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Wu W, Luo Z, Shen D, Lan T, Xiao Z, Liu M, Hu L, Sun T, Wang Y, Zhang JN, Zhang C, Wang P, Lu Y, Yang F, Li Q. IL-10 protects against OPC ferroptosis by regulating lipid reactive oxygen species levels post stroke. Redox Biol 2024; 69:102982. [PMID: 38070317 PMCID: PMC10755589 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially on lipids, induces massive cell death in neurons and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and causes severe neurologic deficits post stroke. While small compounds, such as deferoxamine, lipostatin-1, and ferrostatin-1, have been shown to be effective in reducing lipid ROS, the mechanisms by which endogenously protective molecules act against lipid ROS accumulation and subsequent cell death are still unclear, especially in OPCs, which are critical for maintaining white matter integrity and improving long-term outcomes after stroke. Here, using mouse primary OPC cultures, we demonstrate that interleukin-10 (IL-10), a cytokine playing roles in reducing neuroinflammation and promoting hematoma clearance, significantly reduced hemorrhage-induced lipid ROS accumulation and subsequent ferroptosis in OPCs. Mechanistically, IL-10 activated the IL-10R/STAT3 signaling pathway and upregulated the DLK1/AMPK/ACC axis. Subsequently, IL-10 reprogrammed lipid metabolism and reduced lipid ROS accumulation. In addition, in an autologous blood injection intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke (ICH) mouse model, deficiency of the endogenous Il-10, specific knocking out Il10r or Dlk1 in OPCs, or administration of ACC inhibitor was associated with increased OPC cell death, demyelination, axonal sprouting, and the cognitive deficits during the chronic phase of ICH and vice versa. These data suggest that IL-10 protects against OPC loss and white matter injury by reducing lipid ROS, supporting further development of potential clinical applications to benefit patients with stroke and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhaoli Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Danmin Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ting Lan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhongnan Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Liye Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yamei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jian-Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Chenguang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yabin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Yassaghi Y, Jeddi S, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Myocardial infarct size is reduced by nitrite and nitrate administration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. EXCLI JOURNAL 2024; 23:18-33. [PMID: 38357094 PMCID: PMC10864704 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide and can be complicated by myocardial infarction (MI), leading to cardiac failure. Inorganic nitrite and nitrate, which release nitric oxide (NO), can protect the heart against myocardial injury. This animal systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess whether the administration of nitrite/nitrate decreases myocardial infarct size. We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases until October 2023; 15 eligible animal studies (35 study arms for in-vivo and 10 for in-vitro studies) published between 1989 and 2023 were included. In-vivo studies were conducted on rats, mice, cats, and dogs, and in-vitro studies on rats and mice with an overall exposure of 0.03 to 12713 mg/kg to nitrate/nitrite administrated before, after, or during ischemia mainly by intravenous single bolus or by oral over 270 days. All in-vitro studies used nitrite/nitrate before ischemia, with the concentration ranging between 0.34 to 201 μM. MI was induced by occlusion of the left anterior diagonal or left circumflex arteries in in-vitro studies and by isoproterenol in in-vivo studies. Infarct size was measured by direct staining of the sliced heart sections. In in-vivo studies, nitrite (overall effect size (ES)=-17.0 %, 95 % confidence interval (CI)=-21.3, -12.8, P<0.001) and nitrate (overall ES= -9.6 %, 95 % CI=-15.7, -3.4, P=0.002) reduced myocardial infarct size. In in-vitro studies, nitrite (overall ES=-15.8 %, 95 % CI=-25.5, -6.2, P=0.001) reduced the infarct size. Sensitivity analysis showed that the overall effect of nitrite on myocardial infarct size was unaffected by doses or health conditions in in-vivo and in-vitro studies. In conclusion, our meta-analysis showed that nitrite/nitrate administration can effectively reduce myocardial infarct size. However, these results should be approached with caution because of the limitations of animal studies and the existing high heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Yassaghi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Fu Z, Su X, Zhou Q, Feng H, Ding R, Ye H. Protective effects and possible mechanisms of catalpol against diabetic nephropathy in animal models: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1192694. [PMID: 37621314 PMCID: PMC10446169 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1192694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim of the Study: Rehmannia glutinosa is a core Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes and diabetic nephropathy (DN). It has been used for the treatment of diabetes for over 1,000 years. Catalpol is the main active compound in Rehmannia roots. Current evidence suggests that catalpol exhibits significant anti-diabetic bioactivity, and thus it has attracted increasing research attention for its potential use in treating DN. However, no studies have systematically evaluated these effects, and its mechanism of action remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of catalpol on DN, as well as to summarize its possible mechanisms of action, in DN animal models. Materials and Methods: We included all DN-related animal studies with catalpol intervention. These studies were retrieved by searching eight databases from their dates of inception to July 2022. In addition, we evaluated the methodological quality of the included studies using the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) risk-of-bias tool. Furthermore, we calculated the weighted standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using the Review Manager 5.3 software and evaluated publication bias using the Stata (12.0) software. A total of 100 studies were retrieved, of which 12 that included 231 animals were finally included in this review. Results: As compared to the control treatment, treatment with catalpol significantly improved renal function in DN animal models by restoring serum creatinine (Scr) (p = 0.0009) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (p < 0.00001) levels, reducing proteinuria (p < 0.00001) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) (p < 0.0001), improving kidney indices (p < 0.0001), and alleviating renal pathological changes in the animal models. In addition, it may elicit its effects by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, improving podocyte apoptosis, regulating lipid metabolism, delaying renal fibrosis, and enhancing autophagy. Conclusion: The preliminary findings of this preclinical systematic review suggest that catalpol elicits significant protective effects against hyperglycemia-induced kidney injury. However, more high-quality studies need to be carried out in the future to overcome the methodological shortcomings identified in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmei Fu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoyue Feng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hejiang Ye
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Schmidt T, Meller S, Meyerhoff N, Twele F, Zanghi B, Volk HA. A six-month prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover, dietary trial design to investigate the potential of psychobiotics on seizure semiology and comorbidities in canine epilepsy: study protocol. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:57. [PMID: 36864510 PMCID: PMC9983181 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disease in dogs. More than two-thirds of these patients suffer from associated behavioural comorbidities. The latter could have their origin in partially overlapping pathomechanisms, with the intestinal microbiome as a potential key link between them. The current arsenal of drugs for epilepsy management remains limited. Most canine patients continue to have seizures despite treatment and the occurrence of comorbidities is not sufficiently addressed, limiting quality of life of affected dogs and owners. Therefore, novel additional epilepsy management options are urgently needed. The microbiome-gut-brain axis may serve as a new target for the development of innovative multimodal therapeutic approaches to overcome current shortcomings in epilepsy management. METHODS A six-month prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover, dietary trial was designed to investigate the potential of the psychobiotic Bifidobacterium longum on behavioural comorbidities in canine epilepsy. Seizure semiology will be evaluated as a secondary outcome measure. Thirty-four privately owned dogs are planned to be included in the ongoing study meeting the following inclusion criteria: Dogs displaying increased anxiety/fear behaviour since the start of the idiopathic epilepsy. Tier II confidence level of the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force for the diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy, with a maximum seizure interval of 3 month and a minimum of three generalised seizures within that period and chronically treated with at least one antiseizure drug without improvement in seizure frequency Each dog will receive the allocated supplement (probiotic vs. placebo) alongside its normal diet for a 3-month period. After a three-week wash out period, the second phase starts by administering the respective other supplement for another 3 months. DISCUSSION The current study considers modern high-quality standards for epilepsy medication trials. Common biasing effects should be limited to a possible minimum (regression-to-the mean effect, placebo effect, observer effect), ensuring a high validity and accuracy of the acquired results, thus enabling a representative nature of the efficacy of Bifidobacterium longum as add-on supplement for dogs suffering from epilepsy and its comorbidities. This publication should provide a description of the study procedure and data acquisition methods, including prognosed statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Schmidt
- grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Meller
- grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nina Meyerhoff
- grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Friederike Twele
- grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Brian Zanghi
- Research and Development, Nestlé Purina PetCare, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Holger Andreas Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany. .,Centre for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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SEVELJEVIC-JARAN DASA, ANTOLIC MAJA, OGNJENOVIC ANJA, KALLIOKOSKI OTTO, ABELSON KLASS, HAU JANN. Effects of Multimodal Therapy, Blinding, and Multi-laboratory Protocol Conduct on the Robustness of the Rat Model of Adjuvant Induced Arthritis. In Vivo 2023; 37:115-123. [PMID: 36593032 PMCID: PMC9843802 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of multimodal therapy comprising buprenorphine (BUP) and indomethacin (IND) on key translational parameters in the rat adjuvant induced arthritis (AIA) model. Furthermore, we investigated the difference between visual assessment scores and histology scores generated by blinded and non-blinded assessors and the robustness and generalizability of results by conducting a multi-laboratory study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was terminated on day 26 after 11 days (days 15-25) of voluntarily ingested buprenorphine and 7 days of gavage delivered indomethacin treatment (days 19-25). The treatment effects were assessed on the last day of the study, relying on body weight assessment, serum concentrations of α1- acid glycoprotein, and assessment of affected hind paws swelling, in-life and post mortem. RESULTS Across two laboratories, the combined analgesic treatments had minimal effects on the measured model parameters indicating that multimodal treatment did not affect the translatability of the model. We found an improvement in clinical scores (a negative change in scores) in nearly all medicated animals when scored informed, whereas it was essentially 50:50 for the blinded scorings and no difference between the blinded and informed histological scoring. CONCLUSION The present results support the use of more effective analgesic treatment regimens and the good practice recommendations advocating blinding as a mandatory practice in conduct of preclinical in vivo efficacy studies. In spite of minor differences between results obtained at the two sites, there was good agreement between them indicating robustness of the AIA model.
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Affiliation(s)
- DASA SEVELJEVIC-JARAN
- In Vivo Pharmacology and Toxicology Department and Toxicology and Laboratory Animal Science Department, Selvita Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia,Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - MAJA ANTOLIC
- In Vivo Pharmacology and Toxicology Department and Toxicology and Laboratory Animal Science Department, Selvita Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | - ANJA OGNJENOVIC
- In Vivo Pharmacology and Toxicology Department and Toxicology and Laboratory Animal Science Department, Selvita Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | - OTTO KALLIOKOSKI
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - KLAS S.P. ABELSON
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - JANN HAU
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ghasemi A, Jeddi S. Streptozotocin as a tool for induction of rat models of diabetes: a practical guide. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:274-294. [PMID: 36998708 PMCID: PMC10043433 DOI: 10.17179/excli2022-5720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ) is the most used diabetogenic chemical for creating rat models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Despite ~60 years of using STZ in animal diabetes research, some prevailing views about STZ preparation and use are not supported by evidence. Here, we provide practical guides for using STZ to induce diabetes in rats. Susceptibility to the diabetogenic effect of STZ is inversely related to age, and males are more susceptible to STZ than females. Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats, the most commonly-used rat strains, are sensitive to STZ, but some strains (e.g., Wistar-Kyoto rats) are less sensitive. STZ is mostly injected intravenously or intraperitoneally, but its intravenous injection produces more stable hyperglycemia. Despite the prevailing view, no fasting is necessary before STZ injection, and injection of its anomer-equilibrated solutions (i.e., more than 2 hours of dissolving) is recommended. Mortality following the injection of diabetogenic doses of STZ is due to severe hypoglycemia (during the first 24 h) or severe hyperglycemia (24 h after the injection and onwards). Some measures to prevent hypoglycemia-related mortality in rats include providing access to food soon after the injection, administration of glucose/sucrose solutions during the first 24-48 h after the injection, administration of STZ to fed animals, and using anomer-equilibrated solutions of STZ. Hyperglycemia-related mortality following injection of high doses of STZ can be overcome with insulin administration. In conclusion, STZ is a valuable chemical for inducing diabetes in rats, but some practical guides should be considered to perform well-conducted and ethical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Sajad Jeddi, Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24, Arabi Street, Daneshjoo Blvd, Velenjak, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran, E-mail:
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Rowe A. Recommendations to improve use and reporting of statistics in animal experiments. Lab Anim 2022:236772221140669. [DOI: 10.1177/00236772221140669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Flaws in experimental statistics are a major contributor to the poor reproducibility of animal experiments. Informed decisions about whether conclusions are justified requires clear reporting of experimental data and the statistical methods used to analyse them. When data are misinterpreted, manipulated or concealed to generate publications, it creates an illusion that chance observations are robust data which confirm the hypotheses presented. Attempts to reproduce and advance such observations can propagate large areas of irreproducible science. This hinders scientific progress, erodes public support for research, damages reputations and wastes resources. This review analyses and explains recommendations to improve use and reporting of statistics in animal experiments.
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Evaluating Salmonella pullorum dissemination and shedding patterns and antibody production in infected chickens. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:240. [PMID: 35751066 PMCID: PMC9229423 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pullorum disease caused by Salmonella pullorum is one of the most important infectious diseases in the poultry industry, responsible for causing substantial economic losses globally. On farms, the traditional method to detect S. pullorum infection mainly involves the collection of feces and sera to test for antigens and antibodies, respectively, but the regularity of Salmonella pullorum dissemination in internal organs and shedding patterns and antibody production in infected chickens remains unclear. Herein we aimed to investigate the dissemination of S. pullorum to different organs and bacterial shedding patterns in the faeces as well as serum antibody production post-infection in chickens of different ages. RESULT In this study, the liver and heart of 2-day-old chickens showed the highest copy numbers of S. pullorum at 6.4 × 106 and 1.9 × 106 copies of DNA target sequences/30 mg, respectively. In case of 10-day-old chickens, the percentage of S. pullorum fecal shedding (0%-40%) and antibody production (0%-56.6%) markedly fluctuated during the entire experiment; furthermore, in case of 42-week-old chickens, the percentage of birds showing S. pullorum shedding in the faeces showed a downward trend (from 63.33% to 6.6% in the oral inoculation group and from 43.3% to 10% in the intraperitoneal injection group), while that of birds showing serum antibody production remained at a high level (38.3% and 80% in the oral inoculation and intraperitoneal injection groups, respectively). We also performed cohabitation experiments, showed that 15% 10-day-old and 3.33% 42-week-old chickens were infected via the horizontal transmission in cohabitation with S. pullorum infected chickens, and revealed a high risk of horizontal transmission of S. pullorum. CONCLUSION This study systematically evaluated the dissemination of S. pullorum in internal organs and bacterial fecal shedding patterns, and antibody production in infected chickens. Collectively, our findings indicate how to effectively screen S. pullorum-negative chickens on livestock farms and should also help in the development of measures to control and eradicate S. pullorum.
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Mulder PPG, Koenen HJPM, Vlig M, Joosten I, de Vries RBM, Boekema BKHL. Burn-Induced Local and Systemic Immune Response: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:3093-3109.e15. [PMID: 35623415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
As burn injuries are often followed by a derailed immune response and excessive inflammation, a thorough understanding of the occurring reactions is key to prevent secondary complications. This systematic review, that includes 247 animal studies, shows the post-burn response of 14 different immune cell types involved in immediate and long-term effects, in both wound tissue and circulation. Peripheral blood neutrophil and monocyte numbers increased directly after burns, whereas thrombocyte numbers increased near the end of the first week. Lymphocyte numbers, however, were decreased for at least two weeks. In burn wound tissue, neutrophil and macrophage numbers accumulated during the first three weeks. Burns also altered cellular functions as we found increased migratory potential of leukocytes, impaired antibacterial activity of neutrophils and enhanced inflammatory mediator production by macrophages. Neutrophil surges were positively associated with burn size and were highest in rats. Altogether, this comprehensive overview of the temporal immune cell dynamics shows that unlike normal wound healing, burn injury induces a long-lasting inflammatory response. It provides a fundamental research basis to improve experimental set-ups, burn care and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P G Mulder
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Preclinical Research, Beverwijk, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Hans J P M Koenen
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Vlig
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Preclinical Research, Beverwijk, the Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rob B M de Vries
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bouke K H L Boekema
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Preclinical Research, Beverwijk, the Netherlands
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Protective Effect and Possible Mechanisms of Artemisinin and Its Derivatives for Diabetic Nephropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Animal Models. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5401760. [PMID: 35528521 PMCID: PMC9073547 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5401760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Artemisinin and its derivatives have potential antidiabetic effects. There is no evaluation of reported studies in the literature on the treatment of diabetic nephropathy (DN), one of the commonest diabetic microangiopathies, with artemisinins. Here, we aimed to evaluate preclinical evidence for the efficacy and possible mechanisms of artemisinins in reducing diabetic renal injury. Methods We conducted an electronic literature search in fourteen databases from their inception to November 2021. All animal studies assessing the efficacy and safety of artemisinins in DN were included, regardless of publication or language. Overall, 178 articles were screened according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 18 eligible articles were included in this systematic review. The SYstematic Review Center for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) risk-of-bias tool was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. The primary outcomes were kidney function, proteinuria, and renal pathology. Secondary endpoints included changes in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels, body weight, and relevant mechanisms. Results Of the 18 included articles involving 418 animal models of DN, 1, 2, 6, and 9 used dihydroartemisinin, artemether, artesunate, and artemisinin, respectively. Overall, artemisinins reduced indicators of renal function, including blood urea nitrogen (P < 0.00001), serum creatinine (P < 0.00001), and kidney index (P = 0.0001) compared with control group treatment. Measurements of proteinuria (P < 0.00001), microalbuminuria (P < 0.05), and protein excretion (P = 0.0002) suggested that treatment with artemisinins reduced protein loss in animals with DN. Artemisinins may lower blood glucose levels (P = 0.01), but there is a risk of weight gain (P < 0.00001). Possible mechanisms of action of artemisinins include delaying renal fibrosis, reducing oxidative stress, and exerting antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusion Available evidence suggests that artemisinins may be protective against renal injury secondary to diabetes in preclinical studies; however, high-quality and long-term trials are needed to reliably determine the balance of benefits and harms.
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Rodriguez-Leon G, Estremiana F, Miro M, Bettonica C, Aranda H, Farran L, de Oca J, Sabench F, Jorba R. Ischemic Conditioning in the Right Colon and Terminal Ileum: An Experimental Rat Model. Eur Surg Res 2021; 63:278-284. [PMID: 34875649 DOI: 10.1159/000520676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preoperative gastric ischemic conditioning (IC) improves the outcome of esophageal replacement gastroplasty and is associated with low morbidity. However, when the stomach cannot be used for esophageal replacement, a colonic replacement is required. The study aim was to assess the viability of right colon and terminal ileum IC in a rat model and the histological damage/recovery sequence and determine if neovascularization is a potential adaptive mechanism. METHODS The study was conducted in Rattus norvegicus with ileocolic vascular ligation. Seven groups of animals were established (6 rats per group) with groups defined by the date of their post-IC euthanasia (+1, +3, +6, +10, +15, and +21 days). Comparisons were made with a sham group. Viability of the model was defined as <10% of transmural necrosis. The evaluation of histological damage used the Chiu score in hematoxylin and eosin sections of paraffin-embedded specimens with CD31 immunohistochemical assessment of neovascularization by the median of submucosal vessel counts in 5 high-magnification fields. RESULTS Transmural colon necrosis occurred in 1/36 animals (2.78%) with no animal demonstrating transmural ileal necrosis. The maximum damage was observed in the colon on +1 day post-IC (average Chiu score 1.67, p = 0.015), whereas in the ileum, it was on days +1, +3, and +6 (average Chiu score 1.5, 1.3, and 1.17; p = 0.015, 0.002, and 0.015, respectively). In the +21-day group, histological recovery was complete in the colon in 4 (66.7%) of the 6 animals and in the ileum in 5 (83.3%) of 6 animals. There were no significant differences in quantitative neovascularization in any of the groups when compared with the sham group or when comparisons were made between groups. CONCLUSIONS The tested animal model for IC of the colon and terminal ileum appeared to be feasible. Histological damage was maximal between the 1st and 3rd day following IC, but by day 21, recovery was complete in two-thirds of the rats. There was no evidence in this preliminary IC model that would suggest neovascularization as an adaptive mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Estremiana
- Esophagogastric Surgery Department, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Miro
- Esophagogastric Surgery Department, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Bettonica
- Esophagogastric Surgery Department, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Humberto Aranda
- Esophagogastric Surgery Department, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leandre Farran
- Esophagogastric Surgery Department, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Rosa Jorba
- Universitat Rovira Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,General Surgery Department, Hospital Universitary Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
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12
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Ghasemi A, Jeddi S, Kashfi K. The laboratory rat: Age and body weight matter. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:1431-1445. [PMID: 34737685 PMCID: PMC8564917 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-4072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Animal experimentation helps us to understand human biology. Rodents and, in particular, rats are among the most common animals used in animal experiments. Reporting data on animal age, animal body weight, and animal postnatal developmental stages is not consistent, which can cause the failure to translate animal data to humans. This review summarizes age-related postnatal developmental stages in rats by addressing age-related changes in their body weights. The age and body weight of animals can affect drug metabolism, gene expression, metabolic parameters, and other dependent variables measured in animal studies. In addition, considering the age and the body weight of the animals is of particular importance in animal modeling of human diseases. Appropriate reporting of age, body weight, and the developmental stage of animals used in studies can improve animal to human translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, USA
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13
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Ouranidis A, Choli-Papadopoulou T, Papachristou ET, Papi R, Kostomitsopoulos N. Biopharmaceutics 4.0, Advanced Pre-Clinical Development of mRNA-Encoded Monoclonal Antibodies to Immunosuppressed Murine Models. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:890. [PMID: 34452015 PMCID: PMC8402437 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of mRNA against SARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated sufficient efficacy, tolerability and clinical potential to disrupt the vaccination field. A multiple-arm, cohort randomized, mixed blind, placebo-controlled study was designed to investigate the in vivo expression of mRNA antibodies to immunosuppressed murine models to conduct efficacy, safety and bioavailability evaluation. Enabling 4.0 tools we reduced animal sacrifice, while interventions were designed compliant to HARRP and SPIRIT engagement: (a) Randomization, blinding; (b) pharmaceutical grade formulation, monitoring; (c) biochemical and histological analysis; and (d) theoretic, statistical analysis. Risk assessment molded the study orientations, according to the ARRIVE guidelines. The primary target of this protocol is the validation of the research hypothesis that autologous translation of Trastuzumab by in vitro transcribed mRNA-encoded antibodies to immunosuppressed animal models, is non-inferior to classical treatments. The secondary target is the comparative pharmacokinetic assessment of the novel scheme, between immunodeficient and healthy subjects. Herein, the debut clinical protocol, investigating the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic impact of mRNA vaccination to immunodeficient organisms. Our design, contributes novel methodology to guide the preclinical development of RNA antibody modalities by resolving efficacy, tolerability and dose regime adjustment for special populations that are incapable of humoral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ouranidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora Choli-Papadopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.C.-P.); (E.T.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Eleni T. Papachristou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.C.-P.); (E.T.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Rigini Papi
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.C.-P.); (E.T.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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Nascimento-Gonçalves E, Seixas F, Ferreira R, Colaço B, Parada B, Oliveira PA. An overview of the latest in state-of-the-art murine models for prostate cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1349-1364. [PMID: 34224283 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1943354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer (PCa) is a complex, heterogenous and multifocal disease, which is debilitating for patients and often fatal - due to bone metastasis and castration-resistant cancer. The use of murine models that mimic human disease has been crucial in the development of innovative therapies and for better understanding the mechanisms associated with initiation and progression of PCa. AREAS COVERED This review presents a critical analysis of murine models for the study of PCa, highlighting their strengths, weaknesses and applications. EXPERT OPINION In animal models, disease may not occur exactly as it does in humans, and sometimes the levels of efficacy that certain treatments obtain in animal models cannot be translated into clinical practice. To choose the most appropriate animal model for each research work, it is crucial to understand the anatomical and physiological differences between the mouse and the human prostate, while it is also important to identify biological similarities and differences between murine and human prostate tumors. Although significant progress has already been made, thanks to many years of research and study, the number of new challenges and obstacles to overcome mean there is a long and difficult road still to travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Nascimento-Gonçalves
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (Laqv-requimte),department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro (UA), Portugal
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (Laqv-requimte),department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro (UA), Portugal
| | - Bruno Colaço
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Zootechnics, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Belmiro Parada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (Icbr), Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Urology and Renal Transplantation Department, Coimbra University Hospital Centre (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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15
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Buchheister S, Bleich A. Health Monitoring of Laboratory Rodent Colonies-Talking about (R)evolution. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1410. [PMID: 34069175 PMCID: PMC8155880 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The health monitoring of laboratory rodents is essential for ensuring animal health and standardization in biomedical research. Progress in housing, gnotobiotic derivation, and hygienic monitoring programs led to enormous improvement of the microbiological quality of laboratory animals. While traditional health monitoring and pathogen detection methods still serve as powerful tools for the diagnostics of common animal diseases, molecular methods develop rapidly and not only improve test sensitivities but also allow high throughput analyses of various sample types. Concurrently, to the progress in pathogen detection and elimination, the research community becomes increasingly aware of the striking influence of microbiome compositions in laboratory animals, affecting disease phenotypes and the scientific value of research data. As repeated re-derivation cycles and strict barrier husbandry of laboratory rodents resulted in a limited diversity of the animals' gut microbiome, future monitoring approaches will have to reform-aiming at enhancing the validity of animal experiments. This review will recapitulate common health monitoring concepts and, moreover, outline strategies and measures on coping with microbiome variation in order to increase reproducibility, replicability and generalizability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
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16
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Therapeutic Applications of Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles in Emergency Care: Futuristic Perspectives. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:390-410. [PMID: 32839921 PMCID: PMC7444453 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine (RM) is an interdisciplinary field that aims to repair, replace or regenerate damaged or missing tissue or organs to function as close as possible to its physiological architecture and functions. Stem cells, which are undifferentiated cells retaining self-renewal potential, excessive proliferation and differentiation capacity into offspring or daughter cells that form different lineage cells of an organism, are considered as an important part of the RM approaches. They have been widely investigated in preclinical and clinical studies for therapeutic purposes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the vital mediators that regulate the therapeutic effects of stem cells. Besides, they carry various types of cargo between cells which make them a significant contributor of intercellular communication. Given their role in physiological and pathological conditions in living cells, EVs are considered as a new therapeutic alternative solution for a variety of diseases in which there is a high unmet clinical need. This review aims to summarize and identify therapeutic potential of stem cells and EVs in diseases requiring acute emergency care such as trauma, heart diseases, stroke, acute respiratory distress syndrome and burn injury. Diseases that affect militaries or societies including acute radiation syndrome, sepsis and viral pandemics such as novel coronavirus disease 2019 are also discussed. Additionally, featuring and problematic issues that hamper clinical translation of stem cells and EVs are debated in a comparative manner with a futuristic perspective. Graphical Abstract.
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17
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Plevkova J, Brozmanova M, Matloobi A, Poliacek I, Honetschlager J, Buday T. Animal models of cough. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 290:103656. [PMID: 33781930 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cough is a vital airway reflex that keeps the respiratory tract wisely protected. It is also a sign of many diseases of the respiratory system and it may become a disease in its own right. Even though the efficacy of antitussive compounds is extensively studied in animal models with promising results, the treatment of pathological cough in humans is insufficient at the moment. The limited translational potential of animal models used to study cough causes, mechanisms and possible therapeutic targets stems from multiple sources. First of all, cough induced in the laboratory by mechanical or chemical stimuli is far from natural cough present in human disease. The main objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of animal models currently used in cough research and to address their advantages and disadvantages. We also want to encourage cough researchers to call for precision is research by addressing the sex bias which has existed in basic cough research for decades and discuss the role of specific pathogen-free (SPF) animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Plevkova
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Department of Pathophysiology, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Mariana Brozmanova
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Department of Pathophysiology, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Alireza Matloobi
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Department of Pathophysiology, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Poliacek
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Department of Biophysics, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Jan Honetschlager
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Buday
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Department of Pathophysiology, Martin, Slovakia.
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18
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Gurusamy KS, Moher D, Loizidou M, Ahmed I, Avey MT, Barron CC, Davidson B, Dwek M, Gluud C, Jell G, Katakam K, Montroy J, McHugh TD, Osborne NJ, Ritskes-Hoitinga M, van Laarhoven K, Vollert J, Lalu M. Clinical relevance assessment of animal preclinical research (RAA) tool: development and explanation. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10673. [PMID: 33569250 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Only a small proportion of preclinical research (research performed in animal models prior to clinical trials in humans) translates into clinical benefit in humans. Possible reasons for the lack of translation of the results observed in preclinical research into human clinical benefit include the design, conduct, and reporting of preclinical studies. There is currently no formal domain-based assessment of the clinical relevance of preclinical research. To address this issue, we have developed a tool for the assessment of the clinical relevance of preclinical studies, with the intention of assessing the likelihood that therapeutic preclinical findings can be translated into improvement in the management of human diseases. Methods We searched the EQUATOR network for guidelines that describe the design, conduct, and reporting of preclinical research. We searched the references of these guidelines to identify further relevant publications and developed a set of domains and signalling questions. We then conducted a modified Delphi-consensus to refine and develop the tool. The Delphi panel members included specialists in evidence-based (preclinical) medicine specialists, methodologists, preclinical animal researchers, a veterinarian, and clinical researchers. A total of 20 Delphi-panel members completed the first round and 17 members from five countries completed all three rounds. Results This tool has eight domains (construct validity, external validity, risk of bias, experimental design and data analysis plan, reproducibility and replicability of methods and results in the same model, research integrity, and research transparency) and a total of 28 signalling questions and provides a framework for researchers, journal editors, grant funders, and regulatory authorities to assess the potential clinical relevance of preclinical animal research. Conclusion We have developed a tool to assess the clinical relevance of preclinical studies. This tool is currently being piloted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurinchi S Gurusamy
- Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, University College London, London, England, UK.,Surgery and Interventional Trials Unit, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - David Moher
- Centre for Journalology, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Irfan Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Marc T Avey
- Centre for Journalology, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Carly C Barron
- Centre for Journalology, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Davidson
- Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Miriam Dwek
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, England, UK
| | - Christian Gluud
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copehagen, Denmark
| | - Gavin Jell
- Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Kiran Katakam
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copehagen, Denmark
| | - Joshua Montroy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Blueprint Translational Research Group, Clinical Epidemiology and Regenerative Medicine Programs, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Timothy D McHugh
- UCL Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, England, UK
| | | | - Merel Ritskes-Hoitinga
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Kees van Laarhoven
- Department of Surgery, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Vollert
- Pain Research, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College, London, England, UK.,Center of Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Manoj Lalu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Blueprint Translational Research Group, Clinical Epidemiology and Regenerative Medicine Programs, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Xu Y, Feng X, Zhou Q, Jiang W, Dai Y, Jiang Y, Liu X, Li S, Wang Y, Wang F, Li A, Zheng C. Novel Small Molecular Compound AE-848 Potently Induces Human Multiple Myeloma Cell Apoptosis by Modulating the NF-κB and PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathways. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:13063-13075. [PMID: 33376355 PMCID: PMC7764792 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s270090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to investigate the anti-multiple myeloma (MM) activity of the new small molecular compound AE-848 (5-bromo-2-hydroxyisophthalaldehyde bis[(1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)hydrazone]) and its underlying anti-MM mechanism. Methods Cell viability and apoptosis were detected and quantified by using MTT and flow cytometry, respectively. JC-1 dye-related techniques were used to assess mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Western blotting was applied to detect the expression of NF-κB and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway-associated proteins. The in vivo activity of AE-848 against MM was evaluated in a MM mouse model. Results Application of AE-848 into the in vitro cell culture system significantly reduced the viability and induced apoptosis of the MM cell lines, RPMI-8226 and U266, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, respectively. JC-1 dye and Western blotting analysis revealed that AE-848 induced the cleavage of caspase-8, caspase-3, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), resulting in loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Both the NF-κB and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways were involved in AE-848-induced apoptosis of U266 and RPMI8226 cells. Moreover, AE-848 leads to cell cycle arrest of MM cells. Its anti-MM efficacy was further confirmed in a xenograft model of MM. AE-848 administration significantly inhibited MM tumor progression and prolonged the survival of MM-bearing mice. More importantly, our results demonstrated that AE-848 markedly induced primary MM cell apoptosis. Conclusion Our results for the first time showed that the small compound AE-848 had potent in vitro and in vivo anti-myeloma activity, indicating that AE-848 may have great potential to be developed as a drug for MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong University-Karolinska Institute Collaboration Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Feng
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibo Dai
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong University-Karolinska Institute Collaboration Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong University-Karolinska Institute Collaboration Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong University-Karolinska Institute Collaboration Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjing Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong University-Karolinska Institute Collaboration Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai Li
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong University-Karolinska Institute Collaboration Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyun Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong University-Karolinska Institute Collaboration Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Witjes VM, Boleij A, Halffman W. Reducing versus Embracing Variation as Strategies for Reproducibility: The Microbiome of Laboratory Mice. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2415. [PMID: 33348632 PMCID: PMC7767075 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Irreproducibility is a well-recognized problem in biomedical animal experimentation. Phenotypic variation in animal models is one of the many challenging causes of irreproducibility. How to deal with phenotypic variation in experimental designs is a topic of debate. Both reducing and embracing variation are highlighted as strategies for reproducibility. In this theoretical review, we use variation in mouse microbiome composition as an example to analyze this ongoing discussion, drawing on both animal research and philosophy of science. We provide a conceptual explanation of reproducibility and analyze how the microbiome affects mouse phenotypes to demonstrate that the role of the microbiome in irreproducibility can be understood in two ways: (i) the microbiome can act as a confounding factor, and (ii) the result may not be generalizable to mice harboring a different microbiome composition. We elucidate that reducing variation minimizes confounding, whereas embracing variation ensures generalizability. These contrasting strategies make dealing with variation in experimental designs extremely complex. Here, we conclude that the most effective strategy depends on the specific research aim and question. The field of biomedical animal experimentation is too broad to identify a single optimal strategy. Thus, dealing with variation should be considered on a case-by-case basis, and awareness amongst researchers is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera M. Witjes
- Institute for Science in Society, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Annemarie Boleij
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Willem Halffman
- Institute for Science in Society, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
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21
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Elsenosy FM, Abdelbary GA, Elshafeey AH, Elsayed I, Fares AR. Brain Targeting of Duloxetine HCL via Intranasal Delivery of Loaded Cubosomal Gel: In vitro Characterization, ex vivo Permeation, and in vivo Biodistribution Studies. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:9517-9537. [PMID: 33324051 PMCID: PMC7732760 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s277352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Duloxetine (DLX) is dual serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor suffering from limited bioavailability (≈ 40%) due to extensive hepatic metabolism. This work aims to formulate and evaluate DLX intranasal thermoreversible cubosomal gels to enhance its bioavailability and ensure efficient brain targeting. Materials and Methods Cubo-gels were prepared by 33 central composite design with three independent factors, lipid ratio (glycerol monooleate: glycerol tripalmitate), Pluronic F127%, and Pluronic F68%. The prepared formulations were evaluated for their particle size (PS), gelling temperature (GT), entrapment efficiency (EE%), and in vitro release. The cubo-gel with the highest desirability (0.88) was chosen as the optimized formulation. DLX cubo-gel was evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity study, ex vivo permeation study and in vivo bio-distribution study were conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of brain targeting. Results The optimum cubo-gel was composed of 3.76 lipid ratio, 20% w/v PF127, and 5% w/v PF68. It had PS of 265.13 ± 9.85 nm, GT of 32 ± 0.05°C, EE% of 98.13 ± 0.50%, and showed controlled release behavior where 33% DLX was released within 6 hrs. The plain in situ cubo-gel had a significantly higher IC50 compared to DLX solution and DLX-loaded in situ cubo-gel. The ex vivo permeation study showed 1.27 enhancement in the drug permeation from DLX in situ cubo-gel. According to the in vivo bio-distribution study in plasma and brain, the intranasal DLX in situ cubo-gel showed a 1.96 fold improvement in brain bioavailability compared to the intranasal solution. Its BTE% and DTP% were 137.77 and 10.5, respectively, indicating efficient brain targeting after intranasal administration. Conclusion Accordingly, intranasal DLX in situ cubo-gel can be considered as an innovative nano-carrier delivery system for bioavailability enhancement and efficient brain targeting of DLX to maximize its effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghada Ahmed Abdelbary
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hassen Elshafeey
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Elsayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Roshdy Fares
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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22
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Brenes-Soto A, Tye M, Esmail MY. The Role of Feed in Aquatic Laboratory Animal Nutrition and the Potential Impact on Animal Models and Study Reproducibility. ILAR J 2020; 60:197-215. [PMID: 33094819 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed plays a central role in the physiological development of terrestrial and aquatic animals. Historically, the feeding practice of aquatic research species derived from aquaculture, farmed, or ornamental trades. These diets are highly variable, with limited quality control, and have been typically selected to provide the fastest growth or highest fecundity. These variations of quality and composition of diets may affect animal/colony health and can introduce confounding experimental variables into animal-based studies that impact research reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brenes-Soto
- Department of Animal Science, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Marc Tye
- Zebrafish Core Facility, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael Y Esmail
- Tufts Comparative Medicine Services, Tufts University Health Science Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
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23
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Zhou XT, Zou JJ, Ao C, Gong DY, Chen X, Ma YR. Renal protective effects of astragaloside IV, in diabetes mellitus kidney damage animal models: A systematic review, meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105192. [PMID: 32942018 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Astragaloside IV (ASIV) is the essential active component of astragalus that has diverse biological activities. Previous research has suggested its potentially beneficial effects on diabetic nephropathies. However, its effects and protective mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we conducted a preclinical systematic review to evaluate the efficacy and potential mechanisms of ASIV in reducing kidney damage in diabetes mellitus (DM) models. Studies were searched from nine databases until January 2020. A random-effects model was used to calculate combined standardised mean difference estimates and 95 % confidence intervals. Risk of bias of studies was assessed using the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation risk of bias tool 10-item checklist. RevMan 5.3 software was used for statistical analysis. Twenty-three studies involving 562 animals were included in the meta-analysis. Studies quality scores ranged from 2 to 5. The ASIV group induced a marked decrease in serum creatinine (P < 0.00001), blood urea nitrogen (P < 0.00001), 24-h urine protein (P < 0.00001) and pathological score (P < 0.001) compared with the control group. The determined potential mechanisms of ASIV action were relieving oxidative stress, delaying renal fibrosis, anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammatory action. We conclude that ASIV exerts renal protective effects in animals with DM through multiple signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tao Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China
| | - Jun-Ju Zou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China
| | - Chun Ao
- Department of Nursing, Zunyi Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563006, China
| | - Dao-Yin Gong
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Xian Chen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.
| | - Yue-Rong Ma
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China.
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24
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Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Importance of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of Animal Studies: Challenges for Animal-to-Human Translation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2020; 59:469-477. [PMID: 32727637 PMCID: PMC7479780 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Results of animal experiments are used for understanding the pathophysiology of diseases, assessing safety and efficacy of newly developed drugs, and monitoring environmental health hazards among others. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal data are important tools to condense animal evidence and translate the data into practical clinical applications. Such studies are conducted to explore heterogeneity, to generate new hypotheses about pathophysiology and treatment, to design new clinical trial modalities, and to test the efficacy and the safety of the various interventions. Here, we provide an overview regarding the importance of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal data and discuss common challenges and their potential solutions. Current evidence highlights various problems and challenges that surround these issues, including lack of generalizability of data obtained from animal models, failure in translating data obtained from animals to humans, poor experimental design and the reporting of the animal studies, heterogeneity of the data collected, and methodologic weaknesses of animal systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal studies can catalyze translational processes more effectively if they focus on a well-defined hypothesis along with addressing clear inclusion and exclusion criteria, publication bias, heterogeneity of the data, and a coherent and well-balanced assessment of studies' quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahadoran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Human Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author.
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25
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Levelling the Translational Gap for Animal to Human Efficacy Data. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071199. [PMID: 32679706 PMCID: PMC7401509 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of a reproducibility crisis combined with a high attrition rate in the pharmaceutical industry have put animal research increasingly under scrutiny in the past decade. Many researchers and the general public now question whether there is still a justification for conducting animal studies. While criticism of the current modus operandi in preclinical research is certainly warranted, the data on which these discussions are based are often unreliable. Several initiatives to address the internal validity and reporting quality of animal studies (e.g., Animals in Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) and Planning Research and Experimental Procedures on Animals: Recommendations for Excellence (PREPARE) guidelines) have been introduced but seldom implemented. As for external validity, progress has been virtually absent. Nonetheless, the selection of optimal animal models of disease may prevent the conducting of clinical trials, based on unreliable preclinical data. Here, we discuss three contributions to tackle the evaluation of the predictive value of animal models of disease themselves. First, we developed the Framework to Identify Models of Disease (FIMD), the first step to standardise the assessment, validation and comparison of disease models. FIMD allows the identification of which aspects of the human disease are replicated in the animals, facilitating the selection of disease models more likely to predict human response. Second, we show an example of how systematic reviews and meta-analyses can provide another strategy to discriminate between disease models quantitatively. Third, we explore whether external validity is a factor in animal model selection in the Investigator's Brochure (IB), and we use the IB-derisk tool to integrate preclinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data in early clinical development. Through these contributions, we show how we can address external validity to evaluate the translatability and scientific value of animal models in drug development. However, while these methods have potential, it is the extent of their adoption by the scientific community that will define their impact. By promoting and adopting high quality study design and reporting, as well as a thorough assessment of the translatability of drug efficacy of animal models of disease, we will have robust data to challenge and improve the current animal research paradigm.
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26
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The Impact of Common Recovery Blood Sampling Methods, in Mice (Mus Musculus), on Well-Being and Sample Quality: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10060989. [PMID: 32517144 PMCID: PMC7341276 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood sampling is often performed in laboratory mice. Sampling techniques have the potential to cause pain, distress and impact on lifetime cumulative experience. In spite of institutions commonly providing guidance to researchers on these methods, and the existence of published guidelines, no systematic evaluation of the evidence on this topic exists. A systematic search of Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed, identifying 27 studies on the impact of recovery blood sample techniques on mouse welfare and sample quality. Studies were appraised for quality using the SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) risk of bias tool. In spite of an acceptable number of studies being located, few studies examined the same pairwise comparisons. Additionally, there was considerable heterogeneity in study design and outcomes, with many studies being at a high risk of bias. Consequently, results were synthesised using the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) reporting guidelines. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was utilised for assessment of certainty in the evidence. Due to the heterogeneity and GRADE findings, it was concluded that there was not enough high-quality evidence to make any recommendations on the optimal method of blood sampling. Future high-quality studies, with standardised outcome measures and large sample sizes, are required.
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27
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Vollert J, Schenker E, Macleod M, Bespalov A, Wuerbel H, Michel M, Dirnagl U, Potschka H, Waldron AM, Wever K, Steckler T, van de Casteele T, Altevogt B, Sil A, Rice ASC. Systematic review of guidelines for internal validity in the design, conduct and analysis of preclinical biomedical experiments involving laboratory animals. BMJ OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 4:e100046. [PMID: 35047688 PMCID: PMC8647591 DOI: 10.1136/bmjos-2019-100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, awareness of the negative repercussions of flaws in the planning, conduct and reporting of preclinical research involving experimental animals has been growing. Several initiatives have set out to increase transparency and internal validity of preclinical studies, mostly publishing expert consensus and experience. While many of the points raised in these various guidelines are identical or similar, they differ in detail and rigour. Most of them focus on reporting, only few of them cover the planning and conduct of studies. The aim of this systematic review is to identify existing experimental design, conduct, analysis and reporting guidelines relating to preclinical animal research. A systematic search in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science retrieved 13 863 unique results. After screening these on title and abstract, 613 papers entered the full-text assessment stage, from which 60 papers were retained. From these, we extracted unique 58 recommendations on the planning, conduct and reporting of preclinical animal studies. Sample size calculations, adequate statistical methods, concealed and randomised allocation of animals to treatment, blinded outcome assessment and recording of animal flow through the experiment were recommended in more than half of the publications. While we consider these recommendations to be valuable, there is a striking lack of experimental evidence on their importance and relative effect on experiments and effect sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vollert
- Pain Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Esther Schenker
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, Île-de-France, France
| | - Malcolm Macleod
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Anton Bespalov
- Partnership for Assessment and Accreditation of Scientific Practice, Heidelberg, Germany
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First State Medical University of Saint Petersburg, Sankt Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Hanno Wuerbel
- Division of Animal Welfare, Vetsuisse Faculty, VPH Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Michel
- Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Ann-Marie Waldron
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Kimberley Wever
- Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Gelderland, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Annesha Sil
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Andrew S C Rice
- Pain Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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28
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Clinton SK, Giovannucci EL, Hursting SD. The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Third Expert Report on Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Cancer: Impact and Future Directions. J Nutr 2020; 150:663-671. [PMID: 31758189 PMCID: PMC7317613 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Third Expert Report on Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Cancer: A Global Perspective by the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) and the American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) represents the most comprehensive, detailed, and objective analysis of the accumulated research in the discipline. The report provides a framework for public health efforts around the globe by governments and other organizations with the goal of significantly reducing the burden of cancer, enhancing health, and improving quality of life for cancer survivors. Coupled with the WCRF/AICR Continuous Update Panel reports on specific cancers, these efforts also provide guidance to healthcare practitioners engaged in counseling individuals who may benefit from diet and lifestyle changes. Most critically, this report defines priorities for future research efforts that will improve the evidence base of future recommendations both for population-based public health efforts and increasingly for more personalized strategies targeting individuals who are cancer survivors or at risk due to genetic predisposition or carcinogenic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Clinton
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Address correspondence to SKC (e-mail: )
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen D Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Research Institute and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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29
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Cheng K, Rowlands D. Hong Kong does have an ethical research system. Vet Rec 2020; 186:128. [PMID: 32001590 DOI: 10.1136/vr.m335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Cheng
- Laboratory Animal Unit, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 10A Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dewi Rowlands
- Laboratory Animal Unit, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 10A Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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30
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Subramaniyan Parimalam S, Badilescu S, Sonenberg N, Bhat R, Packirisamy M. Lab-On-A-Chip for the Development of Pro-/Anti-Angiogenic Nanomedicines to Treat Brain Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246126. [PMID: 31817343 PMCID: PMC6940944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a huge demand for pro-/anti-angiogenic nanomedicines to treat conditions such as ischemic strokes, brain tumors, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Nanomedicines are therapeutic particles in the size range of 10–1000 nm, where the drug is encapsulated into nano-capsules or adsorbed onto nano-scaffolds. They have good blood–brain barrier permeability, stability and shelf life, and able to rapidly target different sites in the brain. However, the relationship between the nanomedicines’ physical and chemical properties and its ability to travel across the brain remains incompletely understood. The main challenge is the lack of a reliable drug testing model for brain angiogenesis. Recently, microfluidic platforms (known as “lab-on-a-chip” or LOCs) have been developed to mimic the brain micro-vasculature related events, such as vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, inflammation, etc. The LOCs are able to closely replicate the dynamic conditions of the human brain and could be reliable platforms for drug screening applications. There are still many technical difficulties in establishing uniform and reproducible conditions, mainly due to the extreme complexity of the human brain. In this paper, we review the prospective of LOCs in the development of nanomedicines for brain angiogenesis–related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhathirai Subramaniyan Parimalam
- Optical-Bio Microsystems Laboratory, Micro-Nano-Bio Integration Center, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 2W1, Canada; (S.B.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Simona Badilescu
- Optical-Bio Microsystems Laboratory, Micro-Nano-Bio Integration Center, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 2W1, Canada; (S.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada;
| | - Rama Bhat
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Muthukumaran Packirisamy
- Optical-Bio Microsystems Laboratory, Micro-Nano-Bio Integration Center, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 2W1, Canada; (S.B.); (M.P.)
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31
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Zhuang Z, Wang ZH, Deng LH, Zheng Q, Zheng GQ, Wang Y. Astragaloside IV Exerts Cardioprotection in Animal Models of Viral Myocarditis: A Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1388. [PMID: 31849654 PMCID: PMC6892970 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), the essential active component of astragalus, possesses diverse biological activities that have beneficial effects against cardiovascular disease. Here, we conducted a preclinical systematic review of 15 studies including 577 animals to establish the efficacy and potential mechanisms of AS-IV for animal models of viral myocarditis (VM). Six databases were searched from inception to October 2018. Application of the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool 10-item checklist and Rev-Man 5.3 software to analyze risk of bias of studies and data on outcome measures revealed study quality scores ranging from 2 to 5. Compared with the control group, AS-IV induced a marked decrease in mortality (P < 0.05), inflammation of myocardium and pathological score (P< 0.05) and cardiac enzymes expression (P< 0.05), and improved the function of the heart (P< 0.05). The potential mechanisms of AS-IV action were determined as anti-remodeling of myocardium (n = 1), anti-virus (n = 2), antioxidant (n = 2), anti-inflammatory (n = 6), anti-apoptosis (n = 1) and alleviation of myocardial fibrosis (n = 2). The collective results indicate that AS-IV exerts cardioprotective effects in animals with VM via multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Zhuang
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zi-Hao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li-Hui Deng
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qun Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Integrative Medicine of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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32
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A double-blinded randomised dietary supplement crossover trial design to investigate the short-term influence of medium chain fatty acid (MCT) supplement on canine idiopathic epilepsy: study protocol. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:181. [PMID: 31146740 PMCID: PMC6543566 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1915-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is the most common brain disease in dogs. Recently, diets have been reported to have a positive impact on seizure activity and behaviour in various species including dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE). Historically, classic high fat ketogenic diets (KD) and medium chain triglycerides (MCT) KD have been successfully used to manage drug-resistant epilepsy. Similarly, an MCT enriched diet has been shown to improve seizure control and behavioural comorbidities in some dogs with IE. However, it is unknown whether an MCT dietary supplement (DS) may provide similar positive effects. Methods A 6-month prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover, multicentre dietary trial is designed comparing a 9% metabolic energy based calculated medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil supplement to a conventional ‘control’ DS. Only dogs which will have an International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force Tier II level like diagnosis of IE which satisfied the following inclusion criteria are included: age between 6 months and ≤ 12 years; weighing between 4 and ≤ 65 kg; unremarkable interictal neurological examinations; no clinically significant findings on routine laboratory diagnostics; unremarkable brain MRI scan; have had at least 3 seizures in the previous 3 months prior to enrolment; treated with at least one ASD and being classified as resistant. All dogs are fed initially for 90 ± 2 days with either the control oil or the MCT oil alongside their normal diet, followed by 97 ± 2 days with the other supplement including a 7-day washout period. Overall, the aim is to recruit thirty-six patients at five different centres and to investigate the effect of MCTs as DS on seizure activity, tolerability, behavioural comorbidities and quality of life (QoL). Discussion Dietary interventions are rarely studied in a standardised form in veterinary medicine. The background diet, the cohort of animals and ASD received is standardised in this prospective diet trial to ensure representative data about the potential effect of MCT DS. If the study data confirms former findings, this would provide further evidence for the efficacy of MCTs as a management option for canine epilepsy. This publication should offer a repository of trial conditions and variable description with forecasted statistical analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1915-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Gyssens IC. Animal models for research in human infectious diseases. CMI editorial policy. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 25:649-650. [PMID: 30986559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I C Gyssens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Faculty of Medicine, Research Group of Immunology and Biochemistry, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; CMI Editorial Office, UK.
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