamajhi D, Ege M, Ukhanov K, Ringers C, Zhang Y, Jung I, D’Gama PP, Li SS, Cosacak MI, Kizil C, Park HC, Yaksi E, Martens JR, Brody SL, Jurisch-Yaksi N, Roy S. The forkhead transcription factor Foxj1 controls vertebrate olfactory cilia biogenesis and sensory neuron differentiation. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002468. [PMID: 38271330 PMCID: PMC10810531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, olfactory receptors localize on multiple cilia elaborated on dendritic knobs of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Although olfactory cilia dysfunction can cause anosmia, how their differentiation is programmed at the transcriptional level has remained largely unexplored. We discovered in zebrafish and mice that Foxj1, a forkhead domain-containing transcription factor traditionally linked with motile cilia biogenesis, is expressed in OSNs and required for olfactory epithelium (OE) formation. In keeping with the immotile nature of olfactory cilia, we observed that ciliary motility genes are repressed in zebrafish, mouse, and human OSNs. Strikingly, we also found that besides ciliogenesis, Foxj1 controls the differentiation of the OSNs themselves by regulating their cell type-specific gene expression, such as that of olfactory marker protein (omp) involved in odor-evoked signal transduction. In line with this, response to bile acids, odors detected by OMP-positive OSNs, was significantly diminished in foxj1 mutant zebrafish. Taken together, our findings establish how the canonical Foxj1-mediated motile ciliogenic transcriptional program has been repurposed for the biogenesis of immotile olfactory cilia, as well as for the development of the OSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Rayamajhi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Mert Ege
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kirill Ukhanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Christa Ringers
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yiliu Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Inyoung Jung
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Percival P. D’Gama
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Summer Shijia Li
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Mehmet Ilyas Cosacak
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
| | - Caghan Kizil
- Department of Neurology and The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hae-Chul Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Emre Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jeffrey R. Martens
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Brody
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Bettini S, Lazzari M, Milani L, Maurizii MG, Franceschini V. Immunohistochemical Analysis of Olfactory Sensory Neuron Populations in the Developing Olfactory Organ of the Guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Cyprinodontiformes, Poecilidae). MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1764-1773. [PMID: 37639707 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction is fundamental for sensing environmental chemicals and has obvious adaptive advantages. In fish, the peripheral olfactory organ is composed of lamellae in which the olfactory mucosa contains three main categories of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) as follows: ciliated (cOSNs), microvillous (mOSNs), and crypt cells. We studied the appearance of these different OSNs during development of Poecilia reticulata, given its growing use as animal model system. We performed immunohistochemical detection of molecular markers specific for the different OSNs, carrying out image analyses for marked-cell counting and measuring optical density. The P. reticulata olfactory organ did not show change in size during the first weeks of life. The proliferative activity increased at the onset of secondary sexual characters, remaining high until sexual maturity. Then, it decreased in both sexes, but with a recovery in females, probably in relation to their almost double body growth, compared to males. The density of both cOSNs and mOSNs remained constant throughout development, probably due to conserved functions already active in the fry, independently of the sex. The density of calretinin-positive crypt cells decreased progressively until sexual maturity, whereas the increased density of calretinin-negative crypt cell fraction, prevailing in later developmental stages, indicated their probable involvement in reproductive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bettini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Lazzari
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Liliana Milani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Maurizii
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Franceschini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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17
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Offner T, Weiss L, Daume D, Berk A, Inderthal TJ, Manzini I, Hassenklöver T. Functional odor map heterogeneity is based on multifaceted glomerular connectivity in larval Xenopus olfactory bulb. iScience 2023; 26:107518. [PMID: 37636047 PMCID: PMC10448113 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glomeruli are the functional units of the vertebrate olfactory bulb (OB) connecting olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) axons and mitral/tufted cell (MTC) dendrites. In amphibians, these two circuit elements regularly branch and innervate multiple, spatially distinct glomeruli. Using functional multiphoton-microscopy and single-cell tracing, we investigate the impact of this wiring on glomerular module organization and odor representations on multiple levels of the Xenopus laevis OB network. The glomerular odor map to amino acid odorants is neither stereotypic between animals nor chemotopically organized. Among the morphologically heterogeneous group of uni- and multi-glomerular MTCs, MTCs can selectively innervate glomeruli formed by axonal branches of individual ORNs. We conclude that odor map heterogeneity is caused by the coexistence of different intermingled glomerular modules. This demonstrates that organization of the amphibian main olfactory system is not strictly based on uni-glomerular connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Offner
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Lukas Weiss
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniela Daume
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna Berk
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tim Justin Inderthal
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ivan Manzini
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hassenklöver
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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18
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Al-Zahaby SA, Farag MR, Alagawany M, Taha HSA, Varoni MV, Crescenzo G, Mawed SA. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) Induce Cytotoxicity in the Zebrafish Olfactory Organs via Activating Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis at the Ultrastructure and Genetic Levels. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2867. [PMID: 37760268 PMCID: PMC10525688 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has gained tremendous attention because of its crucial characteristics and wide biomedical applications. Although zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are involved in many industrial applications, researchers pay more attention to their toxic effects on living organisms. Since the olfactory epithelium is exposed to the external environment, it is considered the first organ affected by ZnO-NPs. Herein, we demonstrated the cytotoxic effect of ZnO-NPs on the olfactory organ of adult zebrafish after 60 days post-treatment. We opted for this period when fishes stop eating their diet from the aquarium, appear feeble, and cannot swim freely. Our study demonstrated that ZnO-NPs induced significant malformations of the olfactory rosettes at histological, ultrastructural, and genetic levels. At the ultrastructure level, the olfactory lamellae appeared collapsed, malformed, and twisted with signs of degeneration and loss of intercellular connections. In addition, ZnO-NPs harmed sensory receptor and ciliated cells, microvilli, rodlet, crypt, and Kappe cells, with hyper-activity of mucous secretion from goblet cells. At the genetic level, ZnO-NPs could activate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis expected by the down-regulation of mRNA expression for the antioxidant-related genes and up-regulation of DNA damage, cell growth arrest, and apoptosis. Interestingly, ZnO-NPs affected the odor sensation at 60 days post-treatment (60-dpt) more than at 30-dpt, severely damaging the olfactory epithelium and irreparably affecting the cellular repairing mechanisms. This induced a dramatically adverse effect on the cellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER), revealed by higher CHOP protein expression, that suppresses the antioxidant effect of Nrf2 and is followed by the induction of apoptosis via the up-regulation of Bax expression and down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheren A. Al-Zahaby
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (S.A.A.-Z.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Mayada R. Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Heba S. A. Taha
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | | | - Giuseppe Crescenzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
| | - Suzan Attia Mawed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (S.A.A.-Z.); (S.A.M.)
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19
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Bowers JM, Li CY, Parker CG, Westbrook ME, Juntti SA. Pheromone Perception in Fish: Mechanisms and Modulation by Internal Status. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:407-427. [PMID: 37263784 PMCID: PMC10445421 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pheromones are chemical signals that facilitate communication between animals, and most animals use pheromones for reproduction and other forms of social behavior. The identification of key ligands and olfactory receptors used for pheromonal communication provides insight into the sensory processing of these important cues. An individual's responses to pheromones can be plastic, as physiological status modulates behavioral outputs. In this review, we outline the mechanisms for pheromone sensation and highlight physiological mechanisms that modify pheromone-guided behavior. We focus on hormones, which regulate pheromonal communication across vertebrates including fish, amphibians, and rodents. This regulation may occur in peripheral olfactory organs and the brain, but the mechanisms remain unclear. While this review centers on research in fish, we will discuss other systems to provide insight into how hormonal mechanisms function across taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Bowers
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, 2128 Bioscience Research Bldg, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Cheng-Yu Li
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, 2128 Bioscience Research Bldg, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Coltan G Parker
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, 2128 Bioscience Research Bldg, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Molly E Westbrook
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, 2128 Bioscience Research Bldg, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Scott A Juntti
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, 2128 Bioscience Research Bldg, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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20
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Nakamuta S, Mori M, Ito M, Kurita M, Miyazaki M, Yamamoto Y, Nakamuta N. In situ hybridization analysis of olfactory receptor expression in the sea turtle olfactory organ. Cell Tissue Res 2023:10.1007/s00441-023-03782-6. [PMID: 37266727 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03782-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory organ of turtles consists of an upper chamber epithelium (UCE) with associated glands, and a lower chamber epithelium (LCE) devoid of glands. The UCE and LCE are referred to as the air-nose and the water-nose, respectively, because the UCE is thought to detect airborne odorants, while the LCE detects waterborne odorants. However, it is not clear how the two are used in the olfactory organ. Odorant receptors (ORs) are the major olfactory receptors in turtles; they are classified as class I and II ORs, distinguished by their primary structure. Class I ORs are suggested to be receptive to water-soluble ligands and class II ORs to volatile ligands. This study analyzed the expression of class I and II ORs in hatchlings of the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, through in situ hybridization, to determine the localization of OR-expressing cells in the olfactory organ. Class I OR-expressing cells were distributed mainly in the LCE, implying that the LCE is receptive to waterborne odorants. Class II OR-expressing cells were distributed in both the UCE and LCE, implying that the entire olfactory organ is receptive to airborne odorants. The widespread expression of class II ORs may increase opportunities for sea turtles to sense airborne odorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Nakamuta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Masanori Mori
- Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium, 1-3 Minato-machi, Minato-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 455-0033, Japan
| | - Miho Ito
- Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium, 1-3 Minato-machi, Minato-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 455-0033, Japan
| | - Masanori Kurita
- Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium, 1-3 Minato-machi, Minato-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 455-0033, Japan
| | - Masao Miyazaki
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Nakamuta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan.
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21
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Cotellessa L, Marelli F, Duminuco P, Adamo M, Papadakis GE, Bartoloni L, Sato N, Lang-Muritano M, Troendle A, Dhillo WS, Morelli A, Guarnieri G, Pitteloud N, Persani L, Bonomi M, Giacobini P, Vezzoli V. Defective jagged-1 signaling affects GnRH development and contributes to congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. JCI Insight 2023; 8:161998. [PMID: 36729644 PMCID: PMC10077483 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrate species, fertility is controlled by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. GnRH cells arise outside the central nervous system, in the developing olfactory pit, and migrate along olfactory/vomeronasal/terminal nerve axons into the forebrain during embryonic development. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) and Kallmann syndrome are rare genetic disorders characterized by infertility, and they are associated with defects in GnRH neuron migration and/or altered GnRH secretion and signaling. Here, we documented the expression of the jagged-1/Notch signaling pathway in GnRH neurons and along the GnRH neuron migratory route both in zebrafish embryos and in human fetuses. Genetic knockdown of the zebrafish ortholog of JAG1 (jag1b) resulted in altered GnRH migration and olfactory axonal projections to the olfactory bulbs. Next-generation sequencing was performed in 467 CHH unrelated probands, leading to the identification of heterozygous rare variants in JAG1. Functional in vitro validation of JAG1 mutants revealed that 7 out of the 9 studied variants exhibited reduced protein levels and altered subcellular localization. Together our data provide compelling evidence that Jag1/Notch signaling plays a prominent role in the development of GnRH neurons, and we propose that JAG1 insufficiency may contribute to the pathogenesis of CHH in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Cotellessa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition UMR-S 1172, FHU 1000 days for health, Lille, France
| | - Federica Marelli
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Duminuco
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Adamo
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georgios E Papadakis
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Bartoloni
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Naoko Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariarosaria Lang-Muritano
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amineh Troendle
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annamaria Morelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Guarnieri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition UMR-S 1172, FHU 1000 days for health, Lille, France
| | - Valeria Vezzoli
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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22
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Dang P, Barnes DT, Cheng RP, Xu A, Moon YJ, Kodukula SS, Raper JA. Netrins and Netrin Receptors are Essential for Normal Targeting of Sensory Axons in the Zebrafish Olfactory Bulb. Neuroscience 2023; 508:19-29. [PMID: 35940453 PMCID: PMC9839495 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons that express related odorant receptors specifically target large identifiable neuropils called protoglomeruli when they first reach the olfactory bulb in the zebrafish. This crude odorant receptor-related mapping is further refined as odorant receptor-specific glomeruli segregate from protoglomeruli later in development. Netrins are a prominent class of axon guidance molecules whose contribution to olfactory circuit formation is poorly studied. Morpholino knock down experiments have suggested that Netrin/Dcc signaling is involved in normal protoglomerular targeting. Here we extend these findings with more detailed characterization and modeling of netrin expression, and by examining protoglomerular targeting in mutant lines fornetrin1a (ntn1a), netrin1b (ntn1b), and their receptorsunc5b,dcc, andneo1a. We confirm thatntn1a,ntn1b, anddccare required for normal protoglomerular guidance of a subset of olfactory sensory neurons that are labeled with the Tg(or111-7:IRES:Gal4) transgene. We also observe errors in the targeting of these axons inunc5bmutants, but not inneo1a mutants. Our findings are consistent with ntn1a andntn1bacting primarily as attractants for olfactory sensory neurons targeting the central zone protoglomerulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Dang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel T Barnes
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ryan P Cheng
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alison Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yoon Ji Moon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sai Sripad Kodukula
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan A Raper
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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23
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Kowatschew D, Bozorg Nia S, Hassan S, Ustinova J, Weth F, Korsching SI. Spatial organization of olfactory receptor gene choice in the complete V1R-related ORA family of zebrafish. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14816. [PMID: 36045218 PMCID: PMC9433392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate sense of smell employs four main receptor families for detection of odors, among them the V1R/ORA family, which is unusually small and highly conserved in teleost fish. Zebrafish possess just seven ORA receptors, enabling a comprehensive analysis of the expression patterns of the entire family. The olfactory organ of zebrafish is representative for teleosts, cup-shaped, with lamella covered with sensory epithelium protruding into the cup from a median raphe. We have performed quantitative in situ hybridization on complete series of horizontal cryostat sections of adult zebrafish olfactory organ, and have analysed the location of ora-expressing cells in three dimensions, radial diameter, laminar height, and height-within-the-organ. We report broadly overlapping, but distinctly different distributions for all ora genes, even for ora3a and ora3b, the most recent gene duplication. Preferred positions in different dimensions are independent of each other. This spatial logic is very similar to previous reports for the much larger families of odorant receptor (or) and V2R-related olfC genes in zebrafish. Preferred positions for ora genes tend to be more central and more apical than those we observed for these other two families, consistent with expression in non-canonical sensory neuron types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kowatschew
- Institute of Genetics, Mathematical-Natural Sciences Faculty of the University at Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47A, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shahrzad Bozorg Nia
- Institute of Genetics, Mathematical-Natural Sciences Faculty of the University at Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47A, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shahzaib Hassan
- Institute of Genetics, Mathematical-Natural Sciences Faculty of the University at Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47A, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jana Ustinova
- Zoological Institute, Department of Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Franco Weth
- Zoological Institute, Department of Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sigrun I Korsching
- Institute of Genetics, Mathematical-Natural Sciences Faculty of the University at Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47A, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
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24
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Ojima K, Kigaki M, Ichimura E, Suzuki T, Kobayashi K, Muroya S, Nishimura T. Endogenous slow and fast myosin dynamics in myofibers isolated from mice expressing GFP-Myh7 and Kusabira Orange-Myh1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C520-C535. [PMID: 35759444 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00415.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle consists of slow and fast myofibers in which different myosin isoforms are expressed. Approximately 300 myosins form a single thick filament in the myofibrils, where myosin is continuously exchanged. However, endogenous slow and fast myosin dynamics have not been fully understood. To elucidate those dynamics, here we generated mice expressing green fluorescence protein-tagged slow myosin heavy chain (GFP-Myh7) and Kusabira Orange fluorescence protein-tagged fast myosin heavy chain (KuO-Myh1). First, these mice enabled us to distinguish between GFP- and KuO-myofibers under fluorescence microscopy: GFP-Myh7 and KuO-Myh1 were exclusively expressed in slow myofibers and fast myofibers, respectively. Next, to monitor endogenous myosin dynamics, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) was conducted. The mobile fraction (Mf) of GFP-Myh7 and that of KuO-Myh1 were almost constant values independent of the regions of the myofibers and the muscle portions where the myofibers were isolated. Intriguingly, proteasome inhibitor treatment significantly decreased the Mf in GFP-Myh7 but not in KuO-Myh1 myofibers, indicating that the response to a disturbance in protein turnover depended on muscle fiber type. Taken together, the present results indicated that the mice we generated are promising tools not only for distinguishing between GFP- and KuO-myofibers but also for studying the dynamics of endogenous myosin isoforms by live-cell fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Ojima
- Muscle Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Products Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kigaki
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Emi Ichimura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Muscle and Meat Science, Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Kobayashi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Susumu Muroya
- Muscle Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Products Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takanori Nishimura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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25
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Palominos MF, Calfún C, Nardocci G, Candia D, Torres-Paz J, Whitlock KE. The Olfactory Organ Is a Unique Site for Neutrophils in the Brain. Front Immunol 2022; 13:881702. [PMID: 35693773 PMCID: PMC9186071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.881702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the vertebrate olfactory tract new neurons are continuously produced throughout life. It is widely believed that neurogenesis contributes to learning and memory and can be regulated by immune signaling molecules. Proteins originally identified in the immune system have subsequently been localized to the developing and adult nervous system. Previously, we have shown that olfactory imprinting, a specific type of long-term memory, is correlated with a transcriptional response in the olfactory organs that include up-regulation of genes associated with the immune system. To better understand the immune architecture of the olfactory organs we made use of cell-specific fluorescent reporter lines in dissected, intact adult brains of zebrafish to examine the association of the olfactory sensory neurons with neutrophils and blood-lymphatic vasculature. Surprisingly, the olfactory organs contained the only neutrophil populations observed in the brain; these neutrophils were localized in the neural epithelia and were associated with the extensive blood vasculature of the olfactory organs. Damage to the olfactory epithelia resulted in a rapid increase of neutrophils both within the olfactory organs as well as the central nervous system. Analysis of cell division during and after damage showed an increase in BrdU labeling in the neural epithelia and a subset of the neutrophils. Our results reveal a unique population of neutrophils in the olfactory organs that are associated with both the olfactory epithelia and the lymphatic vasculature suggesting a dual olfactory-immune function for this unique sensory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernanda Palominos
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Cristian Calfún
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gino Nardocci
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research and Innovation (CIIB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Danissa Candia
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jorge Torres-Paz
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Kathleen E Whitlock
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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26
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Intranasal delivery of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is sufficient to cause olfactory damage, inflammation and olfactory dysfunction in zebrafish. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 102:341-359. [PMID: 35307504 PMCID: PMC8929544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anosmia, loss of smell, is a prevalent symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Anosmia may be explained by several mechanisms driven by infection of non-neuronal cells and damage in the nasal epithelium rather than direct infection of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Previously, we showed that viral proteins are sufficient to cause neuroimmune responses in the teleost olfactory organ (OO). We hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein is sufficient to cause olfactory damage and olfactory dysfunction. Using an adult zebrafish model, we report that intranasally delivered SARS-CoV-2 S RBD mostly binds to the non-sensory epithelium of the olfactory organ and causes severe olfactory histopathology characterized by loss of cilia, hemorrhages and edema. Electrophysiological recordings reveal impaired olfactory function to both food and bile odorants in animals treated intranasally with SARS-CoV-2 S RBD. However, no loss of behavioral preference for food was detected in SARS-CoV-2 S RBD treated fish. Single cell RNA-Seq of the adult zebrafish olfactory organ indicated widespread loss of olfactory receptor expression and inflammatory responses in sustentacular, endothelial, and myeloid cell clusters along with reduced numbers of Tregs. Combined, our results demonstrate that intranasal SARS-CoV-2 S RBD is sufficient to cause structural and functional damage to the zebrafish olfactory system. These findings may have implications for intranasally delivered vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
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27
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Remarkable diversity of vomeronasal type 2 receptor (OlfC) genes of basal ray-finned fish and its evolutionary trajectory in jawed vertebrates. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6455. [PMID: 35440756 PMCID: PMC9018814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The vomeronasal type 2 receptor (V2R, also called OlfC) multigene family is found in a broad range of jawed vertebrates from cartilaginous fish to tetrapods. V2Rs encode receptors for food-related amino acids in teleost fish, whereas for peptide pheromones in mammals. In addition, V2Rs of teleost fish are phylogenetically distinct from those of tetrapods, implying a drastic change in the V2R repertoire during terrestrial adaptation. To understand the process of diversification of V2Rs in vertebrates from "fish-type" to "tetrapod-type", we conducted an exhaustive search for V2Rs in cartilaginous fish (chimeras, sharks, and skates) and basal ray-finned fish (reedfish, sterlet, and spotted gar), and compared them with those of teleost, coelacanth, and tetrapods. Phylogenetic and synteny analyses on 1897 V2Rs revealed that basal ray-finned fish possess unexpectedly higher number of V2Rs compared with cartilaginous fish, implying that V2R gene repertoires expanded in the common ancestor of Osteichthyes. Furthermore, reedfish and sterlet possessed various V2Rs that belonged to both "fish-type" and "tetrapod-type", suggesting that the common ancestor of Osteichthyes possess "tetrapod-type" V2Rs although they inhabited underwater environments. Thus, the unexpected diversity of V2Rs in basal ray-finned fish may provide insight into how the olfaction of osteichthyan ancestors adapt from water to land.
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28
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Di Schiavi E, Vistoli G, Moretti RM, Corrado I, Zuccarini G, Gervasoni S, Casati L, Bottai D, Merlo GR, Maggi R. Anosmin-1-Like Effect of UMODL1/Olfactorin on the Chemomigration of Mouse GnRH Neurons and Zebrafish Olfactory Axons Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:836179. [PMID: 35223856 PMCID: PMC8874799 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.836179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impairment of development/migration of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons is the main cause of Kallmann's syndrome (KS), an inherited disorder characterized by hypogonadism, anosmia, and other developmental defects. Olfactorin is an extracellular matrix protein encoded by the UMODL1 (uromodulin-like 1) gene expressed in the mouse olfactory region along the migratory route of GnRH neurons. It shares a combination of WAP and FNIII repeats, expressed in complementary domains, with anosmin-1, the product of the ANOS1 gene, identified as the causative of KS. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of olfactorin in vitro and in vivo models. The results show that olfactorin exerts an anosmin-1-like strong chemoattractant effect on mouse-immortalized GnRH neurons (GN11 cells) through the activation of the FGFR and MAPK pathways. In silico analysis of olfactorin and anosmin-1 reveals a satisfactory similarity at the N-terminal region for the overall arrangement of corresponding WAP and FNIII domains and marked similarities between WAP domains’ binding modes of interaction with the resolved FGFR1–FGF2 complex. Finally, in vivo experiments show that the down-modulation of the zebrafish z-umodl1 gene (orthologous of UMODL1) in both GnRH3:GFP and omp2k:gap-CFPrw034 transgenic zebrafish strains leads to a clear disorganization and altered fasciculation of the neurites of GnRH3:GFP neurons crossing at the anterior commissure and a significant increase in olfactory CFP + fibers with altered trajectory. Thus, our study shows olfactorin as an additional factor involved in the development of olfactory and GnRH systems and proposes UMODL1 as a gene worthy of diagnostic investigation in KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Di Schiavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Manuela Moretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences DISFEB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corrado
- Department Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Zuccarini
- Department Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Gervasoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lavinia Casati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Bottai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Roberto Merlo
- Department Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- *Correspondence: Roberto Maggi,
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Sakuma A, Zhang Z, Suzuki E, Nagasawa T, Nikaido M. A transcriptomic reevaluation of the accessory olfactory organ in Bichir (Polypterus senegalus). ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2022; 8:5. [PMID: 35135614 PMCID: PMC8822828 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-022-00189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fish possess one olfactory organ called the olfactory epithelium (OE), by which various chemical substances are detected. On the other hand, tetrapods possess two independent olfactory organs called the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and vomeronasal organ (VNO), each of which mainly detects general odorants and pheromones, respectively. Traditionally, the VNO, so-called concentrations of vomeronasal neurons, was believed to have originated in tetrapods. However, recent studies have identified a primordial VNO in lungfish, implying that the origin of the VNO was earlier than traditionally expected. In this study, we examined the presence/absence of the VNO in the olfactory organ of bichir (Polypterus senegalus), which is the most ancestral group of extant bony vertebrates. In particular, we conducted a transcriptomic evaluation of the accessory olfactory organ (AOO), which is anatomically separated from the main olfactory organ (MOO) in bichir. As a result, several landmark genes specific to the VNO and MOE in tetrapods were both expressed in the MOO and AOO, suggesting that these organs were not functionally distinct in terms of pheromone and odorant detection. Instead, differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis showed that DEGs in AOO were enriched in genes for cilia movement, implying its additional and specific function in efficient water uptake into the nasal cavity other than chemosensing. This transcriptomic study provides novel insight into the long-standing question of AOO function in bichir and suggests that VNO originated in the lineage of lobe-finned fish during vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Sakuma
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Zicong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Eri Suzuki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Nagasawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masato Nikaido
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.
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30
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Cheng RP, Dang P, Taku AA, Moon YJ, Pham V, Sun X, Zhao E, Raper JA. Loss of Neuropilin2a/b or Sema3fa alters olfactory sensory axon dynamics and protoglomerular targeting. Neural Dev 2022; 17:1. [PMID: 34980234 PMCID: PMC8725463 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-021-00157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory Sensory Neuron (OSN) axons project from the zebrafish olfactory epithelium to reproducible intermediate target locations in the olfactory bulb called protoglomeruli at early stages in development. Two classes of OSNs expressing either OMP or TRPC2 exclusively target distinct, complementary protoglomeruli. Using RNAseq, we identified axon guidance receptors nrp2a and nrp2b, and their ligand sema3fa, as potential guidance factors that are differentially expressed between these two classes of OSNs. METHODS To investigate their role in OSN axon guidance, we assessed the protoglomerular targeting fidelity of OSNs labeled by OMP:RFP and TRPC2:Venus transgenes in nrp2a, nrp2b, or sema3fa mutants. We used double mutant and genetic interaction experiments to interrogate the relationship between the three genes. We used live time-lapse imaging to compare the dynamic behaviors of OSN growth cones during protoglomerular targeting in heterozygous and mutant larvae. RESULTS The fidelity of protoglomerular targeting of TRPC2-class OSNs is degraded in nrp2a, nrp2b, or sema3fa mutants, as axons misproject into OMP-specific protoglomeruli and other ectopic locations in the bulb. These misprojections are further enhanced in nrp2a;nrp2b double mutants suggesting that nrp2s work at least partially in parallel in the same guidance process. Results from genetic interaction experiments are consistent with sema3fa acting in the same biological pathway as both nrp2a and nrp2b. Live time-lapse imaging was used to examine the dynamic behavior of TRPC2-class growth cones in nrp2a mutants compared to heterozygous siblings. Some TRPC2-class growth cones ectopically enter the dorsal-medial region of the bulb in both groups, but in fully mutant embryos, they are less likely to correct the error through retraction. The same result was observed when TRPC2-class growth cone behavior was compared between sema3fa heterozygous and sema3fa mutant larvae. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that nrp2a and nrp2b expressed in TRPC2-class OSNs help prevent their mixing with axon projections in OMP-specific protoglomeruli, and further, that sema3fa helps to exclude TRPC2-class axons by repulsion from the dorsal-medial bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Cheng
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Puneet Dang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alemji A Taku
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yoon Ji Moon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vi Pham
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xiaohe Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ethan Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan A Raper
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Takesono A, Kudoh T, Tyler CR. Application of Transgenic Zebrafish Models for Studying the Effects of Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on Embryonic Brain Development. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:718072. [PMID: 35264948 PMCID: PMC8900011 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.718072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are environmental pollutants that mimic hormones and/or disrupt their function. Estrogenic EDCs (eEDCs) interfere with endogenous estrogen signalling pathway(s) and laboratory animal and human epidemiological studies have provided evidence for a causal link between exposure to them during embryonic/early life and neurological impairments. However, our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanism(s) underlying eEDCs exposure effects on brain development, tissue architecture and function and behaviour are limited. Transgenic (TG) zebrafish models offer new approach methodologies (NAMs) to help identify the modes of action (MoAs) of EDCs and their associated impacts on tissue development and function. Estrogen biosensor TG zebrafish models have been applied to study eEDC interactions and resulting transcriptional activation (via a fluorescent reporter expression) across the entire body of the developing zebrafish embryo, including in real time. These estrogen biosensor TG zebrafish models are starting to deepen our understanding of the spatiotemporal actions of eEDCs and their resulting impacts on neurological development, brain function and behaviour. In this review, we first investigate the links between early life exposure to eEDCs and neurodevelopmental alterations in model organisms (rodents and zebrafish) and humans. We then present examples of the application of estrogen biosensor and other TG zebrafish models for elucidating the mechanism(s) underlying neurodevelopmental toxicities of eEDCs. In particular we illustrate the utility of combining estrogen biosensor zebrafish models with other TG zebrafish models for understanding the effects of eEDCs on the brain, spanning cellular processes, brain circuitry, neurophysiology and behaviour. Finally, we discuss the future prospects of TG zebrafish models as experimental models for studying more complex scenarios for exposure to contaminant mixtures on neurological development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Takesono
- *Correspondence: Aya Takesono, ; Charles R. Tyler,
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32
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Kowatschew D, Korsching SI. An Ancient Adenosine Receptor Gains Olfactory Function in Bony Vertebrates. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6367781. [PMID: 34499158 PMCID: PMC8462279 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotides are an important class of odorants for aquatic vertebrates such as frogs and fishes, but also have manifold signaling roles in other cellular processes. Recently, an adenosine receptor believed to belong to the adora2 clade has been identified as an olfactory receptor in zebrafish. Here, we set out to elucidate the evolutionary history of both this gene and its olfactory function. We have performed a thorough phylogenetic study in vertebrates, chordates and their sister group, ambulacraria, and show that the origin of the zebrafish olfactory receptor gene can be traced back to the most recent common ancestor of all three groups as a segregate sister clade (adorb) to the adora gene family. Eel, carp, and clawed frog all express adorb in a sparse and distributed pattern within their olfactory epithelium very similar to the pattern observed for zebrafish that is, consistent with a function as olfactory receptor. In sharp contrast, lamprey adorb-expressing cells are absent from the sensory region of the lamprey nose, but form a contiguous domain directly adjacent to the sensory region. Double-labeling experiments confirmed the expression of lamprey adorb in nonneuronal cells and are consistent with an expression in neuronal progenitor cells. Thus, adorb may have undergone a switch of function in the jawed lineage of vertebrates towards a role as olfactory receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kowatschew
- Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Sigrun I Korsching
- Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Germany
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Kaniganti T, Deogade A, Maduskar A, Mukherjee A, Guru A, Subhedar N, Ghose A. Sensitivity of olfactory sensory neurons to food cues is tuned to nutritional states by Neuropeptide Y signaling. J Neurochem 2021; 159:1028-1044. [PMID: 34359098 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of sensory perception by homeostatic feedback from physiological states is central to innate purposive behaviors. Olfaction is an important predictive modality for feeding-related behaviors and its modulation has been associated with hunger-satiety states. However, the mechanisms mapping internal states to chemosensory processing in order to modify behavior are poorly understood. In the zebrafish olfactory epithelium, a subset of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and the terminal nerve projections express neuropeptide Y (NPY). Using a combination of neuronal activity and behavioral evaluation, we find that NPY signaling in the peripheral olfactory system of zebrafish is correlated with its nutritional state and is both necessary and sufficient for the olfactory perception of food-related odorants. NPY activity dynamically modulates the microvillar OSN activation thresholds and acts cooperatively with amino acid signaling resulting in a switch-like increase in OSN sensitivity in starved animals. We suggest that cooperative activation of phospholipase C by convergent signaling from NPY and amino acid receptors is central to this heightened sensitivity. This study provides ethologically relevant, physiological evidence for NPY signaling in the modulation of OSN sensitivity to food-associated amino acid cues. We demonstrate sensory gating directly at the level of OSNs and identify a novel mechanistic framework for tuning olfactory sensitivity to prevailing energy states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Kaniganti
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, India
| | - Ajinkya Deogade
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, India
| | - Aditi Maduskar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, India
| | - Arghya Mukherjee
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, India
| | - Akash Guru
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, India
| | - Nishikant Subhedar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, India
| | - Aurnab Ghose
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, India
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34
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Mazurais D, Neven CJ, Servili A, Vitré T, Madec L, Collet S, Zambonino-Infante JL, Mark FC. Effect of long-term intergenerational exposure to ocean acidification on ompa and ompb transcripts expression in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 170:105438. [PMID: 34340029 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since sensory system allows organisms to perceive and interact with their external environment, any disruption in their functioning may have detrimental consequences on their survival. Ocean acidification has been shown to potentially impair olfactory system in fish and it is therefore essential to develop biological tools contributing to better characterize such effects. The olfactory marker protein (omp) gene is involved in the maturation and the activity of olfactory sensory neurons in vertebrates. In teleosts, two omp genes (ompa and ompb) originating from whole genome duplication have been identified. In this study, bioinformatic analysis allowed characterization of the ompa and ompb genes from the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) genome. The European seabass ompa and ompb genes differ in deduced amino acid sequences and in their expression pattern throughout the tissues. While both ompa and ompb mRNA are strongly expressed in the olfactory epithelium, ompb expression was further observable in different brain areas while ompa expression was also detected in the eyes and in other peripheral tissues. Expression levels of ompa and ompb mRNA were investigated in adult seabass (4 years-old, F0) and in their offspring (F1) exposed to pH of 8 (control) or 7.6 (ocean acidification, OA). Under OA ompb mRNA was down-regulated while ompa mRNA was up-regulated in the olfactory epithelium of F0 adults, suggesting a long-term intragenerational OA-induced regulation of the olfactory sensory system. A shift in the expression profiles of both ompa and ompb mRNA was observed at early larval stages in F1 under OA, suggesting a disruption in the developmental process. Contrary to the F0, the expression of ompa and ompb mRNA was not anymore significantly regulated under OA in the olfactory epithelium of juvenile F1 fish. This work provides evidence for long-term impact of OA on sensorial system of European seabass as well as potential intergenerational acclimation of omp genes expression to OA in European seabass.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mazurais
- IFREMER, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F29280, Plouzané, France.
| | - Carolin J Neven
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Arianna Servili
- IFREMER, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Thomas Vitré
- IFREMER, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Lauriane Madec
- IFREMER, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Sophie Collet
- IFREMER, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Felix C Mark
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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35
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Manzini I, Schild D, Di Natale C. Principles of odor coding in vertebrates and artificial chemosensory systems. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:61-154. [PMID: 34254835 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological olfactory system is the sensory system responsible for the detection of the chemical composition of the environment. Several attempts to mimic biological olfactory systems have led to various artificial olfactory systems using different technical approaches. Here we provide a parallel description of biological olfactory systems and their technical counterparts. We start with a presentation of the input to the systems, the stimuli, and treat the interface between the external world and the environment where receptor neurons or artificial chemosensors reside. We then delineate the functions of receptor neurons and chemosensors as well as their overall I-O relationships. Up to this point, our account of the systems goes along similar lines. The next processing steps differ considerably: while in biology the processing step following the receptor neurons is the "integration" and "processing" of receptor neuron outputs in the olfactory bulb, this step has various realizations in electronic noses. For a long period of time, the signal processing stages beyond the olfactory bulb, i.e., the higher olfactory centers were little studied. Only recently there has been a marked growth of studies tackling the information processing in these centers. In electronic noses, a third stage of processing has virtually never been considered. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of both fields and, for the first time, attempt to tie them together. We hope it will be a breeding ground for better information, communication, and data exchange between very related but so far little connected fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Manzini
- Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Detlev Schild
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Optogenetic Manipulation of Olfactory Responses in Transgenic Zebrafish: A Neurobiological and Behavioral Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137191. [PMID: 34281244 PMCID: PMC8269104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is an important neural system for survival and fundamental behaviors such as predator avoidance, food finding, memory formation, reproduction, and social communication. However, the neural circuits and pathways associated with the olfactory system in various behaviors are not fully understood. Recent advances in optogenetics, high-resolution in vivo imaging, and reconstructions of neuronal circuits have created new opportunities to understand such neural circuits. Here, we generated a transgenic zebrafish to manipulate olfactory signal optically, expressing the Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) under the control of the olfactory specific promoter, omp. We observed light-induced neuronal activity of olfactory system in the transgenic fish by examining c-fos expression, and a calcium indicator suggesting that blue light stimulation caused activation of olfactory neurons in a non-invasive manner. To examine whether the photo-activation of olfactory sensory neurons affect behavior of zebrafish larvae, we devised a behavioral choice paradigm and tested how zebrafish larvae choose between two conflicting sensory cues, an aversive odor or the naturally preferred phototaxis. We found that when the conflicting cues (the preferred light and aversive odor) were presented together simultaneously, zebrafish larvae swam away from the aversive odor. However, the transgenic fish with photo-activation were insensitive to the aversive odor and exhibited olfactory desensitization upon optical stimulation of ChR2. These results show that an aversive olfactory stimulus can override phototaxis, and that olfaction is important in decision making in zebrafish. This new transgenic model will be useful for the analysis of olfaction related behaviors and for the dissection of underlying neural circuits.
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Rajan SG, Nacke LM, Dhingra JS, Saxena A. Notch signaling mediates olfactory multiciliated cell specification. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203715. [PMID: 34217886 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial multiciliated cells (MCCs) use motile cilia to direct external fluid flow, the disruption of which is associated with human diseases in a broad array of organs such as those in the respiratory, reproductive, and renal systems. While many of the signaling pathways that regulate MCC formation in these organ systems have been identified, similar characterization of MCC differentiation in the developing olfactory system has been lacking. Here, using live cell tracking, targeted cell ablation, and temporally-specific inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway, we identify the earliest time window of zebrafish olfactory MCC (OMCC) differentiation and demonstrate these cells' derivation from peridermal cells. We also describe regionally segregated Notch signaling across time points of rapid OMCC differentiation and show that Notch signaling downregulation yields an increase in OMCCs, suggesting that OMCC fate is normally repressed in a region-specific manner during olfactory development. Finally, we describe Notch signaling's regulation of the differentiation/ciliogenesis-associated genes foxj1a and foxj1b. Taken together, these findings provide new insights into the origins and developmental programming of OMCCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriivatsan G Rajan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Lynne M Nacke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Jagjot S Dhingra
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Ankur Saxena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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38
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da Silva MC, Canário AVM, Hubbard PC, Gonçalves DMF. Physiology, endocrinology and chemical communication in aggressive behaviour of fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 98:1217-1233. [PMID: 33410154 PMCID: PMC8247941 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fishes show remarkably diverse aggressive behaviour. Aggression is expressed to secure resources; adjusting aggression levels according to context is key to avoid negative consequences for fitness and survival. Nonetheless, despite its importance, the physiological basis of aggression in fishes is still poorly understood. Several reports suggest hormonal modulation of aggression, particularly by androgens, but contradictory studies have been published. Studies exploring the role of chemical communication in aggressive behaviour are also scant, and the pheromones involved remain to be unequivocally characterized. This is surprising as chemical communication is the most ancient form of information exchange and plays a variety of other roles in fishes. Furthermore, the study of chemical communication and aggression is relevant at the evolutionary, ecological and economic levels. A few pioneering studies support the hypothesis that aggressive behaviour, at least in some teleosts, is modulated by "dominance pheromones" that reflect the social status of the sender, but there is little information on the identity of the compounds involved. This review aims to provide a global view of aggressive behaviour in fishes and its underlying physiological mechanisms including the involvement of chemical communication, and discusses the potential use of dominance pheromones to improve fish welfare. Methodological considerations and future research directions are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Coelho da Silva
- CCMAR – Centro e Ciências do MarUniversidade do AlgarveFaroPortugal
- ISE – Institute of Science and EnvironmentUniversity of Saint JosephMacauChina
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Villamayor PR, Arana ÁJ, Coppel C, Ortiz-Leal I, Torres MV, Sanchez-Quinteiro P, Sánchez L. A comprehensive structural, lectin and immunohistochemical characterization of the zebrafish olfactory system. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8865. [PMID: 33893372 PMCID: PMC8065131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish chemosensory olfactory receptors allow them to detect a wide range of water-soluble chemicals, that mediate fundamental behaviours. Zebrafish possess a well-developed sense of smell which governs reproduction, appetite, and fear responses. The spatial organization of functional properties within the olfactory epithelium and bulb are comparable to those of mammals, making this species suitable for studies of olfactory differentiation and regeneration and neuronal representation of olfactory information. The advent of genomic techniques has been decisive for the discovery of specific olfactory cell types and the identification of cell populations expressing vomeronasal receptors. These advances have marched ahead of morphological and neurochemical studies. This study aims to fill the existing gap in specific histological, lectin-histochemical and immunohistochemical studies on the olfactory rosette and the olfactory bulb of the zebrafish. Tissue dissection and microdissection techniques were employed, followed by histological staining techniques, lectin-histochemical labelling (UEA, LEA, BSI-B4) and immunohistochemistry using antibodies against G proteins subunits αo and αi2, growth-associated protein-43, calbindin, calretinin, glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein and luteinizing-hormone-releasing-hormone. The results obtained enrich the available information on the neurochemical patterns of the zebrafish olfactory system, pointing to a greater complexity than the one currently considered, especially when taking into account the peculiarities of the nonsensory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R Villamayor
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Av Carballo Calero s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Álvaro J Arana
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Carlos Coppel
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Irene Ortiz-Leal
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Av Carballo Calero s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Mateo V Torres
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Av Carballo Calero s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Av Carballo Calero s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Laura Sánchez
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
- Preclinical Animal Models Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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40
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Cheung KY, Jesuthasan SJ, Baxendale S, van Hateren NJ, Marzo M, Hill CJ, Whitfield TT. Olfactory Rod Cells: A Rare Cell Type in the Larval Zebrafish Olfactory Epithelium With a Large Actin-Rich Apical Projection. Front Physiol 2021; 12:626080. [PMID: 33716772 PMCID: PMC7952648 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.626080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the presence of a rare cell type, the olfactory rod cell, in the developing zebrafish olfactory epithelium. These cells each bear a single actin-rich rod-like apical projection extending 5–10 μm from the epithelial surface. Live imaging with a ubiquitous Lifeact-RFP label indicates that the olfactory rods can oscillate. Olfactory rods arise within a few hours of the olfactory pit opening, increase in numbers and size during larval stages, and can develop in the absence of olfactory cilia. Olfactory rod cells differ in morphology from the known classes of olfactory sensory neuron, but express reporters driven by neuronal promoters. A sub-population of olfactory rod cells expresses a Lifeact-mRFPruby transgene driven by the sox10 promoter. Mosaic expression of this transgene reveals that olfactory rod cells have rounded cell bodies located apically in the olfactory epithelium and have no detectable axon. We offer speculation on the possible function of these cells in the Discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- King Yee Cheung
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bateson Centre and Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Suresh J Jesuthasan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sarah Baxendale
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bateson Centre and Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J van Hateren
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bateson Centre and Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mar Marzo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bateson Centre and Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Hill
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bateson Centre and Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya T Whitfield
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bateson Centre and Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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41
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Gerlach G, Wullimann MF. Neural pathways of olfactory kin imprinting and kin recognition in zebrafish. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:273-287. [PMID: 33515290 PMCID: PMC7873017 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Teleost fish exhibit extraordinary cognitive skills that are comparable to those of mammals and birds. Kin recognition based on olfactory and visual imprinting requires neuronal circuits that were assumed to be necessarily dependent on the interaction of mammalian amygdala, hippocampus, and isocortex, the latter being a structure that teleost fish are lacking. We show that teleosts—beyond having a hippocampus and pallial amygdala homolog—also have subpallial amygdalar structures. In particular, we identify the medial amygdala and neural olfactory central circuits related to kin imprinting and kin recognition corresponding to an accessory olfactory system despite the absence of a separate vomeronasal organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Gerlach
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl-von-Ossietzky University, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity Oldenburg (HIFMB), 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.,Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, QLD, 4811, Townsville, Australia
| | - Mario F Wullimann
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences & Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany. .,Max-Planck-Institute for Neurobiology, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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42
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Braubach O, Croll RP. The glomerular network of the zebrafish olfactory bulb. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:255-271. [PMID: 33484356 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Each zebrafish olfactory bulb contains ~ 140 glomeruli that are distinguishable based on size, location, neurochemistry and function. Here we examine the mitral cell innervation of differently sized glomeruli in adult zebrafish. Type 1 glomeruli had diameters of 80.9 ± 8.1 μm and were innervated by 5.9 ± 0.9 mitral cells. The Type 1 mediodorsal glomeruli (mdG) were innervated by both uniglomerular (innervating only single glomeruli) and multiglomerular mitral cells (innervating two or more glomeruli). In contrast, the Type 1 ventroposterior (vpG) and lateral glomeruli (lG) were only innervated by uniglomerular mitral cells. Type 2 ventral glomeruli were 46 ± 5.1 μm in diameter and were innervated by 3.3 ± 0.2 mitral cells. Type 2 ventromedial glomeruli (vmG) were innervated exclusively by uniglomerular mitral cells. Type 3 glomeruli had diameters of 17 ± 2.5 μm and were innervated by 1.1 ± 0.6 multiglomerular mitral cells each. Finally, Type 4 glomeruli were small, with average diameters of 4.8 ± 3.9 μm and were restricted to the lateral plexus. These glomeruli were innervated mainly by multiglomerular mitral cells with extensively branching dendrites. This study provides the first specific associations between uni- and multiglomerular mitral cells with known zebrafish glomeruli. Our results suggest that glomeruli are distinguishable based on their postsynaptic compartment and that distinct input-output computations occur in different types of zebrafish glomeruli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Braubach
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H4R2, Canada.
| | - Roger P Croll
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H4R2, Canada
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43
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Palominos MF, Whitlock KE. The Olfactory Organ Is Populated by Neutrophils and Macrophages During Early Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:604030. [PMID: 33537298 PMCID: PMC7848073 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.604030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system of vertebrates is characterized by innate and adaptive immunity that function together to form the natural defense system of the organism. During development innate immunity is the first to become functional and is mediated primarily by phagocytic cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. In the olfactory sensory system, the same sensory neurons in contact with the external environment have their first synapse within the central nervous system. This unique architecture presents a potential gateway for the entry of damaging or infectious agents to the nervous system. Here we used zebrafish as a model system to examine the development of the olfactory organ and to determine whether it shares immune characteristics of a host defense niche described in other tissues. During early development, both neutrophils and macrophages appear coincident with the generation of the primitive immune cells. The appearance of neutrophils and macrophages in the olfactory organs occurs as the blood and lymphatic vascular system is forming in the same region. Making use of the neurogenic properties of the olfactory organ we show that damage to the olfactory sensory neurons in larval zebrafish triggers a rapid immune response by local and non-local neutrophils. In contrast, macrophages, although present in greater numbers, mount a slower response to damage. We anticipate our findings will open new avenues of research into the role of the olfactory-immune response during normal neurogenesis and damage-induced regeneration and contribute to our understanding of the formation of a potential host defense immune niche in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernanda Palominos
- Programa Doctorado en Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencia, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Kathleen E Whitlock
- Programa Doctorado en Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencia, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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44
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Tirindelli R. Coding of pheromones by vomeronasal receptors. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:367-386. [PMID: 33433690 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Communication between individuals is critical for species survival, reproduction, and expansion. Most terrestrial species, with the exception of humans who predominantly use vision and phonation to create their social network, rely on the detection and decoding of olfactory signals, which are widely known as pheromones. These chemosensory cues originate from bodily fluids, causing attractive or avoidance behaviors in subjects of the same species. Intraspecific pheromone signaling is then crucial to identify sex, social ranking, individuality, and health status, thus establishing hierarchies and finalizing the most efficient reproductive strategies. Indeed, all these features require fine tuning of the olfactory systems to detect molecules containing this information. To cope with this complexity of signals, tetrapods have developed dedicated olfactory subsystems that refer to distinct peripheral sensory detectors, called the main olfactory and the vomeronasal organ, and two minor structures, namely the septal organ of Masera and the Grueneberg ganglion. Among these, the vomeronasal organ plays the most remarkable role in pheromone coding by mediating several behavioral outcomes that are critical for species conservation and amplification. In rodents, this organ is organized into two segregated neuronal subsets that express different receptor families. To some extent, this dichotomic organization is preserved in higher projection areas of the central nervous system, suggesting, at first glance, distinct functions for these two neuronal pathways. Here, I will specifically focus on this issue and discuss the role of vomeronasal receptors in mediating important innate behavioral effects through the recognition of pheromones and other biological chemosignals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Tirindelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno, 39, 43125, Parma, Italy.
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45
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Camilieri-Asch V, Caddy HT, Hubbard A, Rigby P, Doyle B, Shaw JA, Mehnert A, Partridge JC, Yopak KE, Collin SP. Multimodal Imaging and Analysis of the Neuroanatomical Organization of the Primary Olfactory Inputs in the Brownbanded Bamboo Shark, Chiloscyllium punctatum. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:560534. [PMID: 33324175 PMCID: PMC7726474 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.560534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently a limited understanding of the morphological and functional organization of the olfactory system in cartilaginous fishes, particularly when compared to bony fishes and terrestrial vertebrates. In this fish group, there is a clear paucity of information on the characterization, density, and distribution of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) within the sensory olfactory epithelium lining the paired olfactory rosettes, and their functional implications with respect to the hydrodynamics of incurrent water flow into the nares. This imaging study examines the brownbanded bamboo shark Chiloscyllium punctatum (Elasmobranchii) and combines immunohistochemical labeling using antisera raised against five G-protein α-subunits (Gαs/olf, Gαq/11/14, Gαi–1/2/3, Gαi–3, Gαo) with light and electron microscopy, to characterize the morphological ORN types present. Three main ORNs (“long”, “microvillous” and “crypt-like”) are confirmed and up to three additional microvilli-bearing types are also described; “Kappe-like” (potential or homologous “Kappe” as in teleosts), “pear-shaped” and “teardrop-shaped” cells. These morphotypes will need to be confirmed molecularly in the future. Using X-ray diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT), high-resolution scans of the olfactory rosettes, olfactory bulbs (OBs), peduncles, and telencephalon reveal a lateral segregation of primary olfactory inputs within the OBs, with distinct medial and lateral clusters of glomeruli, suggesting a potential somatotopic organization. However, most ORN morphotypes are found to be ubiquitously distributed within the medial and lateral regions of the olfactory rosette, with at least three microvilli-bearing ORNs labeled with anti-Gαo found in significantly higher densities in lateral lamellae [in lateral lamellae] and on the anterior portion of lamellae (facing the olfactory cavity). These microvilli-bearing ORN morphotypes (microvillous, “Kappe-like,” “pear-shaped,” and “teardrop-shaped”) are the most abundant across the olfactory rosette of this species, while ciliated ORNs are less common and crypt cells are rare. Spatial simulations of the fluid dynamics of the incurrent water flow into the nares and within the olfactory cavities indicate that the high densities of microvilli-bearing ORNs located within the lateral region of the rosette are important for sampling incoming odorants during swimming and may determine subsequent tracking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Camilieri-Asch
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,The Neuroecology Group, UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Harrison T Caddy
- Vascular Engineering Laboratory, Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alysia Hubbard
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Paul Rigby
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Barry Doyle
- Vascular Engineering Laboratory, Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA, Australia.,BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy A Shaw
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Andrew Mehnert
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,National Imaging Facility, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Julian C Partridge
- The Neuroecology Group, UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kara E Yopak
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States
| | - Shaun P Collin
- The Neuroecology Group, UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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46
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Dymek J, Kuciel M, Żuwała K. Structural diversity of olfactory organs in Osteoglossiformes. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Dymek
- Department of Comparative Anatomy Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland
| | - M. Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland
| | - K. Żuwała
- Department of Comparative Anatomy Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland
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47
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Diving into the streams and waves of constitutive and regenerative olfactory neurogenesis: insights from zebrafish. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:227-253. [PMID: 33245413 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory system is renowned for its functional and structural plasticity, with both peripheral and central structures displaying persistent neurogenesis throughout life and exhibiting remarkable capacity for regenerative neurogenesis after damage. In general, fish are known for their extensive neurogenic ability, and the zebrafish in particular presents an attractive model to study plasticity and adult neurogenesis in the olfactory system because of its conserved structure, relative simplicity, rapid cell turnover, and preponderance of neurogenic niches. In this review, we present an overview of the anatomy of zebrafish olfactory structures, with a focus on the neurogenic niches in the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, and ventral telencephalon. Constitutive and regenerative neurogenesis in both the peripheral olfactory organ and central olfactory bulb of zebrafish is reviewed in detail, and a summary of current knowledge about the cellular origin and molecular signals involved in regulating these processes is presented. While some features of physiologic and injury-induced neurogenic responses are similar, there are differences that indicate that regeneration is not simply a reiteration of the constitutive proliferation process. We provide comparisons to mammalian neurogenesis that reveal similarities and differences between species. Finally, we present a number of open questions that remain to be answered.
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48
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Volz SN, Hausen J, Nachev M, Ottermanns R, Schiwy S, Hollert H. Short exposure to cadmium disrupts the olfactory system of zebrafish (Danio rerio) - Relating altered gene expression in the olfactory organ to behavioral deficits. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 226:105555. [PMID: 32645607 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fish strongly rely on olfaction as a variety of essential behaviors such as foraging and predator avoidance are mediated by the olfactory system. Cadmium (Cd) is known to impair olfaction and accumulate in the olfactory epithelium (OE) and bulb (OB) of fishes. In the present study, the acute toxicity of Cd on olfaction in zebrafish (Danio rerio) was characterized on the molecular and behavioral level. To this end, quantitative real-time PCR was performed in order to analyze the expression of selected genes in both the OE and OB. Moreover, the response of zebrafish to an alarm cue was investigated. Following 24 h of exposure to Cd, the expression of genes associated with olfactory sensory neurons was reduced in the OE. Furthermore, the antioxidant genes peroxiredoxin 1 (prdx1) and heme oxygenase 1 (hmox1), as well as the metallothionein 2 gene (mt2) were upregulated in the OE, whereas hmox1 and the stress-inducible heat shock protein 70 gene (hsp70) were upregulated in the OB upon exposure to Cd. Following stimulation with a conspecific skin extract, zebrafish displayed a considerable disruption of the antipredator behavior with increasing Cd concentration. Taken together, Cd impaired olfaction in zebrafish, thereby disrupting the antipredator response, which is crucial for the survival of individuals. Cellular stress followed by disruption of olfactory sensory neurons may have contributed to the observed behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina N Volz
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jonas Hausen
- Core Unit for Bioinformatics Data Analysis, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Milen Nachev
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Richard Ottermanns
- Chair of Environmental Biology and Chemodynamics, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Schiwy
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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49
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Różański JJ, Żuwała KD. Macro‐ and micromorphological remodeling of olfactory organs throughout the ontogeny of the fire salamander
Salamandra salamandra
(Linnaeus, 1758). J Morphol 2020; 281:1173-1190. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Józef J. Różański
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University in Kraków Kraków Poland
| | - Krystyna D. Żuwała
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University in Kraków Kraków Poland
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50
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Abdali SS, Nakamuta S, Yamamoto Y, Nakamuta N. Distribution of cells expressing vomeronasal receptors in the olfactory organ of turtles. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1068-1079. [PMID: 32727968 PMCID: PMC7468070 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Generally, the olfactory organ of vertebrates consists of the olfactory epithelium (OE)
and the vomeronasal organ (VNO). The OE contains ciliated olfactory receptor neurons
(ORNs), while the VNO contains microvillous ORNs. The ORNs in the OE express odorant
receptors (ORs), while those in the VNO express type 1 and type 2
vomeronasal receptors (V1Rs and V2Rs). In turtles, the
olfactory organ consists of the upper (UCE) and lower chamber epithelia (LCE). The UCE
contains ciliated ORNs, while the LCE contains microvillous ORNs. Here we investigated the
distribution of cells expressing vomeronasal receptors in the olfactory organ of turtles.
The turtle vomeronasal receptors were encoded by two V1R genes and two
V2R genes. Among them, V2R1 and V2R26
were mainly expressed in the LCE, while V1R3 was expressed both in the
UCE and LCE. Notably, vomeronasal receptors were expressed by a limited number of ORNs,
which was confirmed by the expression of the gene encoding TRPC2, an ion channel involved
in the signal transduction of vomeronasal receptors. Furthermore, expression of
ORs by the majority of ORNs was suggested by the expression of the gene
encoding CNGA2, an ion channel involved in the signal transduction of ORs. Thus, olfaction
of turtle seems to be mediated mainly by the ORs rather than the vomeronasal receptors.
More importantly, the relationship between the fine structure of ORNs and the expression
of olfactory receptors are not conserved among turtles and other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Sharif Abdali
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Shoko Nakamuta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamamoto
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Nakamuta
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
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