1
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Fellows AD, Bruntraeger M, Burgold T, Bassett AR, Carter AP. Dynein and dynactin move long-range but are delivered separately to the axon tip. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202309084. [PMID: 38407313 PMCID: PMC10896695 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202309084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Axonal transport is essential for neuronal survival. This is driven by microtubule motors including dynein, which transports cargo from the axon tip back to the cell body. This function requires its cofactor dynactin and regulators LIS1 and NDEL1. Due to difficulties imaging dynein at a single-molecule level, it is unclear how this motor and its regulators coordinate transport along the length of the axon. Here, we use a neuron-inducible human stem cell line (NGN2-OPTi-OX) to endogenously tag dynein components and visualize them at a near-single molecule regime. In the retrograde direction, we find that dynein and dynactin can move the entire length of the axon (>500 µm). Furthermore, LIS1 and NDEL1 also undergo long-distance movement, despite being mainly implicated with the initiation of dynein transport. Intriguingly, in the anterograde direction, dynein/LIS1 moves faster than dynactin/NDEL1, consistent with transport on different cargos. Therefore, neurons ensure efficient transport by holding dynein/dynactin on cargos over long distances but keeping them separate until required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Fellows
- Division of Structural Studies, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Thomas Burgold
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Andrew P Carter
- Division of Structural Studies, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Zhang J, Qiu R, Xie S, Rasmussen M, Xiang X. VezA/vezatin facilitates proper assembly of the dynactin complex in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.19.590248. [PMID: 38659795 PMCID: PMC11042379 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.19.590248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-mediated intracellular transport needs the multi-component dynactin complex for cargo binding and motor activation. However, cellular factors involved in dynactin assembly remain unexplored. Here we found in Aspergillus nidulans that the vezatin homolog VezA is important for dynactin assembly. VezA affects the microtubule plus-end accumulation of dynein before cargo binding and cargo adapter-mediated dynein activation, two processes that both need dynactin. The dynactin complex contains multiple components including an Arp1 (actin-related protein 1) mini-filament associated with a pointed-end sub-complex. VezA physically interacts with dynactin either directly or indirectly via the Arp1 mini-filament and its pointed-end sub-complex. Loss of VezA causes a defect in dynactin integrity, most likely by affecting the connection between the Arp1 mini-filament and its pointed-end sub-complex. Using various dynactin mutants, we further revealed that assembly of the dynactin complex must be highly coordinated. Together, these results shed important new light on dynactin assembly in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Rongde Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Sean Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
- Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Megan Rasmussen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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3
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Kusakci E, Htet ZM, Zhao Y, Gillies JP, Reck-Peterson SL, Yildiz A. Lis1 slows force-induced detachment of cytoplasmic dynein from microtubules. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:521-529. [PMID: 37919547 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Lis1 is a key cofactor for the assembly of active cytoplasmic dynein complexes that transport cargo along microtubules. Lis1 binds to the AAA+ ring and stalk of dynein and slows dynein motility, but the underlying mechanism has remained unclear. Using single-molecule imaging and optical trapping assays, we investigated how Lis1 binding affects the motility and force generation of yeast dynein in vitro. We showed that Lis1 slows motility by binding to the AAA+ ring of dynein, not by serving as a roadblock or tethering dynein to microtubules. Lis1 binding also does not affect force generation, but it induces prolonged stalls and reduces the asymmetry in the force-induced detachment of dynein from microtubules. The mutagenesis of the Lis1-binding sites on the dynein stalk partially recovers this asymmetry but does not restore dynein velocity. These results suggest that Lis1-stalk interaction slows the detachment of dynein from microtubules by interfering with the stalk sliding mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Kusakci
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zaw Min Htet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yuanchang Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Physics Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John P Gillies
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Ahmet Yildiz
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Physics Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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4
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Singh K, Lau CK, Manigrasso G, Gama JB, Gassmann R, Carter AP. Molecular mechanism of dynein-dynactin complex assembly by LIS1. Science 2024; 383:eadk8544. [PMID: 38547289 PMCID: PMC7615804 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk8544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is a microtubule motor vital for cellular organization and division. It functions as a ~4-megadalton complex containing its cofactor dynactin and a cargo-specific coiled-coil adaptor. However, how dynein and dynactin recognize diverse adaptors, how they interact with each other during complex formation, and the role of critical regulators such as lissencephaly-1 (LIS1) protein (LIS1) remain unclear. In this study, we determined the cryo-electron microscopy structure of dynein-dynactin on microtubules with LIS1 and the lysosomal adaptor JIP3. This structure reveals the molecular basis of interactions occurring during dynein activation. We show how JIP3 activates dynein despite its atypical architecture. Unexpectedly, LIS1 binds dynactin's p150 subunit, tethering it along the length of dynein. Our data suggest that LIS1 and p150 constrain dynein-dynactin to ensure efficient complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashish Singh
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Clinton K. Lau
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Giulia Manigrasso
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - José B. Gama
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde – i3S / Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular – IBMC, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde – i3S / Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular – IBMC, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andrew P. Carter
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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5
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Brito C, Serna M, Guerra P, Llorca O, Surrey T. Transition of human γ-tubulin ring complex into a closed conformation during microtubule nucleation. Science 2024; 383:870-876. [PMID: 38305685 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk6160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Microtubules are essential for intracellular organization and chromosome segregation. They are nucleated by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC). However, isolated vertebrate γTuRC adopts an open conformation that deviates from the microtubule structure, raising the question of the nucleation mechanism. In this study, we determined cryo-electron microscopy structures of human γTuRC bound to a nascent microtubule. Structural changes of the complex into a closed conformation ensure that γTuRC templates the 13-protofilament microtubules that exist in human cells. Closure is mediated by a latch that interacts with incorporating tubulin, making it part of the closing mechanism. Further rearrangements involve all γTuRC subunits and the removal of the actin-containing luminal bridge. Our proposed mechanism of microtubule nucleation by human γTuRC relies on large-scale structural changes that are likely the target of regulation in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Brito
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Serna
- Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Guerra
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Platform-IBMB CSIC, Joint Electron Microscopy Center at ALBA (JEMCA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Llorca
- Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Surrey
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Scrofani J, Ruhnow F, Chew WX, Normanno D, Nedelec F, Surrey T, Vernos I. Branched microtubule nucleation and dynein transport organize RanGTP asters in Xenopus laevis egg extract. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar12. [PMID: 37991893 PMCID: PMC10881172 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-10-0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation relies on the correct assembly of a bipolar spindle. Spindle pole self-organization requires dynein-dependent microtubule (MT) transport along other MTs. However, during M-phase RanGTP triggers MT nucleation and branching generating polarized arrays with nonastral organization in which MT minus ends are linked to the sides of other MTs. This raises the question of how branched-MT nucleation and dynein-mediated transport cooperate to organize the spindle poles. Here, we used RanGTP-dependent MT aster formation in Xenopus laevis (X. laevis) egg extract to study the interplay between these two seemingly conflicting organizing principles. Using temporally controlled perturbations of MT nucleation and dynein activity, we found that branched MTs are not static but instead dynamically redistribute over time as poles self-organize. Our experimental data together with computer simulations suggest a model where dynein together with dynactin and NuMA directly pulls and move branched MT minus ends toward other MT minus ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Scrofani
- Quantitative Cell Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felix Ruhnow
- Quantitative Cell Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wei-Xiang Chew
- Quantitative Cell Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Davide Normanno
- Quantitative Cell Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francois Nedelec
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman street, CB2 1LR Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Surrey
- Quantitative Cell Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
- Institución Catalana de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabelle Vernos
- Quantitative Cell Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
- Institución Catalana de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Zhao Y, Oten S, Yildiz A. Nde1 promotes Lis1-mediated activation of dynein. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7221. [PMID: 37940657 PMCID: PMC10632352 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein drives the motility and force generation functions towards the microtubule minus end. The assembly of dynein with dynactin and a cargo adaptor in an active transport complex is facilitated by Lis1 and Nde1/Ndel1. Recent studies proposed that Lis1 relieves dynein from its autoinhibited conformation, but the physiological function of Nde1/Ndel1 remains elusive. Here, we investigate how human Nde1 and Lis1 regulate the assembly and subsequent motility of mammalian dynein using in vitro reconstitution and single molecule imaging. We find that Nde1 recruits Lis1 to autoinhibited dynein and promotes Lis1-mediated assembly of dynein-dynactin adaptor complexes. Nde1 can compete with the α2 subunit of platelet activator factor acetylhydrolase 1B (PAF-AH1B) for the binding of Lis1, which suggests that Nde1 may disrupt PAF-AH1B recruitment of Lis1 as a noncatalytic subunit, thus promoting Lis1 binding to dynein. Before the initiation of motility, the association of dynactin with dynein triggers the dissociation of Nde1 from dynein by competing against Nde1 binding to the dynein intermediate chain. Our results provide a mechanistic explanation for how Nde1 and Lis1 synergistically activate the dynein transport machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchang Zhao
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94709, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94709, USA
| | - Sena Oten
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94709, USA
| | - Ahmet Yildiz
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94709, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94709, USA.
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94709, USA.
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8
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Okada K, Iyer BR, Lammers LG, Gutierrez PA, Li W, Markus SM, McKenney RJ. Conserved roles for the dynein intermediate chain and Ndel1 in assembly and activation of dynein. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5833. [PMID: 37730751 PMCID: PMC10511499 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Processive transport by the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein requires the regulated assembly of a dynein-dynactin-adapter complex. Interactions between dynein and dynactin were initially ascribed to the dynein intermediate chain N-terminus and the dynactin subunit p150Glued. However, recent cryo-EM structures have not resolved this interaction, questioning its importance. The intermediate chain also interacts with Nde1/Ndel1, which compete with p150Glued for binding. We reveal that the intermediate chain N-terminus is a critical evolutionarily conserved hub that interacts with dynactin and Ndel1, the latter of which recruits LIS1 to drive complex assembly. In additon to revealing that the intermediate chain N-terminus is likely bound to p150Glued in active transport complexes, our data support a model whereby Ndel1-LIS1 must dissociate prior to LIS1 being handed off to dynein in temporally discrete steps. Our work reveals previously unknown steps in the dynein activation pathway, and provide insight into the integrated activities of LIS1/Ndel1 and dynactin/cargo-adapters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Okada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bharat R Iyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Lindsay G Lammers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Pedro A Gutierrez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Wenzhe Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Steven M Markus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Richard J McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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9
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Zhao Y, Oten S, Yildiz A. Nde1 Promotes Lis1-Mediated Activation of Dynein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.26.542537. [PMID: 37292665 PMCID: PMC10246013 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.26.542537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is the primary motor that drives the motility and force generation functions towards the microtubule minus end. The activation of dynein motility requires its assembly with dynactin and a cargo adaptor. This process is facilitated by two dynein-associated factors, Lis1 and Nde1/Ndel1. Recent studies proposed that Lis1 rescues dynein from its autoinhibited conformation, but the physiological function of Nde1/Ndel1 remains elusive. Here, we investigated how human Nde1 and Lis1 regulate the assembly and subsequent motility of the mammalian dynein/dynactin complex using in vitro reconstitution and single molecule imaging. We found that Nde1 promotes the assembly of active dynein complexes in two distinct ways. Nde1 competes with the α2 subunit of platelet activator factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) 1B, which recruits Lis1 as a noncatalytic subunit and prevents its binding to dynein. Second, Nde1 recruits Lis1 to autoinhibited dynein and promotes Lis1-mediated assembly of dynein-dynactin-adaptor complexes. However, excess Nde1 inhibits dynein, presumably by competing against dynactin to bind the dynein intermediate chain. The association of dynactin with dynein triggers Nde1 dissociation before the initiation of dynein motility. Our results provide a mechanistic explanation for how Nde1 and Lis1 synergistically activate the dynein transport machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchang Zhao
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94709
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94709
| | - Sena Oten
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94709
| | - Ahmet Yildiz
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94709
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94709
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94709
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10
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Ton WD, Wang Y, Chai P, Beauchamp-Perez C, Flint NT, Lammers LG, Xiong H, Zhang K, Markus SM. Microtubule-binding-induced allostery triggers LIS1 dissociation from dynein prior to cargo transport. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:1365-1379. [PMID: 37322240 PMCID: PMC10590275 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The lissencephaly-related protein LIS1 is a critical regulator of cytoplasmic dynein that governs motor function and intracellular localization (for example, to microtubule plus-ends). Although LIS1 binding is required for dynein activity, its unbinding prior to initiation of cargo transport is equally important, since preventing dissociation leads to dynein dysfunction. To understand whether and how dynein-LIS1 binding is modulated, we engineered dynein mutants locked in a microtubule-bound (MT-B) or microtubule-unbound (MT-U) state. Whereas the MT-B mutant exhibits low LIS1 affinity, the MT-U mutant binds LIS1 with high affinity, and as a consequence remains almost irreversibly associated with microtubule plus-ends. We find that a monomeric motor domain is sufficient to exhibit these opposing LIS1 affinities, and that this is evolutionarily conserved between yeast and humans. Three cryo-EM structures of human dynein with and without LIS1 reveal microtubule-binding induced conformational changes responsible for this regulation. Our work reveals key biochemical and structural insight into LIS1-mediated dynein activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Ton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pengxin Chai
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Nicholas T Flint
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lindsay G Lammers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Hao Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Steven M Markus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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11
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Lau CK. New pieces for the Lis1-dynein puzzle. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:1244-1246. [PMID: 37700119 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clinton K Lau
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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12
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Garner KE, Salter A, Lau CK, Gurusaran M, Villemant CM, Granger EP, McNee G, Woodman PG, Davies OR, Burke BE, Allan VJ. The meiotic LINC complex component KASH5 is an activating adaptor for cytoplasmic dynein. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202204042. [PMID: 36946995 PMCID: PMC10071310 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202204042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-driven movement of chromosomes during prophase I of mammalian meiosis is essential for synapsis and genetic exchange. Dynein connects to chromosome telomeres via KASH5 and SUN1 or SUN2, which together span the nuclear envelope. Here, we show that KASH5 promotes dynein motility in vitro, and cytosolic KASH5 inhibits dynein's interphase functions. KASH5 interacts with a dynein light intermediate chain (DYNC1LI1 or DYNC1LI2) via a conserved helix in the LIC C-terminal, and this region is also needed for dynein's recruitment to other cellular membranes. KASH5's N-terminal EF-hands are essential as the interaction with dynein is disrupted by mutation of key calcium-binding residues, although it is not regulated by cellular calcium levels. Dynein can be recruited to KASH5 at the nuclear envelope independently of dynactin, while LIS1 is essential for dynactin incorporation into the KASH5-dynein complex. Altogether, we show that the transmembrane protein KASH5 is an activating adaptor for dynein and shed light on the hierarchy of assembly of KASH5-dynein-dynactin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E.L. Garner
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anna Salter
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clinton K. Lau
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manickam Gurusaran
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cécile M. Villemant
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Elizabeth P. Granger
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gavin McNee
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Philip G. Woodman
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Owen R. Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian E. Burke
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victoria J. Allan
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Hernandez-Perez I, Rubio J, Baumann A, Girao H, Ferrando M, Rebollo E, Aragay AM, Geli MI. Kazrin promotes dynein/dynactin-dependent traffic from early to recycling endosomes. eLife 2023; 12:e83793. [PMID: 37096882 PMCID: PMC10181827 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Kazrin is a protein widely expressed in vertebrates whose depletion causes a myriad of developmental defects, in part derived from altered cell adhesion and migration, as well as failure to undergo epidermal to mesenchymal transition. However, the primary molecular role of kazrin, which might contribute to all these functions, has not been elucidated yet. We previously identified one of its isoforms, kazrin C, as a protein that potently inhibits clathrin-mediated endocytosis when overexpressed. We now generated kazrin knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts to investigate its endocytic function. We found that kazrin depletion delays juxtanuclear enrichment of internalized material, indicating a role in endocytic traffic from early to recycling endosomes. Consistently, we found that the C-terminal domain of kazrin C, predicted to be an intrinsically disordered region, directly interacts with several early endosome (EE) components, and that kazrin depletion impairs retrograde motility of these organelles. Further, we noticed that the N-terminus of kazrin C shares homology with dynein/dynactin adaptors and that it directly interacts with the dynactin complex and the dynein light intermediate chain 1. Altogether, the data indicate that one of the primary kazrin functions is to facilitate endocytic recycling by promoting dynein/dynactin-dependent transport of EEs or EE-derived transport intermediates to the recycling endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Hernandez-Perez
- Institute for Molecular Biology of Barcelona (IBMB, CSIC), Baldiri Reixac 15BarcelonaSpain
| | - Javier Rubio
- Institute for Molecular Biology of Barcelona (IBMB, CSIC), Baldiri Reixac 15BarcelonaSpain
| | - Adrian Baumann
- Institute for Molecular Biology of Barcelona (IBMB, CSIC), Baldiri Reixac 15BarcelonaSpain
| | - Henrique Girao
- Institute for Molecular Biology of Barcelona (IBMB, CSIC), Baldiri Reixac 15BarcelonaSpain
| | - Miriam Ferrando
- Institute for Molecular Biology of Barcelona (IBMB, CSIC), Baldiri Reixac 15BarcelonaSpain
| | - Elena Rebollo
- Institute for Molecular Biology of Barcelona (IBMB, CSIC), Baldiri Reixac 15BarcelonaSpain
| | - Anna M Aragay
- Institute for Molecular Biology of Barcelona (IBMB, CSIC), Baldiri Reixac 15BarcelonaSpain
| | - María Isabel Geli
- Institute for Molecular Biology of Barcelona (IBMB, CSIC), Baldiri Reixac 15BarcelonaSpain
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14
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Zhang J, Qiu R, Bieger BD, Oakley CE, Oakley BR, Egan MJ, Xiang X. Aspergillus SUMOylation mutants have normal dynein function but exhibit chromatin bridges. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.16.537086. [PMID: 37131833 PMCID: PMC10153134 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.16.537086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Functions of protein SUMOylation remain incompletely understood in different cell types. The budding yeast SUMOylation machinery interacts with LIS1, a protein critical for dynein activation, but dynein-pathway components were not identified as SUMO-targets in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Via A. nidulans forward genetics, here we identified ubaBQ247*, a loss-of-function mutation in a SUMO-activation enzyme UbaB. Colonies of the ubaBQ247*, ΔubaB and ΔsumO mutants looked similar and less healthy than the wild-type colony. In these mutants, about 10% of nuclei are connected by abnormal chromatin bridges, indicating the importance of SUMOylation in the completion of chromosome segregation. Nuclei connected by chromatin bridges are mostly in interphase, suggesting that these bridges do not prevent cell-cycle progression. UbaB-GFP localizes to interphase nuclei just like the previously studied SumO-GFP, but the nuclear signals disappear during mitosis when the nuclear pores are partially open, and the signals reappear after mitosis. The nuclear localization is consistent with many SUMO-targets being nuclear proteins, for example, topoisomerase II whose SUMOylation defect gives rise to chromatin bridges in mammalian cells. Unlike in mammalian cells, however, loss of SUMOylation in A. nidulans does not apparently affect the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, further highlighting differences in the requirements of SUMOylation in different cell types. Finally, loss of UbaB or SumO does not affect dynein- and LIS1-mediated early-endosome transport, indicating that SUMOylation is unnecessary for dynein or LIS1 function in A. nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Rongde Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Baronger D. Bieger
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - C. Elizabeth Oakley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Berl R. Oakley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Martin J. Egan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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15
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Qiu R, Zhang J, Xiang X. Kinesin-1 autoinhibition facilitates the initiation of dynein cargo transport. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 222:213766. [PMID: 36524956 PMCID: PMC9802684 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional significance of Kinesin-1 autoinhibition has been unclear. Kinesin-1 transports multiple cargoes including cytoplasmic dynein to microtubule plus ends. From a genetic screen for Aspergillus mutants defective in dynein-mediated early endosome transport, we identified a kinesin-1 mutation kinAK895* at the C-terminal IAK motif involved in autoinhibition. The kinA∆IAK and kinAK895E mutants exhibited a similar defect in dynein-mediated early endosome transport, verifying the importance of kinesin-1 autoinhibition in dynein-mediated transport. Kinesin-1 autoinhibition is not critical for dynein accumulation at microtubule plus ends or for the secretory vesicle cargoes of kinesin-1 to reach the hyphal tip. However, it facilitates dynein to initiate early endosome transport. This is unrelated to a direct competition between dynein and kinesin-1 on early endosomes because kinesin-3 rather than kinesin-1 drives the plus-end-directed early endosome movement. This effect of kinesin-1 autoinhibition on dynein-mediated early endosome transport is related to cargo adapter-mediated dynein activation but at a step beyond the switching of dynein from its autoinhibited conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongde Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MA, USA,Correspondence to Xin Xiang:
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16
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Kawano D, Pinter K, Chlebowski M, Petralia RS, Wang YX, Nechiporuk AV, Drerup CM. NudC regulated Lis1 stability is essential for the maintenance of dynamic microtubule ends in axon terminals. iScience 2022; 25:105072. [PMID: 36147950 PMCID: PMC9485903 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the axon terminal, microtubule stability is decreased relative to the axon shaft. The dynamic microtubule plus ends found in the axon terminal have many functions, including serving as a docking site for the Cytoplasmic dynein motor. Here, we report an unexplored function of dynein in microtubule regulation in axon terminals: regulation of microtubule stability. Using a forward genetic screen, we identified a mutant with an abnormal axon terminal structure owing to a loss of function mutation in NudC. We show that, in the axon terminal, NudC is a chaperone for the protein Lis1. Decreased Lis1 in nudc axon terminals causes dynein/dynactin accumulation and increased microtubule stability. Microtubule dynamics can be restored by pharmacologically inhibiting dynein, implicating excess dynein motor function in microtubule stabilization. Together, our data support a model in which local NudC-Lis1 modulation of the dynein motor is critical for the regulation of microtubule stability in the axon terminal. NudC, a dynein regulator, is crucial for axon terminal structure NudC mutation leads to a near complete loss of Lis1 protein in axon terminals Lis1 deficits cause accumulation of dynein and cargo in axon terminals Local elevation of dynein increases axon terminal microtubule stability
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Kawano
- Unit on Neuronal Cell Biology, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katherine Pinter
- Unit on Neuronal Cell Biology, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madison Chlebowski
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ronald S Petralia
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alex V Nechiporuk
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Catherine M Drerup
- Unit on Neuronal Cell Biology, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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17
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Yap CC, Digilio L, McMahon LP, Wang T, Winckler B. Dynein Is Required for Rab7-Dependent Endosome Maturation, Retrograde Dendritic Transport, and Degradation. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4415-4434. [PMID: 35474277 PMCID: PMC9172292 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2530-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In all cell types, endocytosed cargo is transported along a set of endosomal compartments, which are linked maturationally from early endosomes (EEs) via late endosomes (LEs) to lysosomes. Lysosomes are critical for degradation of proteins that enter through endocytic as well as autophagic pathways. Rab7 is the master regulator of early-to-late endosome maturation, motility, and fusion with lysosomes. We previously showed that most degradative lysosomes are localized in the soma and in the first 25 µm of the dendrite and that bulk degradation of dendritic membrane proteins occurs in/near the soma. Dendritic late endosomes therefore move retrogradely in a Rab7-dependent manner for fusion with somatic lysosomes. We now used cultured E18 rat hippocampal neurons of both sexes to determine which microtubule motor is responsible for degradative flux of late endosomes. Based on multiple approaches (inhibiting dynein/dynactin itself or inhibiting dynein recruitment to endosomes by expressing the C-terminus of the Rab7 effector, RILP), we now demonstrate that net retrograde flux of late endosomes in dendrites is supported by dynein. Inhibition of dynein also delays maturation of somatic endosomes, as evidenced by excessive accumulation of Rab7. In addition, degradation of dendritic cargos is inhibited. Our results also suggest that GDP-GTP cycling of Rab7 appears necessary not only for endosomal maturation but also for fusion with lysosomes subsequent to arrival in the soma. In conclusion, Rab7-dependent dynein/dynactin recruitment to dendritic endosomes plays multifaceted roles in dendritic endosome maturation as well as retrograde transport of late endosomes to sustain normal degradative flux.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Lysosomes are critical for degradation of membrane and extracellular proteins that enter through endocytosis. Lysosomes are also the endpoint of autophagy and thus responsible for protein and organelle homeostasis. Endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction is linked to neurodegeneration and aging. We identify roles in dendrites for two proteins with links to human diseases, Rab7 and dynein. Our previous work identified a process that requires directional retrograde transport in dendrites, namely, efficient degradation of short-lived membrane proteins. Based on multiple approaches, we demonstrate that Rab7-dependent recruitment of dynein motors supports net retrograde transport to lysosomes and is needed for endosome maturation. Our data also suggest that GDP-GTP cycling of Rab7 is required for fusion with lysosomes and degradation, subsequent to arrival in the soma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Choo Yap
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Laura Digilio
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Lloyd P McMahon
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Tuanlao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361005, China
| | - Bettina Winckler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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18
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Garrott SR, Gillies JP, DeSantis ME. Nde1 and Ndel1: Outstanding Mysteries in Dynein-Mediated Transport. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:871935. [PMID: 35493069 PMCID: PMC9041303 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.871935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) is the primary microtubule minus-end directed molecular motor in most eukaryotes. As such, dynein has a broad array of functions that range from driving retrograde-directed cargo trafficking to forming and focusing the mitotic spindle. Dynein does not function in isolation. Instead, a network of regulatory proteins mediate dynein’s interaction with cargo and modulate dynein’s ability to engage with and move on the microtubule track. A flurry of research over the past decade has revealed the function and mechanism of many of dynein’s regulators, including Lis1, dynactin, and a family of proteins called activating adaptors. However, the mechanistic details of two of dynein’s important binding partners, the paralogs Nde1 and Ndel1, have remained elusive. While genetic studies have firmly established Nde1/Ndel1 as players in the dynein transport pathway, the nature of how they regulate dynein activity is unknown. In this review, we will compare Ndel1 and Nde1 with a focus on discerning if the proteins are functionally redundant, outline the data that places Nde1/Ndel1 in the dynein transport pathway, and explore the literature supporting and opposing the predominant hypothesis about Nde1/Ndel1’s molecular effect on dynein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R. Garrott
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - John P. Gillies
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Morgan E. DeSantis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Morgan E. DeSantis,
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19
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Gillies JP, Reimer JM, Karasmanis EP, Lahiri I, Htet ZM, Leschziner AE, Reck-Peterson SL. Structural basis for cytoplasmic dynein-1 regulation by Lis1. eLife 2022; 11:71229. [PMID: 34994688 PMCID: PMC8824474 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The lissencephaly 1 gene, LIS1, is mutated in patients with the neurodevelopmental disease lissencephaly. The Lis1 protein is conserved from fungi to mammals and is a key regulator of cytoplasmic dynein-1, the major minus-end-directed microtubule motor in many eukaryotes. Lis1 is the only dynein regulator known to bind directly to dynein’s motor domain, and by doing so alters dynein’s mechanochemistry. Lis1 is required for the formation of fully active dynein complexes, which also contain essential cofactors: dynactin and an activating adaptor. Here, we report the first high-resolution structure of the yeast dynein–Lis1 complex. Our 3.1 Å structure reveals, in molecular detail, the major contacts between dynein and Lis1 and between Lis1’s ß-propellers. Structure-guided mutations in Lis1 and dynein show that these contacts are required for Lis1’s ability to form fully active human dynein complexes and to regulate yeast dynein’s mechanochemistry and in vivo function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Gillies
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Janice M Reimer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Eva P Karasmanis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Indrajit Lahiri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Zaw Min Htet
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Andres E Leschziner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States
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20
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Qiu R, Zhang J, Rotty JD, Xiang X. Dynein activation in vivo is regulated by the nucleotide states of its AAA3 domain. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4486-4498.e6. [PMID: 34428469 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is activated by the dynactin complex, cargo adapters and LIS1 (Lissencephaly 1). How this process is regulated in vivo remains unclear. The dynein motor ring contains six AAA+ (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) domains. Here, we used the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans to examine whether ATP hydrolysis at AAA3 regulates dynein activation in the context of other regulators. In fungal hyphae, early endosomes undergo dynein-mediated movement away from the microtubule plus ends near the hyphal tip. Dynein normally accumulates at the microtubule plus ends. The early endosomal adaptor Hook protein, together with dynactin, drives dynein activation to cause its relocation to the microtubule minus ends. This activation process depends on LIS1, but LIS1 tends to dissociate from dynein after its activation. In this study, we found that dynein containing a mutation-blocking ATP hydrolysis at AAA3 can undergo LIS1-independent activation, consistent with our genetic data that the same mutation suppresses the growth defect of the A. nidulans LIS1-deletion mutant. Our data also suggest that blocking AAA3 ATP hydrolysis allows dynein activation by dynactin without the early endosomal adaptor. As a consequence, dynein accumulates at microtubule minus ends whereas early endosomes stay near the plus ends. Dynein containing a mutation-blocking ATP binding at AAA3 largely depends on LIS1 for activation, but this mutation abnormally prevents LIS1 dissociation upon dynein activation. Together, our data suggest that the AAA3 ATPase cycle regulates the coordination between dynein activation and cargo binding as well as the dynamic dynein-LIS1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongde Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jeremy D Rotty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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21
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Bouvrais H, Chesneau L, Le Cunff Y, Fairbrass D, Soler N, Pastezeur S, Pécot T, Kervrann C, Pécréaux J. The coordination of spindle-positioning forces during the asymmetric division of the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50770. [PMID: 33900015 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In Caenorhabditis elegans zygote, astral microtubules generate forces essential to position the mitotic spindle, by pushing against and pulling from the cortex. Measuring microtubule dynamics there, we revealed the presence of two populations, corresponding to pulling and pushing events. It offers a unique opportunity to study, under physiological conditions, the variations of both spindle-positioning forces along space and time. We propose a threefold control of pulling force, by polarity, spindle position and mitotic progression. We showed that the sole anteroposterior asymmetry in dynein on-rate, encoding pulling force imbalance, is sufficient to cause posterior spindle displacement. The positional regulation, reflecting the number of microtubule contacts in the posterior-most region, reinforces this imbalance only in late anaphase. Furthermore, we exhibited the first direct proof that dynein processivity increases along mitosis. It reflects the temporal control of pulling forces, which strengthens at anaphase onset following mitotic progression and independently from chromatid separation. In contrast, the pushing force remains constant and symmetric and contributes to maintaining the spindle at the cell centre during metaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Le Cunff
- CNRS, IGDR - UMR 6290, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Nina Soler
- CNRS, IGDR - UMR 6290, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Thierry Pécot
- INRIA, Centre Rennes - Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
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22
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Pathak A, Clark S, Bronfman FC, Deppmann CD, Carter BD. Long-distance regressive signaling in neural development and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2021; 10:e382. [PMID: 32391977 PMCID: PMC7655682 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nervous system development proceeds via well-orchestrated processes involving a balance between progressive and regressive events including stabilization or elimination of axons, synapses, and even entire neurons. These progressive and regressive events are driven by functionally antagonistic signaling pathways with the dominant pathway eventually determining whether a neural element is retained or removed. Many of these developmental sculpting events are triggered by final target innervation necessitating a long-distance mode of communication. While long-distance progressive signaling has been well characterized, particularly for neurotrophic factors, there remains relatively little known about how regressive events are triggered from a distance. Here we discuss the emergent phenomenon of long-distance regressive signaling pathways. In particular, we will cover (a) progressive and regressive cues known to be employed after target innervation, (b) the mechanisms of long-distance signaling from an endosomal platform, (c) recent evidence that long-distance regressive cues emanate from platforms like death receptors or repulsive axon guidance receptors, and (d) evidence that these pathways are exploited in pathological scenarios. This article is categorized under: Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles Signaling Pathways > Global Signaling Mechanisms Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Cytoplasmic Localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry and Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shayla Clark
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Francisca C. Bronfman
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Life Science, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christopher D. Deppmann
- Departments of Biology, Cell Biology, Biomedical Engineering, and Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Bruce D. Carter
- Department of Biochemistry and Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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23
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Xiang X, Qiu R. Cargo-Mediated Activation of Cytoplasmic Dynein in vivo. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:598952. [PMID: 33195284 PMCID: PMC7649786 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.598952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 is a minus-end-directed microtubule motor that transports a variety of cargoes including early endosomes, late endosomes and other organelles. In many cell types, dynein accumulates at the microtubule plus end, where it interacts with its cargo to be moved toward the minus end. Dynein binds to its various cargoes via the dynactin complex and specific cargo adapters. Dynactin and some of the coiled-coil-domain-containing cargo adapters not only link dynein to cargo but also activate dynein motility, which implies that dynein is activated by its cellular cargo. Structural studies indicate that a dynein dimer switches between the autoinhibited phi state and an open state; and the binding of dynactin and a cargo adapter to the dynein tails causes the dynein motor domains to have a parallel configuration, allowing dynein to walk processively along a microtubule. Recently, the dynein regulator LIS1 has been shown to be required for dynein activation in vivo, and its mechanism of action involves preventing dynein from switching back to the autoinhibited state. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of dynein activation and point out the gaps of knowledge on the spatial regulation of dynein in live cells. In addition, we will emphasize the importance of studying a complete set of dynein regulators for a better understanding of dynein regulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences - F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
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24
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Markus SM, Marzo MG, McKenney RJ. New insights into the mechanism of dynein motor regulation by lissencephaly-1. eLife 2020; 9:59737. [PMID: 32692650 PMCID: PMC7373426 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lissencephaly (‘smooth brain’) is a severe brain disease associated with numerous symptoms, including cognitive impairment, and shortened lifespan. The main causative gene of this disease – lissencephaly-1 (LIS1) – has been a focus of intense scrutiny since its first identification almost 30 years ago. LIS1 is a critical regulator of the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein, which transports numerous cargoes throughout the cell, and is a key effector of nuclear and neuronal transport during brain development. Here, we review the role of LIS1 in cellular dynein function and discuss recent key findings that have revealed a new mechanism by which this molecule influences dynein-mediated transport. In addition to reconciling prior observations with this new model for LIS1 function, we also discuss phylogenetic data that suggest that LIS1 may have coevolved with an autoinhibitory mode of cytoplasmic dynein regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Markus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Matthew G Marzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Richard J McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
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25
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Consolati T, Locke J, Roostalu J, Chen ZA, Gannon J, Asthana J, Lim WM, Martino F, Cvetkovic MA, Rappsilber J, Costa A, Surrey T. Microtubule Nucleation Properties of Single Human γTuRCs Explained by Their Cryo-EM Structure. Dev Cell 2020; 53:603-617.e8. [PMID: 32433913 PMCID: PMC7280788 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) is the major microtubule nucleator in cells. The mechanism of its regulation is not understood. We purified human γTuRC and measured its nucleation properties in a total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy-based real-time nucleation assay. We find that γTuRC stably caps the minus ends of microtubules that it nucleates stochastically. Nucleation is inefficient compared with microtubule elongation. The 4 Å resolution cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of γTuRC, combined with crosslinking mass spectrometry analysis, reveals an asymmetric conformation with only part of the complex in a "closed" conformation matching the microtubule geometry. Actin in the core of the complex, and MZT2 at the outer perimeter of the closed part of γTuRC appear to stabilize the closed conformation. The opposite side of γTuRC is in an "open," nucleation-incompetent conformation, leading to a structural asymmetry explaining the low nucleation efficiency of purified human γTuRC. Our data suggest possible regulatory mechanisms for microtubule nucleation by γTuRC closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Consolati
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Locke
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Zhuo Angel Chen
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Julian Gannon
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jayant Asthana
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wei Ming Lim
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Juri Rappsilber
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alessandro Costa
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Thomas Surrey
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Passeig de Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Canty JT, Yildiz A. Activation and Regulation of Cytoplasmic Dynein. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:440-453. [PMID: 32311337 PMCID: PMC7179903 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is an AAA+ motor that drives the transport of many intracellular cargoes towards the minus end of microtubules (MTs). Previous in vitro studies characterized isolated dynein as an exceptionally weak motor that moves slowly and diffuses on an MT. Recent studies altered this view by demonstrating that dynein remains in an autoinhibited conformation on its own, and processive motility is activated when it forms a ternary complex with dynactin and a cargo adaptor. This complex assembles more efficiently in the presence of Lis1, providing an explanation for why Lis1 is a required cofactor for most cytoplasmic dynein-driven processes in cells. This review describes how dynein motility is activated and regulated by cargo adaptors and accessory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Canty
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ahmet Yildiz
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Physics Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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27
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Lis1 activates dynein motility by modulating its pairing with dynactin. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:570-578. [PMID: 32341547 PMCID: PMC7212015 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lissencephaly-1 (Lis1) is a key cofactor for dynein-mediated intracellular transport towards the minus-ends of microtubules. It remains unclear whether Lis1 serves as an inhibitor or an activator of mammalian dynein motility. Here we use single-molecule imaging and optical trapping to show that Lis1 does not directly alter the stepping and force production of individual dynein motors assembled with dynactin and a cargo adaptor. Instead, Lis1 promotes the formation of an active complex with dynactin. Lis1 also favours the recruitment of two dyneins to dynactin, resulting in increased velocity, higher force production and more effective competition against kinesin in a tug-of-war. Lis1 dissociates from motile complexes, indicating that its primary role is to orchestrate the assembly of the transport machinery. We propose that Lis1 binding releases dynein from its autoinhibited state, which provides a mechanistic explanation for why Lis1 is required for efficient transport of many dynein-associated cargos in cells.
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28
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Marzo MG, Griswold JM, Markus SM. Pac1/LIS1 stabilizes an uninhibited conformation of dynein to coordinate its localization and activity. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:559-569. [PMID: 32341548 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dynein is a microtubule motor that transports many different cargos in various cell types and contexts. How dynein is regulated to perform these activities with spatial and temporal precision remains unclear. Human dynein is regulated by autoinhibition, whereby intermolecular contacts limit motor activity. Whether this mechanism is conserved throughout evolution, whether it can be affected by extrinsic factors, and its role in regulating dynein function remain unclear. Here, we use a combination of negative stain electron microscopy, single-molecule assays, genetic, and cell biological techniques to show that autoinhibition is conserved in budding yeast, and plays a key role in coordinating in vivo dynein function. Moreover, we find that the Lissencephaly-related protein, LIS1 (Pac1 in yeast), plays an important role in regulating dynein autoinhibition. Our studies demonstrate that, rather than inhibiting dynein motility, Pac1/LIS1 promotes dynein activity by stabilizing the uninhibited conformation, which ensures appropriate dynein localization and activity in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Marzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Griswold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Steven M Markus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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29
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Radler MR, Suber A, Spiliotis ET. Spatial control of membrane traffic in neuronal dendrites. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 105:103492. [PMID: 32294508 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal dendrites are highly branched and specialized compartments with distinct structures and secretory organelles (e.g., spines, Golgi outposts), and a unique cytoskeletal organization that includes microtubules of mixed polarity. Dendritic membranes are enriched with proteins, which specialize in the formation and function of the post-synaptic membrane of the neuronal synapse. How these proteins partition preferentially in dendrites, and how they traffic in a manner that is spatiotemporally accurate and regulated by synaptic activity are long-standing questions of neuronal cell biology. Recent studies have shed new insights into the spatial control of dendritic membrane traffic, revealing new classes of proteins (e.g., septins) and cytoskeleton-based mechanisms with dendrite-specific functions. Here, we review these advances by revisiting the fundamental mechanisms that control membrane traffic at the levels of protein sorting and motor-driven transport on microtubules and actin filaments. Overall, dendrites possess unique mechanisms for the spatial control of membrane traffic, which might have specialized and co-evolved with their highly arborized morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Radler
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ayana Suber
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elias T Spiliotis
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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30
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Saito K, Murayama T, Hata T, Kobayashi T, Shibata K, Kazuno S, Fujimura T, Sakurai T, Toyoshima YY. Conformational diversity of dynactin sidearm and domain organization of its subunit p150. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1218-1231. [PMID: 32238103 PMCID: PMC7353146 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-01-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynactin is a principal regulator of the minus-end directed microtubule motor dynein. The sidearm of dynactin is essential for binding to microtubules and regulation of dynein activity. Although our understanding of the structure of the dynactin backbone (Arp1 rod) has greatly improved recently, structural details of the sidearm subcomplex remain elusive. Here, we report the flexible nature and diverse conformations of dynactin sidearm observed by electron microscopy. Using nanogold labeling and deletion mutant analysis, we determined the domain organization of the largest subunit p150 and discovered that its coiled-coil (CC1), dynein-binding domain, adopted either a folded or an extended form. Furthermore, the entire sidearm exhibited several characteristic forms, and the equilibrium among them depended on salt concentrations. These conformational diversities of the dynactin complex provide clues to understanding how it binds to microtubules and regulates dynein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Saito
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Takashi Murayama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomone Hata
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Keitaro Shibata
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Saiko Kazuno
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Biomedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fujimura
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Biomedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakurai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoko Y Toyoshima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.,Komaba Institute for Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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31
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Torisawa T, Kimura A. The Generation of Dynein Networks by Multi-Layered Regulation and Their Implication in Cell Division. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:22. [PMID: 32083077 PMCID: PMC7004958 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (hereafter referred to as dynein) is a major microtubule-based motor critical for cell division. Dynein is essential for the formation and positioning of the mitotic spindle as well as the transport of various cargos in the cell. A striking feature of dynein is that, despite having a wide variety of functions, the catalytic subunit is coded in a single gene. To perform various cellular activities, there seem to be different types of dynein that share a common catalytic subunit. In this review, we will refer to the different kinds of dynein as “dyneins.” This review attempts to classify the mechanisms underlying the emergence of multiple dyneins into four layers. Inside a cell, multiple dyneins generated through the multi-layered regulations interact with each other to form a network of dyneins. These dynein networks may be responsible for the accurate regulation of cellular activities, including cell division. How these networks function inside a cell, with a focus on the early embryogenesis of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, is discussed, as well as future directions for the integration of our understanding of molecular layering to understand the totality of dynein’s function in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Torisawa
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Kimura
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
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32
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Roostalu J, Thomas C, Cade NI, Kunzelmann S, Taylor IA, Surrey T. The speed of GTP hydrolysis determines GTP cap size and controls microtubule stability. eLife 2020; 9:e51992. [PMID: 32053491 PMCID: PMC7018511 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal polymers whose function depends on their property to switch between states of growth and shrinkage. Growing microtubules are thought to be stabilized by a GTP cap at their ends. The nature of this cap, however, is still poorly understood. End Binding proteins (EBs) recruit a diverse range of regulators of microtubule function to growing microtubule ends. Whether the EB binding region is identical to the GTP cap is unclear. Using mutated human tubulin with blocked GTP hydrolysis, we demonstrate that EBs bind with high affinity to the GTP conformation of microtubules. Slowing-down GTP hydrolysis leads to extended GTP caps. We find that cap length determines microtubule stability and that the microtubule conformation changes gradually in the cap as GTP is hydrolyzed. These results demonstrate the critical importance of the kinetics of GTP hydrolysis for microtubule stability and establish that the GTP cap coincides with the EB-binding region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Surrey
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Genomic RegulationBarcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
- ICREABarcelonaSpain
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33
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Qiu R, Zhang J, Xiang X. LIS1 regulates cargo-adapter-mediated activation of dynein by overcoming its autoinhibition in vivo. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3630-3646. [PMID: 31562232 PMCID: PMC6829669 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201905178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of the LIS1 protein causes lissencephaly, a brain developmental disorder. Although LIS1 binds the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein and has been linked to dynein function in many experimental systems, its mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we revealed its function in cargo-adapter-mediated dynein activation in the model organism Aspergillus nidulans Specifically, we found that overexpressed cargo adapter HookA (Hook in A. nidulans) missing its cargo-binding domain (ΔC-HookA) causes dynein and its regulator dynactin to relocate from the microtubule plus ends to the minus ends, and this relocation requires LIS1 and its binding protein, NudE. Astonishingly, the requirement for LIS1 or NudE can be bypassed to a significant extent by mutations that prohibit dynein from forming an autoinhibited conformation in which the motor domains of the dynein dimer are held close together. Our results suggest a novel mechanism of LIS1 action that promotes the switch of dynein from the autoinhibited state to an open state to facilitate dynein activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongde Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Uniformed Services University F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Uniformed Services University F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Uniformed Services University F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD
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34
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Tirumala NA, Ananthanarayanan V. Role of Dynactin in the Intracellular Localization and Activation of Cytoplasmic Dynein. Biochemistry 2019; 59:156-162. [PMID: 31591892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein, the major minus end-directed motor protein in several cell types, transports a variety of intracellular cargo upon forming a processive tripartite complex with its activator dynactin and cargo adaptors such as Hook3 and BicD2. Our current understanding of dynein regulation stems from a combination of in vivo studies of cargo movement upon perturbation of dynein activity, in vitro single-molecule experiments, and cryo-electron microscopy studies of dynein structure and its interaction with dynactin and cargo adaptors. In this Perspective, we first consolidate data from recent publications to understand how perturbations to the dynein-dynactin interaction and dynactin's in vivo localization alter the behavior of dynein-driven cargo transport in a cell type- and experimental condition-specific manner. In addition, we touch upon results from in vivo and in vitro studies to elucidate how dynein's interaction with dynactin and cargo adaptors activates dynein and enhances its processivity. Finally, we propose questions that need to be addressed in the future with appropriate experimental designs so as to improve our understanding of the spatiotemporal regulation of dynein's function in the context of the distribution and dynamics of dynactin in living cells.
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35
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Atkins M, Gasmi L, Bercier V, Revenu C, Del Bene F, Hazan J, Fassier C. FIGNL1 associates with KIF1Bβ and BICD1 to restrict dynein transport velocity during axon navigation. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3290-3306. [PMID: 31541015 PMCID: PMC6781435 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201805128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atkins et al. identify a new role for Fidgetin-like 1 in motor axon navigation via its regulation of bidirectional axonal transport. They show that Fidgetin-like 1 binds Kif1bβ and the opposed polarity-directed motor dynein/dynactin in a molecular complex and controls circuit wiring by reducing dynein velocity in developing motor axons. Neuronal connectivity relies on molecular motor-based axonal transport of diverse cargoes. Yet the precise players and regulatory mechanisms orchestrating such trafficking events remain largely unknown. We here report the ATPase Fignl1 as a novel regulator of bidirectional transport during axon navigation. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen and coimmunoprecipitation assays, we showed that Fignl1 binds the kinesin Kif1bβ and the dynein/dynactin adaptor Bicaudal D-1 (Bicd1) in a molecular complex including the dynactin subunit dynactin 1. Fignl1 colocalized with Kif1bβ and showed bidirectional mobility in zebrafish axons. Notably, Kif1bβ and Fignl1 loss of function similarly altered zebrafish motor axon pathfinding and increased dynein-based transport velocity of Rab3 vesicles in these navigating axons, pinpointing Fignl1/Kif1bβ as a dynein speed limiter complex. Accordingly, disrupting dynein/dynactin activity or Bicd1/Fignl1 interaction induced motor axon pathfinding defects characteristic of Fignl1 gain or loss of function, respectively. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of dynein activity partially rescued the axon pathfinding defects of Fignl1-depleted larvae. Together, our results identify Fignl1 as a key dynein regulator required for motor circuit wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Atkins
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
| | - Laïla Gasmi
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Bercier
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Céline Revenu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Filippo Del Bene
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jamilé Hazan
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
| | - Coralie Fassier
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
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36
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Rodriguez-Garcia R, Chesneau L, Pastezeur S, Roul J, Tramier M, Pécréaux J. The polarity-induced force imbalance in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos is caused by asymmetric binding rates of dynein to the cortex. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:3093-3104. [PMID: 30332325 PMCID: PMC6340208 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-11-0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During asymmetric cell division, the molecular motor dynein generates cortical pulling forces that position the spindle to reflect polarity and adequately distribute cell fate determinants. In Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, despite a measured anteroposterior force imbalance, antibody staining failed to reveal dynein enrichment at the posterior cortex, suggesting a transient localization there. Dynein accumulates at the microtubule plus ends, in an EBP-2EB-dependent manner. This accumulation, although not transporting dynein, contributes modestly to cortical forces. Most dyneins may instead diffuse to the cortex. Tracking of cortical dynein revealed two motions: one directed and the other diffusive-like, corresponding to force-generating events. Surprisingly, while dynein is not polarized at the plus ends or in the cytoplasm, diffusive-like tracks were more frequently found at the embryo posterior tip, where the forces are higher. This asymmetry depends on GPR-1/2LGN and LIN-5NuMA, which are enriched there. In csnk-1(RNAi) embryos, the inverse distribution of these proteins coincides with an increased frequency of diffusive-like tracks anteriorly. Importantly, dynein cortical residence time is always symmetric. We propose that the dynein-binding rate at the posterior cortex is increased, causing the polarity-reflecting force imbalance. This mechanism of control supplements the regulation of mitotic progression through the nonpolarized dynein detachment rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruddi Rodriguez-Garcia
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)–UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Chesneau
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)–UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sylvain Pastezeur
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)–UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Julien Roul
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)–UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Marc Tramier
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)–UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jacques Pécréaux
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)–UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
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37
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Lim WM, Ito Y, Sakata-Sogawa K, Tokunaga M. CLIP-170 is essential for MTOC repositioning during T cell activation by regulating dynein localisation on the cell surface. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17447. [PMID: 30487641 PMCID: PMC6261991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-organizing centre (MTOC) is repositioned to the centre of the contacted cell surface, the immunological synapse, during T cell activation. However, our understanding of its molecular mechanism remains limited. Here, we found that the microtubule plus-end tracking cytoplasmic linker protein 170 (CLIP-170) plays a novel role in MTOC repositioning using fluorescence imaging. Inhibition of CLIP-170 phosphorylation impaired both MTOC repositioning and interleukin-2 (IL-2) expression. T cell stimulation induced some fraction of dynein to colocalise with CLIP-170 and undergo plus-end tracking. Concurrently, it increased dynein in minus-end-directed movement. It also increased dynein relocation to the centre of the contact surface. Dynein not colocalised with CLIP-170 showed both an immobile state and minus-end-directed movement at a velocity in good agreement with the velocity of MTOC repositioning, which suggests that dynein at the immunological synapse may pull the microtubules and the MTOC. Although CLIP-170 is phosphorylated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) irrespective of stimulation, phosphorylated CLIP-170 is essential for dynein recruitment to plus-end tracking and for dynein relocation. This indicates that dynein relocation results from coexistence of plus-end- and minus-end-directed translocation. In conclusion, CLIP-170 plays an indispensable role in MTOC repositioning and full activation of T cells by regulating dynein localisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ming Lim
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yuma Ito
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Sakata-Sogawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Makio Tokunaga
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan.
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38
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Roostalu J, Rickman J, Thomas C, Nédélec F, Surrey T. Determinants of Polar versus Nematic Organization in Networks of Dynamic Microtubules and Mitotic Motors. Cell 2018; 175:796-808.e14. [PMID: 30340043 PMCID: PMC6198040 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
During cell division, mitotic motors organize microtubules in the bipolar spindle into either polar arrays at the spindle poles or a "nematic" network of aligned microtubules at the spindle center. The reasons for the distinct self-organizing capacities of dynamic microtubules and different motors are not understood. Using in vitro reconstitution experiments and computer simulations, we show that the human mitotic motors kinesin-5 KIF11 and kinesin-14 HSET, despite opposite directionalities, can both organize dynamic microtubules into either polar or nematic networks. We show that in addition to the motor properties the natural asymmetry between microtubule plus- and minus-end growth critically contributes to the organizational potential of the motors. We identify two control parameters that capture system composition and kinetic properties and predict the outcome of microtubule network organization. These results elucidate a fundamental design principle of spindle bipolarity and establish general rules for active filament network organization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie Rickman
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Claire Thomas
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - François Nédélec
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Surrey
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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39
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Suter B. RNA localization and transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:938-951. [PMID: 30496039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RNA localization serves numerous purposes from controlling development and differentiation to supporting the physiological activities of cells and organisms. After a brief introduction into the history of the study of mRNA localization I will focus on animal systems, describing in which cellular compartments and in which cell types mRNA localization was observed and studied. In recent years numerous novel localization patterns have been described, and countless mRNAs have been documented to accumulate in specific subcellular compartments. These fascinating revelations prompted speculations about the purpose of localizing all these mRNAs. In recent years experimental evidence for an unexpected variety of different functions has started to emerge. Aside from focusing on the functional aspects, I will discuss various ways of localizing mRNAs with a focus on the mechanism of active and directed transport on cytoskeletal tracks. Structural studies combined with imaging of transport and biochemical studies have contributed to the enormous recent progress, particularly in understanding how dynein/dynactin/BicD (DDB) dependent transport on microtubules works. This transport process actively localizes diverse cargo in similar ways to the minus end of microtubules and, at least in flies, also individual mRNA molecules. A sophisticated mechanism ensures that cargo loading licenses processive transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Suter
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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40
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Roberts AJ. Emerging mechanisms of dynein transport in the cytoplasm versus the cilium. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:967-982. [PMID: 30065109 PMCID: PMC6103457 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Two classes of dynein power long-distance cargo transport in different cellular contexts. Cytoplasmic dynein-1 is responsible for the majority of transport toward microtubule minus ends in the cell interior. Dynein-2, also known as intraflagellar transport dynein, moves cargoes along the axoneme of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Both dyneins operate as large ATP-driven motor complexes, whose dysfunction is associated with a group of human disorders. But how similar are their mechanisms of action and regulation? To examine this question, this review focuses on recent advances in dynein-1 and -2 research, and probes to what extent the emerging principles of dynein-1 transport could apply to or differ from those of the less well-understood dynein-2 mechanoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Roberts
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, U.K.
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41
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Sahoo PK, Smith DS, Perrone-Bizzozero N, Twiss JL. Axonal mRNA transport and translation at a glance. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs196808. [PMID: 29654160 PMCID: PMC6518334 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.196808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Localization and translation of mRNAs within different subcellular domains provides an important mechanism to spatially and temporally introduce new proteins in polarized cells. Neurons make use of this localized protein synthesis during initial growth, regeneration and functional maintenance of their axons. Although the first evidence for protein synthesis in axons dates back to 1960s, improved methodologies, including the ability to isolate axons to purity, highly sensitive RNA detection methods and imaging approaches, have shed new light on the complexity of the transcriptome of the axon and how it is regulated. Moreover, these efforts are now uncovering new roles for locally synthesized proteins in neurological diseases and injury responses. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we provide an overview of how axonal mRNA transport and translation are regulated, and discuss their emerging links to neurological disorders and neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pabitra K Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., CLS 401, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Deanna S Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., CLS 401, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Nora Perrone-Bizzozero
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 1 University of New Mexico, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., CLS 401, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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42
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Jha R, Roostalu J, Cade NI, Trokter M, Surrey T. Combinatorial regulation of the balance between dynein microtubule end accumulation and initiation of directed motility. EMBO J 2017; 36:3387-3404. [PMID: 29038173 PMCID: PMC5686545 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is involved in a multitude of essential cellular functions. Dynein's activity is controlled by the combinatorial action of several regulatory proteins. The molecular mechanism of this regulation is still poorly understood. Using purified proteins, we reconstitute the regulation of the human dynein complex by three prominent regulators on dynamic microtubules in the presence of end binding proteins (EBs). We find that dynein can be in biochemically and functionally distinct pools: either tracking dynamic microtubule plus-ends in an EB-dependent manner or moving processively towards minus ends in an adaptor protein-dependent manner. Whereas both dynein pools share the dynactin complex, they have opposite preferences for binding other regulators, either the adaptor protein Bicaudal-D2 (BicD2) or the multifunctional regulator Lissencephaly-1 (Lis1). BicD2 and Lis1 together control the overall efficiency of motility initiation. Remarkably, dynactin can bias motility initiation locally from microtubule plus ends by autonomous plus-end recognition. This bias is further enhanced by EBs and Lis1. Our study provides insight into the mechanism of dynein regulation by dissecting the distinct functional contributions of the individual members of a dynein regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Jha
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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43
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Gutierrez PA, Ackermann BE, Vershinin M, McKenney RJ. Differential effects of the dynein-regulatory factor Lissencephaly-1 on processive dynein-dynactin motility. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12245-12255. [PMID: 28576829 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.790048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is the primary minus-end-directed microtubule motor protein in animal cells, performing a wide range of motile activities, including transport of vesicular cargos, mRNAs, viruses, and proteins. Lissencephaly-1 (LIS1) is a highly conserved dynein-regulatory factor that binds directly to the dynein motor domain, uncoupling the enzymatic and mechanical cycles of the motor and stalling dynein on the microtubule track. Dynactin, another ubiquitous dynein-regulatory factor, releases dynein from an autoinhibited state, leading to a dramatic increase in fast, processive dynein motility. How these opposing activities are integrated to control dynein motility is unknown. Here, we used fluorescence single-molecule microscopy to study the interaction of LIS1 with the processive dynein-dynactin-BicD2N (DDB) complex. Surprisingly, in contrast to the prevailing model for LIS1 function established in the context of dynein alone, we found that binding of LIS1 to DDB does not strongly disrupt processive motility. Motile DDB complexes bound up to two LIS1 dimers, and mutational analysis suggested that LIS1 binds directly to the dynein motor domains during DDB movement. Interestingly, LIS1 enhanced DDB velocity in a concentration-dependent manner, in contrast to observations of the effect of LIS1 on the motility of isolated dynein. Thus, LIS1 exerts concentration-dependent effects on dynein motility and can synergize with dynactin to enhance processive dynein movement. Our results suggest that the effect of LIS1 on dynein motility depends on both LIS1 concentration and the presence of other regulatory factors such as dynactin and may provide new insights into the mechanism of LIS1 haploinsufficiency in the neurodevelopmental disorder lissencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Gutierrez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Bryce E Ackermann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Michael Vershinin
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112; Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Richard J McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616.
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