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Tejero Pérez A, Kapravelou G, Porres Foulquie JM, López Jurado Romero de la Cruz M, Martínez Martínez R. Potential benefits of microalgae intake against metabolic diseases: beyond spirulina-a systematic review of animal studies. Nutr Rev 2023:nuad098. [PMID: 37643736 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Microalgae are a diverse source of bioactive molecules, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and omega-3 fatty acids, with beneficial properties in biomarkers of metabolic diseases. Unlike the rest of the microalgae genera, Arthrospira sp., commonly called spirulina, has been widely studied. OBJECTIVE This review aims to describe the current knowledge about microalgae, besides spirulina, focusing on their beneficial properties against metabolic diseases. DATA SOURCES A systematic research of MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane, and Scopus databases was conducted to identify relevant studies published after January 2012. In vivo animal studies including microalgae consumption, except for spirulina, that significantly improved altered biomarkers related to metabolic diseases were included. These biomarkers included body weight/composition, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, oxidative damage, inflammation markers, and gut microbiota. DATA EXTRACTION After the literature search and the implementation of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 37 studies were included in the revision out of the 132 results originally obtained after the application of the equation on the different databases. DATA ANALYSIS Data containing 15 microalgae genera were included reporting on a wide range of beneficial results at different levels, including a decrease in body weight and changes in plasma levels of glucose and lipoproteins due to molecular alterations such as those related to gene expression regulation. The most reported beneficial effects were related to gut microbiota and inflammation followed by lipid and glucose metabolism and body weight/composition. CONCLUSIONS Microalgae intake improved different altered biomarkers due to metabolic diseases and seem to have potential in the design of enriched foodstuffs or novel nutraceuticals. Nevertheless, to advance to clinical trials, more thorough/detailed studies should be performed on some of the microalgae genera included in this review to collect more information on their molecular mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Tejero Pérez
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Instituto Mixto Universitario Deporte y Salud (IMUDS), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Garyfallia Kapravelou
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Instituto Mixto Universitario Deporte y Salud (IMUDS), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús María Porres Foulquie
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Instituto Mixto Universitario Deporte y Salud (IMUDS), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María López Jurado Romero de la Cruz
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Instituto Mixto Universitario Deporte y Salud (IMUDS), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario Martínez Martínez
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Instituto Mixto Universitario Deporte y Salud (IMUDS), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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TetraSOD®, a Unique Marine Microalgae Ingredient, Promotes an Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Status in a Metabolic Syndrome-Induced Model in Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194028. [PMID: 36235679 PMCID: PMC9571776 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress has been linked to the pathogenic process of obesity and can trigger inflammation, which is often linked with the risk factors that make up metabolic syndrome (MetS), including obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. TetraSOD®, a natural marine vegan ingredient derived from the microalgae Tetraselmis chuii that is high in the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) has recently demonstrated in vitro increased activity of these key antioxidant enzymes. In the present study, the potential bioactive effects of three dietary dosages of TetraSOD® in enhancing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms to combat the metabolic disturbances that compose MetS were assessed in rats given a cafeteria (CAF) diet. Chronic supplementation with 0.17, 1.7, and 17 mg kg−1 day−1 of TetraSOD® for 8 weeks ameliorated the abnormalities associated with MetS, including oxidative stress and inflammation, promoting endogenous antioxidant defence mechanisms in the liver (GPx and GSH), modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in plasma (NOx, oxLDL and IL-10), and regulating genes involved in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory pathways in the liver, mesenteric white adipose tissue (MWAT), thymus, and spleen. Overall, TetraSOD® appears to be a potential therapeutic option for the management of MetS.
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Stiefvatter L, Lehnert K, Frick K, Montoya-Arroyo A, Frank J, Vetter W, Schmid-Staiger U, Bischoff SC. Oral Bioavailability of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Carotenoids from the Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum in Healthy Young Adults. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:700. [PMID: 34940699 PMCID: PMC8709223 DOI: 10.3390/md19120700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT) contains valuable nutrients such as proteins, polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and some docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), carotenoids such as fucoxanthin (FX), and beta-glucans, which may confer health benefits. In a randomized intervention trial involving 22 healthy individuals, we administered for two weeks in a crossover manner the whole biomass of PT (5.3 g/day), or fish oil (FO) containing equal amounts of EPA and DHA (together 300 mg/day). In an additional experiment, sea fish at 185 g/week resulting in a similar EPA and DHA intake was administered in nine individuals. We determined the bioavailability of fatty acids and carotenoids and assessed safety parameters. The intake of PT resulted in a similar increase in the n-3 PUFA and EPA content and a decrease in the PUFA n-6:n-3 ratio in plasma. PT intake caused an uptake of FX that is metabolized to fucoxanthinol (FXOH) and amarouciaxanthin A (AxA). No relevant adverse effects occurred following PT consumption. The study shows that PT is a safe and effective source of EPA and FX-and likely other nutrients-and therefore should be considered as a future sustainable food item.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Stiefvatter
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Katja Lehnert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; (K.L.); (W.V.)
| | - Konstantin Frick
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Alexander Montoya-Arroyo
- Department of Food Biofunctionality, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; (A.M.-A.); (J.F.)
| | - Jan Frank
- Department of Food Biofunctionality, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; (A.M.-A.); (J.F.)
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; (K.L.); (W.V.)
| | - Ulrike Schmid-Staiger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Innovation Field Algae Biotechnology-Development, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Stephan C. Bischoff
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany;
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Lin HY, Weng SW, Shen FC, Chang YH, Lian WS, Hsieh CH, Chuang JH, Lin TK, Liou CW, Chang CS, Lin CY, Su YJ, Wang PW. Abrogation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Mitigates Obesity-Induced Oxidative Stress, Proinflammation, and Insulin Resistance Through Metabolic Reprogramming of Mitochondria in Adipose Tissue. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:66-86. [PMID: 31950846 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Obesity-induced excessive visceral fat (VF) accumulation is associated with insulin resistance (IR), systemic oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. As toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an important role in innate immunity, we herein investigate the effect of TLR4 knockout (T4KO) in a high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFD)-induced obesity mouse model. Results: C57BL6 wild-type (WT) and T4KO mice were fed with either control diet (CD) or HFD for 12 months, rendering four experimental groups: WT+CD, WT+HFD, T4KO+CD, and T4KO+HFD. Compared with WT+CD, WT+HFD demonstrated significant increase in VF accumulation, oxidative damage, M1/M2 macrophage ratio, chronic inflammation, and development of IR. Compared with WT+HFD, T4KO+HFD presented increased BW and body fat with higher subcutaneous fat (SF)/VF ratio, but lower body temperature, as well as decreased oxidative damage, M1/M2 macrophage ratio, chronic inflammation, and IR. Unlike WT+HFD, T4KO+HFD exhibited an increase in mitochondrial electron transport chain activity but a decrease of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) level. While T4KO hindered HFD-induced increasing mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate, a shift toward a higher extracellular acidification rate in VF was observed. Notably, T4KO inhibits HFD-induced mitochondrial translocation of nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFATC2), which contributed to mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming. Both fat distribution shifting from VF to SF and mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming may alleviate systemic oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Innovation and Conclusion: Abrogation of TLR4 contributes to reduction of oxidative stress through metabolic reprogramming of mitochondria in VF, mitigating obesity-induced IR. The study provides critical insight into associating innate immunity-mitochondria interplay with prevention of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine; Departments of Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Wen Weng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chih Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsiang Chang
- Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shiung Lian
- Medical Research and Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Hsieh
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Haur Chuang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine; Departments of Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Pediatric Surgery, and Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine; Departments of Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine; Departments of Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Shiang Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine; Departments of Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine; Departments of Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jih Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine; Departments of Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Mayer C, Côme M, Ulmann L, Chini Zittelli G, Faraloni C, Nazih H, Ouguerram K, Chénais B, Mimouni V. Preventive Effects of the Marine Microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Used as a Food Supplement, on Risk Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Wistar Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051069. [PMID: 31091691 PMCID: PMC6566425 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3 series (n-3 LC-PUFA), are known for their preventive effects against cardiovascular disease. In an unfavourable economic and environmental context of fish oil production, marine microalgae could be an alternative source of n-3 LC-PUFA and are of interest for human nutrition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of P. tricornutum, a microalga rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and used as a food supplement, on the metabolic disorders associated with metabolic syndrome and obesity development. Three male Wistar rat groups (n = 6) were submitted for eight weeks to a standard diet or high-fat diet (HF) with 10% fructose in drinking water, supplemented or not with 12% of P. tricornutum (HF-Phaeo). Supplementation led to n-3 LC-PUFA enrichment of lipids in the liver, plasma and erythrocytes. Plasma transaminases showed no difference between the HF and HF-Phaeo groups. Body weight, fat mass, inflammatory markers and insulinemia decreased in HF-Phaeo rats versus the HF group. Plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerols and leptine diminished in HF-Phaeo rats, while HDL-cholesterol increased. In conclusion, this study highlights the beneficial effects of P. tricornutum in reducing the metabolic disorders associated with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mayer
- Le Mans Université, EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 72085 Le Mans, CEDEX 9 and Institut Universitaire Technologique, 53020 Laval, CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Martine Côme
- Le Mans Université, EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 72085 Le Mans, CEDEX 9 and Institut Universitaire Technologique, 53020 Laval, CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Lionel Ulmann
- Le Mans Université, EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 72085 Le Mans, CEDEX 9 and Institut Universitaire Technologique, 53020 Laval, CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Graziella Chini Zittelli
- National Research Council, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Tree and Timber Institute, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
| | - Cecilia Faraloni
- National Research Council, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Tree and Timber Institute, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
| | - Hassan Nazih
- Université de Nantes, EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Pharmacie, 44035 Nantes, CEDEX 1, France.
| | - Khadija Ouguerram
- Université de Nantes, UMR 1280 PhAN, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Hôtel Dieu, 44093 Nantes, CEDEX 1, France.
| | - Benoît Chénais
- Le Mans Université, EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 72085 Le Mans, CEDEX 9 and Institut Universitaire Technologique, 53020 Laval, CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Virginie Mimouni
- Le Mans Université, EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 72085 Le Mans, CEDEX 9 and Institut Universitaire Technologique, 53020 Laval, CEDEX 9, France.
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Yu X, Deng Q, Tang Y, Xiao L, Liu L, Yao P, Tang H, Dong X. Flaxseed Oil Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance in Mice by Rescuing the Adaption to ER Stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10729-10740. [PMID: 30145885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated the benefits of α-linolenic acid-rich flaxseed oil (ALA-FO) against lipid metabolism abnormality in both rodent models and humans. However, the metabolic response of FO to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes is still inconsistent. This study aimed to explore the effect of FO on chronic high fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and inflammation, mainly focusing on hepatic n-3 fatty acid remodeling and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response. The results showed that lard-based HFD feeding for 16 weeks (60% fat-derived calories) induced whole-body insulin resistance, lipid profile abnormality, and inflammation in mice, which was alleviated by FO in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, FO effectively improved hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice by modulating the specific location of ALA and its long-chain n-3 fatty acids across hepatic lipid fractions and enhancing insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of hepatic insulin receptor subtract-1 (IRS-1) tyrosine 632 and protein kinase B (AKT) ( p < 0.05). Importantly, the differential depositions of ALA and its long-chain n-3 fatty acids in plasma and ER membranes were observed, concomitant with the rescued ER unfolded protein response and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling in mice liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control , Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou 450002 , China
| | - Qianchun Deng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Yuhan Tang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , China
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , China
| | - Ping Yao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , China
| | - Hu Tang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Xuyan Dong
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , China
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Eraky SM, Abdel-Rahman N, Eissa LA. Modulating effects of omega-3 fatty acids and pioglitazone combination on insulin resistance through toll-like receptor 4 in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 136:123-129. [PMID: 28716464 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) plays important roles in innate immunity. Changes in the reduction-oxidation balance of tissues can lead to a pro-inflammatory state and insulin resistance. An action thought to be mediated by TLRs. Omega-3 fatty acids and Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonists as pioglitazone are used for decreasing inflammation. The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-diabetic effects of combining omega -3 fatty acid with pioglitazone on type 2 diabetes, and the modifying effects on TLR-4. Type 2 diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by combination of high fat diet and low dose streptozotocin (35mg/kg). Diabetic rats were treated with omega-3 fatty acids (10% W/W diet), pioglitazone (20mg/kg), and their combination for 4 weeks. Omega-3 fatty acids and the combination treatment significantly decreased TLR-4 activation. Omega-3 fatty acids, pioglitazone, and their combination significantly decreased TLR-4 mRNA expression, hepatic malondialdehyde, total cholesterol and triglycerides levels, compared to diabetic group. Pioglitazone and the combination significantly decreased blood glucose levels and improved insulin resistance. In conclusion, combining omega-3 fatty acids with pioglitazone showed potential effects in lowering blood glucose levels and improving lipid profile and insulin resistance. Such effects are mediated through modulation of TLR-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma M Eraky
- Biochemistry department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Noha Abdel-Rahman
- Biochemistry department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Laila A Eissa
- Biochemistry department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
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Fish Oil and Microalga Omega-3 as Dietary Supplements: A Comparative Study on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in High-Fat Fed Rats. Lipids 2016; 51:1037-49. [PMID: 27503614 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) can have beneficial effects on a number of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We compared the effects of two n-3 PUFA rich food supplements (freeze-dried Odontella aurita and fish oil) on risk factors for CVD. Male rats were randomly divided into four groups of six animals each and fed with the following diets: control group (C) received a standard diet containing 7 % lipids; second group (HF high fat) was fed with a high-fat diet containing 40 % lipids; third group (HFFO high fat+fish oil) was fed with the high-fat diet supplemented with 0.5 % fish oil; and fourth group (HFOA high fat+O. aurita) received the high-fat diet supplemented with 12 % of freeze-dried O. aurita. After 8 weeks rats fed with the high-fat diet supplemented with O. aurita displayed a significantly lower bodyweight than those in the other groups. Both the microalga and the fish oil significantly reduced insulinemia and serum lipid levels. O. aurita was more effective than the fish oil in reducing hepatic triacyglycerol levels and in preventing high-fat diet-induced steatosis. O. aurita and fish oil also reduced platelet aggregation and oxidative status induced by high fat intake. After an OA supplementation, the adipocytes in the HFOA group were smaller than those in the HF group. Freeze-dried O. aurita showed similar or even greater biological effects than the fish oil. This could be explained by a potential effect of the n-3 PUFA but also other bioactive compounds of the microalgae.
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