1
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Anazco D, Acosta A, Cathcart-Rake EJ, D'Andre SD, Hurtado MD. Weight-centric prevention of cancer. OBESITY PILLARS 2024; 10:100106. [PMID: 38495815 PMCID: PMC10943063 DOI: 10.1016/j.obpill.2024.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Background The link between excess adiposity and carcinogenesis has been well established for multiple malignancies, and cancer is one of the main contributors to obesity-related mortality. The potential role of different weight-loss interventions on cancer risk modification has been assessed, however, its clinical implications remain to be determined. In this clinical review, we present the data assessing the effect of weight loss interventions on cancer risk. Methods In this clinical review, we conducted a comprehensive search of relevant literature using MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for relevant studies from inception to January 20, 2024. In this clinical review, we present systematic reviews and meta-analysis, randomized clinical trials, and prospective and retrospective observational studies that address the effect of different treatment modalities for obesity in cancer risk. In addition, we incorporate the opinions from experts in the field of obesity medicine and oncology regarding the potential of weight loss as a preventative intervention for cancer. Results Intentional weight loss achieved through different modalities has been associated with a reduced cancer incidence. To date, the effect of weight loss on the postmenopausal women population has been more widely studied, with multiple reports indicating a protective effect of weight loss on hormone-dependent malignancies. The effect of bariatric interventions as a protective intervention for cancer has been studied extensively, showing a significant reduction in cancer incidence and mortality, however, data for the effect of bariatric surgery on certain specific types of cancer is conflicting or limited. Conclusion Medical nutrition therapy, exercise, antiobesity medication, and bariatric interventions, might lead to a reduction in cancer risk through weight loss-dependent and independent factors. Further evidence is needed to better determine which population might benefit the most, and the amount of weight loss required to provide a clinically significant preventative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Anazco
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andres Acosta
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Maria D. Hurtado
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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2
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Avraham SA, Hossein J, Somri F, Hawash N, Hochman O. Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in two patients taking semaglutide for weight loss. Anaesth Rep 2024; 12:e12278. [PMID: 38225986 PMCID: PMC10788311 DOI: 10.1002/anr3.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Semaglutide is a new weight loss treatment that has received substantial media attention in recent years. Anaesthetists must be aware of a potentially dangerous side effect of the drug: decreased gastric emptying. This is caused by effects on gastric smooth muscle, mediated by the vagal afferent nerves. This is especially relevant in the peri-operative setting where pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents is a recognised complication. Here, we report two cases of peri-operative regurgitation of gastric contents in patients taking semaglutide. A patient taking semaglutide may have a full stomach despite compliance with routine pre-operative fasting guidelines. We consider how to manage patients receiving glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist therapy in the peri-operative period, including identifying those at high risk of regurgitation. Precautions such as rapid sequence induction and tracheal intubation can be used, but gastric ultrasound may also be useful in the pre-operative environment to help identify patients at high risk of aspiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Avraham
- Department of AnaesthesiaBnei Zion Medical Center, Rappaport Faculty of MedicineTechnion‐Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifaIsrael
| | - J. Hossein
- Department of AnaesthesiaBnei Zion Medical Center, Rappaport Faculty of MedicineTechnion‐Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifaIsrael
| | - F. Somri
- Faculty of MedicineUniversità degli Studi “Gabriele d'Annunzio” ChietiPescaraItaly
| | - N. Hawash
- Department of AnaesthesiaBnei Zion Medical Center, Rappaport Faculty of MedicineTechnion‐Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifaIsrael
| | - O. Hochman
- Bnei Zion Medical Center, Rappaport Faculty of MedicineTechnion‐Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifaIsrael
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3
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Luo P, Fan Y, Xiong Y, Feng H, Yang Z, Zhang C, Mei B. Genetic variants of the GLP-1R gene affect the susceptibility and glucose metabolism of gestational diabetes mellitus: a two-center nested case‒control study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:190. [PMID: 36528605 PMCID: PMC9759872 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00963-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common complication during pregnancy, occurring under the combined action of environmental and genetic factors. Genetic variants of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) have been reported to affect insulin secretion and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to explore the role of GLP-1R polymorphisms in GDM and glucose metabolism. METHODS A two-center nested case‒control study was designed, including 200 pregnant women with GDM and 200 pregnant women without GDM genotyped for five tag SNPs of GLP-1R using Sanger sequencing. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between GLP-1R polymorphisms and GDM risk. Glucose and insulin concentrations were measured based upon the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Beta cell function of different genotypes was estimated with the 60 min insulinogenic index (IGI60) and OGTT-derived disposition index (DI). RESULTS Mutant genotype AG + GG of tag SNP rs6458093 nominally increased GDM risk (p = 0.049), especially among subjects younger than 35 years (p = 0.024) and with BMI no less than 24 (p = 0.041), after adjusting for confounders. Meanwhile, compared with subjects with wild genotype AA, subjects with genotype AG + GG of rs6458093 also showed nominally significantly lower IGI60 (p = 0.032) and DI (p = 0.029), as well as significantly higher 75 g OGTT-based 1 h glucose load plasma glucose levels (p = 0.045). Moreover, the mutant heterozygous genotype GA of tag SNP rs3765467 nominally decreased GDM risk among subjects older than 35 years (p = 0.037) but showed no association with insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Tag SNP rs6458093 of GLP-1R was nominally associated with increased GDM risk and affected beta cell function and postprandial glucose metabolism, while tag SNP rs3765467 of GLP-1R was nominally associated with decreased GDM risk, providing evidence for molecular markers and etiological study of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Ying Fan
- Gongan County Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jingzhou, 434300, China
| | - Yusha Xiong
- Gongan County Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jingzhou, 434300, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Gongan County Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jingzhou, 434300, China
| | - Zhiping Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Chunlin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Bing Mei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China.
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4
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Cheng Z, Guo D, Ruzi A, Pan T, You K, Chen Y, Huang X, Zhang J, Yang F, Niu L, Xu K, Li YX. Modeling MEN1 with Patient-Origin iPSCs Reveals GLP-1R Mediated Hypersecretion of Insulin. Cells 2022; 11:2387. [PMID: 35954231 PMCID: PMC9368616 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an inherited disease caused by mutations in the MEN1 gene encoding a nuclear protein menin. Among those different endocrine tumors of MEN1, the pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are life-threatening and frequently implicated. Since there are uncertainties in genotype and phenotype relationship and there are species differences between humans and mice, it is worth it to replenish the mice model with human cell resources. Here, we tested whether the patient-origin induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines could phenocopy some defects of MEN1. In vitro β-cell differentiation revealed that the percentage of insulin-positive cells and insulin secretion were increased by at least two-fold in MEN1-iPSC derived cells, which was mainly resulted from significantly higher proliferative activities in the pancreatic progenitor stage (Day 7-13). This scenario was paralleled with increased expressions of prohormone convertase1/3 (PC1/3), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), GLP-1R, and factors in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signal pathway, and the GLP-1R was mainly expressed in β-like cells. Blockages of either GLP-1R or PI3K significantly reduced the percentages of insulin-positive cells and hypersecretion of insulin in MEN1-derived cells. Furthermore, in transplantation of different stages of MEN1-derived cells into immune-deficient mice, only those β-like cells produced tumors that mimicked the features of the PNETs from the original patient. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first case using patient-origin iPSCs modeling most phenotypes of MEN1, and the results suggested that GLP-1R may be a potential therapeutic target for MEN1-related hyperinsulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Cheng
- Center for Health Research, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (Z.C.); (D.G.); (A.R.); (T.P.); (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (J.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Dongsheng Guo
- Center for Health Research, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (Z.C.); (D.G.); (A.R.); (T.P.); (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Aynisahan Ruzi
- Center for Health Research, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (Z.C.); (D.G.); (A.R.); (T.P.); (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Tingcai Pan
- Center for Health Research, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (Z.C.); (D.G.); (A.R.); (T.P.); (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Kai You
- Center for Health Research, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (Z.C.); (D.G.); (A.R.); (T.P.); (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yan Chen
- Center for Health Research, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (Z.C.); (D.G.); (A.R.); (T.P.); (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xinping Huang
- Center for Health Research, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (Z.C.); (D.G.); (A.R.); (T.P.); (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (J.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jiaye Zhang
- Center for Health Research, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (Z.C.); (D.G.); (A.R.); (T.P.); (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Fan Yang
- Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Lizhi Niu
- Guangzhou Fuda Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou 510305, China; (L.N.); (K.X.)
| | - Kecheng Xu
- Guangzhou Fuda Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou 510305, China; (L.N.); (K.X.)
| | - Yin-Xiong Li
- Center for Health Research, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (Z.C.); (D.G.); (A.R.); (T.P.); (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (X.H.); (J.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510000, China
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
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5
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Chandramoorthy HC, Dera AA, Al-Hakami A, Eid RA, Patel A, Mahmoud Faris N, Devaraj A, Kumar A, Alshahrani MY, Zaman GS, Rajagopalan P. Glucose and oleic acid mediate cellular alterations in GLP-1-induced insulin-positive differentiating UCBMSCs. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14087. [PMID: 35246864 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated effects of glucose and oleic acid on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mediated differentiation of insulin-positive differentiating umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells (dUCBMSCs) was studied using a co-culture of NCI-H716 (GLP-1+) and UCBMSCs (insulin+). The addition of 2.5 mM glucose increased the proliferation of NCI-H716 cells by 30% and induced transformation of UCBMSCs into insulin-secreting cells in 18 days as compared to 22 days in control cells. Oleic acid (25 μM) showed decrease in cell proliferation, autophagy, and apoptosis in NCI-H716 cells while no effect was observed in dUCBMSCs. Prolonged glucose and oleic acid resulted in apoptosis and cell cycle changes in dUCBMSCs after day 18 while higher concentrations resulted in cell death. Additionally, the expression of FAS and ACC mRNA was observed in NCI-H716 and dUCBMSCs post 24-hr addition of glucose and/or oleic acid. Absorption of oleic acid was high in NCI-H716 compared to dUCBMSCs. Taken together, optimal concentrations of glucose and oleic acid could be a key factor in stimulating intrinsic GLP-1, which in turn stimulates differentiating MSCs in a glucose-dependent manner. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The aim of this article was to study whether differentiating or differentiated MSCs after mobilization or post-transplant would require optimal glucose and oleic acid to naturally stimulate intrinsic GLP-1, or otherwise, the high or long-term overload of glucose or oleic acid could result in inhibition of differentiated cells resulting in failure of insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish C Chandramoorthy
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology & Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayed A Dera
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Central Research Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al-Hakami
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology & Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Refaat A Eid
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayyub Patel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouraldeen Mahmoud Faris
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anantharam Devaraj
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology & Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Microbiology & Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaffar S Zaman
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prasanna Rajagopalan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Central Research Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Yau B, Hocking S, Andrikopoulos S, Kebede MA. Targeting the insulin granule for modulation of insulin exocytosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 194:114821. [PMID: 34748819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pancreatic β-cells control insulin secretion in the body to regulate glucose homeostasis, and β-cell stress and dysfunction is characteristic of Type 2 Diabetes. Pharmacological targeting of the β-cell to increase insulin secretion is typically utilised, however, extended use of common drugs such as sulfonylureas are known to result in secondary failure. Moreover, there is evidence they may induce β-cell failure in the long term. Within β-cells, insulin secretory granules (ISG) serve as compartments to store, process and traffic insulin for exocytosis. There is now growing evidence that ISG exist in multiple populations, distinct in their protein composition, motility, age, and capacity for secretion. In this review, we discuss the implications of a heterogenous ISG population in β-cells and highlight the need for more understanding into how unique ISG populations may be targeted in anti-diabetic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Yau
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Samantha Hocking
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health and Department of Endocrinology Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Melkam A Kebede
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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7
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He S, Zhang J, Wang T, Wu P, Liu J, Li M, Ma B. The Biological Role of Optimized Recombinant Oral Long-Acting Glucagon Like Peptide-1 and Its Impact on the Expression of Genes Associated with Glucose Metabolism of Diabetes. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Jiang P, Ma C, Hao J, Han Y, Li M. Construction of a dietary-cure Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 and investigation of its hypoglycemic activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus mouse model. J Biosci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Yamada T, Mori R, Hosoe J, Shojima N, Kamata R, Ishinohachi K, Yamauchi T, Tanikawa Y, Kadowaki T. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 analogues as an add-on to insulin for adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Hippokratia 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohide Yamada
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases; 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan 113-8655
| | - Rintaro Mori
- National Center for Child Health and Development; Department of Health Policy; 2-10-1 Okura Setagaya-ku Tokyo Tokyo Japan 157-0074
| | - Jun Hosoe
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases; 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan 113-8655
| | - Nobuhiro Shojima
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases; 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan 113-8655
| | - Ryuichi Kamata
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases; 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan 113-8655
| | - Kotomi Ishinohachi
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases; 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan 113-8655
| | - Toshimasa Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases; 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan 113-8655
| | - Yukihiro Tanikawa
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine / School of Public Health; Department of Healthcare Epidemiology; Yoshida Konoe-Cho, Sakyoku Kyoto Kyoto Prefecture Japan 606-8501
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- University of Tokyo; Department of Prevention of Diabetes and Lifestyle-related Diseases; 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Tokyo Japan 113-8655
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10
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Lee M, Kim MJ, Oh J, Piao C, Park YW, Lee DY. Gene delivery to pancreatic islets for effective transplantation in diabetic animal. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Modified human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) produced in E. coli has a long-acting therapeutic effect in type 2 diabetic mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181939. [PMID: 28750064 PMCID: PMC5531477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a very potent insulinotropic hormone secreted into the blood stream after eating. Thus, it has potential to be used in therapeutic treatment of diabetes. The half-life of GLP-1, however, is very short due to its rapid cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV). This presents a great challenge if it is to be used as a therapeutic drug. GLP-1, like many other small peptides, is commonly produced through chemical synthesis, but is limited by cost and product quantity. In order to overcome these problems, a sequence encoding a six codon-optimized tandem repeats of modified GLP-1 was constructed and expressed in the E. coli to produce a protease-resistant protein, 6×mGLP-1. The purified recombinant 6×mGLP-1, with a yield of approximately 20 mg/L, could be digested with trypsin to obtain single peptides. The single mGLP-1 peptides significantly stimulated the proliferation of a mouse pancreatic β cell line, MIN6. The recombinant peptide also greatly improved the oral glucose tolerance test of mice, exerted a positive glucoregulatory effect, and most notably had a glucose lowering effect for as long as 16.7 hours in mice altered to create a type 2 diabetic condition and exerted a positive glucoregulatory effect in db/db mice. These results indicate that recombinant 6×mGLP-1 has great potential to be used as an effective and cost-efficient drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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12
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Barakat G, Moustafa ME, Khalifeh I, Hodroj MH, Bikhazi A, Rizk S. Effects of exendin-4 and selenium on the expression of GLP-1R, IRS-1, and preproinsulin in the pancreas of diabetic rats. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 73:387-394. [PMID: 28589533 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-017-0565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which exendin-4 and selenium exert their antidiabetic actions are still unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of exendin-4 or selenium administration on the expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and preproinsulin in the pancreas of diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin administration. Diabetic rats were injected intraperitoneally with 0.03 μg exendin-4/kg body weight/daily or treated with 5 ppm selenium in drinking water for a period of 4 weeks. GLP-1R and IRS-1 levels were decreased while the level of preproinsulin messenger RNA (mRNA) was increased in the pancreas of diabetic untreated rats, as compared to that in control rats. Treatment of diabetic rats with exendin-4 increased protein and mRNA levels of GLP-1R, and IRS-1, and the mRNA level of preproinsulin in the pancreas, as compared to their levels in diabetic untreated rats. Selenium treatment of diabetic rats increased the pancreatic mRNA levels of GLP-1R, IRS-1, and preproinsulin. Exendin-4 or selenium treatment of diabetic rats also increased the numbers of pancreatic islets and GLP-1R molecules in the pancreas. Therefore, exendin-4 and selenium may exert their antidiabetic effects by increasing GLP-1R, IRS-1, and preproinsulin expression in the pancreas and by increasing the number of pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghinwa Barakat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed E Moustafa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Khalifeh
- Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad H Hodroj
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, 1102-2801, Lebanon
| | - Anwar Bikhazi
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sandra Rizk
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, 1102-2801, Lebanon.
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13
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Cira DK, Sari R, Ozdem S, Yilmaz N, Bozkurt S. GLP-1 and GIP Levels in Patients With Hyperthyroidism: The Effect of Antithyroid Treatment. Ann Pharmacother 2017; 51:663-668. [DOI: 10.1177/1060028017707221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:Incretin hormones (glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] and gastric inhibitory polypeptide [GIP]) may play a role in the development of glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia in patients with hyperthyroidism. Objective: We aimed to assess both incretin levels and treatment-induced changes in incretin levels in those with hyperthyroidism. Methods: A total of 24 subjects (12 with hyperthyroidism and 12 healthy) were enrolled in the study. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed and serum glucose, insulin GLP1, and GIP levels were evaluated at 0 (baseline), 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes using ELISA. Measurements were repeated after euthyroidism was reached in subjects with hyperthyroidism. Results: The baseline glucose level was higher in those with hyperthyroidism compared with controls ( P = 0.03). GLP-1 and GIP responses to oral glucose load did not differ significantly between those with hyperthyroidism and controls. Peak GLP-1 and GIP levels were reached in both groups at 60 and 90 minutes, respectively. Areas under the curve (AUCs) for GLP1 and GIP were similar in those with hyperthyroidism and controls. Although GLP-1 and GIP levels did not change before and after antithyroid treatment in subjects with hyperthyroidism, time to peak GLP-1 and GIP levels were reached at 30 minutes after euthyroid state was achieved. Reversal of hyperthyroid to euthyroid status did not induce significant changes in AUCs for incretins. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that the total incretin response to oral glucose load is preserved in patients with hypertyhroidism, but peak incretin responses may change after achieving euthyroid state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramazan Sari
- Akdeniz University, School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sebahat Ozdem
- Akdeniz University, School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Nusret Yilmaz
- Akdeniz University, School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Selen Bozkurt
- Akdeniz University, School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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14
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Xu F, Wang KY, Wang N, Li G, Liu D. Bioactivity of a modified human Glucagon-like peptide-1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171601. [PMID: 28152036 PMCID: PMC5289641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has become the third largest cause of death in humans worldwide. Therefore, effective treatment for this disease remains a critical issue. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) plays an important role in glucose homeostasis, and therefore represents a promising candidate to use for the treatment of diabetes. Native GLP-1, however, is quickly degraded in in the circulatory system; which limits its clinical application. In the present study, a chemically-synthesized, modified analogue of human GLP-1 (mGLP-1) was designed. Our analyses indicated that, relative to native GLP-1, mGLP-1 is more resistant to trypsin and pancreatin degradation. mGLP-1 promotes mouse pancreatic β-cell proliferation by up-regulating the expression level of cyclin E, CDK2, Bcl-2 and down-regulating Bax, p21, and stimulates insulin secretion. An oral glucose tolerance test indicated that mGLP-1 significantly improved glucose tolerance in mice. Intraperitoneal injections of mGLP-1 into streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetic mice significantly reduced blood sugar levels and stimulated insulin secretion. Oral gavages of mGLP-1 in diabetic mice did not result in significant hypoglycemic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kevin Yueju Wang
- Department of Natural Sciences, Northeastern State University, Broken Arrow, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Nan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gangqiang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dehu Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Sirohi S, Van Cleef A, Davis JF. Intermittent access to a nutritionally complete high-fat diet attenuates alcohol drinking in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 153:105-115. [PMID: 27998722 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating disorder and alcohol use disorder (AUD) frequently co-occur in the presence of other psychiatric conditions. Data suggest that binge eating engages similar behavioral and neurochemical processes common to AUD, which might contribute to the etiology or maintenance of alcoholism. However, it is unclear how binge feeding behavior and alcohol intake interact to promote initiation or maintenance of AUD. We investigated the impact of binge-like feeding on alcohol intake and anxiety-like behavior in male Long Evans rats. Rats received chow (controls) or extended intermittent access (24h twice a week; Int-HFD) to a nutritionally complete high-fat diet for six weeks. Standard rodent chow was available ad-libitum to all groups and food intake was measured. Following HFD exposure, 20.0% ethanol, 2.0% sucrose intake and endocrine peptide levels were evaluated. Anxiety-like behavior was measured using a light-dark (LD) box apparatus. Rats in the Int-HFD group displayed a binge-like pattern of feeding (alternations between caloric overconsumption and voluntary caloric restriction). Surprisingly, alcohol intake was significantly attenuated in the Int-HFD group whereas sugar consumption was unaffected. Plasma acyl-ghrelin levels were significantly elevated in the Int-HFD group, whereas glucagon-like peptide-1 levels did not change. Moreover, rats in the Int-HFD group spent more time in the light side of the LD box compared to controls, indicating that binge-like feeding induced anxiolytic effects. Collectively, these data suggest that intermittent access to HFD attenuates alcohol intake through reducing anxiety-like behavior, a process potentially controlled by elevated plasma ghrelin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sirohi
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Laboratory of Endocrine and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, United States.
| | - Arriel Van Cleef
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Jon F Davis
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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16
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Aamodt KI, Aramandla R, Brown JJ, Fiaschi-Taesch N, Wang P, Stewart AF, Brissova M, Powers AC. Development of a reliable automated screening system to identify small molecules and biologics that promote human β-cell regeneration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E859-E868. [PMID: 27624103 PMCID: PMC5130356 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00515.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous compounds stimulate rodent β-cell proliferation; however, translating these findings to human β-cells remains a challenge. To examine human β-cell proliferation in response to such compounds, we developed a medium-throughput in vitro method of quantifying adult human β-cell proliferation markers. This method is based on high-content imaging of dispersed islet cells seeded in 384-well plates and automated cell counting that identifies fluorescently labeled β-cells with high specificity using both nuclear and cytoplasmic markers. β-Cells from each donor were assessed for their function and ability to enter the cell cycle by cotransduction with adenoviruses encoding cell cycle regulators cdk6 and cyclin D3. Using this approach, we tested 12 previously identified mitogens, including neurotransmitters, hormones, growth factors, and molecules, involved in adenosine and Tgf-1β signaling. Each compound was tested in a wide concentration range either in the presence of basal (5 mM) or high (11 mM) glucose. Treatment with the control compound harmine, a Dyrk1a inhibitor, led to a significant increase in Ki-67+ β-cells, whereas treatment with other compounds had limited to no effect on human β-cell proliferation. This new scalable approach reduces the time and effort required for sensitive and specific evaluation of human β-cell proliferation, thus allowing for increased testing of candidate human β-cell mitogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie I Aamodt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Radhika Aramandla
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Judy J Brown
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nathalie Fiaschi-Taesch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Peng Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
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17
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Sirohi S, Schurdak JD, Seeley RJ, Benoit SC, Davis JF. Central & peripheral glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor signaling differentially regulate addictive behaviors. Physiol Behav 2016; 161:140-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Abstract
The recent recognition of the clinical association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and several types of human cancer has been further highlighted by reports of antidiabetic drugs treating or promoting cancer. At the cellular level, a plethora of molecules operating within distinct signaling pathways suggests cross-talk between the multiple pathways at the interface of the diabetes–cancer link. Additionally, a growing body of emerging evidence implicates homeostatic pathways that may become imbalanced during the pathogenesis of T2D or cancer or that become chronically deregulated by prolonged drug administration, leading to the development of cancer in diabetes and vice versa. This notion underscores the importance of combining clinical and basic mechanistic studies not only to unravel mechanisms of disease development but also to understand mechanisms of drug action. In turn, this may help the development of personalized strategies in which drug doses and administration durations are tailored to individual cases at different stages of the disease progression to achieve more efficacious treatments that undermine the diabetes–cancer association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Tudzarova
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E6BT, UK
| | - Mahasin A Osman
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 Department of Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, College of Sciences and Technology, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 41404
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19
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Mechanisms underlying the effect of polysaccharides in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 144:474-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Vettorazzi JF, Ribeiro RA, Borck PC, Branco RCS, Soriano S, Merino B, Boschero AC, Nadal A, Quesada I, Carneiro EM. The bile acid TUDCA increases glucose-induced insulin secretion via the cAMP/PKA pathway in pancreatic beta cells. Metabolism 2016; 65:54-63. [PMID: 26892516 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While bile acids are important for the digestion process, they also act as signaling molecules in many tissues, including the endocrine pancreas, which expresses specific bile acid receptors that regulate several cell functions. In this study, we investigated the effects of the conjugated bile acid TUDCA on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from pancreatic β-cells. METHODS Pancreatic islets were isolated from 90-day-old male mice. Insulin secretion was measured by radioimmunoassay, protein phosphorylation by western blot, Ca(2+) signals by fluorescence microscopy and ATP-dependent K(+) (KATP) channels by electrophysiology. RESULTS TUDCA dose-dependently increased GSIS in fresh islets at stimulatory glucose concentrations but remained without effect at low glucose levels. This effect was not associated with changes in glucose metabolism, Ca(2+) signals or KATP channel activity; however, it was lost in the presence of a cAMP competitor or a PKA inhibitor. Additionally, PKA and CREB phosphorylation were observed after 1-hour incubation with TUDCA. The potentiation of GSIS was blunted by the Gα stimulatory, G protein subunit-specific inhibitor NF449 and mimicked by the specific TGR5 agonist INT-777, pointing to the involvement of the bile acid G protein-coupled receptor TGR5. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that TUDCA potentiates GSIS through the cAMP/PKA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Franciesco Vettorazzi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Institute of Bioengineering and the Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Miguel Hernández University, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Rosane Aparecida Ribeiro
- Integrated Laboratory of Morphology, Centre for Ecology and Socio-Environmental - NUPEM, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Cristine Borck
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Chaves Souto Branco
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergi Soriano
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Beatriz Merino
- Institute of Bioengineering and the Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Miguel Hernández University, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Antônio Carlos Boschero
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Angel Nadal
- Institute of Bioengineering and the Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Miguel Hernández University, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Ivan Quesada
- Institute of Bioengineering and the Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Miguel Hernández University, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Everardo Magalhães Carneiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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21
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Han J, Oh J, Ihm SH, Lee M. Peptide micelle-mediated curcumin delivery for protection of islet β-cells under hypoxia. J Drug Target 2016; 24:618-23. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1132220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaesik Han
- BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungju Oh
- BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Ihm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Minhyung Lee
- BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Bernosky-Smith KA, Stanger DB, Trujillo AJ, Mitchell LR, España RA, Bass CE. The GLP-1 agonist exendin-4 attenuates self-administration of sweetened fat on fixed and progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 142:48-55. [PMID: 26701752 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
GLP-1 agonists such as exendin-4 (EX4) are used in the treatment of type-2 diabetes and have the additional benefit of promoting weight loss. GLP-1 agonists decrease feeding through peripheral effects, but recent evidence suggests they may also influence sweet or high fat preference, as well as motivation to obtain these tastants. Yet it remains unclear how GLP-1-induced alterations in food preference influences decreases in overall feeding. The current study sought to determine if EX4 affects the reinforcing strength and consumption of a highly palatable sweet/fat reinforcer. Rats were trained to self-administer sweetened vegetable shortening (SVS) under fixed (FR) and progressive ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement. EX4 (0.3-2.4μg/kg, i.p.) administered one hour prior to operant sessions significantly reduced responses for SVS under both FR and PR schedules, although the lowest active dose (0.6μg/kg) significantly suppressed FR responding only. EX4 also dose dependently decreased locomotor activity (0.6-2.4μg/kg doses), but did not enhance acute kaolin intake, suggesting that nausea did not influence the self-administration results. Analysis of ED50 values show that EX4 is more effective at inhibiting FR responding versus PR, indicating that EX4 may have more potent effects on amount consumed versus motivation for SVS. Although EX4 caused generalized locomotor suppression, these results do not fully explain the decreases in operant responding. For example, a dose of EX4 (0.6μg/kg) that significantly suppressed locomotor activity did not affect the mean total number of lever presses during PR sessions (59±15), although it did significantly reduce lever presses during FR sessions (21±3). In addition, the pattern of intake was constant at the beginning of the sessions in both PR and FR schedules, regardless of the dose. Together these data suggest that EX4 inhibits consumption of a palatable high sweet/high fat reinforcer potentially through altering satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David B Stanger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main St, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Alexandria J Trujillo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main St, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Luke R Mitchell
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rodrigo A España
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Caroline E Bass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main St, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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23
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Deng W, Qiu S, Yang G, Chen B. Exenatide once-weekly injection for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Chinese patients: current perspectives. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:1153-62. [PMID: 26309403 PMCID: PMC4539087 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s81088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs, such as exenatide, have played an important role as antidiabetic medications in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Like most other hypoglycemic agents, exenatide has a number of actions, including lowering blood glucose, promoting weight loss, improving insulin resistance, and protecting islet β-cells. Although GLP-1 analogs, combined with other antidiabetic medications, have excellent performance in T2DM, some side effects and imperfections limit its use in clinical practice. Since 2012, a new generation GLP-1 agent, exenatide once weekly (QW), has been available for patients with T2DM in the USA, but not as yet in the People’s Republic of China. Previous data indicate that exenatide QW achieves better fasting glucose reductions than sitagliptin or exenatide twice daily, whilst appearing non-inferior to pioglitazone and achieving less reductions than insulin glargine. Exenatide QW was better at improving average postprandial glucose than sitagliptin or titrated insulin glargine, but was inferior to exenatide twice daily. Additionally exenatide QW has a better effect in terms of weight loss than other glycemic medications. Exenatide QW can also reduce blood lipids and lower blood pressure. Accordingly, exenatide QW is cost-effective, achieves good clinical outcomes, and has acceptable side effects, indicating that it has promising prospects for future use in the People’s Republic of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuquan Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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24
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Yang C, Loehn M, Jurczyk A, Przewozniak N, Leehy L, Herrera PL, Shultz LD, Greiner DL, Harlan DM, Bortell R. Lixisenatide accelerates restoration of normoglycemia and improves human beta-cell function and survival in diabetic immunodeficient NOD-scid IL-2rg(null) RIP-DTR mice engrafted with human islets. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2015; 8:387-98. [PMID: 26316789 PMCID: PMC4548726 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s87253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide-1 induces glucose-dependent insulin secretion and, in rodents, increases proliferation and survival of pancreatic beta cells. To investigate the effects on human beta cells, we used immunodeficient mice transplanted with human islets. The goal was to determine whether lixisenatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, improves human islet function and survival in vivo. METHODS Five independent transplant studies were conducted with human islets from five individual donors. Diabetic human islet-engrafted immunodeficient mice were treated with lixisenatide (50, 150, and 500 µg/kg) or vehicle. Islet function was determined by blood glucose, plasma human insulin/C-peptide, and glucose tolerance tests. Grafts were analyzed for total beta- and alpha-cell number, percent proliferation, and levels of apoptosis. RESULTS Diabetic mice transplanted with marginal human islet mass and treated with lixisenatide were restored to euglycemia more rapidly than vehicle-treated mice. Glucose tolerance tests, human plasma insulin, and glucose-stimulation indices of lixisenatide-treated mice were significantly improved compared to vehicle-treated mice. The percentages of proliferating or apoptotic beta cells at graft recovery were not different between lixisenatide-treated and vehicle-treated mice. Nevertheless, in one experiment we found a significant twofold to threefold increase in human beta-cell numbers in lixisenatide-treated compared to vehicle-treated mice. CONCLUSION Diabetic human islet-engrafted immunodeficient mice treated with lixisenatide show improved restoration of normoglycemia, human plasma insulin, and glucose tolerance compared to vehicle-treated mice engrafted with the same donor islets. Because the proliferative capacity of human beta cells is limited, improved beta-cell survival coupled with enhanced beta-cell function following lixisenatide treatment may provide the greatest benefit for diabetic patients with reduced functional islet mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxing Yang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Agata Jurczyk
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Natalia Przewozniak
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Linda Leehy
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - David M Harlan
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rita Bortell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Correspondence: Rita Bortell, Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, AS7-2055, Worcester, MA 01605, USA, Tel +1 508 856 3788, Fax +1 508 856 4093, Email
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25
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Abstract
Incretin-based therapies are steadily gaining clinical popularity, with many more products in the developmental pipeline. Current treatment recommendations incorporate GLP-1 RAs and DPP-4 inhibitors as important agents for consideration in the treatment of T2DM owing to their low hypoglycemia risk, ability to address postprandial hyperglycemia (DPP-4 inhibitors and short-acting GLP-1 RAs), and potential for weight reduction (GLP-1 RAs). These properties may likewise prove advantageous in older adults in whom hypoglycemia is particularly undesirable, although older adults may be more prone to the nausea and vomiting associated with GLP-1 RA therapy. Other safety issues for incretin-based therapies, such as pancreatitis, C-cell hyperplasia, and renal failure, should be considered when choosing an appropriate patient to receive such therapies. Ongoing CV outcome studies will further inform the health care community regarding the CV safety of incretin-based therapies. The availability of both short-acting and long-acting GLP-1 RAs currently allows practitioners to consider individualized blood glucose trends and therapeutic needs when choosing an optimal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Neumiller
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, PO Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA.
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26
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Patel KN, Joharapurkar AA, Patel V, Kshirsagar SG, Bahekar R, Srivastava BK, Jain MR. Cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist treatment induces glucagon release and shows an additive therapeutic effect with GLP-1 agonist in diet-induced obese mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:975-83. [PMID: 25361428 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor antagonists reduce body weight and improve insulin sensitivity. Preclinical data indicates that an acute dose of CB1 antagonist rimonabant causes an increase in blood glucose. A stable analog of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), exendin-4 improves glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreas, and reduces appetite through activation of GLP-1 receptors in the central nervous system and liver. We hypothesized that the insulin secretagogue effect of GLP-1 agonist exendin-4 may synergize with the insulin-sensitizing action of rimonabant. Intraperitoneal as well as intracerebroventricular administration of rimonabant increased serum glucose upon glucose challenge in overnight fasted, diet-induced obese C57 mice, with concomitant rise in serum glucagon levels. Exendin-4 reversed the acute hyperglycemia induced by rimonabant. The combination of exendin-4 and rimonabant showed an additive effect in the food intake, and sustained body weight reduction upon repeated dosing. The acute efficacy of both the compounds was additive for inducing nausea-like symptoms in conditioned aversion test in mice, whereas exendin-4 treatment antagonized the effect of rimonabant on forced swim test upon chronic dosing. Thus, the addition of exendin-4 to rimonabant produces greater reduction in food intake owing to increased aversion, but reduces the other central nervous system side effects of rimonabant. The hyperglucagonemia induced by rimonabant is partially responsible for enhancing the antiobesity effect of exendin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartikkumar Navinchandra Patel
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
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Vadnie CA, Park JH, Abdel Gawad N, Ho AMC, Hinton DJ, Choi DS. Gut-brain peptides in corticostriatal-limbic circuitry and alcohol use disorders. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:288. [PMID: 25278825 PMCID: PMC4166902 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides synthesized in endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract and neurons are traditionally considered regulators of metabolism, energy intake, and appetite. However, recent work has demonstrated that many of these peptides act on corticostriatal-limbic circuitry and, in turn, regulate addictive behaviors. Given that alcohol is a source of energy and an addictive substance, it is not surprising that increasing evidence supports a role for gut-brain peptides specifically in alcohol use disorders (AUD). In this review, we discuss the effects of several gut-brain peptides on alcohol-related behaviors and the potential mechanisms by which these gut-brain peptides may interfere with alcohol-induced changes in corticostriatal-limbic circuitry. This review provides a summary of current knowledge on gut-brain peptides focusing on five peptides: neurotensin, glucagon-like peptide 1, ghrelin, substance P, and neuropeptide Y. Our review will be helpful to develop novel therapeutic targets for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A Vadnie
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA ; Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jun Hyun Park
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, Sanggye Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, InJe University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Noha Abdel Gawad
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ada Man Choi Ho
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David J Hinton
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA ; Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA ; Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA
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Kim HY, Hwang JI, Moon MJ, Seong JY. A Novel Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonist with Improved Efficacy in Insulin Secretion and β-Cell Growth. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2014; 29:320-7. [PMID: 25309791 PMCID: PMC4192806 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2014.29.3.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone produced by cleavage of proglucagon in intestinal L-cells. In the pancreas, GLP-1 stimulates post-prandial insulin secretion, promotes insulin biosynthesis, and improves insulin sensitivity. Because of its insulinotropic activity, GLP-1 has been considered a good candidate drug for treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, clinical use of GLP-1 has been limited by its short half-life, as a result of rapid degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). METHODS We designed a novel GLP-1 analog, Xenopus GLP-1 (xGLP)-E4. The Ala residue in the second position of xGLP was replaced with a Ser residue to increase the half-life in the body. The C-terminal tail of exendin-4 was added to enhance the binding affinity for the GLP-1 receptor (GLP1R). The potency of GLP-1 and its analogs was determined by luciferase assay. The stability of GLP1R agonists was evaluated by determining the activity of agonists that had been preincubated in the presence of fetal bovine serum, which contains innate DPP-IV activity. The effects of xGLP-E4 on insulin secretion and β-cell growth were investigated using insulin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and cell counting. RESULTS xGLP-E4 exhibited improved stability against DPP-IV activity and increased potency to GLP1R, compared with GLP-1. An increase in glucose-dependent insulin secretion was observed in xGLP-E4-treated pancreatic β-cells. The effect of xGLP-E4 on β-cell growth was greater than that of GLP-1. CONCLUSION We developed a novel GLP-1 analog, xGLP-E4, that shows prolonged longevity and improved efficacy. This analog is a potential candidate for treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Young Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Korea University Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Jin Moon
- Korea University Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Margulies KB, Anstrom KJ, Hernandez AF, Redfield MM, Shah MR, Braunwald E, Cappola TP. GLP-1 agonist therapy for advanced heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: design and rationale for the functional impact of GLP-1 for heart failure treatment study. Circ Heart Fail 2014; 7:673-9. [PMID: 25028349 PMCID: PMC4102890 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.114.000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B Margulies
- From the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.B.M., T.P.C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (K.J.A., A.F.H.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (M.M.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (M.R.S.); and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.B.).
| | - Kevin J Anstrom
- From the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.B.M., T.P.C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (K.J.A., A.F.H.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (M.M.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (M.R.S.); and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.B.)
| | - Adrian F Hernandez
- From the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.B.M., T.P.C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (K.J.A., A.F.H.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (M.M.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (M.R.S.); and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.B.)
| | - Margaret M Redfield
- From the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.B.M., T.P.C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (K.J.A., A.F.H.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (M.M.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (M.R.S.); and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.B.)
| | - Monica R Shah
- From the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.B.M., T.P.C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (K.J.A., A.F.H.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (M.M.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (M.R.S.); and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.B.)
| | - Eugene Braunwald
- From the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.B.M., T.P.C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (K.J.A., A.F.H.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (M.M.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (M.R.S.); and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.B.)
| | - Thomas P Cappola
- From the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.B.M., T.P.C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (K.J.A., A.F.H.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (M.M.R.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (M.R.S.); and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.B.).
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a global epidemic with important healthcare and financial implications. Most current antiobesity pharmacological therapies are unsatisfactory due to undesirable side effects. Many drugs have been withdrawn due to safety concerns. Maintaining weight loss remains the Achilles' heel of antiobesity therapy. AREAS COVERED This is an overview of the use of liraglutide for obesity treatment. Clinical efficacy on weight, cardiovascular parameters, as well as safety and tolerability issues are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, which has a protracted pharmacokinetic profile compared to native GLP-1 while maintaining its biological activity. It induces weight loss by reducing appetite and energy intake. It stimulates insulin release and decreases glucagon secretion in response to hyperglycaemia. Treatment with liraglutide, in addition with diet and exercise, induces sustained mean weight loss of 7.6 kg at 2 years (weight loss induced by orlistat = 5.7 kg, phentermine/topiramate controlled release 15/92 = 10.9 kg). It reduces blood pressure and improves glycaemic control, which has clinically relevant significance on reducing obesity-related morbidity and mortality. Liraglutide is reasonably well tolerated with gastrointestinal side effects being most commonly encountered. Novo Nordisk filed for regulatory approval of liraglutide 3.0 mg for obesity treatment in December 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Yoon Ai Ng
- University of Liverpool, Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Sciences Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology , Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL , UK
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Relling AE, Loerch SC, Reynolds CK. Intravenous glucagon like peptide-1 infusion does not affect dry matter intake or hypothalamic mRNA expression of neuropeptide Y, agouti related peptide and proopiomelatnocortin in wethers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2013-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Relling, A. E., Loerch, S. C. and Reynolds, C. K. 2014. Intravenous glucagon like peptide-1 infusion does not affect dry matter intake or hypothalamic mRNA expression of neuropeptide Y, agouti related peptide and proopiomelanocortin in wethers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 357–362. The objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of jugular vein infusions of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and dietary fat inclusion on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and hypothalamic mRNA concentration of neuropeptide Y, agouti related peptide, and proopiomelanocortin in growing sheep. Thirty-six wethers were used (40.7±3.3 kg BW). Treatments were a control diet (n=11), dietary addition (6% of dry matter) of Ca salts of palm oil fatty acids (n=12), or 6-d jugular vein infusions of 0.155 µg kg−1 body weight/day of GLP-1 (n=11). Hormone concentrations were measured in jugular vein plasma from samples taken on days 1, 4 and 6. On day 7, the wethers were slaughtered for hypothalamus collection to measure mRNA concentration. The dietary addition of 6% of Ca salts of palm oil increased plasma GLP-1 concentration (P<0.01) and decreased dry matter intake on day 1, but not on day 6 (time×treatment interaction, P<0.05). The infusion of GLP-1 did not change dry matter intake (P>0.20), but increased neutral detergent fibre digestibility (P<0.01). In conclusion, glucagon like peptide-1 infusion or feeding fat did not decrease dry matter intake or affect hypothalamic neuropeptide mRNA concentrations of sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro E. Relling
- Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Nutrition Program (OSUN)
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, OARDC, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster 44691-4096, USA
- IGEVET, CCT-La Plata, CONICET; Laboratorio de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Calle 60 y 118, CP B1900AVW. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Steven C. Loerch
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, OARDC, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster 44691-4096, USA
| | - Christopher K. Reynolds
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
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Hayes MR, Mietlicki-Baase EG, Kanoski SE, De Jonghe BC. Incretins and amylin: neuroendocrine communication between the gut, pancreas, and brain in control of food intake and blood glucose. Annu Rev Nutr 2014; 34:237-60. [PMID: 24819325 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arguably the most fundamental physiological systems for all eukaryotic life are those governing energy balance. Without sufficient energy, an individual is unable to survive and reproduce. Thus, an ever-growing appreciation is that mammalian physiology developed a redundant set of neuroendocrine signals that regulate energy intake and expenditure, which maintains sufficient circulating energy, predominantly in the form of glucose, to ensure that energy needs are met throughout the body. This orchestrated control requires cross talk between the gastrointestinal tract, which senses the incoming meal; the pancreas, which produces glycemic counterregulatory hormones; and the brain, which controls autonomic and behavioral processes regulating energy balance. Therefore, this review highlights the physiological, pharmacological, and pathophysiological effects of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide, as well as the pancreatic hormone amylin, on energy balance and glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Hayes
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
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Regulation of β-cell function by RNA-binding proteins. Mol Metab 2013; 2:348-55. [PMID: 24327951 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
β-cells of the pancreatic islets are highly specialized and high-throughput units for the production of insulin, the key hormone for maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Elevation of extracellular glucose and/or GLP-1 levels triggers a rapid upregulation of insulin biosynthesis through the activation of post-transcriptional mechanisms. RNA-binding proteins are emerging as key factors in the regulation of these mechanisms as well as in other aspects of β-cell function and glucose homeostasis at large, and thus may be implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Here we review current research in the field, with a major emphasis on RNA-binding proteins that control biosynthesis of insulin and other components of the insulin secretory granules by modulating the stability and translation of their mRNAs.
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and obesity are intimately linked; reduction of bodyweight improves glycemic control, mortality and morbidity. Treating obesity in the diabetic is hampered as some diabetic treatments lead to weight gain. Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective antiobesity treatment and causes long-term remission of diabetes in many patients. However, surgery has a high cost and is associated with a significant risk of complications, and in practical terms only limited numbers can undergo this therapy. The choice of pharmacological agents suitable for treatment of diabetes and obesity is currently limited. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists improve glycemia and induce a modest weight loss, but there are doubts over their long-term safety. New drugs such as lorcaserin and phentermine/topiramate are being approved for obesity and have modest, salutary effects on glycemia, but again long-term safety is unclear. This article will also examine some future avenues for development, including gut hormone analogues that promise to combine powerful weight reduction with beneficial effects on glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kenkre
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Imperial College London, Sixth Floor, Commonwealth Building, London, W12 0HS, UK
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Kaya-Dagistanli F, Ozturk M. The role of clusterin on pancreatic beta cell regeneration after exendin-4 treatment in neonatal streptozotocin administrated rats. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:577-86. [PMID: 23351716 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of exendin-4 (Ex4) treatment on expression of clusterin and β cell regeneration in the endocrine pancreas in neonatal streptozotocin (nSTZ) diabetic rats. Three groups were used: (1) n2-STZ group; on the second day after birth 100mg/kg STZ was given i.p. to two groups of newborn rats, (2) n2-STZ+Ex4 group; 3μg/kg/day Ex4 was given for 5 days starting on the third day, and (3) control group. In situ hybridization for mRNAs of insulin and clusterin, double immunostaining for insulin/clusterin and insulin/BrdU were carried out. Immunostaining for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, clusterin, synaptophysin and pdx-1 was performed. In the n2-STZ+Ex4 group, BrdU/insulin and insulin/clusterin immunopositive cells were significantly increased in the islets of Langerhans in comparison to the other groups. The areas occupied by the insulin mRNA and peptide positive cells and also pdx-1 immunopositive cells were decreased in the n2-STZ diabetic group compared with the other groups. The clusterin mRNA and protein positive cells, and also the glucagon and somatostatin cells, were significantly increased in the islets of the n2-STZ and the n2-STZ+Ex4 groups compared with the control group. The results show that Ex4 treatment induces new beta cell clusters via up-regulation of clusterin, which might be effective on beta-cell proliferation and neogenesis.
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Araújo F, Fonte P, Santos HA, Sarmento B. Oral delivery of glucagon-like peptide-1 and analogs: alternatives for diabetes control? J Diabetes Sci Technol 2012; 6:1486-97. [PMID: 23294796 PMCID: PMC3570891 DOI: 10.1177/193229681200600630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. Current treatments are often associated with off-target effects and do not significantly impact disease progression. New therapies are therefore urgently needed to overcome this social burden. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone, has been used to control T2DM symptomatology. However, the administration of peptide or proteins drugs is still a huge challenge in the pharmaceutical field, requiring administration by parenteral routes. This article reviews the main hurdles in oral administration of GLP-1 and focuses on the strategies utilized to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Araújo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Health Sciences Research Center,Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Fonte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Health Sciences Research Center,Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hélder A. Santos
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Health Sciences Research Center,Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Shigeta T, Aoyama M, Bando YK, Monji A, Mitsui T, Takatsu M, Cheng XW, Okumura T, Hirashiki A, Nagata K, Murohara T. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Modulates Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Chronic Heart Failure via Angiogenesis-Dependent and -Independent Actions. Circulation 2012; 126:1838-51. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.096479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Shigeta
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Morihiko Aoyama
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuko K Bando
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Monji
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toko Mitsui
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miwa Takatsu
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Xiang-Wu Cheng
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Okumura
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirashiki
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kohzo Nagata
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
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McIntosh B, Cameron C, Singh SR, Yu C, Dolovich L, Houlden R. Choice of therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin and a sulphonylurea: a systematic review and mixed-treatment comparison meta-analysis. OPEN MEDICINE : A PEER-REVIEWED, INDEPENDENT, OPEN-ACCESS JOURNAL 2012; 6:e62-74. [PMID: 23696771 PMCID: PMC3659216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin and a sulphonylurea are often used in combination for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the comparative safety and efficacy of all available classes of antihyperglycemic therapies in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin and sulphonylurea combination therapy. METHODS MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, EMBASE, BIOSIS Previews, PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for randomized controlled trials published in English from 1980 to November 2009. Additional citations were obtained from the grey literature and conference proceedings and through stakeholder feedback. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted the data and assessed risk of bias. Key outcomes of interest were hemoglobin A1c, body weight, hypoglycemia, patients' satisfaction with treatment, quality of life, long-term diabetes-related complications, withdrawals due to adverse events, serious adverse events and mortality. Mixed-treatment comparison meta-analyses were conducted to calculate mean differences between drug classes for changes in hemoglobin A1c and body weight. When appropriate, pairwise meta-analyses were used to estimate differences for other outcomes. RESULTS We identified 33 randomized controlled trials meeting the inclusion criteria. The methodologic quality of the studies was generally poor. Insulins (basal, biphasic, bolus), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) all produced statistically significant reductions in hemoglobin A1c in combination with metformin and a sulphonylurea (-0.89% to -1.17%), whereas meglitinides and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors did not. Biphasic insulin, bolus insulin, and TZDs were associated with weight gain (1.85-5.00 kg), whereas DPP-4 inhibitors and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors were weight-neutral, and GLP-1 analogues were associated with modest weight loss. Treatment regimens containing insulin were associated with increased hypoglycemia relative to comparators, but severe hypoglycemia was rare across all treatments. INTERPRETATION Third-line agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes are similar in terms of glycemic control but differ in their propensity to cause weight gain and hypoglycemia. Longer-term studies with larger sample sizes are required to determine if any of the drug classes are superior with regard to reducing diabetes-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan McIntosh
- Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Dalvi PS, Nazarians-Armavil A, Purser MJ, Belsham DD. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, exendin-4, regulates feeding-associated neuropeptides in hypothalamic neurons in vivo and in vitro. Endocrinology 2012; 153:2208-22. [PMID: 22334721 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exendin-4, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, is a potential regulator of feeding behavior through its ability to inhibit gastric emptying, reduce food intake, and induce satiety. GLP-1R activation by exendin-4 induces anorexia; however, the specific populations of neuropeptidergic neurons activated by exendin-4 within the hypothalamus, the central regulator of energy homeostasis, remain unclear. This study determines whether exendin-4 regulates hypothalamic neuropeptide expression and explores the signaling mechanisms involved. The distribution and quantity of exendin-4-induced c-Fos immunoreactivity were evaluated to determine activation of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone/proopiomelanocortin, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin (NT), and ghrelin neurons in hypothalamic nuclei during exendin-4-induced anorexia in mice. Additionally, exendin-4 action on NT and ghrelin transcript regulation was examined in immortalized hypothalamic neurons. With anorexia induced by intracerebroventricular exendin-4, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone/proopiomelanocortin and neuropeptide Y neurons were activated in the arcuate nucleus, with simultaneous activation of NT-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus, and ghrelin-expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, and periventricular hypothalamus, suggesting that neurons in one or more of these areas mediate the anorexic action of exendin-4. In the hypothalamic neuronal cell models, exendin-4 increased cAMP, cAMP response element-binding protein/activating transcription factor-1 and c-Fos activation, and via a protein kinase A-dependent mechanism regulated NT and ghrelin mRNA expression, indicating that these neuropeptides may serve as downstream mediators of exendin-4 action. These findings provide a previously unrecognized link between central GLP-1R activation by exendin-4 and the regulation of hypothalamic NT and ghrelin. Further understanding of this central GLP-1R activation may lead to safe and effective therapeutics for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad S Dalvi
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Selway J, Rigatti R, Storey N, Lu J, Willars GB, Herbert TP. Evidence that Ca2+ within the microdomain of the L-type voltage gated Ca2+ channel activates ERK in MIN6 cells in response to glucagon-like peptide-1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33004. [PMID: 22412973 PMCID: PMC3296766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is released from intestinal L-cells in response to nutrient ingestion and acts upon pancreatic β-cells potentiating glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and stimulating β-cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and gene transcription. These effects are mediated through the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways including the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. We have previously reported that GLP-1 activates ERK through a mechanism dependent upon the influx of extracellular Ca2+ through L-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels (VGCC). However, the mechanism by which L-type VGCCs couple to the ERK signalling pathway in pancreatic β-cells is poorly understood. In this report, we characterise the relationship between L-type VGCC mediated changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and the activation of ERK, and demonstrate that the sustained activation of ERK (up to 30 min) in response to GLP-1 requires the continual activation of the L-type VGCC yet does not require a sustained increase in global [Ca2+]i or Ca2+ efflux from the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, sustained elevation of [Ca2+]i induced by ionomycin is insufficient to stimulate the prolonged activation of ERK. Using the cell permeant Ca2+ chelators, EGTA-AM and BAPTA-AM, to determine the spatial dynamics of L-type VGCC-dependent Ca2+ signalling to ERK, we provide evidence that a sustained increase in Ca2+ within the microdomain of the L-type VGCC is sufficient for signalling to ERK and that this plays an important role in GLP-1- stimulated ERK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Selway
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Hayes MR. Neuronal and intracellular signaling pathways mediating GLP-1 energy balance and glycemic effects. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:413-6. [PMID: 22366059 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) system is physiologically involved in the control of energy balance and blood glucose homeostasis. Thus, GLP-1-based pharmaceuticals are emerging as a potent treatment for not only type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but potentially for obesity as well. Despite the plethora of investigations over the last two decades examining the physiological, endocrine, and behavioral responses mediated by the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), the field is only recently embracing the perspective that GLP-1-mediated control of food intake and glycemia involves action on GLP-1R that are distributed throughout the periphery (e.g. pancreatic β-cells, vagus nerve), as well as action on many GLP-1R-expressing nuclei within the central nervous system (CNS). This review highlights peripheral, as well as central GLP-1R populations that mediate GLP-1's food intake inhibitory and glycemic effects. In addition, focus is devoted to recent studies that examine the GLP-1R-mediated intracellular signaling pathways that are required for GLP-1's glycemic and feeding responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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Moon MJ, Park S, Kim DK, Cho EB, Hwang JI, Vaudry H, Seong JY. Structural and molecular conservation of glucagon-like Peptide-1 and its receptor confers selective ligand-receptor interaction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:141. [PMID: 23181056 PMCID: PMC3500760 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a major player in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. It acts on pancreatic beta cells to stimulate insulin secretion and on the brain to inhibit appetite. Thus, it may be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Despite the physiological and clinical importance of GLP-1, molecular interaction with the GLP-1 receptor (GLP1R) is not well understood. Particularly, the specific amino acid residues within the transmembrane helices and extracellular loops of the receptor that may confer ligand-induced receptor activation have been poorly investigated. Amino acid sequence comparisons of GLP-1 and GLP1R with their orthologs and paralogs in vertebrates, combined with biochemical approaches, are useful to determine which amino acid residues in the peptide and the receptor confer selective ligand-receptor interaction. This article reviews how the molecular evolution of GLP-1 and GLP1R contributes to the selective interaction between this ligand-receptor pair, providing critical clues for the development of potent agonists for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jin Moon
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Park
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bee Cho
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- INSERM U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Jae Young Seong, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea. e-mail:
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Abstract
The pathogenetic mechanisms causing type 2 diabetes are complex, and include a significant reduction of the incretin effect. In patients with type 2 diabetes, GLP-1 secretion may be impaired, while GIP secretion seems unaffected. In contrast, the insulinotropic activity of GIP is severely altered, whereas that of GLP-1 is maintained to a great extent. Better understanding of the role of incretin hormones in glucose homeostasis has led to the development of incretin-based therapies that complement and offer important advantages over previously used agents. Incretin-based agents have significant glucose-lowering effects, promote weight loss (or are weight-neutral), inhibit glucagon secretion while maintaining counter-regulatory mechanisms, exhibit cardiovascular benefits, and protect β-cells while possessing a low risk profile. At present, incretin-based therapies are most widely used as add on to metformin to provide sufficient glycemic control after metformin failure. However, they are also recommended as monotherapy early in the disease course, and later in triple combination. These agents may also be a promising therapeutic tool in prediabetic subjects. Therefore, a therapeutic algorithm is needed for their optimal application at different stages of diabetes, as suggested in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cernea
- Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Outpatient Unit, Emergency County Clinical Hospital, Targu Mures, Romania.
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Abstract
The complex pathological mechanisms responsible for development of type 2 diabetes are not fully addressed by conventional drugs, which are also associated with inconvenient side effects such as weight gain or hypoglycemia. Two types of incretin-based therapies are now in use: incretin mimetics (glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] receptor agonists that bind specific receptors and mimic the action of natural GLP-1) and incretin enhancers (inhibitors of the enzyme that degrade the incretin hormones and thus prolong their activity). Both offer important advantages over previous agents. In addition to the proven glucose-lowering efficacy, they promote weight loss (or are weight neutral) by slowing gastric emptying and inducing satiety, inhibit glucagon secretion with maintenance of counterregulatory mechanisms, and exhibit cardiovascular benefits, while having a low risk profile. Importantly, short-term studies have shown that incretins/incretin-based therapies protect β-cells (by enhancing cell proliferation and differentiation and inhibiting apoptosis) and stimulate their function (by recruiting β-cells to the secretory process and increasing insulin biosynthesis/secretion). These therapies have the opportunity to interfere with the disease progression if used as an early intervention, when enough β-cell mass/function can still be preserved or restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cernea
- Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Outpatient Unit, Emergency County Clinical Hospital, Târgu Mureş, Romania.
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Hayes MR, Leichner TM, Zhao S, Lee GS, Chowansky A, Zimmer D, De Jonghe BC, Kanoski SE, Grill HJ, Bence KK. Intracellular signals mediating the food intake-suppressive effects of hindbrain glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation. Cell Metab 2011; 13:320-30. [PMID: 21356521 PMCID: PMC3108145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation within the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) suppresses food intake and body weight (BW), but the intracellular signals mediating these effects are unknown. Here, hindbrain (fourth i.c.v.) GLP-1R activation by Exendin-4 (Ex-4) increased PKA and MAPK activity and decreased phosphorylation of AMPK in NTS. PKA and MAPK signaling contribute to food intake and BW suppression by Ex-4, as inhibitors RpcAMP and U0126 (fourth i.c.v.), respectively, attenuated Ex-4's effects. Hindbrain GLP-1R activation inhibited feeding by reducing meal number, not meal size. This effect was attenuated with stimulation of AMPK activity by AICAR (fourth i.c.v.). The PKA, MAPK, and AMPK signaling responses by Ex-4 were present in immortalized GLP-1R-expressing neurons (GT1-7). In conclusion, hindbrain GLP-1R activation suppresses food intake and BW through coordinated PKA-mediated suppression of AMPK and activation of MAPK. Pharmacotherapies targeting these signaling pathways, which mediate intake-suppressive effects of CNS GLP-1R activation, may prove efficacious in treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Hayes
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut St, Philadelphia PA 19104
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut St, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Theresa M. Leichner
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut St, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Shiru Zhao
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut St, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Grace S. Lee
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut St, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Amy Chowansky
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut St, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Derek Zimmer
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut St, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Bart C. De Jonghe
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut St, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Scott E. Kanoski
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut St, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Harvey J. Grill
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut St, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Kendra K. Bence
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut St, Philadelphia PA 19104
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Relling AE, Reynolds CK, Loerch SC. Effect of feeding fat or intrajugular infusion of glucagon-like peptide-1 and cholecystokinin on dry matter intake, digestibility, and digesta rate of passage in growing wethers1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:168-78. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Edholm T, Degerblad M, Grybäck P, Hilsted L, Holst JJ, Jacobsson H, Efendic S, Schmidt PT, Hellström PM. Differential incretin effects of GIP and GLP-1 on gastric emptying, appetite, and insulin-glucose homeostasis. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22:1191-200, e315. [PMID: 20584260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are major incretins with important effects on glucoregulatory functions. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of GIP and GLP-1 on gastric emptying and appetite after a mixed meal, and effects on insulin secretion and glucose disposal in humans. METHODS Randomized crossover single-blind study in 17 healthy volunteers receiving GIP (2 or 5 pmol kg(-1) min(-1), n = 8), GLP-1 (0.75 pmol kg(-1) min(-1), n = 9) or NaCl for 180 min with a radionuclide-labeled omelette and fruit punch (370 kcal). Outcome measures were gastric emptying rate, insulinogenic index, hunger, satiety, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption. Blood was analyzed for GIP, GLP-1, glucagon, C-peptide, peptide YY (PYY) and ghrelin. KEY RESULTS Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide 2 and 5 pmol kg(-1) min(-1) decreased gastric half-emptying time from 128.5 ± 34.0 min in controls to 93.3 ± 6.3 and 85.2 ± 11.0 min (P < 0.05). Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide 5 pmol kg(-1) min(-1) decreased postprandial glucose (P < 0.001) and insulin (P < 0.05) with increased insulinogenic index. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide had no effects on hunger, desire to eat, satiety or prospective consumption. Glucagon-like peptide-1 0.75 pmol kg(-1) min(-1) increased half-emptying time from 76.6 ± 7.6 min to 329.4 ± 71.6 (P < 0.01). Glucagon-like peptide-1 decreased plasma glucose and insulin (both P < 0.05-0.001), and increased insulinogenic index markedly. Hunger, desire to eat and prospective consumption were decreased (P < 0.05), and satiety borderline increased (P < 0.06). CONCLUSION & INFERENCES The incretin effect of GIP and GLP-1 differs as GLP-1 exerts a strong glucoregulatory incretin through inhibition of gastric emptying, which GIP does not. Thus, GLP-1 as incretin mimetic may offer unique benefits in terms of weight loss in treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Edholm
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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Neumiller JJ, Campbell RK. Saxagliptin: A dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2010; 67:1515-1525. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp090555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Neumiller
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane
| | - R. Keith Campbell
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane
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Neumiller JJ, Wood L, Campbell RK. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy 2010; 30:463-84. [PMID: 20411998 DOI: 10.1592/phco.30.5.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus traditionally has been characterized by insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction, leading to hyperglycemia and eventual micro- and macrovascular complications. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a relatively new class of drugs available for the management of type 2 diabetes. In order to provide a comprehensive evaluation and comparison of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of the DPP-4 inhibitors-sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, and alogliptin-in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, we conducted a MEDLINE search (1966-July 2009) for pertinent English-language articles. Abstracts of the annual meetings of the American Diabetes Association and European Association for the Study of Diabetes from 2005-2009 were also searched. As a drug class, the DPP-4 inhibitors have become widely accepted in clinical practice because of their low risk of hypoglycemia, favorable adverse-effect profile, and once-daily dosing. They are weight neutral (do not cause weight gain or loss) and appear to decrease beta-cell apoptosis and increase beta-cell survival. Because clinical studies directly comparing agents from this class have not, to our knowledge, been conducted, making comparisons in terms of efficacy and safety will become difficult for clinicians as more agents become available. Based on information from preclinical, clinical, and postmarketing data, there does not appear to be a compelling advantage of one DPP-4 inhibitor over another in terms of efficacy, safety, or ease of clinical use. Although theoretical advantages exist for agents with a higher specificity for DPP-4 inhibition versus inhibition of other isoenzymes associated with toxicity, comparative studies and/or increased clinical experience with this class of drug will determine the clinical advantages, if any, of one agent over another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Neumiller
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Washington State University, and Elder Services, Spokane, Washington 99217, USA.
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Nagata S, Hamasaki T, Uetake K, Masuda H, Takagaki K, Oka N, Wada T, Ohgi T, Yano J. Synthesis and biological activity of artificial mRNA prepared with novel phosphorylating reagents. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:7845-57. [PMID: 20660478 PMCID: PMC2995060 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Though medicines that target mRNA are under active investigation, there has been little or no effort to develop mRNA itself as a medicine. Here, we report the synthesis of a 130-nt mRNA sequence encoding a 33-amino-acid peptide that includes the sequence of glucagon-like peptide-1, a peptide that stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from the pancreas. The synthesis method used, which had previously been developed in our laboratory, was based on the use of 2-cyanoethoxymethyl as the 2′-hydroxy protecting group. We also developed novel, highly reactive phosphotriester pyrophosphorylating reagents to pyrophosphorylate the 5′-end of the 130-mer RNA in preparation for capping. We completed the synthesis of the artificial mRNA by the enzymatic addition of a 5′-cap and a 3′-poly(A) tail to the pyrophosphorylated 130-mer and showed that the resulting mRNA supported protein synthesis in a cell-free system and in whole cells. As far as we know, this is the first time that mRNA has been prepared from a chemically synthesized RNA sequence. As well as providing a research tool for the intracellular expression of peptides, the technology described here may be used for the production of mRNA for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Nagata
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co, Ltd, 3-14-1 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan.
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