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Zhao L, Zhou J, Abbasi F, Fathzadeh M, Knowles JW, Leung LLK, Morser J. Chemerin in Participants with or without Insulin Resistance and Diabetes. Biomedicines 2024; 12:924. [PMID: 38672278 PMCID: PMC11048116 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is a chemokine/adipokine, regulating inflammation, adipogenesis and energy metabolism whose activity depends on successive proteolytic cleavages at its C-terminus. Chemerin levels and processing are correlated with insulin resistance. We hypothesized that chemerin processing would be higher in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and in those who are insulin resistant (IR). This hypothesis was tested by characterizing different chemerin forms by specific ELISA in the plasma of 18 participants with T2D and 116 without T2D who also had their insulin resistance measured by steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration during an insulin suppression test. This approach enabled us to analyze the association of chemerin levels with a direct measure of insulin resistance (SSPG concentration). Participants were divided into groups based on their degree of insulin resistance using SSPG concentration tertiles: insulin sensitive (IS, SSPG ≤ 91 mg/dL), intermediate IR (IM, SSPG 92-199 mg/dL), and IR (SSPG ≥ 200 mg/dL). Levels of different chemerin forms were highest in patients with T2D, second highest in individuals without T2D who were IR, and lowest in persons without T2D who were IM or IS. In the whole group, chemerin levels positively correlated with both degree of insulin resistance (SSPG concentration) and adiposity (BMI). Participants with T2D and those without T2D who were IR had the most proteolytic processing of chemerin, resulting in higher levels of both cleaved and degraded chemerin. This suggests that increased inflammation in individuals who have T2D or are IR causes more chemerin processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jonathan Zhou
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA;
| | - Fahim Abbasi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (F.A.); (M.F.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Mohsen Fathzadeh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (F.A.); (M.F.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Joshua W. Knowles
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (F.A.); (M.F.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Lawrence L. K. Leung
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - John Morser
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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2
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Xie L, Wang H, Hu J, Liu Z, Hu F. The role of novel adipokines and adipose-derived extracellular vesicles (ADEVs): Connections and interactions in liver diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116104. [PMID: 38428826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissues (AT) are an important endocrine organ that secretes various functional adipokines, peptides, non-coding RNAs, and acts on AT themselves or other distant tissues or organs through autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manners. An accumulating body of evidence has suggested that many adipokines play an important role in liver metabolism. Besides the traditional adipokines such as adiponectin and leptin, many novel adipokines have recently been identified to have regulatory effects on the liver. Additionally, AT can produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) that act on peripheral tissues. However, under pathological conditions, such as obesity and diabetes, dysregulation of adipokines is associated with functional changes in AT, which may cause liver diseases. In this review, we focus on the newly discovered adipokines and EVs secreted by AT and highlight their actions on the liver under the context of obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), and some other liver diseases. Clarifying the action of adipokines and adipose tissue-derived EVs on the liver would help to identify novel therapeutic targets or biomarkers for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jinying Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuoying Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Health Law Research Center, School of Law, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Fang Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
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3
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Tan L, Lu X, Danser AHJ, Verdonk K. The Role of Chemerin in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease: A Literature Review of Its Physiology and Pathology from a Nutritional Perspective. Nutrients 2023; 15:2878. [PMID: 37447205 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is a novel adipokine that plays a major role in adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. It also induces inflammation and affects insulin signaling, steroidogenesis and thermogenesis. Consequently, it likely contributes to a variety of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension and pre-eclampsia. This review describes its origin and receptors, as well as its role in various diseases, and subsequently summarizes how nutrition affects its levels. It concludes that vitamin A, fat, glucose and alcohol generally upregulate chemerin, while omega-3, salt and vitamin D suppress it. Dietary measures rather than drugs acting as chemerin receptor antagonists might become a novel tool to suppress chemerin effects, thereby potentially improving the aforementioned diseases. However, more detailed studies are required to fully understand chemerin regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunbo Tan
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xifeng Lu
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Verdonk
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Qin L, Wu J, Sun X, Huang X, Huang W, Weng C, Cai J. The regulatory role of metabolic organ-secreted factors in the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1119005. [PMID: 37180779 PMCID: PMC10169694 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1119005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by an excessive accumulation of fat in the liver, which is becoming a major global health problem, affecting about a quarter of the population. In the past decade, mounting studies have found that 25%-40% of NAFLD patients have cardiovascular disease (CVD), and CVD is one of the leading causes of death in these subjects. However, it has not attracted enough awareness and emphasis from clinicians, and the underlying mechanisms of CVD in NAFLD patients remain unclear. Available research reveals that inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and glucose and lipid metabolism disorders play indispensable roles in the pathogenesis of CVD in NAFLD. Notably, emerging evidence indicates that metabolic organ-secreted factors, including hepatokines, adipokines, cytokines, extracellular vesicles, and gut-derived factors, are also involved in the occurrence and development of metabolic disease and CVD. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on the role of metabolic organ-secreted factors in NAFLD and CVD. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the relationship between metabolic organ-secreted factors and NAFLD as well as CVD, which is beneficial for clinicians to comprehensive and detailed understanding of the association between both diseases and strengthen management to improve adverse cardiovascular prognosis and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chunyan Weng
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Adipokines in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Are We on the Road toward New Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets? BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081237. [PMID: 36009862 PMCID: PMC9405285 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an unmet medical need due to its increasingly high incidence, severe clinical consequences, and the absence of feasible diagnostic tools and effective drugs. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical data on adipokines, cytokine-like hormones secreted by adipose tissue, and NAFLD. The aim is to establish the potential of adipokines as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as their potential as therapeutic targets for NAFLD. The limitations of current research are also discussed, and future perspectives are outlined. Abstract Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the major cause of chronic hepatic illness and the leading indication for liver transplantation in the future decades. NAFLD is also commonly associated with other high-incident non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular complications, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Aggravating the socio-economic impact of this complex pathology, routinely feasible diagnostic methodologies and effective drugs for NAFLD management are unavailable. The pathophysiology of NAFLD, recently defined as metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), is correlated with abnormal adipose tissue–liver axis communication because obesity-associated white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation and metabolic dysfunction prompt hepatic insulin resistance (IR), lipid accumulation (steatosis), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and fibrosis. Accumulating evidence links adipokines, cytokine-like hormones secreted by adipose tissue that have immunometabolic activity, with NAFLD pathogenesis and progression; however, much uncertainty still exists. Here, the current knowledge on the roles of leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, resistin, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), visfatin, chemerin, and adipocyte fatty-acid-binding protein (AFABP) in NAFLD, taken from preclinical to clinical studies, is overviewed. The effect of therapeutic interventions on adipokines’ circulating levels are also covered. Finally, future directions to address the potential of adipokines as therapeutic targets and disease biomarkers for NAFLD are discussed.
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Vachher M, Bansal S, Kumar B, Yadav S, Arora T, Wali NM, Burman A. Contribution of organokines in the development of NAFLD/NASH associated hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1553-1584. [PMID: 35818831 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Globally the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is on an upsurge. Evidence is accumulating that liver disorders like nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its more progressive form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are associated with increased risk of developing HCC. NAFLD has a prevalence of about 25% and 50%-90% in obese population. With the growing burden of obesity epidemic worldwide, HCC presents a major healthcare burden. While cirrhosis is one of the major risk factors of HCC, available literature suggests that NAFLD/NASH associated HCC also develops in minimum or noncirrhotic livers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the pathogenesis and risk factors associated with NAFLD and NASH related HCC that would help in early diagnosis and favorable prognosis of HCC secondary to NAFLD. Adipokines, hepatokines and myokines are factors secreted by adipocytes, hepatocytes and myocytes, respectively, playing essential roles in cellular homeostasis, energy balance and metabolism with autocrine, paracrine and endocrine effects. In this review, we endeavor to focus on the role of these organokines in the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH and its progression to HCC to augment the understanding of the factors stimulating hepatocytes to acquire a malignant phenotype. This shall aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies and tools for early diagnosis of NAFLD/NASH and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Vachher
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Savita Bansal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Bhupender Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Taruna Arora
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Nalini Moza Wali
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Archana Burman
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Dubé L, Spahis S, Lachaîne K, Lemieux A, Monhem H, Poulin SM, Randoll C, Travaillaud E, Ould-Chikh NEH, Marcil V, Delvin E, Levy E. Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators Derived from N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Role in Metabolic Syndrome and Related Complications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:54-83. [PMID: 35072542 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence continues to grow and represents a serious public health issue worldwide. This multifactorial condition carries the risk of hastening the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Another troubling aspect of MetS is the requirement of poly-pharmacological therapy not devoid of side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for prospecting alternative nutraceuticals as effective therapeutic agents for MetS. Recent Advances: Currently, there is an increased interest in understanding the regulation of metabolic derangements by specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), especially those derived from the long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Critical Issues: The SPMs are recognized as efficient modulators that are capable of inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, blocking neutrophil activation/recruitment, and inducing non-phlogistic (anti-inflammatory) activation of macrophage engulfment and removal of apoptotic inflammatory cells and debris. The aim of the present review is precisely to first underline key concepts relative to SPM functions before focusing on their status and actions on MetS components (e.g., obesity, glucose dysmetabolism, hyperlipidemia, hypertension) and complications such as T2D, NAFLD, and CVD. Future Directions: Valuable data from preclinical and clinical investigations have emphasized the SPM functions and influence on oxidative stress- and inflammation-related MetS. Despite these promising findings obtained without compromising host defense, additional efforts are needed to evaluate their potential therapeutic applications and further develop practical tools to monitor their bioavailability to cope with cardiometabolic disorders. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 54-83.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dubé
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Schohraya Spahis
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Karelle Lachaîne
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Hanine Monhem
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Carolane Randoll
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Eva Travaillaud
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Valérie Marcil
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Edgard Delvin
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology & Hepatology Unit, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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8
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Yasir M, Senthilkumar GP, Jayashree K, Ramesh Babu K, Vadivelan M, Palanivel C. Association of serum omentin-1, apelin and chemerin concentrations with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:313-320. [PMID: 31686535 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2019.1680698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Omentin-1 is a novel adipokine with anti-inflammatory functions. Apelin is associated with hyperinsulinemia and pathological angiogenesis. Chemerin has both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions and implicated in insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to assess serum omentin-1, apelin and chemerin concentrations and to investigate their association with the presence and severity of DR in T2DM patients. Serum omentin-1, apelin and chemerin were measured in 112 patients with DR and 56 patients without DR. Bivariate analysis showed omentin-1 correlated negatively with hsCRP and TyG index; while apelin correlated positively with chemerin. Linear regression data showed that apelin and chemerin were independent predictors of DR severity. ROC curve revealed that omentin-1 was the best discriminant for DR while apelin was the best discriminant for vision threatening retinopathy. Serum omentin-1 concentration correlates negatively, while serum apelin and chemerin concentrations correlate positively with DR presence and severity in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Yasir
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
- Department of Biochemistry, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health & Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS), Shillong, India
| | | | - Kuppuswami Jayashree
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - K Ramesh Babu
- Department of Ophthalmology, JIPMER, Puducherry, India
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Xie Y, Liu L. Role of Chemerin/ChemR23 axis as an emerging therapeutic perspective on obesity-related vascular dysfunction. J Transl Med 2022; 20:141. [PMID: 35317838 PMCID: PMC8939091 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sufficient epidemiological investigations demonstrate that there is a close correlation between obesity and vascular dysfunction. Nevertheless, specific mechanisms underlying this link remain currently unclear. Given the crucial and decisive role of vascular dysfunction in multitudinous diseases, various hypotheses had been proposed and numerous experiments were being carried out. One recognized view is that increased adipokine secretion following the expanded mass of white adipose tissue due to obesity contributes to the regulation of vascular function. Chemerin, as a neo-adipokine, whose systemic level is elevated in obesity, is believed as a regulator of adipogenesis, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction via binding its cell surface receptor, chemR23. Hence, this review aims to focus on the up-to-date proof on chemerin/chemR23 axis-relevant signaling pathways, emphasize the multifarious impacts of chemerin/chemR23 axis on vascular function regulation, raise certain unsettled questions to inspire further investigations, and explore the therapeutic possibilities targeting chemerin/chemR23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China. .,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
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10
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Fischer TF, Beck-Sickinger AG. Chemerin - exploring a versatile adipokine. Biol Chem 2022; 403:625-642. [PMID: 35040613 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemerin is a small chemotactic protein and a key player in initiating the early immune response. As an adipokine, chemerin is also involved in energy homeostasis and the regulation of reproductive functions. Secreted as inactive prochemerin, it relies on proteolytic activation by serine proteases to exert biological activity. Chemerin binds to three distinct G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), namely chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1, recently named chemerin1), G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1, recently named chemerin2), and CC-motif chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2). Only CMKLR1 displays conventional G protein signaling, while GPR1 only recruits arrestin in response to ligand stimulation, and no CCRL2-mediated signaling events have been described to date. However, GPR1 undergoes constitutive endocytosis, making this receptor perfectly adapted as decoy receptor. Here, we discuss expression pattern, activation, and receptor binding of chemerin. Moreover, we review the current literature regarding the involvement of chemerin in cancer and several obesity-related diseases, as well as recent developments in therapeutic targeting of the chemerin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Chemerin Overexpression in the Liver Protects against Inflammation in Experimental Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010132. [PMID: 35052810 PMCID: PMC8773259 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is marked by macrophage infiltration and inflammation. Chemerin is a chemoattractant protein and is abundant in hepatocytes. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the role of hepatocyte-produced prochemerin in NASH. Therefore, mice were infected with adeno-associated virus 8 to direct hepatic overexpression of prochemerin in a methionine–choline deficient dietary model of NASH. At the end of the study, hepatic and serum chemerin were higher in the chemerin-expressing mice. These animals had less hepatic oxidative stress, F4/80 and CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) protein, and mRNA levels of inflammatory genes than the respective control animals. In order to identify the underlying mechanisms, prochemerin was expressed in hepatocytes and the hepatic stellate cells, LX-2. Here, chemerin had no effect on cell viability, production of inflammatory, or pro-fibrotic factors. Notably, cultivation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the supernatant of Huh7 cells overexpressing chemerin reduced CCL2, interleukin-6, and osteopontin levels in cell media. CCL2 was also low in RAW264.7 cells exposed to Hepa1–6 cell produced chemerin. In summary, the current study showed that prochemerin overexpression had little effect on hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. Of note, hepatocyte-produced chemerin deactivated PBMCs and protected against inflammation in experimental NASH.
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12
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Iacob SA, Iacob DG. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in HIV/HBV Patients - a Metabolic Imbalance Aggravated by Antiretroviral Therapy and Perpetuated by the Hepatokine/Adipokine Axis Breakdown. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:814209. [PMID: 35355551 PMCID: PMC8959898 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.814209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly associated with the metabolic syndrome and is one of the most prevalent comorbidities in HIV and HBV infected patients. HIV plays an early and direct role in the development of metabolic syndrome by disrupting the mechanism of adipogenesis and synthesis of adipokines. Adipokines, molecules that regulate the lipid metabolism, also contribute to the progression of NAFLD either directly or via hepatic organokines (hepatokines). Most hepatokines play a direct role in lipid homeostasis and liver inflammation but their role in the evolution of NAFLD is not well defined. The role of HBV in the pathogenesis of NAFLD is controversial. HBV has been previously associated with a decreased level of triglycerides and with a protective role against the development of steatosis and metabolic syndrome. At the same time HBV displays a high fibrogenetic and oncogenetic potential. In the HIV/HBV co-infection, the metabolic changes are initiated by mitochondrial dysfunction as well as by the fatty overload of the liver, two interconnected mechanisms. The evolution of NAFLD is further perpetuated by the inflammatory response to these viral agents and by the variable toxicity of the antiretroviral therapy. The current article discusses the pathogenic changes and the contribution of the hepatokine/adipokine axis in the development of NAFLD as well as the implications of HIV and HBV infection in the breakdown of the hepatokine/adipokine axis and NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Alexandra Iacob
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals”, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Gabriela Iacob
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- *Correspondence: Diana Gabriela Iacob,
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Chou HH, Teng MS, Hsu LA, Er LK, Wu S, Ko YL. Circulating chemerin level is associated with metabolic, biochemical and haematological parameters-A population-based study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2021; 94:927-939. [PMID: 33576089 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to analyse the association of chemerin levels with several metabolic, biochemical and haematological parameters in a large Taiwanese population with relative healthy status. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Data of 4101 healthy participants without history of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and renal insufficiency from Taiwan Biobank were analysed. The demographic, biochemical and haematologic parameters were retrieved from the database. Chemerin levels were measured using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to test the independent correlates of chemerin. RESULTS In the univariate analysis, circulating chemerin levels were positively associated with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), creatinine, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), leucocyte and platelet counts both in men and women and negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and total bilirubin. In the multivariate analysis, BMI, HbA1C, triglyceride, uric acid, γ-GT and platelet counts predicted chemerin levels independently both in men and in women with positive correlation, while eGFR, total bilirubin and HDL-C predicted circulating chemerin levels independently with negative correlation. CONCLUSIONS Chemerin level is independently associated with multiple metabolic, biochemical and haematological parameters. This study provides further evidence on the molecular basis linking obesity with several human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hua Chou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Sheng Teng
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Lung-An Hsu
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Leay-Kiaw Er
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Semon Wu
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Ko
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Olivero-Verbel J, Harkema JR, Roth RA, Ganey PE. Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist, blocks steatosis and alters the inflammatory response in a mouse model of inflammation-dioxin interaction. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109521. [PMID: 34052195 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin; TCDD) is an environmental contaminant that elicits a variety of toxic effects, many of which are mediated through activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Interaction between AhR and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α), which regulates fatty acid metabolism, has been suggested. Furthermore, with recognition of the prevalence of inflammatory conditions, there is current interest in the potential for inflammatory stress to modulate the response to environmental agents. The aim of this work was to assess the interaction of TCDD with hepatic inflammation modulated by fenofibrate, a PPAR-α agonist. Female, C57BL/6 mice were treated orally with vehicle or fenofibrate (250 mg/kg) for 13 days, and then were given vehicle or 30 μg/kg TCDD. Four days later, the animals received an i.p. injection of lipopolysaccharide-galactosamine (LPS-GalN) (0.05x107 EU/kg and 500 mg/kg, respectively) to incite inflammation, or saline as vehicle control. After 4 h, the mice were euthanized, and blood and liver samples were collected for analysis. Livers of animals treated with TCDD with or without LPS-GalN had increased lipid deposition, and this effect was blocked by fenofibrate. In TCDD/LPS-GalN-treated mice, fenofibrate caused an increase in plasma activity of alanine aminotransferase, a marker of hepatocellular injury. TCDD reduced LPS-GalN-induced apoptosis, an effect that was prevented by fenofibrate pretreatment. LPS-GalN induced an increase in the concentration of interleukin-6 in plasma and accumulation of neutrophils in liver. TCDD exposure enhanced the former response and inhibited the latter one. These results suggest that fenofibrate counteracts the changes in lipid metabolism induced by TCDD but increases inflammation and liver injury in this model of inflammation-TCDD interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Olivero-Verbel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130014, Colombia
| | - Jack R Harkema
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Robert A Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Patricia E Ganey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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15
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Kucukoglu O, Sowa JP, Mazzolini GD, Syn WK, Canbay A. Hepatokines and adipokines in NASH-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2021; 74:442-457. [PMID: 33161047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing in industrialised societies; this is likely secondary to the increasing burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), its progressive form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and the metabolic syndrome. Cumulative studies suggest that NAFLD-related HCC may also develop in non-cirrhotic livers. However, prognosis and survival do not differ between NAFLD- or virus-associated HCC. Thus, research has increasingly focused on NAFLD-related risk factors to better understand the biology of hepatocarcinogenesis and to develop new diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies. One important aspect thereof is the role of hepatokines and adipokines in NAFLD/NASH-related HCC. In this review, we compile current data supporting the use of hepatokines and adipokines as potential markers of disease progression in NAFLD or as early markers of NAFLD-related HCC. While much work must be done to elucidate the mechanisms and interactions underlying alterations to hepatokines and adipokines, current data support the possible utility of these factors - in particular, angiopoietin-like proteins, fibroblast growth factors, and apelin - for detection or even as therapeutic targets in NAFLD-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Kucukoglu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Sowa
- Department of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Guillermo Daniel Mazzolini
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, CONICET-Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires 999071, Argentina; Liver Unit, Hospital Universitario Austral, Universidad Austral, Argentina
| | - Wing-Kin Syn
- Section of Gastroenterology, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Ali Canbay
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany.
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Lu Z, Lu F, Wu L, He B, Chen Z, Yan M. Berberine attenuates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by regulating chemerin/CMKLR1 signalling pathway and Treg/Th17 ratio. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 394:383-390. [PMID: 32524150 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To observe the therapeutic effect of berberine (BBR) on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in rats and the underlying mechanism. A rat model of NASH was established by a high-fat diet, and BBR was used as treatment. Haematoxylin-eosin staining and Oil Red O staining were used to observe the pathological changes in the liver tissue. Western blotting and real-time PCR were used to measure the mRNA and protein levels in the liver. Flow cytometry was performed to detect the number of intrahepatic lymphocyte subtypes. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the peripheral blood was measured by ELISA. An automatic biochemical method was used to examine the level of blood lipids in the blood. Compared with the rats in the model group, the rats in the BBR group showed significantly improved liver histopathology and serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and free fatty acid (FFA) levels. Moreover, the protein and mRNA expression of chemerin, CMKLR1 and CCR2 in the liver were obviously reduced by BBR treatment. In addition, the high-fat diet remarkably reduced the intrahepatic Treg/Th17 ratio, which could be recovered by BBR treatment. Berberine can ameliorate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and its mechanism may be related to restoring the Treg/Th17 ratio, regulating the chemerin/CMKLR1 signalling pathway to reduce liver inflammation and reducing lipid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengsheng Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengbin Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liyan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Beihui He
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases in Combination with Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiyun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases in Combination with Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Maoxiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases in Combination with Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
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Chemerin Is Induced in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Hepatitis B-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102967. [PMID: 33066325 PMCID: PMC7602083 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is protective in experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Noteworthy, chemerin mRNA and protein were reduced in HCC tissues of Asian patients with mostly hepatitis B disease etiology. The current study nevertheless showed that chemerin protein was induced in tumor tissues of European HCC patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and patients with unclear disease etiology. A similar regulation was observed in hepatitis B virus (HBV), but not in hepatitis C virus (HCV), related HCC. The apparent discrepancy between the regulation of chemerin in HBV-HCC obtained from our study and recent reports led us to use the chemerin antibodies applied in the previous assays. These antibodies could not equally detect different chemerin isoforms, which were overexpressed in HepG2 cells. Higher chemerin protein in HCC was nevertheless confirmed by the use of all antibodies. Chemerin protein was low in Huh7 and PLC/PRF/5 cells whereas HepG2 and Hep3B cells had chemerin protein similar as primary human hepatocytes. Besides, the anti-tumor effects of retinoids in hepatocyte cell lines did not enclose upregulation of chemerin, which was initially discovered as a tazarotene induced protein in the skin. Finally, protein levels of the chemerin receptor, chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), declined in non-viral, and tended to be lower in HBV-HCC tissues suggesting reduced chemerin activity in the tumors. To sum up, our work showed an opposite regulation of chemerin and CMKLR1 in NAFLD and HBV associated HCC. In HCV-HCC neither chemerin nor its receptor were changed in the tumor tissues. Current findings do not support a critical role of total chemerin protein levels in HCC of non-viral and viral etiology. Accordingly, tumor-localized chemerin protein was not associated with tumor-node-metastasis classification.
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Karczewska-Kupczewska M, Nikołajuk A, Stefanowicz M, Matulewicz N, Kowalska I, Strączkowski M. Serum and adipose tissue chemerin is differentially related to insulin sensitivity. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:360-369. [PMID: 32244224 PMCID: PMC7219139 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess serum chemerin concentration and s.c. adipose tissue (SAT) chemerin expression in relation to insulin sensitivity and obesity in young healthy subjects. DESIGN We performed a cross-sectional study including 128 subjects, 44 with normal weight, 44 with overweight and 40 with obesity. METHODS Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and SAT biopsy were performed. Next, 30 subjects with obesity underwent 12-week weight-reducing dietary intervention. RESULTS Serum chemerin was higher and SAT chemerin expression was lower in subjects with obesity in comparison with other groups. The relationship of serum chemerin with SAT expression and insulin sensitivity were positive in normal weight and overweight individuals, and negative in individuals with obesity. In the entire study population, serum chemerin was also positively related to hsCRP, serum fetuin A and alanine aminotransferase. SAT chemerin was positively related to insulin sensitivity, SAT insulin signaling and adipogenic genes. Weight loss decreased serum chemerin, whereas SAT chemerin increased in subjects with the highest increase in insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Serum and SAT chemerin is differentially associated with insulin sensitivity and the relationship between serum chemerin and insulin sensitivity depends on adiposity. SAT chemerin is positively associated with insulin sensitivity across a wide range of BMIs and may be proposed as a biomarker of metabolically healthy SAT. Our results suggest that SAT is not the main source of serum chemerin in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Karczewska-Kupczewska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
- Correspondence should be addressed to M Karczewska-Kupczewska:
| | - Agnieszka Nikołajuk
- Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Stefanowicz
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Natalia Matulewicz
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Irina Kowalska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Marek Strączkowski
- Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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Jacenik D, Fichna J. Chemerin in immune response and gastrointestinal pathophysiology. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 504:146-153. [PMID: 32070869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemerin is a multifunctional protein involved among others in adipogenesis, angiogenesis and lipid as well as glucose metabolism. Chemerin is an essential factor in promotion of chemotaxis of numerous immune cell types and plays an important role in several pathophysiologic conditions. Chemerin receptors are present on monocytes/macrophages, T cells, natural killer and dendritic cells as well as neutrophils. However, the role of chemerin and chemerin receptors in immune response and gastrointestinal diseases is still poorly understood. Accumulating, clinical and experimental studies observed disturbation of chemerin and chemerin receptors in a number of disorders including Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, hepatic dysfunction, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Moreover, chemerin and chemerin receptors have been shown to regulate proliferation, migration and invasion of gastrointestinal and immune cells as well as cancer-associated fibroblasts. In this review we present the current state of knowledge about the contribution of chemerin to immune response and gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Jacenik
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Cytobiochemistry, Pomorska St. 141/143, Lodz 90-236, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Mazowiecka St. 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
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20
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Mohammad P, Esfandiar KZ, Abbas S, Ahoora R. Effects of moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training on serum levels of Resistin, Chemerin and liver enzymes in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide induced Type-2 diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2019; 18:379-387. [PMID: 31890663 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-019-00422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in serum resistin, chemerin, insulin, liver enzymes and lipid profiles levels. Methods 24 Wistar rats with mean weight of 200 ± 50 g were randomly assigned to non-diabetic rats (ND-Cnt), diabetic control (D-Cnt), diabetic training groups. The diabetic training group received 10 weeks of HIIT (D-HIIT) and MICT (D-MICT) following the induction of diabetes. Evaluating resistin, chemerin and insulin hormones levels through ELISA. FBS and liver enzyme levels were measured by biochemical kits. Results HIIT and MICT resulted in a significant decrease in resistin, chemerin and fasting blood glucose (P < 0.05) compared to the D-Cnt (P < 0.05). Serum values of FBS, lipid profiles and liver enzyme (P < 0.05) decreased significantly more in the HIIT group compared with the MICT group (P < 0.05). As well as, the resistin level positively and significantly associated with values of ALT and chemerin level positively and significantly associated with values of ALT, ALP and AST in all rat (P < 0.05). Conclusion In general, our findings demonstrated that the HIIT leads to better improvements in serum liver enzyme levels, FBS and lipid profiles compared to MICT. HIIT therefore appears to be an important time-efficient treatment for treatment with type 2 diabetes rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastesh Mohammad
- 1Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports Physiology and Pathology, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349 Iran
| | - Khosravi Zadeh Esfandiar
- 2Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports Management, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349 Iran
| | - Saremi Abbas
- 2Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports Management, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349 Iran
| | - Rekabtalae Ahoora
- 1Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports Physiology and Pathology, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349 Iran
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Levin LM, Völzke H, Lerch MM, Kühn JP, Nauck M, Friedrich N, Zylla S. Associations of circulating chemerin and adiponectin concentrations with hepatic steatosis. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:1097-1107. [PMID: 31265993 PMCID: PMC6652250 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chemerin and adiponectin are adipokines assumed to be involved in the development of metabolic syndrome-related phenotypes like hepatic steatosis. We aimed to evaluate the associations of circulating chemerin and adiponectin concentrations with liver enzymes, liver fat content, and hepatic steatosis in the general population. METHODS Data of 3951 subjects from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND) were used. Hepatic steatosis was assumed when either a hyperechogenic liver (assessed via ultrasound) or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-quantified liver fat content >5% was present. Adjusted sex-specific quantile and logistic regression models were applied to analyze the associations of chemerin and adiponectin with liver enzymes, liver fat content and hepatic steatosis. RESULTS The observed associations of chemerin and adiponectin with liver enzymes were very divergent depending on sex, fasting status and the specific enzyme. More consistent results were seen in the analyses of these adipokines in relation to MRI-quantified liver fat content. Here, we observed inverse associations to adiponectin in both sexes as well as a positive (men) or U-shaped (women) association to chemerin. Similarly, the MRI-based definition of hepatic steatosis revealed strongly consistent results: in both sexes, high chemerin concentrations were associated with higher odds of hepatic steatosis, whereas high adiponectin concentrations were associated with lower odds. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a role of these adipokines in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis independent of metabolic or inflammatory disorders. However, experimental studies are needed to further clarify the underlying mechanisms and the inter-play between adipokine concentrations and hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena-Maria Levin
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany
- DZD (German Center for Diabetes Research), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jens-Peter Kühn
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute and Policlinic for Radiology and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital, Carl-Gustav-Carus University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephanie Zylla
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to S Zylla:
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Schedlbauer C, Blaue D, Gericke M, Blüher M, Starzonek J, Gittel C, Brehm W, Vervuert I. Impact of body weight gain on hepatic metabolism and hepatic inflammatory cytokines in comparison of Shetland pony geldings and Warmblood horse geldings. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7069. [PMID: 31211018 PMCID: PMC6557249 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is known as determining part of human obesity. The impact of body weight (BW) gain on liver metabolism has not been extensively investigated yet. Objectives To investigate hepatic alterations caused by increasing BW in ponies and horses. Animals A total of 19 non-obese equines (10 Shetland ponies, geldings; nine Warmblood horses, geldings). Methods Animals received 200% of their metabolizable maintenance energy requirements for 2 years. Serum alkaline phosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transferase activities and bile acids were analyzed several times during 2 years of hypercaloric diet. Hepatic lipid content and hepatic levels of the interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), cluster of differentiation (CD) 68, IL-1β, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid-binding protein 1, chemerin and nuclear factor-κB mRNAs were assessed at the start of the study and after 1 and 2 years of excess energy intake. Results The mean (±SD) BW gain recorded during 2 years of excess energy intake was 29.9 ± 19.4% for ponies and 17 ± 6.74% for horses. The hepatic lipid content was not profoundly affected by increasing BW. Levels of the IL-6, TNFα, CD68 and IL-1β mRNAs did not change during BW gain. Levels of the chemerin mRNA increased significantly in both breeds (ponies: P = 0.02; horses: P = 0.02) in response to BW gain. Significant differences in serum GLDH and AST activities, serum bile acid concentrations and hepatic levels of the LPL mRNA were observed between ponies and horses at the end of the study. Conclusions Chemerin might represent an interesting marker for future equine obesity research. Interestingly, steatosis caused by increasing BW may occur later in the development of obesity in equines than in humans. Additionally, the hepatic metabolism exhibits differences between ponies and horses, which may explain in part the greater susceptibility of ponies to obesity-associated metabolic dysregulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Schedlbauer
- Leipzig University, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Dominique Blaue
- Leipzig University, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Martin Gericke
- Leipzig University, Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Leipzig University, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Janine Starzonek
- Leipzig University, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Claudia Gittel
- Leipzig University, Department for Horses, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Walter Brehm
- Leipzig University, Department for Horses, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Ingrid Vervuert
- Leipzig University, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
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Buechler C, Feder S, Haberl EM, Aslanidis C. Chemerin Isoforms and Activity in Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051128. [PMID: 30841637 PMCID: PMC6429392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight and adiposity are risk factors for several diseases, like type 2 diabetes and cancer. White adipose tissue is a major source for adipokines, comprising a diverse group of proteins exerting various functions. Chemerin is one of these proteins whose systemic levels are increased in obesity. Chemerin is involved in different physiological and pathophysiological processes and it regulates adipogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and immune response, suggesting a vital role in metabolic health. The majority of serum chemerin is biologically inert. Different proteases are involved in the C-terminal processing of chemerin and generate diverse isoforms that vary in their activity. Distribution of chemerin variants was analyzed in adipose tissues and plasma of lean and obese humans and mice. The Tango bioassay, which is suitable to monitor the activation of the beta-arrestin 2 pathway, was used to determine the ex-vivo activation of chemerin receptors by systemic chemerin. Further, the expression of the chemerin receptors was analyzed in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle. Present investigations assume that increased systemic chemerin in human obesity is not accompanied by higher biologic activity. More research is needed to fully understand the pathways that control chemerin processing and chemerin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Susanne Feder
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth M Haberl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Charalampos Aslanidis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Zhou Z, Chen H, Ju H, Sun M. Circulating chemerin levels and gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:169. [PMID: 30041634 PMCID: PMC6058359 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemerin is a novel adipokine which is associated with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, recent investigations regarding circulating chemerin levels in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are conflicting. This meta-analysis is to evaluate and determine their associations. Methods A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science up to 13 December 2017. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random-effect model. Results Eleven studies comprising 742 GDM patients and 840 normal pregnant women were included. Circulating chemerin levels were increased in GDM patients compared with healthy pregnant women (SMD: 1.16; 95% CI: 0.29, 2.04; P = 0.009). Subgroup analyses revealed such difference was especially available in the groups of the second trimester (SMD: 1.47; 95% CI: 0.28, 2.67) and mean age < 30 years (SMD: 2.30; 95% CI: 0.69, 3.91) of GDM patients. There was significant heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 98.0%, P < 0.001); however, heterogeneity disappeared or markedly decreased in the subgroups of European populations (I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.531), age ≥ 30 years (I2 = 28.2%, P = 0.223) and WHO diagnostic criteria (I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.490) when stratifying by study location, trimester of chemerin measurement and the diagnostic criteria of GDM. Conclusions The elevated levels of circulating chemerin were associated with GDM, which suggests it might play an important role in the pathogenetic mechanism of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mingzhong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Yancheng Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Jiangsu, 224001, Yancheng, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Low circulating chemerin levels correlate with hepatic dysfunction and increased mortality in decompensated liver cirrhosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9242. [PMID: 29915268 PMCID: PMC6006249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional status, infections, inflammation and extrahepatic organ dysfunction are critical factors for the progression of chronic liver disease. Chemerin is an immune-metabolically and chemotactically active adipokine and we hypothesized that it is associated with disease severity and prognosis in patients with advanced decompensated cirrhosis. Therefore, we measured serum concentrations of chemerin in a prospectively characterized cohort of 80 patients with decompensated cirrhosis and ascites and assessed the associations with markers of disease severity and short-term outcome at 28 days. In a subset of patients (n = 40), ascitic fluid chemerin was determined. Advanced liver disease was associated with decreased serum but not ascitic chemerin levels. Serum chemerin correlated with markers of hepatic function (total bilirubin, albumin, INR) and inversely correlated with indicators of portal hypertension (platelet count, gastrointestinal bleeding) but not with extrahepatic organ failure and systemic inflammation. Patients presenting with acute-on-chronic liver failure or infection did not exhibit altered serum or ascitic fluid chemerin concentrations. However, serum chemerin levels below 87 ng/ml predicted an increased risk for mortality or liver transplantation within 28 days independently of MELD and infections. We conclude that low serum chemerin is an independent adverse prognostic factor in patients with advanced decompensated cirrhosis.
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26
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Boutari C, Perakakis N, Mantzoros CS. Association of Adipokines with Development and Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2018; 33:33-43. [PMID: 29589386 PMCID: PMC5874193 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2018.33.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease affecting 30% of the general population and 40% to 70% of obese individuals. Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis, as it produces and secretes pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines called adipokines. Adiponectin and leptin have well-determined actions in terms of NAFLD pathophysiology. Adiponectin deficiency is associated with a pro-inflammatory condition, as it is observed in obesity and other metabolic disorders. On the other hand, increased leptin levels, above the normal levels, act as a pro-inflammatory stimulus. Regarding other adipokines (resistin, visfatin, chemerin, retinol-binding protein 4, irisin), data about their contribution to NAFLD pathogenesis and progression are inconclusive. In addition, pharmacological agents like thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone), that are used in the management of NAFLD exert favourable effects on adipokine levels, which in turn may contribute to the improvement of liver function. This review summarizes the current knowledge and developments in the association between adipokines and NAFLD and discusses possible therapeutic implications targeting the modulation of adipokine levels as a potential tool for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Boutari
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Perakakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christos Socrates Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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27
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Lurins J, Lurina D, Tretjakovs P, Mackevics V, Lejnieks A, Rapisarda V, Baylon V. Increased serum chemerin level to predict early onset of aortic valve stenosis. Biomed Rep 2017; 8:31-36. [PMID: 29387388 PMCID: PMC5768061 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation appears to be the cause of aortic valve (AoV) stenosis and identification of predictive biomarkers is therefore imperative. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the potential role of serum chemerin and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) in the pathogenesis of the disease. A total of 102 patients were selected based on certain criteria and divided into an aortic stenosis group and a control group. Patients with AoV stenosis were subdivided into three groups depending on the severity according to the echocardiography criteria: Aortic jet velocity, Vmax (m/sec); mean pressure gradient, PG (mmHg); aortic valve area (AVA), cm2; and indexed AVA, cm2/m2. Patients were graded as: Severe: Vmax >4 m/sec, PG >40 mmHg, AVA <1.0 cm2, indexed AVA <0.6; moderate: Vmax 3.0–4.0 m/sec, PG 20–40 mmHg, AVA 1.0–1.5 cm2, indexed AVA 0.60–0.85; mild: Vmax 2.5–2.9 m/sec, PG <20 mmHg, AVA >1.5 cm2, indexed AVA >0.85. ELISA was used for the detection of chemerin and FGF-21. Post-hoc analysis with Tukey's correction was performed. The highest chemerin levels were found in mild and moderate AoV stenosis and decreased along with the grade of severity, compared with the control group. The FGF-21 level was increased in all the stenosis groups, reaching the highest level at severe stenosis. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis of chemerin in all the AoV stenosis groups without grading the severity included, area under the curve (AUC)=0.76; 0.70–0.80= fair; P<0.001 and for mild AoV stenosis was AUC=0.82; 0.80–0.90= good; P<0.001. In conclusion, chemerin is a good diagnostic biomarker for mild AoV stenosis, while FGF-21 is a moderate diagnostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juris Lurins
- Department of Doctoral Studies, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LV 1007, Latvia
| | - Dace Lurina
- Zemgale Health Centre, Jelgava, LV 3001, Latvia
| | - Peteris Tretjakovs
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Physiology and Biochemistry, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LV 1007, Latvia
| | - Vitolds Mackevics
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Diseases, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LV 1002, Latvia
| | - Aivars Lejnieks
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Diseases, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LV 1002, Latvia
| | - Venerando Rapisarda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University Hospital 'Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele', University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Baylon
- Newton Lewis Institute-ISR - Life Science Park, San Gwann 3000, Malta
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28
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Sarem Z, Bumke-Vogt C, Mahmoud AM, Assefa B, Weickert MO, Adamidou A, Bähr V, Frystyk J, Möhlig M, Spranger J, Lieske S, Birkenfeld AL, Pfeiffer AFH, Arafat AM. Glucagon Decreases IGF-1 Bioactivity in Humans, Independently of Insulin, by Modulating Its Binding Proteins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3480-3490. [PMID: 28911141 PMCID: PMC6287397 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Depending on its lipolytic activity, glucagon plays a promising role in obesity treatment. Glucagon-induced growth hormone (GH) release can promote its effect on lipid metabolism, although the underlying mechanisms have not been well-defined. OBJECTIVE The present study highlights the glucagon effect on the GH/insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) axis in vivo and in vitro, taking into consideration insulin as a confounding factor. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we investigated changes in GH, IGFBP, and IGF-1 bioactivity after intramuscular glucagon administration in 13 lean controls, 11 obese participants, and 13 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The effect of glucagon on the transcription factor forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) translocation, the transcription of GH/IGF-1 system members, and phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) was further investigated in vitro. RESULTS Despite unchanged total IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels, glucagon decreased IGF-1 bioactivity in all study groups by increasing IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2. The reduction in IGF-1 bioactivity occurred before the glucagon-induced surge in GH. In contrast to the transient increase in circulating insulin in obese and lean participants, no change was observed in those with T1DM. In vitro, glucagon dose dependently induced a substantial nuclear translocation of FOXO1 in human osteosarcoma cells and tended to increase IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 gene expression in mouse primary hepatocytes, despite absent Akt phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Our data point to the glucagon-induced decrease in bioactive IGF-1 levels as a mechanism through which glucagon induces GH secretion. This insulin-independent reduction is related to increased IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 levels, which are most likely mediated via activation of the FOXO/mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Sarem
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité-University
Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition
Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal 14558, Germany
| | - Christiane Bumke-Vogt
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition
Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal 14558, Germany
| | - Ayman M Mahmoud
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité-University
Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Center for
Cardiovascular Research, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Division of Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef
University, Beni Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Biruhalem Assefa
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité-University
Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Center for
Cardiovascular Research, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Martin O Weickert
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and
Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX,
United Kingdom
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School,
University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Aikatarini Adamidou
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité-University
Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Volker Bähr
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité-University
Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of
Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Matthias Möhlig
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité-University
Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité-University
Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Center for
Cardiovascular Research, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Experimental and
Clinical Research Centre, Charité-University Medicine Berlin and Max-Delbrück Centre
Berlin-Buch, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lieske
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, and Paul
Langerhans Institute Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, and Paul
Langerhans Institute Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01069, Germany
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and
Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 8WA, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité-University
Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition
Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal 14558, Germany
| | - Ayman M Arafat
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité-University
Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition
Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal 14558, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Center for
Cardiovascular Research, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Ayman M. Arafat,
MD, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité-University Medicine
Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany. E-mail:
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29
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Zimny S, Pohl R, Rein-Fischboeck L, Haberl EM, Krautbauer S, Weiss TS, Buechler C. Chemokine (CC-motif) receptor-like 2 mRNA is expressed in hepatic stellate cells and is positively associated with characteristics of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice and men. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 103:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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von Loeffelholz C, Döcke S, Lock JF, Lieske S, Horn P, Kriebel J, Wahl S, Singmann P, de Las Heras Gala T, Grallert H, Raschzok N, Sauer IM, Heller R, Jahreis G, Claus RA, Bauer M, Stockmann M, Birkenfeld AL, Pfeiffer AFH. Increased lipogenesis in spite of upregulated hepatic 5'AMP-activated protein kinase in human non-alcoholic fatty liver. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:890-901. [PMID: 27689765 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Molecular adaptations in human non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are incompletely understood. This study investigated the main gene categories related to hepatic de novo lipogenesis and lipid oxidation capacity. METHODS Liver specimens of 48 subjects were histologically classified according to steatosis severity. In-depth analyses were undertaken using real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. Lipid profiles were analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection, and effects of key fatty acids were studied in primary human hepatocytes. RESULTS Real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry indicated 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to be increased with steatosis score ≥ 2 (all P < 0.05), including various markers of de novo lipogenesis and lipid degradation (all P < 0.05). Regarding endoplasmic reticulum stress, X-Box binding protein-1 (XBP1) was upregulated in steatosis score ≥ 2 (P = 0.029) and correlated with plasma palmitate (r = 0.34; P = 0.035). Palmitate incubation of primary human hepatocytes increased XBP1 and downstream stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 mRNA expression (both P < 0.05). Moreover, plasma and liver tissue exposed a NAFLD-related lipid profile with reduced polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio, increased palmitate and palmitoleate, and elevated lipogenesis and desaturation indices with steatosis score ≥ 2 (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In humans with advanced fatty liver disease, hepatic AMPK protein is upregulated, potentially in a compensatory manner. Moreover, pathways of lipid synthesis and degradation are co-activated in subjects with advanced steatosis. Palmitate may drive lipogenesis by activating XBP1-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress and represent a target for future dietary or pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian von Loeffelholz
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, and Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Döcke
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Johan F Lock
- Department of General-, Visceral-, Vascular- and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lieske
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paul Horn
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, and Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simone Wahl
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Paula Singmann
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tonia de Las Heras Gala
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Group of Diabetes Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nathaniel Raschzok
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor M Sauer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine Heller
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, and Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Germany, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard Jahreis
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf A Claus
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, and Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, and Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Stockmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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31
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von Loeffelholz C, Lieske S, Neuschäfer-Rube F, Willmes DM, Raschzok N, Sauer IM, König J, Fromm M, Horn P, Chatzigeorgiou A, Pathe-Neuschäfer-Rube A, Jordan J, Pfeiffer AFH, Mingrone G, Bornstein SR, Stroehle P, Harms C, Wunderlich FT, Helfand SL, Bernier M, de Cabo R, Shulman GI, Chavakis T, Püschel GP, Birkenfeld AL. The human longevity gene homolog INDY and interleukin-6 interact in hepatic lipid metabolism. Hepatology 2017; 66:616-630. [PMID: 28133767 PMCID: PMC5519435 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Reduced expression of the Indy ("I am Not Dead, Yet") gene in lower organisms promotes longevity in a manner akin to caloric restriction. Deletion of the mammalian homolog of Indy (mIndy, Slc13a5) encoding for a plasma membrane-associated citrate transporter expressed highly in the liver, protects mice from high-fat diet-induced and aging-induced obesity and hepatic fat accumulation through a mechanism resembling caloric restriction. We studied a possible role of mIndy in human hepatic fat metabolism. In obese, insulin-resistant patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic mIndy expression was increased and mIndy expression was also independently associated with hepatic steatosis. In nonhuman primates, a 2-year high-fat, high-sucrose diet increased hepatic mIndy expression. Liver microarray analysis showed that high mIndy expression was associated with pathways involved in hepatic lipid metabolism and immunological processes. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was identified as a regulator of mIndy by binding to its cognate receptor. Studies in human primary hepatocytes confirmed that IL-6 markedly induced mIndy transcription through the IL-6 receptor and activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and a putative start site of the human mIndy promoter was determined. Activation of the IL-6-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway stimulated mIndy expression, enhanced cytoplasmic citrate influx, and augmented hepatic lipogenesis in vivo. In contrast, deletion of mIndy completely prevented the stimulating effect of IL-6 on citrate uptake and reduced hepatic lipogenesis. These data show that mIndy is increased in liver of obese humans and nonhuman primates with NALFD. Moreover, our data identify mIndy as a target gene of IL-6 and determine novel functions of IL-6 through mINDY. CONCLUSION Targeting human mINDY may have therapeutic potential in obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00005450. (Hepatology 2017;66:616-630).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian von Loeffelholz
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Friedrich Schiller University, and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 01774, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lieske
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), TU Dresden,01307 Germany,Lehrstuhl für Biochemie der Ernährung, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, 14558, Germany
| | | | - Diana M. Willmes
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), TU Dresden,01307 Germany
| | - Nathanael Raschzok
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité – University School of Medicine, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Igor M. Sauer
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité – University School of Medicine, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Jörg König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Germany
| | - Martin Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Germany
| | - Paul Horn
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Friedrich Schiller University, and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 01774, Germany
| | - Antonis Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Dresden, TUD, Germany
| | | | - Jens Jordan
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas F. H. Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité – University School of Medicine, Berlin, 10117, Germany,German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Geltrude Mingrone
- Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 8WA, UK,Catholic University of Rome, Department of Internal Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), TU Dresden,01307 Germany,Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 8WA, UK,German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Stroehle
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Excellence cluster on cellular stress responses in aging associated diseases (CECAD), Cologne, 5093, Germany
| | - Christoph Harms
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Stroke Research, Department of Experimental Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Thomas Wunderlich
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Excellence cluster on cellular stress responses in aging associated diseases (CECAD), Cologne, 5093, Germany
| | - Stephen. L. Helfand
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Dresden, TUD, Germany
| | - Gerhard. P. Püschel
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie der Ernährung, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, 14558, Germany
| | - Andreas. L. Birkenfeld
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), TU Dresden,01307 Germany,Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 8WA, UK,German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany,Competence Center for Metabolic Vascular Medicine, GWT-TU Dresden, Germany,Contact Information: Andreas L. Birkenfeld, M.D., Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Dresden University School of Medicine Germany, TU Dresden, Tel: +49 15119188884.
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Pohl R, Haberl EM, Rein-Fischboeck L, Zimny S, Neumann M, Aslanidis C, Schacherer D, Krautbauer S, Eisinger K, Weiss TS, Buechler C. Hepatic chemerin mRNA expression is reduced in human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Eur J Clin Invest 2017; 47:7-18. [PMID: 27797398 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemerin is associated with insulin resistance and is expressed in the liver. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is related to impaired insulin sensitivity, but studies evaluating hepatic and serum chemerin in NAFLD resulted in discordant data. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemerin mRNA was determined in the liver tissue obtained from 33 controls and 76 NAFLD patients. Chemerin serum levels were measured in a different cohort of patients with ultrasound-diagnosed NAFLD and the respective controls. Hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes were exposed to selected metabolites and nuclear receptor agonists to study the regulation of chemerin. Effect of recombinant chemerin on hepatocyte released proteins was analysed. RESULTS Hepatic chemerin expression was not related to BMI, gender, type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Chemerin mRNA did not correlate with steatosis and was negatively associated with inflammation, fibrosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) score. Patients with NASH had lower chemerin mRNA compared to those with borderline NASH and controls. Factors with a role in NASH mostly did not regulate chemerin in the liver cells. Of note, liver X receptor agonist reduced chemerin protein. Serum chemerin was not changed in NAFLD. Levels positively correlated with age, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, serum FGF21 and lipocalin 2, and negatively with transferrin saturation. Chemerin induced FGF21 in supernatants of primary human hepatocytes. Hepcidin, a major regulator of iron homoeostasis and lipocalin 2, were not regulated by chemerin. CONCLUSION Chemerin mRNA is reduced in the liver of NASH patients, and liver X receptor seems to have a role herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Pohl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth M Haberl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Rein-Fischboeck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zimny
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Neumann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Charalampos Aslanidis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Doris Schacherer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krautbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Eisinger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas S Weiss
- Children's University Hospital (KUNO), Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
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Oh KJ, Lee DS, Kim WK, Han BS, Lee SC, Bae KH. Metabolic Adaptation in Obesity and Type II Diabetes: Myokines, Adipokines and Hepatokines. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010008. [PMID: 28025491 PMCID: PMC5297643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type II diabetes are characterized by insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. A high caloric intake combined with a sedentary lifestyle is the leading cause of these conditions. Whole-body insulin resistance and its improvement are the result of the combined actions of each insulin-sensitive organ. Among the fundamental molecular mechanisms by which each organ is able to communicate and engage in cross-talk are cytokines or peptides which stem from secretory organs. Recently, it was reported that several cytokines or peptides are secreted from muscle (myokines), adipose tissue (adipokines) and liver (hepatokines) in response to certain nutrition and/or physical activity conditions. Cytokines exert autocrine, paracrine or endocrine effects for the maintenance of energy homeostasis. The present review is focused on the relationship and cross-talk amongst muscle, adipose tissue and the liver as secretory organs in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Da Som Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Won Kon Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Baek Soo Han
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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Chen HY, Chiu YL, Hsu SP, Pai MF, Yang JY, Wu HY, Peng YS. Reappraisal of effects of serum chemerin and adiponectin levels and nutritional status on cardiovascular outcomes in prevalent hemodialysis patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34128. [PMID: 27667092 PMCID: PMC5036174 DOI: 10.1038/srep34128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although chemerin, an adipokine, increases the cardiovascular (CV) risk in obese people, it is associated with a survival advantage in incident hemodialysis (HD) patients. We explored the potential effects of chemerin on CV outcomes in prevalent HD patients. This prospective study included 343 prevalent HD patients. The composite outcome was the occurrence of CV events and death during follow-up. We used multivariate Cox regression analysis to test the predictive power of different chemerin and adiponectin levels and geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) for the outcomes. HD patients with higher chemerin levels (≥211.4 ng/mL) had a lower risk of CV events (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41-0.98) and composite CV outcome (adjusted HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.45-0.99) than those with lower chemerin levels (<211.4 ng/mL). When evaluating CV outcomes, we identified an interaction between chemerin levels and GNRI, but not between chemerin and adiponectin levels. The findings remained robust in the sensitivity analysis. Thus, in prevalent HD patients with negligible residual renal function, higher chemerin levels predict more favourable CV outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yuan Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Chiu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Fen Pai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Yeh Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hon-Yen Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sen Peng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chemokine-Like Receptor 1 mRNA Weakly Correlates with Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Score in Male but Not Female Individuals. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081335. [PMID: 27548138 PMCID: PMC5000732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) ligands resolvin E1 and chemerin are known to modulate inflammatory response. The progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with inflammation. Here it was analyzed whether hepatic CMKLR1 expression is related to histological features of NASH. Therefore, CMKLR1 mRNA was quantified in liver tissue of 33 patients without NAFLD, 47 patients with borderline NASH and 38 patients with NASH. Hepatic CMKLR1 mRNA was not associated with gender and body mass index (BMI) in the controls and the whole study group. CMKLR1 expression was similar in controls and in patients with borderline NASH and NASH. In male patients weak positive correlations with inflammation, fibrosis and NASH score were identified. In females CMKLR1 was not associated with features of NAFLD. Liver CMKLR1 mRNA tended to be higher in type 2 diabetes patients of both genders and in hypercholesterolemic women. In summary, this study shows that hepatic CMKLR1 mRNA is weakly associated with features of NASH in male patients only.
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Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Mantzoros CS. Adipokines in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2016; 65:1062-79. [PMID: 26725002 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of adipose tissue as a higly active endocrine tissue, adipokines, peptides produced by adipose tissue and exerting autocrine, paracrine and endocrine function, have gained increasing interest in various obesity-related diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Data regarding the association between NAFLD and circulating leptin and adiponectin levels are generally well documented: leptin levels increase, whereas adiponectin levels decrease, by increasing the severity of NAFLD. Data regarding other adipokines in histologically confirmed NAFLD populations are inconclusive (e.g., resistin, visfatin, retinol-binding protein-4, chemerin) or limited (e.g., adipsin, obestatin, omentin, vaspin etc.). This review summarizes evidence on the association between adipokines and NAFLD. The first part of the review provides general consideration on the interplay between adipokines and NAFLD, and the second part provides evidence on specific adipokines possibly involved in NAFLD pathogenesis. A thorough insight into the pathophysiologic mechanisms linking adipokines with NAFLD may result in the design of studies investigating the combined adipokine use as noninvasive diagnostic markers of NAFLD and new clinical trials targeting the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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37
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von Loeffelholz C, Horn P, Birkenfeld AL, Claus RA, Metzing BU, Döcke S, Jahreis G, Heller R, Hoppe S, Stockmann M, Lock JF, Rieger A, Weickert MO, Settmacher U, Rauchfuß F, Pfeiffer AFH, Bauer M, Sponholz C. Fetuin A is a Predictor of Liver Fat in Preoperative Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J INVEST SURG 2016; 29:266-74. [PMID: 26980291 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2016.1149640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH) are frequent comorbidities in perioperative patients. However, the predictive role of the hepatokine fetuin A was not evaluated in this collective. OBJECTIVE To study fetuin A as predictor of NAFLD/NASH in preoperative patients. METHODS 58 subjects were included. Fetuin A was studied in patients undergoing open abdominal surgery and in a subset with acute liver failure. Blood and liver specimens were sampled. NAFLD was histologically evaluated. Liver fat was additionally analyzed by an enzymatic approach, circulating fetuin A by enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay, fetuin A mRNA by reverse-transcription PCR. RESULTS Univariate correlation studies linked fetuin A to liver steatosis (r = 0.40, p = .029) and hepatocellular ballooning degeneration (r = 0.34, p = .026). Compared to non-NAFLD subjects fetuin A was increased in NAFLD (p = .009) and in NASH (p = .029). However, when corrected for main confounders by linear modeling, fetuin A remained related to hepatic steatosis, but not to ballooning degeneration or other NAFLD features. In support of this, biochemically analyzed liver lipids correlated with fetuin A in plasma (r = 0.34, p = .033) and with hepatic fetuin A mRNA (r = 0.54, p < .001). In addition, plasma fetuin A was related to hepatic mRNA (r = 0.32, p = .036), while circulating levels were reduced by 64% with acute liver failure (p < .001), confirming the liver as main fetuin A source. CONCLUSION Fetuin A is suggested as noninvasive biomarker of hepatic steatosis in preoperative settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C von Loeffelholz
- a Department of Clinical Nutrition , German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal , Germany ;,b Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC) , Friedrich Schiller University , Jena , Germany.,c Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - P Horn
- b Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC) , Friedrich Schiller University , Jena , Germany.,c Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - A L Birkenfeld
- d Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III , University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus , Dresden , Germany
| | - R A Claus
- b Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC) , Friedrich Schiller University , Jena , Germany.,c Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - B U Metzing
- b Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC) , Friedrich Schiller University , Jena , Germany.,c Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - S Döcke
- a Department of Clinical Nutrition , German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal , Germany
| | - G Jahreis
- e Institute of Nutrition , Friedrich Schiller University , Jena , Germany
| | - R Heller
- b Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC) , Friedrich Schiller University , Jena , Germany.,f Institute for Molecular Cell Biology , Germany Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - S Hoppe
- g Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery , Charité-Universitätsmedizin , Berlin , Germany
| | - M Stockmann
- g Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery , Charité-Universitätsmedizin , Berlin , Germany
| | - J F Lock
- h Department of General-, Visceral-, Vascular- and Paediatric Surgery , University Hospital of Wuerzburg , Wuerzburg , Germany
| | - A Rieger
- i Institute of Pathology , Charité-Universitätsmedizin , Berlin , Germany
| | - M O Weickert
- j Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism , University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire , CV2 2DX , Coventry , UK , Division of Metabolic & Vascular Health , University of Warwick , CV4 7AL , Coventry , UK
| | - U Settmacher
- k Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery , Friedrich Schiller University of Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - F Rauchfuß
- k Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery , Friedrich Schiller University of Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - A F H Pfeiffer
- a Department of Clinical Nutrition , German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal , Germany ;,l Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition , Charité-Universitätsmedizin , Berlin , Germany
| | - M Bauer
- b Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC) , Friedrich Schiller University , Jena , Germany.,c Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - C Sponholz
- c Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
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Horn P, Metzing UB, Steidl R, Romeike B, Rauchfuß F, Sponholz C, Thomas-Rüddel D, Ludewig K, Birkenfeld AL, Settmacher U, Bauer M, Claus RA, von Loeffelholz C. Chemerin in peritoneal sepsis and its associations with glucose metabolism and prognosis: a translational cross-sectional study. Crit Care 2016; 20:39. [PMID: 26873079 PMCID: PMC4751629 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress hyperglycaemia (SHG) is a common complication in sepsis associated with poor outcome. Chemerin is an adipocytokine associated with inflammation and impaired glucose homeostasis in metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aimed to investigate how alterations of circulating chemerin levels and corresponding visceral adipose tissue (VAT) expression are linked to glucose metabolism and prognosis in sepsis. METHODS Clinical data and tissue samples were taken from a cross-sectional study including control, T2D and sepsis patients, all undergoing laparotomy. A second independent patient cohort of patients with sepsis was included to evaluate associations with prognosis. This was complemented by a murine model of peritoneal infection and a high-fat diet. We analysed circulating chemerin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and VAT messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Circulating chemerin was increased in sepsis 1.69-fold compared with controls (p = 0.012) and 1.47-fold compared with T2D (p = 0.03). Otherwise, chemerin VAT mRNA expression was decreased in patients with sepsis (p = 0.006) and in septic diabetic animals (p = 0.009). Circulating chemerin correlated significantly with intra-operative glucose (r = 0.662; p = 0.01) and in trend with fasting glucose (r = 0.528; p = 0.052). After adjusting for body mass index or haemoglobin A1c, chemerin correlated in trend with insulin resistance evaluated using the logarithmised homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (r = 0.539, p = 0.071; r = 0.553, p = 0.062). Chemerin was positively associated with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score in patients with sepsis (p = 0.036) and with clinical severity in septic mice (p = 0.031). In an independent study population, we confirmed association of chemerin with glucose levels in multivariate linear regression analysis (β = 0.556, p = 0.013). In patients with sepsis with SHG, non-survivors had significantly lower chemerin levels than survivors (0.38-fold, p = 0.006), while in patients without SHG, non-survivors had higher chemerin levels, not reaching significance (1.64-fold, p = 0.089). No difference was apparent in patients with pre-existing T2D (p = 0.44). CONCLUSIONS We show, for the first time to our knowledge, that chemerin is increased in sepsis and that it associates with impaired glucose metabolism and survival in these patients. It could be further evaluated as a biomarker to stratify mortality risk of patients with SHG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Horn
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Uta Barbara Metzing
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ricardo Steidl
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Bernd Romeike
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Falk Rauchfuß
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Christoph Sponholz
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Daniel Thomas-Rüddel
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Katrin Ludewig
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.
- Section of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Utz Settmacher
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Michael Bauer
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ralf Alexander Claus
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Christian von Loeffelholz
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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Roh SG, Suzuki Y, Gotoh T, Tatsumi R, Katoh K. Physiological Roles of Adipokines, Hepatokines, and Myokines in Ruminants. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:1-15. [PMID: 26732322 PMCID: PMC4698675 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0001r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of leptin secreted from adipocytes, specialized tissues and cells have been found that secrete the several peptides (or cytokines) that are characterized to negatively and positively regulate the metabolic process. Different types of adipokines, hepatokines, and myokines, which act as cytokines, are secreted from adipose, liver, and muscle tissue, respectively, and have been identified and examined for their physiological roles in humans and disease in animal models. Recently, various studies of these cytokines have been conducted in ruminants, including dairy cattle, beef cattle, sheep, and goat. Interestingly, a few cytokines from these tissues in ruminants play an important role in the post-parturition, lactation, and fattening (marbling) periods. Thus, understanding these hormones is important for improving nutritional management in dairy cows and beef cattle. However, to our knowledge, there have been no reviews of the characteristics of these cytokines in beef and dairy products in ruminants. In particular, lipid and glucose metabolism in adipose tissue, liver tissue, and muscle tissue are very important for energy storage, production, and synthesis, which are regulated by these cytokines in ruminant production. In this review, we summarize the physiological roles of adipokines, hepatokines, and myokines in ruminants. This discussion provides a foundation for understanding the role of cytokines in animal production of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Gun Roh
- Kuju Agriculture Research Center, Kyushu University, Oita 878-020, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Kuju Agriculture Research Center, Kyushu University, Oita 878-020, Japan
| | - Takafumi Gotoh
- Kuju Agriculture Research Center, Kyushu University, Oita 878-020, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Tatsumi
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kazuo Katoh
- Kuju Agriculture Research Center, Kyushu University, Oita 878-020, Japan
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40
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Bekaert M, Verhelst X, Geerts A, Lapauw B, Calders P. Association of recently described adipokines with liver histology in biopsy-proven non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2016; 17:68-80. [PMID: 26597657 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rising, as is the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. It is increasingly recognized that an impaired pattern in adipokine secretion could play a pivotal role in the development of NAFLD. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the potential link between newly described adipokines and liver histology in biopsy-proven NAFLD patients. A computerized literature search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science electronic databases. Thirty-one cross-sectional studies were included, resulting in a total of seven different investigated adipokines. Studies included in this review mainly had a good methodological quality. Most adipokines were suggested to be involved in the inflammatory response that develops within the context of NAFLD, either at hepatic or systemic level, and/or hepatic insulin resistance. Based on literature, clinical studies suggest that chemerin, resistin and adipocyte-fatty-acid-binding protein potentially are involved in NAFLD pathogenesis and/or progression. However, major inconsistency still exists, and there is a high need for larger studies, together with the need of standardized assays to determine adipokine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bekaert
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - X Verhelst
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Geerts
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - B Lapauw
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Calders
- Revalidation Science and Physiotherapy, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Lubura M, Hesse D, Kraemer M, Hallahan N, Schupp M, von Löffelholz C, Kriebel J, Rudovich N, Pfeiffer A, John C, Scheja L, Heeren J, Koliaki C, Roden M, Schürmann A. Diabetes prevalence in NZO females depends on estrogen action on liver fat content. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E968-80. [PMID: 26487005 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00338.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In humans and rodents, risk of metabolic syndrome is sexually dimorphic, with an increased incidence in males. Additionally, the protective role of female gonadal hormones is ostensible, as prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases after menopause. Here, we investigated the influence of estrogen (E2) on the onset of T2DM in female New Zealand obese (NZO) mice. Diabetes prevalence (defined as blood glucose levels >16.6 mmol/l) of NZO females on high-fat diet (60 kcal% fat) in week 22 was 43%. This was markedly dependent on liver fat content in week 10, as detected by computed tomography. Only mice with a liver fat content >9% in week 10 plus glucose levels >10 mmol/l in week 9 developed hyperglycemia by week 22. In addition, at 11 wk, diacylglycerols were elevated in livers of diabetes-prone mice compared with controls. Hepatic expression profiles obtained from diabetes-prone and -resistant mice at 11 wk revealed increased abundance of two transcripts in diabetes-prone mice: Mogat1, which catalyzes the synthesis of diacylglycerols from monoacylglycerol and fatty acyl-CoA, and the fatty acid transporter Cd36. E2 treatment of diabetes-prone mice for 10 wk prevented any further increase in liver fat content and reduced diacylglycerols and the abundance of Mogat1 and Cd36, leading to a reduction of diabetes prevalence and an improved glucose tolerance compared with untreated mice. Our data indicate that early elevation of hepatic Cd36 and Mogat1 associates with increased production and accumulation of triglycerides and diacylglycerols, presumably resulting in reduced hepatic insulin sensitivity and leading to later onset of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Lubura
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Deike Hesse
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria Kraemer
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Hallahan
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schupp
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian von Löffelholz
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Nutrition, DIfE, Nuthetal, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Friedrich Schiller University, and Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, German Center for Diabetes Research, and Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Natalia Rudovich
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Nutrition, DIfE, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Andreas Pfeiffer
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Nutrition, DIfE, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Clara John
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chryssi Koliaki
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; and Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; and Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany;
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Diot M, Reverchon M, Rame C, Froment P, Brillard JP, Brière S, Levêque G, Guillaume D, Dupont J. Expression of adiponectin, chemerin and visfatin in plasma and different tissues during a laying season in turkeys. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:81. [PMID: 26228641 PMCID: PMC4521348 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mammals, adipose tissue is able to secrete various hormones called adipokines including adiponectin (ADP), chemerin (Chem) and visfatin (Visf) which are involved in controlling energy metabolism as well as reproductive functions. Visf receptor is still unknown whereas ADP and Chem mainly act through AdipoR1, AdipoR2 and CMKLR1 and GPR1 receptors, respectively. No studies have yet demonstrated the presence of these three adipokines in peripheral tissues, ovarian cells or turkey plasma. Here, we investigated the expression (mRNA and protein) of ADP, Chem, Visf and their receptors in peripheral tissues and ovarian cells (granulosa and theca cells) from hierarchical follicles. Furthermore, we determined the plasma profile of ADP, Visf and Chem at different physiological stages: start, peak and end of the laying period in Meleagris gallopavo turkeys. This data was correlated with the metabolic data (plasma glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids). METHODS Tissue and ovarian cells mRNA and protein expression levels were determined by RT-qPCR and immunoblot, respectively. Plasma adipokines were measured by chicken ELISA and immunoblotting. RESULTS In turkeys, Chem is mainly expressed in the liver while ADP and Visf are mainly expressed in the abdominal adipose tissue and pectoral muscles,respectively. As in mammals, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 expression levels (mRNA and protein) are highly present in muscle and liver, respectively, whereas the mRNA expression of CMKLR1 and GPR1 is ubiquitous. In ovarian cells, ADP, Visf, Chem and their receptors are more highly expressed in theca cells than in granulosa cells excepted for AdipoR1. Furthermore, we found that plasma levels of ADP, Chem and Visf were reduced at the end of the laying period compared to the start of this period. At the plasma levels, the levels of these adipokines are strongly negatively correlated with glucose and only plasma Chem is negatively correlated with cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids. CONCLUSIONS In turkeys, ADP, Visf and Chem and their receptors are expressed in peripheral tissues and ovarian cells. Plasma concentration of ADP, Visf and Chem decrease at the end of laying period and only plasma Chem is negatively correlated with levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids levels during the entire laying period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Diot
- INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, F-37380, France.
- CNRS, UMR6175, Nouzilly, F-37380, France.
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, F-37041, France.
- IFCE, Nouzilly, F-37380, France.
| | - Maxime Reverchon
- INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, F-37380, France.
- CNRS, UMR6175, Nouzilly, F-37380, France.
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, F-37041, France.
- IFCE, Nouzilly, F-37380, France.
| | - Christelle Rame
- INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, F-37380, France.
- CNRS, UMR6175, Nouzilly, F-37380, France.
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, F-37041, France.
- IFCE, Nouzilly, F-37380, France.
| | - Pascal Froment
- INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, F-37380, France.
- CNRS, UMR6175, Nouzilly, F-37380, France.
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, F-37041, France.
- IFCE, Nouzilly, F-37380, France.
| | - Jean-Pierre Brillard
- Fertilité et reproduction avicole (FERTIL'AVI), Rouziers-de-Touraine, F-37360, France.
| | - Sylvain Brière
- Hendrix Genetics-Grelier, Saint Laurent de la Plaine, F-49290, France.
| | - Gérard Levêque
- Hendrix Genetics-Grelier, Saint Laurent de la Plaine, F-49290, France.
| | - Daniel Guillaume
- INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, F-37380, France.
- CNRS, UMR6175, Nouzilly, F-37380, France.
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, F-37041, France.
- IFCE, Nouzilly, F-37380, France.
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, F-37380, France.
- CNRS, UMR6175, Nouzilly, F-37380, France.
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, F-37041, France.
- IFCE, Nouzilly, F-37380, France.
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Bobbert T, Schwarz F, Fischer-Rosinsky A, Maurer L, Möhlig M, Pfeiffer AFH, Mai K, Spranger J. Chemerin and prediction of Diabetes mellitus type 2. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:838-43. [PMID: 25640450 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance and subclinical inflammation are characteristics in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The adipokine chemerin has been associated with both factors. The aim of this study was to analyse whether chemerin predicts T2DM. DESIGN Blood samples of 440 participants of the Metabolic-Syndrome Berlin-Potsdam (MesyBepo) follow-up study without diabetes at baseline were available for chemerin measurement. Mean follow-up of participants was 5·3 years. Glucose metabolism was analysed using oral glucose tolerance test including insulin measurements. Chemerin was measured using a commercially available ELISA. RESULTS Thirty-five individuals developed T2DM during follow-up. Chemerin predicted incident T2DM (Chemerin 1. Tertile: reference, 2. Tertile: OR 2·33 [0·68-7·95]; Chemerin 3. Tertile: OR 3·42 [1·01-11·58] after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, follow-up time, HbA1c, HOMA-IR and WHR). In a secondary analysis, chemerin also predicted worsening of fasting glucose and HbA1c (adjusted for age, sex, BMI, time of follow-up, WHR, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that chemerin is a weak predictor of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bobbert
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Schwarz
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité Center for cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Fischer-Rosinsky
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité Center for cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück Zentrum, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Lukas Maurer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité Center for cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück Zentrum, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Matthias Möhlig
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Knut Mai
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück Zentrum, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité Center for cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück Zentrum, Berlin-Buch, Germany
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Pivovarova O, von Loeffelholz C, Ilkavets I, Sticht C, Zhuk S, Murahovschi V, Lukowski S, Döcke S, Kriebel J, de las Heras Gala T, Malashicheva A, Kostareva A, Lock JF, Stockmann M, Grallert H, Gretz N, Dooley S, Pfeiffer AFH, Rudovich N. Modulation of insulin degrading enzyme activity and liver cell proliferation. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2293-300. [PMID: 25945652 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1046647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM), insulin therapy, and hyperinsulinemia are independent risk factors of liver cancer. Recently, the use of a novel inhibitor of insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) was proposed as a new therapeutic strategy in T2DM. However, IDE inhibition might stimulate liver cell proliferation via increased intracellular insulin concentration. The aim of this study was to characterize effects of inhibition of IDE activity in HepG2 hepatoma cells and to analyze liver specific expression of IDE in subjects with T2DM. HepG2 cells were treated with 10 nM insulin for 24 h with or without inhibition of IDE activity using IDE RNAi, and cell transcriptome and proliferation rate were analyzed. Human liver samples (n = 22) were used for the gene expression profiling by microarrays. In HepG2 cells, IDE knockdown changed expression of genes involved in cell cycle and apoptosis pathways. Proliferation rate was lower in IDE knockdown cells than in controls. Microarray analysis revealed the decrease of hepatic IDE expression in subjects with T2DM accompanied by the downregulation of the p53-dependent genes FAS and CCNG2, but not by the upregulation of proliferation markers MKI67, MCM2 and PCNA. Similar results were found in the liver microarray dataset from GEO Profiles database. In conclusion, IDE expression is decreased in liver of subjects with T2DM which is accompanied by the dysregulation of p53 pathway. Prolonged use of IDE inhibitors for T2DM treatment should be carefully tested in animal studies regarding its potential effect on hepatic tumorigenesis.
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Key Words
- CCNG2, Cyclin G2 gene, CDKN1A/P21, Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21, Cip1) gene
- CDKN1B/P27, Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27, Kip1) gene
- FAS, Fas cell surface death receptor gene
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- IDE, Insulin-degrading enzyme
- MCM2, Minichromosome maintenance complex component 2 gene
- MKI67, Marker of proliferation Ki-67 gene
- NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NAS, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease score
- OGTT, Oral glucose tolerance test
- PCNA, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen gene
- SESN1, Sestrin 1 gene
- T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- TP53, Tumor protein p53 gene
- TP53I3, Tumor protein p53 inducible protein 3 gene
- hepatocellular carcinoma
- insulin-degrading enzyme
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- proliferation
- qRT-PCR, Quantitative real-time PCR
- type 2 diabetes mellitus
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Pivovarova
- a Department of Clinical Nutrition ; German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke ; Nuthetal , Germany
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Hatziagelaki E, Herder C, Tsiavou A, Teichert T, Chounta A, Nowotny P, Pacini G, Dimitriadis G, Roden M. Serum Chemerin Concentrations Associate with Beta-Cell Function, but Not with Insulin Resistance in Individuals with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124935. [PMID: 25933030 PMCID: PMC4416815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel adipokine chemerin has been related to insulin-resistant states such as obesity and non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, its association with insulin resistance and beta cell function remains controversial. The main objective was to examine whether serum chemerin levels associate with insulin sensitivity and beta cell function independently of body mass index (BMI), by studying consecutive outpatients of the hepatology clinics of a European university hospital. Individuals (n=196) with NAFLD were stratified into persons with normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n=110), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; n=51) and type 2 diabetes (T2D; n=35) and the association between serum chemerin and measures of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function as assessed during fasting and during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was measured. Our results showed that serum chemerin positively associated with BMI (P=0.0007) and C peptide during OGTT (P<0.004), but not with circulating glucose, insulin, lipids or liver enzymes (all P>0.18). No BMI independent relationships of chemerin with fasting and OGTT derived measures of insulin sensitivity were found (P>0.5). Chemerin associated positively with fasting beta cell function as well as the OGTT derived insulinogenic index IGI_cp and the adaptation index after adjustment for age, sex and BMI (P=0.002-0.007), and inversely with the insulin/C peptide ratio (P=0.007). Serum chemerin neither related to the insulinogenic index IGI_ins nor the disposition index. In conclusion, circulating chemerin is likely linked to enhanced beta cell function but not to insulin sensitivity in patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erifili Hatziagelaki
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Athens University, “Attikon” University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute of Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anastasia Tsiavou
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Athens University, “Attikon” University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Tom Teichert
- Institute of Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Athina Chounta
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, “Attikon” University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter Nowotny
- Institute of Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Giovanni Pacini
- Metabolic Unit, CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - George Dimitriadis
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Athens University, “Attikon” University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute of Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Pohl R, Rein-Fischboeck L, Meier EM, Eisinger K, Krautbauer S, Buechler C. Resolvin E1 and chemerin C15 peptide do not improve rodent non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 98:295-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Obesity and metabolic syndrome pose significant risk for the progression of many types of chronic illness, including liver disease. Hormones released from adipocytes, adipocytokines, associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome, have been shown to control hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis is the final common pathway that can result in cirrhosis, and can ultimately require liver transplantation. Initially, two key adipocytokines, leptin and adiponectin, appeared to control many fundamental aspects of the cell and molecular biology related to hepatic fibrosis and its resolution. Leptin appears to act as a profibrogenic molecule, while adiponectin has strong-antifibrotic properties. In this review, we emphasize pertinent data associated with these and other recently discovered adipocytokines that may drive or halt the fibrogenic response in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj K Saxena
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Howard Hall, Room 301, 660W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Frank A Anania
- Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Suite 201, 615 Michael Street, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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48
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Hebel T, Eisinger K, Neumeier M, Rein-Fischboeck L, Pohl R, Meier EM, Boettcher A, Froehner SC, Adams ME, Liebisch G, Krautbauer S, Buechler C. Lipid abnormalities in alpha/beta2-syntrophin null mice are independent from ABCA1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:527-36. [PMID: 25625330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The syntrophins alpha (SNTA) and beta 2 (SNTB2) are molecular adaptor proteins shown to stabilize ABCA1, an essential regulator of HDL cholesterol. Furthermore, SNTB2 is involved in glucose stimulated insulin release. Hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia are characteristic features of the metabolic syndrome, a serious public health problem with rising prevalence. Therefore, it is important to understand the role of the syntrophins herein. Mice deficient for both syntrophins (SNTA/B2-/-) have normal insulin and glucose tolerance, hepatic ABCA1 protein and cholesterol. When challenged with a HFD, wild type and SNTA/B2-/- mice have similar weight gain, adiposity, serum and liver triglycerides. Hepatic ABCA1, serum insulin and insulin sensitivity are normal while glucose tolerance is impaired. Liver cholesterol is reduced, and expression of SREBP2 and HMG-CoA-R is increased in the knockout mice. Scavenger receptor-BI (SR-BI) protein is strongly diminished in the liver of SNTA/B2-/- mice while SR-BI binding protein NHERF1 is not changed and PDZK1 is even induced. Knock-down of SNTA, SNTB2 or both has no effect on hepatocyte SR-BI and PDZK1 proteins. Further, SR-BI levels are not reduced in brown adipose tissue of SNTA/B2-/- mice excluding that syntrophins directly stabilize SR-BI. SR-BI stability is regulated by MAPK and phosphorylated ERK2 is induced in the liver of the knock-out mice. Blockage of ERK activity upregulates hepatocyte SR-BI showing that increased MAPK activity contributes to low SR-BI. Sphingomyelin which is well described to regulate cholesterol metabolism is reduced in the liver and serum of the knock-out mice while the size of serum lipoproteins is not affected. Current data exclude a major function of these syntrophins in ABCA1 activity and insulin release but suggest a role in regulating glucose uptake, ERK and SR-BI levels, and sphingomyelin metabolism in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hebel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Eisinger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Neumeier
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Rein-Fischboeck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rebekka Pohl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth M Meier
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alfred Boettcher
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stanley C Froehner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - Marvin E Adams
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krautbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany.
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49
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Eisinger K, Krautbauer S, Wiest R, Weiss TS, Buechler C. Reduced serum chemerin in patients with more severe liver cirrhosis. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 98:208-13. [PMID: 25595667 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemerin is a well-established modulator of immune cell function and its serum levels are induced in inflammatory diseases. Liver cirrhosis is associated with inflammation which is aggravated by portal hypertension. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether chemerin is induced in patients with more severe liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Chemerin has been measured by ELISA in the portal venous serum (PVS), systemic venous serum (SVS) and hepatic venous serum (HVS) of 45 patients with liver cirrhosis. Chemerin is higher in HVS compared to PVS in accordance with our recently published finding. SVS, HVS and PVS chemerin decline in patients with more advanced liver injury defined by the CHILD-PUGH score. Hepatic chemerin has been determined in a small cohort and is similarly expressed in normal and cirrhotic liver. MELD score and serum markers of liver and kidney function do not correlate with chemerin. There is a positive correlation of chemerin in all compartments with Quick prothrombin time and of SVS chemerin with systolic blood pressure. PVS chemerin is induced in patients with modest/massive ascites but this does not translate into higher HVS and SVS levels. Chemerin is not associated with variceal size. Reduction of portal pressure by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt does not affect chemerin levels. These data show that low chemerin in patients with more severe liver cirrhosis is associated with reduced Quick prothrombin time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Eisinger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krautbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas S Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany.
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50
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Green CJ, Pramfalk C, Morten KJ, Hodson L. From whole body to cellular models of hepatic triglyceride metabolism: man has got to know his limitations. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E1-20. [PMID: 25352434 PMCID: PMC4281685 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00192.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a main metabolic organ in the human body and carries out a vital role in lipid metabolism. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases, encompassing a spectrum of conditions from simple fatty liver (hepatic steatosis) through to cirrhosis. Although obesity is a known risk factor for hepatic steatosis, it remains unclear what factor(s) is/are responsible for the primary event leading to retention of intrahepatocellular fat. Studying hepatic processes and the etiology and progression of disease in vivo in humans is challenging, not least as NAFLD may take years to develop. We present here a review of experimental models and approaches that have been used to assess liver triglyceride metabolism and discuss their usefulness in helping to understand the aetiology and development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J Green
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford United Kingdom; and
| | - Camilla Pramfalk
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford United Kingdom; and
| | - Karl J Morten
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford United Kingdom; and
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