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Esteves JV, Stanford KI. Exercise as a tool to mitigate metabolic disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 327:C587-C598. [PMID: 38981607 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00144.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases, notably obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), have reached alarming proportions and constitute a significant global health challenge, emphasizing the urgent need for effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. In contrast, exercise training emerges as a potent intervention, exerting numerous positive effects on metabolic health through adaptations to the metabolic tissues. Here, we reviewed the major features of our current understanding with respect to the intricate interplay between metabolic diseases and key metabolic tissues, including adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver, describing some of the main underlying mechanisms driving pathogenesis, as well as the role of exercise to combat and treat obesity and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Victor Esteves
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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2
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Bartlett MF, Fitzgerald LF, Nagarajan R, Kent JA. Measurements of in vivo skeletal muscle oxidative capacity are lower following sustained isometric compared with dynamic contractions. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:250-264. [PMID: 37906958 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Human skeletal muscle oxidative capacity can be quantified non-invasively using 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) to measure the rate constant of phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery (kPCr) following contractions. In the quadricep muscles, several studies have quantified kPCr following 24-30 s of sustained maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). This approach has the advantage of simplicity but is potentially problematic because sustained MVICs inhibit perfusion, which may limit muscle oxygen availability or increase the intracellular metabolic perturbation, and thus affect kPCr. Alternatively, dynamic contractions allow reperfusion between contractions, which may avoid limitations in oxygen delivery. To determine whether dynamic contraction protocols elicit greater kPCr than sustained MVIC protocols, we used a cross-sectional design to compare quadriceps kPCr in 22 young and 11 older healthy adults following 24 s of maximal voluntary: (1) sustained MVIC and (2) dynamic (MVDC; 120°·s-1, 1 every 2 s) contractions. Muscle kPCr was ∼20% lower following the MVIC protocol compared with the MVDC protocol (p ≤ 0.001), though this was less evident in older adults (p = 0.073). Changes in skeletal muscle pH (p ≤ 0.001) and PME accumulation (p ≤ 0.001) were greater following the sustained MVIC protocol, and pH (p ≤ 0.001) and PME (p ≤ 0.001) recovery were slower. These results demonstrate that (i) a brief, sustained MVIC yields a lower value for skeletal muscle oxidative capacity than an MVDC protocol of similar duration and (ii) this difference may not be consistent across populations (e.g., young vs. old). Thus, the potential effect of contraction protocol on comparisons of kPCr in different study groups requires careful consideration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles F Bartlett
- Department of KinesiologyMuscle Physiology Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Liam F Fitzgerald
- Department of KinesiologyMuscle Physiology Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Rajakumar Nagarajan
- Human Magnetic Resonance Center, Institute for Applied Life Sciences (IALS), University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jane A Kent
- Department of KinesiologyMuscle Physiology Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Choi KM, Ryan KK, Yoon JC. Adipose Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency Modulates Inflammation and Glucose Homeostasis in a Sex-Dependent Manner. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6529386. [PMID: 35171275 PMCID: PMC8900697 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction in adipose tissue has been associated with type 2 diabetes, but it is unclear whether it is a cause or the consequence. Mitochondrial complex I is a major site of reactive oxygen species generation and a therapeutic target. Here we report that genetic deletion of the complex I subunit Ndufs4 specifically in adipose tissue results in an increased propensity to develop diet-induced weight gain, glucose intolerance, and elevated levels of fat inflammatory genes. This outcome is apparent in young males but not in young females, suggesting that females are relatively protected from the adverse consequences of adipose mitochondrial dysfunction for metabolic health. Mutant mice of both sexes exhibit defects in brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) signaling in adipose tissue is selectively blunted in male mutant mice relative to wild-type littermates, consistent with sex-dependent regulation of its autocrine/paracrine action in adipocytes. Together, these findings support that adipocyte-specific mitochondrial dysfunction is sufficient to induce tissue inflammation and can cause systemic glucose abnormalities in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Mi Choi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karen K Ryan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - John C Yoon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: John C. Yoon, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Tsilingiris D, Tzeravini E, Koliaki C, Dalamaga M, Kokkinos A. The Role of Mitochondrial Adaptation and Metabolic Flexibility in the Pathophysiology of Obesity and Insulin Resistance: an Updated Overview. Curr Obes Rep 2021; 10:191-213. [PMID: 33840072 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-021-00434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The term "metabolic flexibility" denotes the dynamic responses of the cellular oxidative machinery in order to adapt to changes in energy substrate availability. A progressive loss of this adaptive capacity has been implicated in the development of obesity-related comorbidities. Mitochondria are dynamic intracellular organelles which play a fundamental role in energy metabolism, and the mitochondrial adaptation to environmental challenges may be viewed as the functional component of metabolic flexibility. Herein, we attempt to comprehensively review the available evidence regarding the role of mitochondrial adaptation and metabolic flexibility in the pathogenesis of obesity and related morbidities, namely insulin resistance states and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). RECENT FINDINGS Overall, there is a concrete body of evidence to support the presence of impaired mitochondrial adaptation as a principal component of systemic metabolic inflexibility in conditions related to obesity. There are still many unresolved questions regarding the relationship between the gradual loss of mitochondrial adaptability and the progression of obesity-related complications, such as causality issues, the timely appearance and reversibility of the described disturbances, and the generalizability of the findings to the mitochondrial content of every affected tissue or organ. The evidence regarding the causality between the observed associations remains inconclusive, although most of the available data points towards a bidirectional, potentially mutually amplifying relationship. The spectrum of NAFLD is of particular interest, since functional and pathological changes in the course of its development closely mirror the progression of dysmetabolism, if not constituting a dynamic component of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Evangelia Tzeravini
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysi Koliaki
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Bhardwaj G, Penniman CM, Jena J, Suarez Beltran PA, Foster C, Poro K, Junck TL, Hinton AO, Souvenir R, Fuqua JD, Morales PE, Bravo-Sagua R, Sivitz WI, Lira VA, Abel ED, O'Neill BT. Insulin and IGF-1 receptors regulate complex-I dependent mitochondrial bioenergetics and supercomplexes via FoxOs in muscle. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e146415. [PMID: 34343133 DOI: 10.1172/jci146415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased skeletal muscle strength and mitochondrial dysfunction are characteristic of diabetes. Action of insulin and IGF-1 through insulin receptor (IR) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) maintain muscle mass via suppression of FoxOs, but whether FoxO activation coordinates atrophy in concert with mitochondrial dysfunction is unknown. We show that mitochondrial respiration and complex-I activity were decreased in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic muscle, but these defects were reversed following muscle-specific FoxO1/3/4 triple knockout in STZ-FoxO TKO. In the absence of systemic glucose or lipid abnormalities, muscle-specific IR knockout (M-IR-/-) or combined IR/IGF1R knockout (MIGIRKO) impaired mitochondrial respiration, decreased ATP production, and increased ROS. These mitochondrial abnormalities were not present in muscle-specific IR/IGF1R and FoxO1/3/4 quintuple knockout mice (M-QKO). Acute tamoxifen-inducible deletion of IR/IGF1R also decreased muscle pyruvate respiration, complex-I activity, and supercomplex assembly. Although autophagy was increased when IR/IGF1R were deleted in muscle, mitophagy was not increased. Mechanistically, RNA-seq revealed that complex-I core subunits were decreased in STZ-diabetic and MIGIRKO muscle, and these changes were not present with FoxO knockout in STZ-FoxO TKO and M-QKO. Thus, insulin-deficient diabetes or loss of insulin/IGF-1 action in muscle decreases complex-I driven mitochondrial respiration and supercomplex assembly, in part by FoxO-mediated repression of Complex-I subunit expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourav Bhardwaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Christie M Penniman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Jayashree Jena
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Pablo A Suarez Beltran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Collin Foster
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Kennedy Poro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Taylor L Junck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Antentor O Hinton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Rhonda Souvenir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Jordan D Fuqua
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Pablo E Morales
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Bravo-Sagua
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - William I Sivitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Vitor A Lira
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - E Dale Abel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Brian T O'Neill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
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Genders AJ, Holloway GP, Bishop DJ. Are Alterations in Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria a Cause or Consequence of Insulin Resistance? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186948. [PMID: 32971810 PMCID: PMC7554894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major site of glucose uptake following a meal, skeletal muscle has an important role in whole-body glucose metabolism. Evidence in humans and animal models of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes suggests that alterations in mitochondrial characteristics accompany the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance. However, it is unclear whether changes in mitochondrial content, respiratory function, or substrate oxidation are central to the development of insulin resistance or occur in response to insulin resistance. Thus, this review will aim to evaluate the apparent conflicting information placing mitochondria as a key organelle in the development of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Genders
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9919-9556
| | - Graham P. Holloway
- Dept. Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia;
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Gemmink A, Schrauwen P, Hesselink MKC. Exercising your fat (metabolism) into shape: a muscle-centred view. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1453-1463. [PMID: 32529413 PMCID: PMC7351830 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are an important energy source during exercise. Training status and substrate availability are determinants of the relative and absolute contribution of fatty acids and glucose to total energy expenditure. Endurance-trained athletes have a high oxidative capacity, while, in insulin-resistant individuals, fat oxidation is compromised. Fatty acids that are oxidised during exercise originate from the circulation (white adipose tissue lipolysis), as well as from lipolysis of intramyocellular lipid droplets. Moreover, hepatic fat may contribute to fat oxidation during exercise. Nowadays, it is clear that myocellular lipid droplets are dynamic organelles and that number, size, subcellular distribution, lipid droplet coat proteins and mitochondrial tethering of lipid droplets are determinants of fat oxidation during exercise. This review summarises recent insights into exercise-mediated changes in lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in relation to lipid droplet characteristics in human liver and muscle. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gemmink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Bilet L, Phielix E, van de Weijer T, Gemmink A, Bosma M, Moonen-Kornips E, Jorgensen JA, Schaart G, Zhang D, Meijer K, Hopman M, Hesselink MKC, Ouwens DM, Shulman GI, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Schrauwen P. One-leg inactivity induces a reduction in mitochondrial oxidative capacity, intramyocellular lipid accumulation and reduced insulin signalling upon lipid infusion: a human study with unilateral limb suspension. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1211-1222. [PMID: 32185462 PMCID: PMC7228997 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Physical inactivity, low mitochondrial function, increased intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) deposition and reduced insulin sensitivity are common denominators of chronic metabolic disorders, like obesity and type 2 diabetes. Yet, whether low mitochondrial function predisposes to insulin resistance in humans is still unknown. METHODS Here we investigated, in an intervention study, whether muscle with low mitochondrial oxidative capacity, induced by one-legged physical inactivity, would feature stronger signs of lipid-induced insulin resistance. To this end, ten male participants (age 22.4 ± 4.2 years, BMI 21.3 ± 2.0 kg/m2) underwent a 12 day unilateral lower-limb suspension with the contralateral leg serving as an active internal control. RESULTS In vivo, mitochondrial oxidative capacity, assessed by phosphocreatine (PCr)-recovery half-time, was lower in the inactive vs active leg. Ex vivo, palmitate oxidation to 14CO2 was lower in the suspended leg vs the active leg; however, this did not result in significantly higher [14C]palmitate incorporation into triacylglycerol. The reduced mitochondrial function in the suspended leg was, however, paralleled by augmented IMCL content in both musculus tibialis anterior and musculus vastus lateralis, and by increased membrane bound protein kinase C (PKC) θ. Finally, upon lipid infusion, insulin signalling was lower in the suspended vs active leg. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Together, these results demonstrate, in a unique human in vivo model, that a low mitochondrial oxidative capacity due to physical inactivity directly impacts IMCL accumulation and PKCθ translocation, resulting in impaired insulin signalling upon lipid infusion. This demonstrates the importance of mitochondrial oxidative capacity and muscle fat accumulation in the development of insulin resistance in humans. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrial.gov NCT01576250. FUNDING PS was supported by a 'VICI' Research Grant for innovative research from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (Grant 918.96.618).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Bilet
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Phielix
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tineke van de Weijer
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Gemmink
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Madeleen Bosma
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Moonen-Kornips
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna A Jorgensen
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Hopman
- Department of Physiology, Radbound University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - D Margriet Ouwens
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Departments of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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9
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Miller SG, Hafen PS, Brault JJ. Increased Adenine Nucleotide Degradation in Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E88. [PMID: 31877712 PMCID: PMC6981514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenine nucleotides (AdNs: ATP, ADP, AMP) are essential biological compounds that facilitate many necessary cellular processes by providing chemical energy, mediating intracellular signaling, and regulating protein metabolism and solubilization. A dramatic reduction in total AdNs is observed in atrophic skeletal muscle across numerous disease states and conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, COPD, sepsis, muscular dystrophy, denervation, disuse, and sarcopenia. The reduced AdNs in atrophic skeletal muscle are accompanied by increased expression/activities of AdN degrading enzymes and the accumulation of degradation products (IMP, hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid), suggesting that the lower AdN content is largely the result of increased nucleotide degradation. Furthermore, this characteristic decrease of AdNs suggests that increased nucleotide degradation contributes to the general pathophysiology of skeletal muscle atrophy. In view of the numerous energetic, and non-energetic, roles of AdNs in skeletal muscle, investigations into the physiological consequences of AdN degradation may provide valuable insight into the mechanisms of muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey J. Brault
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, 635 Barnhill Dr., Van Nuys Medical Science Bldg. 5035, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (S.G.M.); (P.S.H.)
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10
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Lewis MT, Kasper JD, Bazil JN, Frisbee JC, Wiseman RW. Quantification of Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation in Metabolic Disease: Application to Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5271. [PMID: 31652915 PMCID: PMC6862501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing health concern with nearly 400 million affected worldwide as of 2014. T2D presents with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance resulting in increased risk for blindness, renal failure, nerve damage, and premature death. Skeletal muscle is a major site for insulin resistance and is responsible for up to 80% of glucose uptake during euglycemic hyperglycemic clamps. Glucose uptake in skeletal muscle is driven by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and for this reason mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in T2D. In this review we integrate mitochondrial function with physiologic function to present a broader understanding of mitochondrial functional status in T2D utilizing studies from both human and rodent models. Quantification of mitochondrial function is explained both in vitro and in vivo highlighting the use of proper controls and the complications imposed by obesity and sedentary lifestyle. This review suggests that skeletal muscle mitochondria are not necessarily dysfunctional but limited oxygen supply to working muscle creates this misperception. Finally, we propose changes in experimental design to address this question unequivocally. If mitochondrial function is not impaired it suggests that therapeutic interventions and drug development must move away from the organelle and toward the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Lewis
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Jonathan D Kasper
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- Present address: Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - Jason N Bazil
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Jefferson C Frisbee
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Robert W Wiseman
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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11
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Pino MF, Stephens NA, Eroshkin AM, Yi F, Hodges A, Cornnell HH, Pratley RE, Smith SR, Wang M, Han X, Coen PM, Goodpaster BH, Sparks LM. Endurance training remodels skeletal muscle phospholipid composition and increases intrinsic mitochondrial respiration in men with Type 2 diabetes. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:586-595. [PMID: 31588872 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00014.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of exercise training on the skeletal muscle (SKM) lipidome and mitochondrial function have not been thoroughly explored in individuals with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). We hypothesize that 10 wk of supervised endurance training improves SKM mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity that are related to alterations in lipid signatures within SKM of T2D (males n = 8). We employed integrated multi-omics data analyses including ex vivo lipidomics (MS/MS-shotgun) and transcriptomics (RNA-Seq). From biopsies of SKM, tissue and primary myotubes mitochondrial respiration were quantified by high-resolution respirometry. We also performed hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps and blood draws before and after the training. The lipidomics analysis revealed that endurance training (>95% compliance) increased monolysocardiolipin by 68.2% (P ≤ 0.03), a putative marker of mitochondrial remodeling, and reduced total sphingomyelin by 44.8% (P ≤ 0.05) and phosphatidylserine by 39.7% (P ≤ 0.04) and tended to reduce ceramide lipid content by 19.8%. Endurance training also improved intrinsic mitochondrial respiration in SKM of T2D without alterations in mitochondrial DNA copy number or cardiolipin content. RNA-Seq revealed 71 transcripts in SKM of T2D that were differentially regulated. Insulin sensitivity was unaffected, and HbA1c levels moderately increased by 7.3% despite an improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇o2peak) following the training intervention. In summary, endurance training improves intrinsic and cell-autonomous SKM mitochondrial function and modifies lipid composition in men with T2D independently of alterations in insulin sensitivity and glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Pino
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Adventhealth, Orlando, Florida
| | - Natalie A Stephens
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Adventhealth, Orlando, Florida
| | - Alexey M Eroshkin
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Torrey Pines, California
| | - Fanchao Yi
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Adventhealth, Orlando, Florida
| | - Andrew Hodges
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Torrey Pines, California
| | - Heather H Cornnell
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Adventhealth, Orlando, Florida
| | - Richard E Pratley
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Adventhealth, Orlando, Florida
| | - Steven R Smith
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Adventhealth, Orlando, Florida
| | - Miao Wang
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Xianlin Han
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Paul M Coen
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Adventhealth, Orlando, Florida
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Adventhealth, Orlando, Florida
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Adventhealth, Orlando, Florida
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12
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Meex RCR, Blaak EE, van Loon LJC. Lipotoxicity plays a key role in the development of both insulin resistance and muscle atrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Obes Rev 2019; 20:1205-1217. [PMID: 31240819 PMCID: PMC6852205 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance and muscle mass loss often coincide in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Most patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight, and it is well established that obesity and derangements in lipid metabolism play an important role in the development of insulin resistance in these individuals. Specifically, increased adipose tissue mass and dysfunctional adipose tissue lead to systemic lipid overflow and to low-grade inflammation via altered secretion of adipokines and cytokines. Furthermore, an increased flux of fatty acids from the adipose tissue may contribute to increased fat storage in the liver and in skeletal muscle, resulting in an altered secretion of hepatokines, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired insulin signalling in skeletal muscle. Recent studies suggest that obesity and lipid derangements in adipose tissue can also lead to the development of muscle atrophy, which would make insulin resistance and muscle atrophy two sides of the same coin. Unfortunately, the exact relationship between lipid accumulation, type 2 diabetes, and muscle atrophy remains largely unexplored. The aim of this review is to discuss the relationship between type 2 diabetes and muscle loss and to discuss some of the joint pathways through which lipid accumulation in organs may affect peripheral insulin sensitivity and muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C R Meex
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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13
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Lewis MT, Kasper JD, Bazil JN, Frisbee JC, Wiseman RW. Skeletal muscle energetics are compromised only during high-intensity contractions in the Goto-Kakizaki rat model of type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R356-R368. [PMID: 31188651 PMCID: PMC6732426 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00127.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) presents with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, affecting over 30 million people in the United States alone. Previous work has hypothesized that mitochondria are dysfunctional in T2D and results in both reduced ATP production and glucose disposal. However, a direct link between mitochondrial function and T2D has not been determined. In the current study, the Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat model of T2D was used to quantify mitochondrial function in vitro and in vivo over a broad range of contraction-induced metabolic workloads. During high-frequency sciatic nerve stimulation, hindlimb muscle contractions at 2- and 4-Hz intensities, the GK rat failed to maintain similar bioenergetic steady states to Wistar control (WC) rats measured by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy, despite similar force production. Differences were not due to changes in mitochondrial content in red (RG) or white gastrocnemius (WG) muscles (cytochrome c oxidase, RG: 22.2 ± 1.6 vs. 23.3 ± 1.7 U/g wet wt; WG: 10.8 ± 1.1 vs. 12.1 ± 0.9 U/g wet wt; GK vs. WC, respectively). Mitochondria isolated from muscles of GK and WC rats also showed no difference in mitochondrial ATP production capacity in vitro, measured by high-resolution respirometry. At lower intensities (0.25-1 Hz) there were no detectable differences between GK and WC rats in sustained energy balance. There were similar phosphocreatine concentrations during steady-state contraction and postcontractile recovery (τ = 72 ± 6 s GK versus 71 ± 2 s WC). Taken together, these results suggest that deficiencies in skeletal muscle energetics seen at higher intensities are not due to mitochondrial dysfunction in the GK rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Lewis
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jonathan D Kasper
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jason N Bazil
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jefferson C Frisbee
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert W Wiseman
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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14
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Kwak HB, Woodlief TL, Green TD, Cox JH, Hickner RC, Neufer PD, Cortright RN. Overexpression of Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Synthetase 5 Increases Fatty Acid Oxidation and Free Radical Formation While Attenuating Insulin Signaling in Primary Human Skeletal Myotubes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16071157. [PMID: 30935113 PMCID: PMC6480682 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In rodent skeletal muscle, acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase 5 (ACSL-5) is suggested to localize to the mitochondria but its precise function in human skeletal muscle is unknown. The purpose of these studies was to define the role of ACSL-5 in mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism and the potential effects on insulin action in human skeletal muscle cells (HSKMC). Primary myoblasts isolated from vastus lateralis (obese women (body mass index (BMI) = 34.7 ± 3.1 kg/m²)) were transfected with ACSL-5 plasmid DNA or green fluorescent protein (GFP) vector (control), differentiated into myotubes, and harvested (7 days). HSKMC were assayed for complete and incomplete fatty acid oxidation ([1-14C] palmitate) or permeabilized to determine mitochondrial respiratory capacity (basal (non-ADP stimulated state 4), maximal uncoupled (carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP)-linked) respiration, and free radical (superoxide) emitting potential). Protein levels of ACSL-5 were 2-fold higher in ACSL-5 overexpressed HSKMC. Both complete and incomplete fatty acid oxidation increased by 2-fold (p < 0.05). In permeabilized HSKMC, ACSL-5 overexpression significantly increased basal and maximal uncoupled respiration (p < 0.05). Unexpectedly, however, elevated ACSL-5 expression increased mitochondrial superoxide production (+30%), which was associated with a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in insulin-stimulated p-Akt and p-AS160 protein levels. We concluded that ACSL-5 in human skeletal muscle functions to increase mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, but contrary to conventional wisdom, is associated with increased free radical production and reduced insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Tracey L Woodlief
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
| | - Thomas D Green
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
| | - Julie H Cox
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
| | - Robert C Hickner
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
- The East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
| | - Ronald N Cortright
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
- The East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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15
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Ren J, Sherry AD, Malloy CR. Modular 31 P wideband inversion transfer for integrative analysis of adenosine triphosphate metabolism, T 1 relaxation and molecular dynamics in skeletal muscle at 7T. Magn Reson Med 2019; 81:3440-3452. [PMID: 30793793 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE For efficient and integrative analysis of de novo adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, creatine-kinase-mediated ATP synthesis, T1 relaxation time, and ATP molecular motion dynamics in human skeletal muscle at rest. METHODS Four inversion-transfer modules differing in center inversion frequency were combined to generate amplified magnetization transfer (MT) effects in targeted MT pathways, including Pi ↔ γ-ATP, PCr ↔ γ-ATP, and 31 Pγ(α)ATP ↔ 31 PβATP . MT effects from both forward and reverse exchange kinetic pathways were acquired to reduce potential bias and confounding factors in integrated data analysis. RESULTS Kinetic data collected using 4 wideband inversion modules (8 minutes each) yielded the forward exchange rate constants, kPCr →γ ATP = 0.31 ± 0.05 s-1 and kPi →γ ATP = 0.064 ± 0.012 s-1 , and the reverse exchange rate constants, kγATP→Pi = 0.034 ± 0.006 s-1 and kγATP→PCr = 1.37 ± 0.22 s-1 , respectively. The cross-relaxation rate constant, σγ(α) ↔ βATP was -0.20 ± 0.03 s-1 , corresponding to ATP rotational correlation time τc of 0.8 ± 0.1 × 10-7 seconds. The intrinsic T1 relaxation times were Pi (9.2 ± 1.4 seconds), PCr (6.2 ± 0.4 seconds), γ-ATP (1.8 ± 0.1 seconds), α-ATP (1.4 ± 0.1 seconds), and β-ATP (1.1 ± 0.1 seconds). Muscle ATP T1 values were found to be significantly longer than those previously measured in the brain using a similar method. CONCLUSION A combination of multiple inversion transfer modules provides a comprehensive and integrated analysis of ATP metabolism and molecular motion dynamics. This relatively fast technique could be potentially useful for studying metabolic disorders in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Ren
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - A Dean Sherry
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas
| | - Craig R Malloy
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
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16
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Pinti MV, Fink GK, Hathaway QA, Durr AJ, Kunovac A, Hollander JM. Mitochondrial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an organ-based analysis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E268-E285. [PMID: 30601700 PMCID: PMC6397358 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00314.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a systemic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and organismic insulin resistance. This pathological shift in both circulating fuel levels and energy substrate utilization by central and peripheral tissues contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction across organ systems. The mitochondrion lies at the intersection of critical cellular pathways such as energy substrate metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and apoptosis. It is the disequilibrium of these processes in T2DM that results in downstream deficits in vital functions, including hepatocyte metabolism, cardiac output, skeletal muscle contraction, β-cell insulin production, and neuronal health. Although mitochondria are known to be susceptible to a variety of genetic and environmental insults, the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations and mtDNA copy number depletion is helping to explain the prevalence of mitochondrial-related diseases such as T2DM. Recent work has uncovered novel mitochondrial biology implicated in disease progressions such as mtDNA heteroplasmy, noncoding RNA (ncRNA), epigenetic modification of the mitochondrial genome, and epitranscriptomic regulation of the mtDNA-encoded mitochondrial transcriptome. The goal of this review is to highlight mitochondrial dysfunction observed throughout major organ systems in the context of T2DM and to present new ideas for future research directions based on novel experimental and technological innovations in mitochondrial biology. Finally, the field of mitochondria-targeted therapeutics is discussed, with an emphasis on novel therapeutic strategies to restore mitochondrial homeostasis in the setting of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark V Pinti
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
- Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
- West Virginia University School of Pharmacy , Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Garrett K Fink
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Quincy A Hathaway
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
- Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
- Toxicology Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Andrya J Durr
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
- Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Amina Kunovac
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
- Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - John M Hollander
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
- Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
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17
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Ghanjal A, Motaqi M, Arab Z, Hatef B. Force Variability in the Short- and Long-Term Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SIGNALS & SENSORS 2019; 9:50-58. [PMID: 30967990 PMCID: PMC6419562 DOI: 10.4103/jmss.jmss_24_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Force variability is related to many kinesiological and neuromuscular properties of the body. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and sex on the several fractal and entropy indices of force changing during the repetitive isokinetic exercise of knee flexion-extension. Methods: Fifty individuals were allowed to participate in the study, and they consist of 18 patients with short-term T2DM, 12 patients with long-term T2DM, and 20 gender/body mass index/ankle imposed to brachial pressure index and physical activity index-matched healthy control (HC) individuals. Torque of knee flexion-extension was recorded for each cycle of 40 isokinetic repetitions at a velocity of 150°/s. The slope across the peak of torques and nonlinear fractal and entropy features in the time series was calculated. Two-way univariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the effect of the groups and gender on the variables. Results: The slope of flexor peak torques was significantly less in the long-term T2DM than the other groups. However, the fractal features such as SD1 and 2 of Poincare plot and fractal dimension katz were significantly decreased in the T2DM groups than the HC and in the women than men. Alpha detrended fluctuation analysis and empirical hurts exponent increased in women of short-term T2DM than men. Conclusion: The force variability decreased in the T2DM as compared to HC and in women as compared to men. However, the randomness of force was significantly increased in women of short-term T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghanjal
- Health Management Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Monireh Motaqi
- Physiotherapy Research Center, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Arab
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Boshra Hatef
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Kappler L, Kollipara L, Lehmann R, Sickmann A. Investigating the Role of Mitochondria in Type 2 Diabetes - Lessons from Lipidomics and Proteomics Studies of Skeletal Muscle and Liver. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1158:143-182. [PMID: 31452140 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8367-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is discussed as a key player in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2Dm), a highly prevalent disease rapidly developing as one of the greatest global health challenges of this century. Data however about the involvement of mitochondria, central hubs in bioenergetic processes, in the disease development are still controversial. Lipid and protein homeostasis are under intense discussion to be crucial for proper mitochondrial function. Consequently proteomics and lipidomics analyses might help to understand how molecular changes in mitochondria translate to alterations in energy transduction as observed in the healthy and metabolic diseases such as T2Dm and other related disorders. Mitochondrial lipids integrated in a tool covering proteomic and functional analyses were up to now rarely investigated, although mitochondrial lipids might provide a possible lynchpin in the understanding of type 2 diabetes development and thereby prevention. In this chapter state-of-the-art analytical strategies, pre-analytical aspects, potential pitfalls as well as current proteomics and lipidomics-based knowledge about the pathophysiological role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kappler
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Laxmikanth Kollipara
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rainer Lehmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Dortmund, Germany. .,Medical Proteome Centre, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany. .,Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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19
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Frisbee JC, Lewis MT, Wiseman RW. Skeletal muscle performance in metabolic disease: Microvascular or mitochondrial limitation or both? Microcirculation 2018; 26:e12517. [PMID: 30471168 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the clearly established health outcomes associated with chronic metabolic diseases (eg, type II diabetes mellitus) is that the ability of skeletal muscle to maintain contractile performance during periods of elevated metabolic demand is compromised as compared to the fatigue-resistance of muscle under normal, healthy conditions. While there has been extensive effort dedicated to determining the major factors that contribute to the compromised performance of skeletal muscle with chronic metabolic disease, the extent to which this poor outcome reflects a dysfunctional state of the microcirculation, where the delivery and distribution of metabolic substrates can be impaired, versus derangements to normal metabolic processes and mitochondrial function, versus a combination of the two, represents an area of considerable unknown. The purpose of this manuscript is to present some of the current concepts for dysfunction to both the microcirculation of skeletal muscle as well as to mitochondrial metabolism under these conditions, such that these diverse issues can be merged into an integrated framework for future investigation. Based on an interpretation of the current literature, it may be hypothesized that the primary site of dysfunction with earlier stages of metabolic disease may lie at the level of the vasculature, rather than at the level of the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson C Frisbee
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew T Lewis
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Robert W Wiseman
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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20
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Cardoso S, Moreira PI. Diabesity and brain disturbances: A metabolic perspective. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 66:71-79. [PMID: 30321556 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The last decades have been marked by an increased prevalence in non-communicable diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) as well as by population aging and age-related (brain) diseases. The current notion that the brain and the body are interrelated units is gaining the attention of the scientific and medical community. Growing evidence demonstrates that there is a significant overlap in risk, comorbidity, and pathophysiological mechanisms across obesity, T2D and brain disturbances; settings that seem to be worsened when both obesity and T2D occur simultaneously, the so-called diabesity. Thereupon, there is a great concern to critically appraise and understand the mechanisms by which diabesity can affect brain responses, and may accelerate the decline in brain health. In this framework, metabolic disturbances mediated by altered insulin signaling and mitochondrial function arise among the multifactorial interactions described to occur between obesity, T2D and neurocognitive deficits. In this review we have compiled all the notions and evidence describing how diabesity negatively influences brain function putting the emphasis on insulin signaling pathway disturbances and mitochondrial anomalies. We also debate lifestyle interventions as amenable strategies to lessen metabolic anomalies and, consequently, diabesity-associated brain alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Physiology - Faculty of Medicine - University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
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21
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Ripley EM, Clarke GD, Hamidi V, Martinez RA, Settles FD, Solis C, Deng S, Abdul-Ghani M, Tripathy D, DeFronzo RA. Reduced skeletal muscle phosphocreatine concentration in type 2 diabetic patients: a quantitative image-based phosphorus-31 MR spectroscopy study. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E229-E239. [PMID: 29509433 PMCID: PMC6139498 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00426.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function has been examined in insulin-resistant (IR) states including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Previous studies using phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) in T2DM reported results as relative concentrations of metabolite ratios, which could obscure differences in phosphocreatine ([PCr]) and adenosine triphosphate concentrations ([ATP]) between T2DM and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) individuals. We used an image-guided 31P-MRS method to quantitate [PCr], inorganic phosphate [Pi], phosphodiester [PDE], and [ATP] in vastus lateralis (VL) muscle in 11 T2DM and 14 NGT subjects. Subjects also received oral glucose tolerance test, euglycemic insulin clamp, 1H-MRS to measure intramyocellular lipids [IMCL], and VL muscle biopsy to evaluate mitochondrial density. T2DM subjects had lower absolute [PCr] and [ATP] than NGT subjects (PCr 28.6 ± 3.2 vs. 24.6 ± 2.4, P < 0.002, and ATP 7.18 ± 0.6 vs. 6.37 ± 1.1, P < 0.02) while [PDE] was higher, but not significantly. [PCr], obtained using the traditional ratio method, showed no significant difference between groups. [PCr] was negatively correlated with HbA1c ( r = -0.63, P < 0.01) and fasting plasma glucose ( r = -0.51, P = 0.01). [PDE] was negatively correlated with Matsuda index ( r = -0.43, P = 0.03) and M/I ( r = -0.46, P = 0.04), but was positively correlated with [IMCL] ( r = 0.64, P < 0.005), HbA1c, and FPG ( r = 0.60, P = 0.001). To summarize, using a modified, in vivo quantitative 31P-MRS method, skeletal muscle [PCr] and [ATP] are reduced in T2DM, while this difference was not observed with the traditional ratio method. The strong inverse correlation between [PCr] vs. HbA1c, FPG, and insulin sensitivity supports the concept that lower baseline skeletal muscle [PCr] is related to key determinants of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M Ripley
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Geoffrey D Clarke
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Vala Hamidi
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Robert A Martinez
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Floyd D Settles
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Carolina Solis
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Shengwen Deng
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Muhammad Abdul-Ghani
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Devjit Tripathy
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
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22
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Rattarasarn C. Dysregulated lipid storage and its relationship with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in non-obese Asian patients with type 2 diabetes. Adipocyte 2018; 7:71-80. [PMID: 29411678 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2018.1429784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-obese type 2 diabetes in Asians is up to 50%. This review aims to summarize the role of regional fat in the development of insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk in non-obese Asian type 2 diabetes as well as the role of intra-pancreatic fat and β-cell dysfunction. The body fat content of non-obese Asian type 2 diabetic patients is not different from that of non-diabetic subjects but the proportion of intra-abdominal and intra-hepatic fat are greater. Visceral fat contributes to insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk in non-obese Asian type 2 diabetes. Intra-hepatic fat and the hypertrophic abdominal subcutaneous adipocytes are associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk in non-obese, non-diabetic Asian subjects. It may be true in non-obese Asian type 2 diabetic patients. The role of intra-myocellular lipid and insulin resistance is uncertain. Intra-pancreatic fat may not be involved in β-cell dysfunction in non-obese Asian type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchalit Rattarasarn
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Ramathibodi hospital, Mahidol university, Bangkok, Thailand
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23
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Nabben M, Schmitz JPJ, Ciapaite J, le Clercq CMP, van Riel NA, Haak HR, Nicolay K, de Coo IFM, Smeets H, Praet SF, van Loon LJ, Prompers JJ. Dietary nitrate does not reduce oxygen cost of exercise or improve muscle mitochondrial function in patients with mitochondrial myopathy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R689-R701. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00264.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscle weakness and exercise intolerance negatively affect the quality of life of patients with mitochondrial myopathy. Short-term dietary nitrate supplementation has been shown to improve exercise performance and reduce oxygen cost of exercise in healthy humans and trained athletes. We investigated whether 1 wk of dietary inorganic nitrate supplementation decreases the oxygen cost of exercise and improves mitochondrial function in patients with mitochondrial myopathy. Ten patients with mitochondrial myopathy (40 ± 5 yr, maximal whole body oxygen uptake = 21.2 ± 3.2 ml·min−1·kg body wt−1, maximal work load = 122 ± 26 W) received 8.5 mg·kg body wt−1·day−1 inorganic nitrate (~7 mmol) for 8 days. Whole body oxygen consumption at 50% of the maximal work load, in vivo skeletal muscle oxidative capacity (evaluated from postexercise phosphocreatine recovery using 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy), and ex vivo mitochondrial oxidative capacity in permeabilized skinned muscle fibers (measured with high-resolution respirometry) were determined before and after nitrate supplementation. Despite a sixfold increase in plasma nitrate levels, nitrate supplementation did not affect whole body oxygen cost during submaximal exercise. Additionally, no beneficial effects of nitrate were found on in vivo or ex vivo muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity. This is the first time that the therapeutic potential of dietary nitrate for patients with mitochondrial myopathy was evaluated. We conclude that 1 wk of dietary nitrate supplementation does not reduce oxygen cost of exercise or improve mitochondrial function in the group of patients tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Nabben
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joep P. J. Schmitz
- Computational Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jolita Ciapaite
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Natal A. van Riel
- Computational Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Harm R. Haak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Ageing and Long-Term Care, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Irenaeus F. M. de Coo
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert Smeets
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan F. Praet
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Luc J. van Loon
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine J. Prompers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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24
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Di Meo S, Iossa S, Venditti P. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance: role of mitochondria and other ROS sources. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:R15-R42. [PMID: 28232636 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
At present, obesity is one of the most important public health problems in the world because it causes several diseases and reduces life expectancy. Although it is well known that insulin resistance plays a pivotal role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (the more frequent disease in obese people) the link between obesity and insulin resistance is yet a matter of debate. One of the most deleterious effects of obesity is the deposition of lipids in non-adipose tissues when the capacity of adipose tissue is overwhelmed. During the last decade, reduced mitochondrial function has been considered as an important contributor to 'toxic' lipid metabolite accumulation and consequent insulin resistance. More recent reports suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is not an early event in the development of insulin resistance, but rather a complication of the hyperlipidemia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in skeletal muscle, which might promote mitochondrial alterations, lipid accumulation and inhibition of insulin action. Here, we review the literature dealing with the mitochondria-centered mechanisms proposed to explain the onset of obesity-linked IR in skeletal muscle. We conclude that the different pathways leading to insulin resistance may act synergistically because ROS production by mitochondria and other sources can result in mitochondrial dysfunction, which in turn can further increase ROS production leading to the establishment of a harmful positive feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Di Meo
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Susanna Iossa
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Venditti
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
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25
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Liu Y, Mei X, Li J, Lai N, Yu X. Mitochondrial function assessed by 31P MRS and BOLD MRI in non-obese type 2 diabetic rats. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/15/e12890. [PMID: 27511984 PMCID: PMC4985553 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aims to characterize age‐associated changes in skeletal muscle bioenergetics by evaluating the response to ischemia‐reperfusion in the skeletal muscle of the Goto‐Kakizaki (GK) rats, a rat model of non‐obese type 2 diabetes (T2D). 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) MRI was performed on the hindlimb of young (12 weeks) and adult (20 weeks) GK and Wistar (control) rats. 31P‐MRS and BOLD‐MRI data were acquired continuously during an ischemia and reperfusion protocol to quantify changes in phosphate metabolites and muscle oxygenation. The time constant of phosphocreatine recovery, an index of mitochondrial oxidative capacity, was not statistically different between GK rats (60.8 ± 13.9 sec in young group, 83.7 ± 13.0 sec in adult group) and their age‐matched controls (62.4 ± 11.6 sec in young group, 77.5 ± 7.1 sec in adult group). During ischemia, baseline‐normalized BOLD‐MRI signal was significantly lower in GK rats than in their age‐matched controls. These results suggest that insulin resistance leads to alterations in tissue metabolism without impaired mitochondrial oxidative capacity in GK rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Xunbai Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jielei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nicola Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Biomedical Engineering Institute, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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26
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Fabbri E, Chia CW, Spencer RG, Fishbein KW, Reiter DA, Cameron D, Zane AC, Moore ZA, Gonzalez-Freire M, Zoli M, Studenski SA, Kalyani RR, Egan JM, Ferrucci L. Insulin Resistance Is Associated With Reduced Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity Measured by 31P-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Participants Without Diabetes From the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Diabetes 2017; 66:170-176. [PMID: 27737951 PMCID: PMC5204309 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Whether individuals with insulin resistance (IR) but without criteria for diabetes exhibit reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity is unclear; addressing this question could guide research for new therapeutics. We investigated 248 participants without diabetes from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) to determine whether impaired mitochondrial capacity is associated with prediabetes, IR, and duration and severity of hyperglycemia exposure. Mitochondrial capacity was assessed as the postexercise phosphocreatine recovery time constant (τPCr) by 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, with higher τPCr values reflecting reduced capacity. Prediabetes was defined using the American Diabetes Association criteria from fasting and 2-h glucose measurements. IR and sensitivity were calculated using HOMA-IR and Matsuda indices. The duration and severity of hyperglycemia exposure were estimated as the number of years from prediabetes onset and the average oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2-h glucose measurement over previous BLSA visits. Covariates included age, sex, body composition, physical activity, and other confounders. Higher likelihood of prediabetes, higher HOMA-IR, and lower Matsuda index were associated with longer τPCr. Among 205 participants with previous OGTT data, greater severity and longer duration of hyperglycemia were independently associated with longer τPC In conclusion, in individuals without diabetes a more impaired mitochondrial capacity is associated with greater IR and a higher likelihood of prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fabbri
- Longitudinal Study Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chee W Chia
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard G Spencer
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kenneth W Fishbein
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - David A Reiter
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Donnie Cameron
- Longitudinal Study Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ariel C Zane
- Longitudinal Study Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zenobia A Moore
- Longitudinal Study Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Freire
- Longitudinal Study Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marco Zoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stephanie A Studenski
- Longitudinal Study Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rita R Kalyani
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Study Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
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27
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Park BS, Khamoui AV, Brown LE, Kim DY, Han KA, Min KW, An GH. Effects of Elastic Band Resistance Training on Glucose Control, Body Composition, and Physical Function in Women With Short- vs. Long-Duration Type-2 Diabetes. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1688-99. [PMID: 26562712 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether the existing duration of type-2 diabetes influenced patient responses to progressive resistance training. Twenty-six women with type-2 diabetes were stratified into short- (3 ± 2 years; n = 12) or long-standing (10 ± 3 years; n = 14) disease groups. Patients participated in a high daily or high weekly frequency elastic band resistance training program that consisted of 2 daily sessions, 5 d·wk for 12 weeks. Glucose control, body composition, and physical function were evaluated pre- and posttraining. No significant diabetes duration × training interactions were detected for blood markers of glucose control (p > 0.05); however, there were significant main effects of training driven by comparable improvements in both cohorts (hemoglobin A1c, -13 to 18%; fasting glucose, -23 to 31%; postprandial glucose, -36 to 40%; insulin, -34 to 40%; C-peptide, -38 to 51%; p ≤ 0.05). Anthropometrics and body composition were also favorably modified in both the groups after training (weight, -5 to 9%; body mass index, -6 to 9%; waist-to-hip ratio, -3 to 5%; percent fat, -14 to 20%; p ≤ 0.05). Likewise, indices of physical function improved in both the groups after training (bicep curl repetitions, +15-33%; sit-and-stand repetitions, +45-47%; p ≤ 0.05). A few exceptions were noted in which patients with long-standing disease demonstrated greater pre-to-post gains (p ≤ 0.05) in grip strength (+11-13%) and peak exercise time (+19%) and load (+21%) during graded exercise, whereas those with shorter disease duration did not. Overall, these data suggest that patients with a long history of diabetes respond positively to resistance training and in a manner comparable to their recently diagnosed counterparts. Therefore, current inactivity in patients with long-standing disease should not deter from beginning an exercise program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Sup Park
- 1Department of Physical Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea; 2Division of Respiratory & Critical Care Physiology & Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California; 3Department of Kinesiology, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California; 4Department of Physical Education, Inha University, Incheon, Korea; 5Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea; and 6Department of Sports Science, Daejin University, Pocheon, Korea
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28
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Kose E, Maruyama R, Okazoe S, Hayashi H. Impact of Polypharmacy on the Rehabilitation Outcome of Japanese Stroke Patients in the Convalescent Rehabilitation Ward. J Aging Res 2016; 2016:7957825. [PMID: 28042484 PMCID: PMC5153540 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7957825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. A risk factor associated with stroke onset is chronic kidney disease (CKD). To prevent stroke reoccurrence, it is necessary to strictly manage blood pressure, lipids, and plasma glucose. Therefore, some cases are forced to polypharmacy, elderly patients in particular. Polypharmacy often leads to adverse drug reactions and has the potential to negatively affect the rehabilitation of stroke patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of polypharmacy using a functional independence measure (FIM). Methods. A total of 144 stroke patients with CKD were included in the present analysis. We divided stroke patients into those taking six or more drugs (polypharmacy group) and those taking less than six drugs (nonpolypharmacy group) upon admission. Patient background features, laboratory data, and FIM scores were compared. Results. FIM-Motor (FIM-M) efficiency, age, and diabetes mellitus were positively associated with polypharmacy. FIM-M efficiency in the polypharmacy group was significantly lower than in the nonpolypharmacy group. Conclusion. Polypharmacy interferes with the effect of rehabilitation in stroke patients with CKD. Pharmacists and doctors should make efforts to optimize medications to be able to respond to the outcome of each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kose
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Riku Maruyama
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Susumu Okazoe
- Department of Pharmacy, Sagami Rehabilitation Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan
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29
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Hatef B, Ghanjal A, Meftahi GH, Askary-Ashtiani A. Isokinetic and Electromyographic Properties of Muscular Endurance in Short and Long-Term Type 2 Diabetes. Glob J Health Sci 2016; 8:54366. [PMID: 27045412 PMCID: PMC5016357 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v8n8p210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are subject to progressive reduction of muscle mass and strength. The aim of this study was to assess muscle forces and electromyography (EMG) indices in short and long-term diabetes during an isokinetic exercise. METHODS The peak torque, work, mean power frequency (MPF) and root mean square (RMS) of knee flexors and extensors during 40 isokinetic knee extension-flexion repetitions with a velocity of 150 degree/s were recorded. 18 patients with less than 10 years with T2DM and 12 patients with equal and more than 10 years of disease were compared with 20 gender, body mass index, physical activity and peripheral circulation matched healthy controls. RESULTS The fatigue index and slope of line across the peak torque values of the knee flexor indicate that patients with long-term T2DM were significantly more resistant to fatigue in comparison with the two other groups (p<0.009). Whereas the MPF decrease during isokinetic protocol interact with grouping in the medial hamstring (p<0.042), but it was independent to groups in other muscles (p<0.0001). The increase of RMS after fatigue protocol interacted with sex for the medial hamstring and vastus lateralis (p<0.039) and interacted with group for the extensor muscles (p<0.045). DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION It seems that long-term T2DM cause some neuromuscular adaptations to maintain knee flexor muscle performance during functional activity especially postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boshra Hatef
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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30
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Affourtit C. Mitochondrial involvement in skeletal muscle insulin resistance: A case of imbalanced bioenergetics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1678-93. [PMID: 27473535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle insulin resistance in obesity associates with mitochondrial dysfunction, but the causality of this association is controversial. This review evaluates mitochondrial models of nutrient-induced muscle insulin resistance. It transpires that all models predict that insulin resistance arises as a result of imbalanced cellular bioenergetics. The nature and precise origin of the proposed insulin-numbing molecules differ between models but all species only accumulate when metabolic fuel supply outweighs energy demand. This observation suggests that mitochondrial deficiency in muscle insulin resistance is not merely owing to intrinsic functional defects, but could instead be an adaptation to nutrient-induced changes in energy expenditure. Such adaptive effects are likely because muscle ATP supply is fully driven by energy demand. This market-economic control of myocellular bioenergetics offers a mechanism by which insulin-signalling deficiency can cause apparent mitochondrial dysfunction, as insulin resistance lowers skeletal muscle anabolism and thus dampens ATP demand and, consequently, oxidative ATP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Affourtit
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA Plymouth, UK.
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31
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Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Kooi ME, Schrauwen P. Mitochondrial Function and Diabetes: Consequences for Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Metabolism. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:39-51. [PMID: 25808308 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE An early hallmark in the development of type 2 diabetes is the resistance to the effect of insulin in skeletal muscle and in the heart. Since mitochondrial function was found to be diminished in patients with type 2 diabetes, it was suggested that this defect might be involved in the etiology of insulin resistance. Although several hypotheses were suggested, yet unclear is the mechanistic link between these two phenomena. RECENT ADVANCES Herein, we review the evidence for disturbances in mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle and the heart in the diabetic state. Also the mechanisms involved in improving mitochondrial function are considered and, whenever possible, human data is cited. CRITICAL ISSUES Reported evidence shows that interventions that improve skeletal muscle mitochondrial function also improve insulin sensitivity in humans. In the heart, available data from animal studies suggests that enhancement of mitochondrial function can reverse aging-induced changes in heart function, and can be protective against cardiomyopathy and heart failure. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Mitochondria and their functions can be targeted with the aim of improving skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and cardiac function. However, human clinical intervention studies are needed to fully substantiate the potential of mitochondria as a target to prevent cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- 1 Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands .,2 Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands .,3 Department of NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Eline Kooi
- 1 Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands .,3 Department of NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands .,4 Department of CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases in Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- 2 Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands .,3 Department of NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands
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32
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Hafizi Abu Bakar M, Kian Kai C, Wan Hassan WN, Sarmidi MR, Yaakob H, Zaman Huri H. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a central event for mechanisms underlying insulin resistance: the roles of long chain fatty acids. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:453-75. [PMID: 25139820 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is characterized by hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress prior to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. To date, a number of mechanisms have been proposed to link these syndromes together, but it remains unclear what the unifying condition that triggered these events in the progression of this metabolic disease. There have been a steady accumulation of data in numerous experimental studies showing the strong correlations between mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and insulin resistance. In addition, a growing number of studies suggest that the raised plasma free fatty acid level induced insulin resistance with the significant alteration of oxidative metabolism in various target tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue. In this review, we herein propose the idea of long chain fatty acid-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions as one of the key events in the pathophysiological development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species, lipotoxicity, inflammation-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and alterations of mitochondrial gene subset expressions are the most detrimental that lead to the developments of aberrant intracellular insulin signalling activity in a number of peripheral tissues, thereby leading to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Kian Kai
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Najihah Wan Hassan
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Roji Sarmidi
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Harisun Yaakob
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hasniza Zaman Huri
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Investigation Centre, 13th Floor Main Tower, University Malaya Medical Centre, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Väremo L, Scheele C, Broholm C, Mardinoglu A, Kampf C, Asplund A, Nookaew I, Uhlén M, Pedersen BK, Nielsen J. Proteome- and transcriptome-driven reconstruction of the human myocyte metabolic network and its use for identification of markers for diabetes. Cell Rep 2015; 11:921-933. [PMID: 25937284 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal myocytes are metabolically active and susceptible to insulin resistance and are thus implicated in type 2 diabetes (T2D). This complex disease involves systemic metabolic changes, and their elucidation at the systems level requires genome-wide data and biological networks. Genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) provide a network context for the integration of high-throughput data. We generated myocyte-specific RNA-sequencing data and investigated their correlation with proteome data. These data were then used to reconstruct a comprehensive myocyte GEM. Next, we performed a meta-analysis of six studies comparing muscle transcription in T2D versus healthy subjects. Transcriptional changes were mapped on the myocyte GEM, revealing extensive transcriptional regulation in T2D, particularly around pyruvate oxidation, branched-chain amino acid catabolism, and tetrahydrofolate metabolism, connected through the downregulated dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase. Strikingly, the gene signature underlying this metabolic regulation successfully classifies the disease state of individual samples, suggesting that regulation of these pathways is a ubiquitous feature of myocytes in response to T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Väremo
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Camilla Scheele
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Christa Broholm
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Caroline Kampf
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Asplund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Department of Proteomics, School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 17121 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 17121 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kemp GJ, Ahmad RE, Nicolay K, Prompers JJ. Quantification of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques: a quantitative review. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:107-44. [PMID: 24773619 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can give information about cellular metabolism in vivo which is difficult to obtain in other ways. In skeletal muscle, non-invasive (31) P MRS measurements of the post-exercise recovery kinetics of pH, [PCr], [Pi] and [ADP] contain valuable information about muscle mitochondrial function and cellular pH homeostasis in vivo, but quantitative interpretation depends on understanding the underlying physiology. Here, by giving examples of the analysis of (31) P MRS recovery data, by some simple computational simulation, and by extensively comparing data from published studies using both (31) P MRS and invasive direct measurements of muscle O2 consumption in a common analytical framework, we consider what can be learnt quantitatively about mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle using MRS-based methodology. We explore some technical and conceptual limitations of current methods, and point out some aspects of the physiology which are still incompletely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. J. Kemp
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, and Magnetic Resonance and Image Analysis Research Centre; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - R. E. Ahmad
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, and Magnetic Resonance and Image Analysis Research Centre; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - K. Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR; Department of Biomedical Engineering; Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
| | - J. J. Prompers
- Biomedical NMR; Department of Biomedical Engineering; Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
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Skovsø S. Modeling type 2 diabetes in rats using high fat diet and streptozotocin. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 5:349-58. [PMID: 25411593 PMCID: PMC4210077 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology of type 2 diabetes is complex, with multiple stages culminating in a functional β‐cell mass that is insufficient to meet the body's needs. Although the broad outlines of the disease etiology are known, many critical questions remain to be answered before next‐generation therapeutics can be developed. In order to further elucidate the pathobiology of this disease, animal models mimicking the pathology of human type 2 diabetes are of great value. One example of a type 2 diabetes animal model is the high‐fat diet‐fed, streptozotocin (HFD/STZ)‐treated rat model. The present review first summarizes the current understanding of the metabolic profile and pathology involved in the different stages of the type 2 diabetes disease progression in humans. Second, the known characteristics of the HFD/STZ rat model are reviewed and compared with the pathophysiology of human type 2 diabetes. Next, the suitability of the HFD/STZ model as a model of type 2 diabetes with a focus on identifying critical caveats and unanswered questions about the model is discussed. The improved understanding of refined animal models will hopefully lead to more relevant preclinical studies and development of improved therapeutics for diabetes. Depending on the amount of residual functional β‐cells mass, the HFD/STZ rat model might be a suitable animal model of the final stage of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søs Skovsø
- In vivo Pharmacology Graduate Program Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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Phielix E, Jelenik T, Nowotny P, Szendroedi J, Roden M. Reduction of non-esterified fatty acids improves insulin sensitivity and lowers oxidative stress, but fails to restore oxidative capacity in type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial. Diabetologia 2014; 57:572-81. [PMID: 24310562 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Muscle mitochondrial function can vary during fasting, but is lower during hyperinsulinaemia in insulin-resistant humans. Ageing and hyperlipidaemia may be the culprits, but the mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesised that (1) insulin would fail to increase mitochondrial oxidative capacity in non-diabetic insulin-resistant young obese humans and in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes and (2) reducing NEFA levels would improve insulin sensitivity by raising oxidative capacity and lowering oxidative stress. METHODS Before and after insulin (4, 40, 100 nmol/l) stimulation, mitochondrial oxidative capacity was measured in permeabilised fibres and isolated mitochondria using high-resolution respirometry, and H2O2 production was assessed fluorimetrically. Tissue-specific insulin sensitivity was measured with hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps combined with stable isotopes. To test the second hypothesis, in a 1-day randomised, crossover study, 15 patients with type 2 diabetes recruited via local advertisement were assessed for eligibility. Nine patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria (BMI <35 kg/m(2); age <65 years) and were allocated to and completed the intervention, including oral administration of 750 mg placebo or acipimox. Blinded randomisation was performed by the pharmacy; all participants, researchers performing the measurements and those assessing study outcomes were blinded. The main outcome measures were insulin sensitivity, oxidative capacity and oxidative stress. RESULTS Insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial oxidative capacity were ~31% and ~21% lower in the obese groups than in the lean group. The obese participants also exhibited blunted substrate oxidation upon insulin stimulation. In the patients with type 2 diabetes, acipimox improved insulin sensitivity by ~27% and reduced H2O2 production by ~45%, but did not improve basal or insulin-stimulated mitochondrial oxidative capacity. No harmful treatment side effects occurred. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Decreased mitochondrial oxidative capacity can also occur independently of age in insulin-resistant young obese humans. Insulin resistance is present at the muscle mitochondrial level, and is not affected by reducing circulating NEFAs in type 2 diabetes. Thus, impaired plasticity of mitochondrial function is an intrinsic phenomenon that probably occurs independently of lipotoxicity and reduced glucose uptake. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials NCT00943059 FUNDING: This study was funded in part by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research to the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Phielix
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Turner N, Cooney GJ, Kraegen EW, Bruce CR. Fatty acid metabolism, energy expenditure and insulin resistance in muscle. J Endocrinol 2014; 220:T61-79. [PMID: 24323910 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are essential elements of all cells and have significant roles as energy substrates, components of cellular structure and signalling molecules. The storage of excess energy intake as fat in adipose tissue is an evolutionary advantage aimed at protecting against starvation, but in much of today's world, humans are faced with an unlimited availability of food, and the excessive accumulation of fat is now a major risk for human health, especially the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Since the first recognition of the association between fat accumulation, reduced insulin action and increased risk of T2D, several mechanisms have been proposed to link excess FA availability to reduced insulin action, with some of them being competing or contradictory. This review summarises the evidence for these mechanisms in the context of excess dietary FAs generating insulin resistance in muscle, the major tissue involved in insulin-stimulated disposal of blood glucose. It also outlines potential problems with models and measurements that may hinder as well as help improve our understanding of the links between FAs and insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Turner
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Diabetes and Obesity Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Hatef B, Bahrpeyma F, Mohajeri Tehrani MR. The comparison of muscle strength and short-term endurance in the different periods of type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2014; 13:22. [PMID: 24476108 PMCID: PMC3929159 DOI: 10.1186/2251-6581-13-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are subjected to reduction in the quality and oxidative capacity of muscles. The effect of duration of diabetes on the muscle endurance response is not clear and strength as well. Objective The aim of this study was the assessment of strength and endurance of knee extensor and flexor in the patients with T2DM < 10 and T2DM > 10 years in comparison with age, sex, BMI, ABI and PAI-matched health control subjects. Methods Isometric maximal peak torque (MPT) of knee extensor and flexor before and after 40 isokinetic repetitions with velocity of 150 degree/s were recorded in 18 patients with T2DM < 10 Y , 12 patients with T2DM > 10 Y and 20 matched health control (HC) groups. Results Both diabetic patient groups had significant lower isometric and isotonic knee extensor and flexor strength than HC. The endurance indices indicated that whereas the isometric MPT of flexor movement was reduced after isokinetic protocol in the both patient groups in comparison with HC, the less decline was seen in the isotonic torque and work during isokinetic protocol in the T2DM > 10 Y group in comparison with two other groups. The HbA1c and FPG were significantly correlated with strength not with endurance indices. Conclusions It seems the progression of diabetes accompanied with vascular, neural and muscular deficits activate, some adaptive and compensatory processes which can maintain muscle performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farid Bahrpeyma
- Department of physical therapy, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Valkovič L, Ukropcová B, Chmelík M, Baláž M, Bogner W, Schmid AI, Frollo I, Zemková E, Klimeš I, Ukropec J, Trattnig S, Krššák M. Interrelation of 31P-MRS metabolism measurements in resting and exercised quadriceps muscle of overweight-to-obese sedentary individuals. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:1714-1722. [PMID: 23949699 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS) enables the non-invasive evaluation of muscle metabolism. Resting Pi-to-ATP flux can be assessed through magnetization transfer (MT) techniques, and maximal oxidative flux (Q(max)) can be calculated by monitoring of phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery after exercise. In this study, the muscle metabolism parameters of 13 overweight-to-obese sedentary individuals were measured with both MT and dynamic PCr recovery measurements, and the interrelation between these measurements was investigated. In the dynamic experiments, knee extensions were performed at a workload of 30% of maximal voluntary capacity, and the consecutive PCr recovery was measured in a quadriceps muscle with a time resolution of 2 s with non-localized (31)P-MRS at 3 T. Resting skeletal muscle metabolism was assessed through MT measurements of the same muscle group at 7 T. Significant linear correlations between the Q(max) and the MT parameters k(ATP) (r = 0.77, P = 0.002) and F(ATP) (r = 0.62, P = 0.023) were found in the study population. This would imply that the MT technique can possibly be used as an alternative method to assess muscle metabolism when necessary (e.g. in individuals after stroke or in uncooperative patients).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Valkovič
- MR Centre of Excellence, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Imaging Methods, Institute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Koliaki C, Roden M. Hepatic energy metabolism in human diabetes mellitus, obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 379:35-42. [PMID: 23770462 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of hepatic mitochondrial function have been observed in states of insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Patients with overt type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can exhibit reduction in hepatic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and impaired repletion of their hepatic ATP stores upon ATP depletion by fructose. Obesity and NAFLD may also associate with impaired ATP recovery after ATP-depleting challenges and augmented oxidative stress in the liver. On the other hand, patients with obesity or NAFLD can present with upregulated hepatic anaplerotic and oxidative fluxes, including β-oxidation and tricarboxylic cycle activity. The present review focuses on the methods and data on hepatic energy metabolism in various states of human insulin resistance. We propose that the liver can adapt to increased lipid exposition by greater lipid storing and oxidative capacity, resulting in increased oxidative stress, which in turn could deteriorate hepatic mitochondrial function in chronic insulin resistance and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysi Koliaki
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Kwak HB. Exercise and obesity-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Integr Med Res 2013; 2:131-138. [PMID: 28664064 PMCID: PMC5481720 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle in our body is a major site for bioenergetics and metabolism during exercise. Carbohydrates and fats are the primary nutrients that provide the necessary energy required to maintain cellular activities during exercise. The metabolic responses to exercise in glucose and lipid regulation depend on the intensity and duration of exercise. Because of the increasing prevalence of obesity, recent studies have focused on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of obesity-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Accumulation of intramyocellular lipid may lead to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. In addition, lipid intermediates (e.g., fatty acyl-coenzyme A, diacylglycerol, and ceramide) impair insulin signaling in skeletal muscle. Recently, emerging evidence linking obesity-induced insulin resistance to excessive lipid oxidation, mitochondrial overload, and mitochondrial oxidative stress have been provided with mitochondrial function. This review will provide a brief comprehensive summary on exercise and skeletal muscle metabolism, and discuss the potential mechanisms of obesity-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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Smith BK, Perry CGR, Herbst EAF, Ritchie IR, Beaudoin MS, Smith JC, Neufer PD, Wright DC, Holloway GP. Submaximal ADP-stimulated respiration is impaired in ZDF rats and recovered by resveratrol. J Physiol 2013; 591:6089-101. [PMID: 24081154 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.259226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the aetiology of skeletal muscle insulin resistance, although there is considerable controversy regarding these concepts. Mitochondrial function has been traditionally assessed in the presence of saturating ADP, but ATP turnover and the resultant ADP is thought to limit respiration in vivo. Therefore, we investigated the potential link between submaximal ADP-stimulated respiration rates, ROS generation and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the ZDF rat. Utilizing permeabilized muscle fibres we observed that submaximal ADP-stimulated respiration rates (250-2000 μm ADP) were lower in ZDF rats than in lean controls, which coincided with decreased adenine nucleotide translocase 2 (ANT2) protein content. This decrease in submaximal ADP-stimulated respiration occurred in the absence of a decrease in electron transport chain function. Treating ZDF rats with resveratrol improved skeletal muscle insulin resistance and this was associated with elevated submaximal ADP-stimulated respiration rates as well as an increase in ANT2 protein content. These results coincided with a greater ability of ADP to attenuate mitochondrial ROS emission and an improvement in cellular redox balance. Together, these data suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is present in skeletal muscle insulin resistance when assessed at submaximal ADP concentrations and that ADP dynamics may influence skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity through alterations in the propensity for mitochondrial ROS emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan K Smith
- G. P. Holloway: Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 491 Gordon St., Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Insulin resistance and its related diseases, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have been linked to changes in aerobic metabolism, pointing to a possible role of mitochondria in the development of insulin resistance. RECENT ADVANCES Refined methodology of ex vivo high-resolution respirometry and in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy now allows describing several features of mitochondria in humans. In addition to measuring mitochondrial function at baseline and after exercise-induced submaximal energy depletion, the response of mitochondria to endocrine and metabolic challenges, termed mitochondrial plasticity, can be assessed using hyperinsulinemic clamp tests. While insulin resistant states do not uniformly relate to baseline and post-exercise mitochondrial function, mitochondrial plasticity is typically impaired in insulin resistant relatives of T2DM, in overt T2DM and even in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). CRITICAL ISSUES The variability of baseline mitochondrial function in the main target tissue of insulin action, skeletal muscle and liver, may be attributed to inherited and acquired changes in either mitochondrial quantity or quality. In addition to certain gene polymorphisms and aging, circulating glucose and lipid concentrations correlate with both mitochondrial function and plasticity. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Despite the associations between features of mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity, the question of a causal relationship between compromised mitochondrial plasticity and insulin resistance in the development of obesity and T2DM remains to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Jelenik
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, University Clinics Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Samjoo IA, Safdar A, Hamadeh MJ, Glover AW, Mocellin NJ, Santana J, Little JP, Steinberg GR, Raha S, Tarnopolsky MA. Markers of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and lipid accumulation are moderately associated with the homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance in obese men. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66322. [PMID: 23776659 PMCID: PMC3680409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity (OXPHOS) and intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) accumulation have been implicated in the etiology of insulin resistance (IR) in obesity. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of endurance exercise on biochemical and morphological measures of IMCL and mitochondrial content, and their relationship to IR in obese individuals. We examined mitochondrial content (subunit protein abundance and maximal activity of electron transport chain enzymes), IMCL/mitochondrial morphology in both subsarcolemmal (SS) and intermyofibrillar (IMF) regions by transmission electron microscopy, and intracellular lipid metabolites (diacylglycerol and ceramide) in vastus lateralis biopsies, as well as, the homeostasis model assessment index of IR (HOMA-IR) prior to and following twelve weeks of an endurance exercise regimen in healthy age- and physical activity-matched lean and obese men. Obese men did not show evidence of mitochondrial OXPHOS dysfunction, disproportionate IMCL content in sub-cellular regions, or diacylglycerol/ceramide accretion despite marked IR vs. lean controls. Endurance exercise increased OXPHOS and mitochondrial size and density, but not number of individual mitochondrial fragments, with moderate improvements in HOMA-IR. Exercise reduced SS IMCL content (size, number and density), increased IMF IMCL content, while increasing IMCL/mitochondrial juxtaposition in both regions. HOMA-IR was inversely associated with SS (r = -0.34; P = 0.051) and IMF mitochondrial density (r = -0.29; P = 0.096), IMF IMCL/mitochondrial juxtaposition (r = -0.30; P = 0.086), and COXII (r = -0.32; P = 0.095) and COXIV protein abundance (r = -0.35; P = 0.052); while positively associated with SS IMCL size (r = 0.28; P = 0.119) and SS IMCL density (r = 0.25; P = 0.152). Our findings suggest that once physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness have been controlled for, skeletal muscle mitochondrial and IMCL profile in obesity may only partially contribute to the development of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz A. Samjoo
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adeel Safdar
- Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mazen J. Hamadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander W. Glover
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas J. Mocellin
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jose Santana
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan P. Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Sandeep Raha
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A. Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Tecilazich F, Dinh T, Lyons TE, Guest J, Villafuerte RA, Sampanis C, Gnardellis C, Zuo CS, Veves A. Postexercise phosphocreatine recovery, an index of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, is reduced in diabetic patients with lower extremity complications. J Vasc Surg 2013; 57:997-1005. [PMID: 23465172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify differences in postexercise phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery, an index of mitochondrial function, in diabetic patients with and without lower extremity complications. METHODS We enrolled healthy control subjects and three groups of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: without complications, with peripheral neuropathy, and with both peripheral neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease. We used magnetic resonance spectroscopic measurements to perform continuous measurements of phosphorous metabolites (PCr and inorganic phosphate [Pi]) during a 3-minute graded exercise at the level of the posterior calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus muscles). Micro- and macrovascular reactivity measurements also were performed. RESULTS The resting Pi/PCr ratio and PCr at baseline and the maximum reached during exercise were similar in all groups. The postexercise time required for recovery of Pi/PCr ratio and PCr levels to resting levels, an assessment of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, was significantly higher in diabetic patients with neuropathy and those with both neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease (P < .01 for both measurements). These two groups also had higher levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (P < .01) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (P < .05). Multiple regression analysis showed that only granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, osteoprotegerin, and tumor necrosis factor-α were significant contributing factors in the variation of the Pi/PCr ratio recovery time. No associations were observed between micro- and macrovascular reactivity measurements and Pi/PCr ratio or PCr recovery time. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is impaired only in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with neuropathy whether or not peripheral arterial disease is present and is associated with the increased proinflammatory state observed in these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tecilazich
- Joslin-Beth Israel Deaconess Foot Center and Microcirculation Lab, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Befroy DE, Rothman DL, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. ³¹P-magnetization transfer magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements of in vivo metabolism. Diabetes 2012; 61:2669-78. [PMID: 23093656 PMCID: PMC3478545 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy offers a broad range of noninvasive analytical methods for investigating metabolism in vivo. Of these, the magnetization-transfer (MT) techniques permit the estimation of the unidirectional fluxes associated with metabolic exchange reactions. Phosphorus (³¹P) MT measurements can be used to examine the bioenergetic reactions of the creatine-kinase system and the ATP synthesis/hydrolysis cycle. Observations from our group and others suggest that the inorganic phosphate (P(i)) → ATP flux in skeletal muscle may be modulated by certain conditions, including aging, insulin resistance, and diabetes, and may reflect inherent alterations in mitochondrial metabolism. However, such effects on the P(i) → ATP flux are not universally observed under conditions in which mitochondrial function, assessed by other techniques, is impaired, and recent articles have raised concerns about the absolute magnitude of the measured reaction rates. As the application of ³¹P-MT techniques becomes more widespread, this article reviews the methodology and outlines our experience with its implementation in a variety of models in vivo. Also discussed are potential limitations of the technique, complementary methods for assessing oxidative metabolism, and whether the P(i) → ATP flux is a viable biomarker of metabolic function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Befroy
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Activity-based protein profiling reveals mitochondrial oxidative enzyme impairment and restoration in diet-induced obese mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47996. [PMID: 23110155 PMCID: PMC3480472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity and concomitant development of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus have been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. However, it is not clear whether mitochondrial dysfunction is a direct effect of a HFD, or if mitochondrial function is reduced with increased HFD duration. We hypothesized that the function of mitochondrial oxidative and lipid metabolism functions in skeletal muscle mitochondria for HFD mice are similar, or elevated, relative to standard diet (SD) mice; thereby, IR is neither cause nor consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction. We applied a chemical probe approach to identify functionally reactive ATPases and nucleotide-binding proteins in mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle of C57Bl/6J mice fed HFD or SD chow for 2-, 8-, or 16-weeks; feeding time points known to induce IR. A total of 293 probe-labeled proteins were identified by mass spectrometry-based proteomics, of which 54 differed in abundance between HFD and SD mice. We found proteins associated with the TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and lipid metabolism were altered in function when comparing SD to HFD fed mice at 2-weeks, however by 16-weeks HFD mice had TCA cycle, β-oxidation, and respiratory chain function at levels similar to or higher than SD mice.
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van Tienen FHJ, Praet SFE, de Feyter HM, van den Broek NM, Lindsey PJ, Schoonderwoerd KGC, de Coo IFM, Nicolay K, Prompers JJ, Smeets HJM, van Loon LJC. Physical activity is the key determinant of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:3261-9. [PMID: 22802091 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-3454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Conflicting data exist on mitochondrial function and physical activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development. OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess mitochondrial function at different stages during T2DM development in combination with physical exercise in longstanding T2DM patients. DESIGN AND METHODS We performed cross-sectional analysis of skeletal muscle from 12 prediabetic 11 longstanding T2DM male subjects and 12 male controls matched by age and body mass index. INTERVENTION One-year intrasubject controlled supervised exercise training intervention was done in longstanding T2DM patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Extensive ex vivo analyses of mitochondrial quality, quantity, and function were collected and combined with global gene expression analysis and in vivo ATP production capacity after 1 yr of training. RESULTS Mitochondrial density, complex I activity, and the expression of Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation system-related genes were lower in longstanding T2DM subjects but not in prediabetic subjects compared with controls. This indicated a reduced capacity to generate ATP in longstanding T2DM patients only. Gene expression analysis in prediabetic subjects suggested a switch from carbohydrate toward lipid as an energy source. One year of exercise training raised in vivo skeletal muscle ATP production capacity by 21 ± 2% with an increased trend in mitochondrial density and complex I activity. In addition, expression levels of β-oxidation, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation system-related genes were higher after exercise training. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial dysfunction is apparent only in inactive longstanding T2DM patients, which suggests that mitochondrial function and insulin resistance do not depend on each other. Prolonged exercise training can, at least partly, reverse the mitochondrial impairments associated with the longstanding diabetic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H J van Tienen
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) methods offer a potentially valuable window into cellular metabolism. Measurement of flux between inorganic phosphate (Pi) and ATP using (31)P MRS magnetization transfer has been used in resting muscle to assess what is claimed to be mitochondrial ATP synthesis and has been particularly popular in the study of insulin effects and insulin resistance. However, the measured Pi→ATP flux in resting skeletal muscle is far higher than the true rate of oxidative ATP synthesis, being dominated by a glycolytically mediated Pi↔ATP exchange reaction that is unrelated to mitochondrial function. Furthermore, even if measured accurately, the ATP production rate in resting muscle has no simple relationship to mitochondrial capacity as measured either ex vivo or in vivo. We summarize the published measurements of Pi→ATP flux, concentrating on work relevant to diabetes and insulin, relate it to current understanding of the physiology of mitochondrial ATP synthesis and glycolytic Pi↔ATP exchange, and discuss some possible implications of recently reported correlations between Pi→ATP flux and other physiological measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Kemp
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology and Magnetic Resonance and Image Analysis Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Nunes PM, van de Weijer T, Veltien A, Arnts H, Hesselink MKC, Glatz JFC, Schrauwen P, Tack CJ, Heerschap A. Increased intramyocellular lipids but unaltered in vivo mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle of adipose triglyceride lipase-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E71-81. [PMID: 22496349 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00597.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is a lipolytic enzyme that is highly specific for triglyceride hydrolysis. The ATGL-knockout mouse (ATGL(-/-)) accumulates lipid droplets in various tissues, including skeletal muscle, and has poor maximal running velocity and endurance capacity. In this study, we tested whether abnormal lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle impairs mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and hence, explains the poor muscle performance of ATGL(-/-) mice. In vivo ¹H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the tibialis anterior of ATGL(-/-) mice revealed that its intramyocellular lipid pool is approximately sixfold higher than in WT controls (P = 0.0007). In skeletal muscle of ATGL(-/-) mice, glycogen content was decreased by 30% (P < 0.05). In vivo ³¹P magnetic resonance spectra of resting muscles showed that WT and ATGL(-/-) mice have a similar energy status: [PCr], [P(i)], PCr/ATP ratio, PCr/P(i) ratio, and intracellular pH. Electrostimulated muscles from WT and ATGL(-/-) mice showed the same PCr depletion and pH reduction. Moreover, the monoexponential fitting of the PCr recovery curve yielded similar PCr recovery times (τPCr; 54.1 ± 6.1 s for the ATGL(-/-) and 58.1 ± 5.8 s for the WT), which means that overall muscular mitochondrial oxidative capacity was comparable between the genotypes. Despite similar in vivo mitochondrial oxidative capacities, the electrostimulated muscles from ATGL(-/-) mice displayed significantly lower force production and increased muscle relaxation time than the WT. These findings suggest that mechanisms other than mitochondrial dysfunction cause the impaired muscle performance of ATGL(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Nunes
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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