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Weaver AC, Kind KL, Kelly JM, Herde P, van Wettere WHJ. Effect of split weaning on follicle development and oocyte quality in multiparous sows. Anim Reprod Sci 2024; 262:107434. [PMID: 38368653 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Increasing piglet weaning age while maintaining the reproductive efficiency of the breeding herd depends on being able to stimulate sows to ovulate during lactation without reducing subsequent pregnancy rates and litter sizes. Embryo survival is affected by the quality of the oocytes shed at ovulation, and oocyte quality is profoundly impacted by the follicular environment in which the oocyte matures. This study determined the effect of reducing suckled litter size from 11 to 7 piglets on day 18 of lactation on the ovarian follicular environment and oocyte developmental competence at day 21 of lactation. Thirty-nine, Large White X Landrace sows (parity 3.2 ± 0.2; mean ± SEM; range 2-6) had their litter size either maintained at 11 piglets (control); or reduced to seven piglets on day 18 of lactation (split wean (SW)). Sows were slaughtered on day 21 of lactation and ovaries were collected for analysis of follicular fluid composition and in vitro blastocyst development rates. There was no effect of split weaning on fertilisation rate and development to blastocyst stage; however, a greater proportion of blastocysts from control sows were classified as early blastocyst stage. Furthermore, follicular fluid concentrations of oestradiol were higher in SW sows. Together, these results indicate split weaning prior to mating in lactation alters the ovarian follicular environment and while blastocyst development rates were unaffected, embryos from control sows may be of poorer quality as indicated by a delay in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice C Weaver
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia.
| | - Karen L Kind
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Kelly
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Turretfield Research Centre, Rosedale, SA 5350 Australia
| | - Paul Herde
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Pig and Poultry Production Institute, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - William He J van Wettere
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
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2
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Meinecke B, Meinecke-Tillmann S. Lab partners: oocytes, embryos and company. A personal view on aspects of oocyte maturation and the development of monozygotic twins. Anim Reprod 2023; 20:e20230049. [PMID: 37547564 PMCID: PMC10399133 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2023-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review addresses the oocyte and the preimplantation embryo, and is intended to highlight the underlying principle of the "nature versus/and nurture" question. Given the diversity in mammalian oocyte maturation, this review will not be comprehensive but instead will focus on the porcine oocyte. Historically, oogenesis was seen as the development of a passive cell nursed and determined by its somatic compartment. Currently, the advanced analysis of the cross-talk between the maternal environment and the oocyte shows a more balanced relationship: Granulosa cells nurse the oocyte, whereas the latter secretes diffusible factors that regulate proliferation and differentiation of the granulosa cells. Signal molecules of the granulosa cells either prevent the precocious initiation of meiotic maturation or enable oocyte maturation following hormonal stimulation. A similar question emerges in research on monozygotic twins or multiples: In Greek and medieval times, twins were not seen as the result of the common course of nature but were classified as faults. This seems still valid today for the rare and until now mainly unknown genesis of facultative monozygotic twins in mammals. Monozygotic twins are unique subjects for studies of the conceptus-maternal dialogue, the intra-pair similarity and dissimilarity, and the elucidation of the interplay between nature and nurture. In the course of in vivo collections of preimplantation sheep embryos and experiments on embryo splitting and other microsurgical interventions we recorded observations on double blastocysts within a single zona pellucida, double inner cell masses in zona-enclosed blastocysts and double germinal discs in elongating embryos. On the basis of these observations we add some pieces to the puzzle of the post-zygotic genesis of monozygotic twins and on maternal influences on the developing conceptus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Meinecke
- Institut für Reproduktionsbiologie, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hanover, Germany
- Ambulatorische und Geburtshilfliche Veterinärklinik, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Meinecke-Tillmann
- Institut für Reproduktionsbiologie, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hanover, Germany
- Institut für Tierzucht und Haustiergenetik, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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3
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Leal DF, Viana CHC, Almond GW, Monteiro MS, Garbossa CAP, Carnevale RF, Muro BBD, Poor AP, Pugliesi G, Nichi M, Watanabe TTN, Marques MG. Estrus Synchronization of Replacement Gilts Using Estradiol Cipionate and PGF 2α and Its Effects on Reproductive Outcomes. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233393. [PMID: 36496915 PMCID: PMC9741136 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of using estrogen-induced prolonged luteal function followed by prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2α) treatment to synchronize estrus in gilts. On day12 of the estrus cycle (D0 = first day of standing estrus), 52 gilts were assigned at random to two experimental groups: non-treated gilts (CON, n = 22), serving as controls, and prolonged luteal function group (CYP, n = 30), receiving a single treatment with 10 mg of estradiol cypionate intramuscularly Starting on day 12, blood samples were collected for estradiol and progesterone assays. Estrus detection started on day 17. Gilts from the CON group were inseminated at the onset of natural estrus. On day 28 CYP gilts were treated with PGF2α to induce luteolysis and inseminated at the onset of estrus. Gilts were slaughtered 5 d after the last insemination. A single treatment with estradiol cypionate prolonged luteal function in 90% of treated gilts. The duration of the estrous cycle was longer (p < 0.0001) for CYP gilts compared to CON gilts. CYP gilts showed synchronized estrus 3.96 ± 0.19 d after induction of luteolysis. The conception rate was similar (p = 0.10) for CON and CYP gilts. No difference was observed in the embryo recovery rate (p = 0.18) and total number of embryos per female (p = 0.06). The percentage of unfertilized oocytes, fragmented embryos and viable embryos was similar among females from CON and CYP groups (p > 0.05). The treatment of gilts with a single application of 10 mg of estradiol cypionate on day 12 of the estrous cycle was effective in prolonging luteal function and treatment with PGF2α resulted in synchronized estrus. Additionally, the synchronization protocol had no deleterious effect on fertility and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Feitosa Leal
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Glen William Almond
- Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Matheus Saliba Monteiro
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Cesar Augusto Pospissil Garbossa
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Fernandes Carnevale
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno Bracco Donatelli Muro
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - André Pegoraro Poor
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Pugliesi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Marcílio Nichi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Terumi Negrão Watanabe
- Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Mariana Groke Marques
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia 89715-899, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Production and Health, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Concórdia 89703-720, Brazil
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4
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Peltoniemi O, Yun J, Björkman S, Han T. Coping with large litters: the management of neonatal piglets and sow reproduction. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1-15. [PMID: 33987579 PMCID: PMC7882835 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As a result of intensive breeding, litter size has considerably increased in pig production over the last three decades. This has resulted in an increase in farrowing complications. Prolonged farrowing will shorten the window for suckling colostrum and reduce the chances for high-quality colostrum intake. Studies also agree that increasing litter sizes concomitantly resulted in decreased piglet birth weight and increased within-litter birth weight variations. Birth weight, however, is one of the critical factors affecting the prognosis of colostrum intake, and piglet growth, welfare, and survival. Litters of uneven birth weight distribution will suffer and lead to increased piglet mortality before weaning. The proper management is key to handle the situation. Feeding strategies before farrowing, management routines during parturition (e.g., drying and moving piglets to the udder and cross-fostering) and feeding an energy source to piglets after birth may be beneficial management tools with large litters. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)-driven recovery from energy losses during lactation appears critical for supporting follicle development, the viability of oocytes and embryos, and, eventually, litter uniformity. This paper explores certain management routines for neonatal piglets that can lead to the optimization of their colostrum intake and thereby their survival in large litters. In addition, this paper reviews the evidence concerning nutritional factors, particularly lactation feeding that may reduce the loss of sow body reserves, affecting the growth of the next oocyte generation. In conclusion, decreasing birth weight and compromised immunity are subjects warranting investigation in the search for novel management tools. Furthermore, to increase litter uniformity, more focus should be placed on nutritional factors that affect IGF-1-driven follicle development before ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Peltoniemi
- Department of Production Animal Medicine,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki,
Saarentaus 04920, Finland
| | - Jinhyeon Yun
- Department of Animal Science, College of
Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University,
Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Stefan Björkman
- Department of Production Animal Medicine,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki,
Saarentaus 04920, Finland
| | - Taehee Han
- Department of Production Animal Medicine,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki,
Saarentaus 04920, Finland
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Shi X, Tang T, Lin Q, Liu H, Qin Y, Liang X, Cong P, Mo D, Liu X, Chen Y, He Z. Efficient generation of bone morphogenetic protein 15-edited Yorkshire pigs using CRISPR/Cas9†. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:1054-1068. [PMID: 32761111 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), a member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, plays an essential role in ovarian follicular development in mono-ovulatory mammalian species. Studies using a biallelic knockout mouse model revealed that BMP15 potentially has just a minimal impact on female fertility and ovarian follicular development in polyovulatory species. In contrast, our previous study demonstrated that in vivo knockdown of BMP15 significantly affected porcine female fertility, as evidenced by the dysplastic ovaries containing significantly decreased numbers of follicles and an increased number of abnormal follicles. This finding implied that BMP15 plays an important role in the regulation of female fertility and ovarian follicular development in polyovulatory species. To further investigate the regulatory role of BMP15 in porcine ovarian and follicular development, here, we describe the efficient generation of BMP15-edited Yorkshire pigs using CRISPR/Cas9. Using artificial insemination experiments, we found that the biallelically edited gilts were all infertile, regardless of different genotypes. One monoallelically edited gilt #4 (Δ66 bp/WT) was fertile and could deliver offspring with a litter size comparable to that of wild-type gilts. Further analysis established that the infertility of biallelically edited gilts was caused by the arrest of follicular development at preantral stages, with formation of numerous structurally abnormal follicles, resulting in streaky ovaries and the absence of obvious estrous cycles. Our results strongly suggest that the role of BMP15 in nonrodent polyovulatory species may be as important as that in mono-ovulatory species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qiyuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Peiqing Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Delin Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zuyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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6
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Torii Y, Matsumoto N, Sakamoto H, Nagano M, Katagiri S, Yanagawa Y. Monitoring follicular dynamics to determine estrus type and timing of ovulation induction in captive brown bears (Ursus arctos). J Reprod Dev 2020; 66:563-570. [PMID: 33041275 PMCID: PMC7768176 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2020-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to understand ovarian physiology when developing an artificial insemination (AI) protocol. Brown bears (Ursus arctos) have a breeding season from May to July, although the type of estrus (polyestrus or monoestrus) is still contested. The present study aimed to define the ovarian dynamics, including follicular waves and ovulatory follicle size, and estrus type in brown bears. Six brown bears were used for ovarian ultrasonography; four were observed between April and October (before the start and after the end of the breeding season) and two in June (breeding season). In addition, we attempted to induce ovulation by administering a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist. We observed follicular development in April in four bears, but follicles did not develop to greater than 6.0 mm in diameter until May. Thereafter, a group of follicles developed to more than 6.0 mm and grew as dominant follicles, except in one bear. After ovulation and subsequent corpus luteum (CL) formation, the follicular waves disappeared. Furthermore, in three bears treated with GnRH, follicles between 8.2 to 11.2 mm in diameter at the time of treatment ovulated and formed CLs. In two bears, follicles between 5.8 to 8.8 mm ovulated spontaneously within the observation interval. Our results suggest that brown bears may be monoestrous animals. Therefore, AI can only be performed once during the breeding season. Our results also suggest that dominant follicles larger than 8.0 mm are a suitable size for inducing ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Torii
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | | | | | - Masashi Nagano
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Seiji Katagiri
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yojiro Yanagawa
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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7
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Zigo M, Maňásková-Postlerová P, Zuidema D, Kerns K, Jonáková V, Tůmová L, Bubeníčková F, Sutovsky P. Porcine model for the study of sperm capacitation, fertilization and male fertility. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 380:237-262. [PMID: 32140927 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian fertilization remains a poorly understood event with the vast majority of studies done in the mouse model. The purpose of this review is to revise the current knowledge about semen deposition, sperm transport, sperm capacitation, gamete interactions and early embryonic development with a focus on the porcine model as a relevant, alternative model organism to humans. The review provides a thorough overview of post-ejaculation events inside the sow's reproductive tract including comparisons with humans and implications for human fertilization and assisted reproductive therapy (ART). Porcine methodology for sperm handling, preservation, in vitro capacitation, oocyte in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization and intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection that are routinely used in pig research laboratories can be successfully translated into ART to treat human infertility. Last, but not least, new knowledge about mitochondrial inheritance in the pig can provide an insight into human mitochondrial diseases and new knowledge on polyspermy defense mechanisms could contribute to the development of new male contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Zigo
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Pavla Maňásková-Postlerová
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16521, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dalen Zuidema
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Karl Kerns
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Věra Jonáková
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Tůmová
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16521, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filipa Bubeníčková
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16521, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sutovsky
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Xu K, Bai M, Liu H, Duan Y, Zhou X, Wu X, Liao P, Li T, Yin Y. Gut microbiota and blood metabolomics in weaning multiparous sows: Associations with oestrous. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1155-1168. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐Ecology Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China
| | - Miaomiao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐Ecology Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China
- College of Animal Science South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
| | - Hongnan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐Ecology Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China
| | - Yehui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐Ecology Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China
| | - Xihong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐Ecology Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐Ecology Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China
| | - Peng Liao
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐Ecology Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐Ecology Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐Ecology Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha China
- College of Animal Science South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Kondarl Agro‐pastoral Technology Co., Ltd. Dongguan China
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9
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Effects of fixed-time artificial insemination using triptorelin on the reproductive performance of pigs: a meta-analysis. Animal 2019; 14:1481-1492. [PMID: 31858952 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119003008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptorelin (TRI), a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist allowing ovulation synchronization in pigs, is indispensable for fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocols. However, the effect of FTAI using TRI (FTAI-TRI) on the reproductive performance is controversial. We performed a meta-analysis to determine whether FTAI-TRI affects reproductive performance of pigs, including pregnancy rate (PR), number of pigs born alive per litter (NBA), farrowing rate (FR) and total number of pigs born per litter (TNB). A total of 37 trials from 15 studies were extracted and analysed in Stata. A weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for NBA and TNB, and risk ratio (RR) with 95% CI was calculated for PR and FR. Pregnancy rate, TNB and NBA data were applied to a fixed-effect protocol, and FR data were applied to a random-effect protocol. We found that for weaned sows, the FTAI-TRI group had comparable reproductive performance to the artificial insemination (AI) following oestrus detection (EDAI) group. Fixed-time AI has many advantages, including the elimination of the need to heat-check twice daily, so that FTAI-TRI is a good substitute for EDAI. Subgroup analysis indicated that the optimal timing of triptorelin treatment was 96 h after weaning, which gave significant positive effects on PR (RR = 1.08, P = 0.000) and non-significant positive effects on TNB (WMD = 0.12, P = 0.452). Triptorelin at a dose of 100 μg showed better effects than 200 μg, with significant positive effects on PR (RR = 1.09, P = 0.005) and FR (RR = 1.06, P = 0.036). So a single dose of 100 μg was recommended. The optimal protocol was insemination at 24 h and again at 48 h after triptorelin administration if they remained in standing oestrus, and this provided a significantly higher NBA (WMD = 0.59, P = 0.013) that increased by 0.59. For gilts, the FTAI-TRI group showed decreased (not significant) PR (RR = 0.96, P = 0.127) and significantly decreased FR (RR = 0.93, P = 0.013), TNB (WMD = -0.85, P = 0.006) and NBA (WMD = -0.98, P = 0.000), which were inferior to those in the EDAI group. In conclusion, the effects of FTAI-TRI on the reproductive performance of pigs were parity-, treatment timing-, insemination timing-, and dosage-dependent. Fixed-time AI using triptorelin could effectively replace the EDAI protocol for sows, but not for gilts.
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10
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Qin Y, Tang T, Li W, Liu Z, Yang X, Shi X, Sun G, Liu X, Wang M, Liang X, Cong P, Mo D, Liu X, Chen Y, He Z. Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 Knockdown Inhibits Porcine Ovarian Follicular Development and Ovulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:286. [PMID: 31803742 PMCID: PMC6877722 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) is strongly associated with animal reproduction and woman reproductive disease. As a multifunctional oocyte-specific secret factor, BMP15 controls female fertility and follicular development in both species-specific and dosage-sensitive manners. Previous studies found that BMP15 played a critical role in follicular development and ovulation rate in mono-ovulatory mammalian species, especially in sheep and human, but study on knockout mouse model implied that BMP15 possibly has minimal impact on female fertility of poly-ovulatory species. However, this needs to be validated in other poly-ovulatory species. To investigate the regulatory role of BMP15 on porcine female fertility, we generated a BMP15-knockdown pig model through somatic nuclear transfer technology. The BMP15-knockdown gilts showed markedly reduced fertility accompanied by phenotype of dysplastic ovaries containing significantly declined number of follicles, increased number of abnormal follicles, and abnormally enlarged antral follicles resulting in disordered ovulation, which is remarkably different from the unchanged fertility observed in BMP15 knockout mice. Molecular and transcriptome analysis revealed that the knockdown of BMP15 significantly affected both granulosa cells (GCs) and oocytes development, including suppression of cell proliferation, differentiation, and follicle stimulating hormone receptor (Fshr) expression, leading to premature luteinization and reduced estradiol (E2) production in GCs, and simultaneously decreased quality and meiotic maturation of oocyte. Our results provide in vivo evidence of the essential role of BMP15 in porcine ovarian and follicular development, and new insight into the complicated regulatory function of BMP15 in female fertility of poly-ovulatory species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiqing Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Delin Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Weng RC. Variations in the body surface temperature of sows during the post weaning period and its relation to subsequent reproductive performance. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:1138-1147. [PMID: 31480130 PMCID: PMC7322658 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective A study was made investigate factors affecting body surface temperature changes after weaning in sows, whether these can be used to aid detection of natural estrus and how they relate to subsequent reproductive performance. Methods A total of 132 sows were selected during summer from a breeding farm, with mean parity of 3.6±2.3 and 28.5±0.9 days lactation length. Four daily measurements (6:00, 8:00, 16:00, and 18:00) of vulva (VST), udder (UST), ear base and central back skin temperatures for individual sows were taken by an infrared thermometer, continuing up to 8 days post weaning. Results The VST obtained from sows showing estrus at 4 days post-weaning (4DPW), 5DPW, and 6DPW showed a peak at the fourth day post-weaning, but then started to decrease. The VST of sows not detected in standing heat (NDPW) remained at a lower level during the experiment, but UST was increased soon after weaning. The VST-UST temperature differences during daytime of sows that were showing behavioural standing heat on 4DPW, 5DPW, 6DPW, and 7DPW were 0.46°C±0.123°C, 0.71°C±0.124°C, 0.66°C ±0.171°C, and 0.58°C±0.223°C, respectively. The NDPW sows had the highest UST observed, but also the lowest VST so that a more negative value of temperature difference (−0.31°C) was seen during first few days post-weaning. A total of 119 sows were observed to show standing heat and were bred. The later the estrus, the smaller the litter size (p = 0.005). Conclusion Sows which did not show behavior indicative of stable standing heat after weaning had a VST which remained at a lower level, but the UST increased soon after weaning. Therefore, for sow heat detection under field conditions, the changes of VST and UST and difference between the two should be considered together to increase the accuracy of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Chee Weng
- Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
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12
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Domino M, Domino K, Pawlinski B, Sady M, Gajewska M, Gajewski Z. Computational multivariate modelling of electrical activity of the porcine uterus during spontaneous and hormone-induced oestrus. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:322-333. [PMID: 30615243 DOI: 10.1113/ep087451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does oestrous cycle synchronization influence myoelectrical activity of porcine myometrium? What is the main finding and its importance? Exogenous hormones used to synchronize oestrus in pigs altered myoelectrical activity, which was effectively modelled. Higher-order multivariate statistic modelling provided evidence of similar activity in both types of oestrus, but a larger order of EMG signals during induced oestrus. Higher-order statistical analysis of the probabilistic model suggests the beginning of the early follicular phase and the mid-luteal phase to be most important in evaluation of the natural patterns of myoelectrical activity. Higher-order multivariate cumulants are more informative than classical statistics in characterization of myoelectrical activity changes in porcine myometrium. ABSTRACT In pig production units, control of the oestrous cycle and synchronization of ovulation have become routine herd management procedures. During the oestrous cycle, in both induced and spontaneous conditions, the ovaries and the uterus undergo hormone-dominated physiological changes, which are consistent with the hypothesis that there is a functional role of uterine contractions in promoting fertilization. We have used electromyography to determine whether the use of exogenous hormones, such as equine chorionic gonadotrophin and human chorionic gonadotrophin, which have the potential to control the timing of ovulation in female pigs, changes the multivariate relationships between parameters of electrical bursts and modulates the patterns of myoelectrical activity. We used the mathematical approach of higher-order multivariate cumulants in complex modelling of the myometrial electrical activity. The experiment was conducted on 12 mature Polish Landrace sows, and uterine activity was recorded during both spontaneous and induced oestrous cycles. The burst parameters were determined using six features in the time domain and, after Fast Fourier transformation, in the frequency domain. Evaluation of myoelectrical activity patterns was conducted based on classical univariate statistical methods and multivariate probabilistic modelling. The classical statistical approach indicated weaker myoelectrical activity after hormonal stimulation, whereas the higher-order multivariate statistical model showed evidence of similar status of activity and a larger order of signals during induced oestrus. Routine oestrous cycle synchronization affects the multivariate probabilistic model of myometrial electrical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Domino
- Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - Szkola Glowna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797, Warsaw, Poland.,Veterinary Research Centre and Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, WULS - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Domino
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bałtycka 5, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pawlinski
- Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - Szkola Glowna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797, Warsaw, Poland.,Veterinary Research Centre and Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, WULS - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Sady
- Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - Szkola Glowna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797, Warsaw, Poland.,Veterinary Research Centre and Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, WULS - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gajewska
- Veterinary Research Centre and Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, WULS - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zdzislaw Gajewski
- Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - Szkola Glowna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797, Warsaw, Poland.,Veterinary Research Centre and Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, WULS - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797, Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Almeida FRCL, Costermans NGJ, Soede NM, Bunschoten A, Keijer J, Kemp B, Teerds KJ. Presence of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) during follicular development in the porcine ovary. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197894. [PMID: 30063719 PMCID: PMC6067700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is expressed by granulosa cells of developing follicles and plays an inhibiting role in the cyclic process of follicular recruitment by determining follicle-stimulating hormone threshold levels. Knowledge of AMH expression in the porcine ovary is important to understand the reproductive efficiency in female pigs. RESEARCH AIM In the present study we investigated the expression of AMH during follicular development in prepubertal and adult female pigs by immunohistochemistry, laser capture micro-dissection and RT-qPCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Although in many aspects the immunohistochemical localization of AMH in the porcine ovary does not differ from other species, there are also some striking differences. As in most species, AMH appears for the first time during porcine follicular development in the fusiform granulosa cells of recruited primordial follicles and continues to be present in granulosa cells up to the antral stage. By the time follicles reach the pre-ovulatory stage, AMH staining intensity increases significantly, and both protein and gene expression is not restricted to granulosa cells; theca cells now also express AMH. AMH continues to be expressed after ovulation in the luteal cells of the corpus luteum, a phenomenon unique to the porcine ovary. The physiological function of AMH in the corpus luteum is at present not clear. One can speculate that it may contribute to the regulation of the cyclic recruitment of small antral follicles. By avoiding premature exhaustion of the ovarian follicular reserve, AMH may contribute to optimization of reproductive performance in female pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda R. C. L. Almeida
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Natasja G. J. Costermans
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Nicoline M. Soede
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Annelies Bunschoten
- Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bas Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Katja J. Teerds
- Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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14
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Knox RV, Stewart KR, Flowers WL, Swanson ME, Webel SK, Kraeling RR. Design and biological effects of a vaginally administered gel containing the GnRH agonist, triptorelin, for synchronizing ovulation in swine. Theriogenology 2017; 112:44-52. [PMID: 28863964 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel gel formulation was selected for intravaginal delivery of the GnRH agonist (triptorelin) for synchronizing ovulation in pigs. Studies with gilt models were used to assess LH response profiles. The lowest dose of triptorelin that induced the most gilts to show an LH surge was 100 μg in 1.2% methylcellulose gel. This formulation had a similar effect in weaned sows while also advancing ovulation. The timing of administration was evaluated in sows after weaning. Administration at 96 h induced more sows to ovulate (58%) by 48 h compared to treatment at estrus (45%) or for controls (34%), but the desired level of ovulation synchrony was not achieved. As a result, greater doses of triptorelin were tested and 200 μg given at 96 h after weaning, induced 81% of sows to ovulate within 48 h after treatment. The best synchrony of ovulation occurred when given at 96 h after weaning compared to earlier or later intervals. The optimum time to give a single fixed time AI (SFT-AI) after administration of 200 μg of triptorelin in 1.2% gel (OvuGel®) at 96 h after weaning was tested. A SFT-AI at 22 ± 2 h after OvuGel achieved the highest fertility and was practical for staff during the normal work day. In field trials, a SFT-AI 22 ± 2 h after all weaned sows were treated with OvuGel improved (P = 0.04) farrowing rate to 82.5% compared to control sows weaned (80.1%), with no effect on numbers of pigs born alive (12.1). Research continues for identifying the advantages for use of OvuGel in different production systems, and potential application for use in gilts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Knox
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - K R Stewart
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - W L Flowers
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - M E Swanson
- JBS United Animal Health LLC, Sheridan, IN, USA
| | - S K Webel
- JBS United Animal Health LLC, Sheridan, IN, USA
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15
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Single fixed-time artificial insemination in gilts and weaned sows using pLH at estrus onset administered through vulvar submucosal route. Theriogenology 2016; 86:1072-1080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Knox RV. Recent advancements in the hormonal stimulation of ovulation in swine. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2015; 6:309-320. [PMID: 30101116 PMCID: PMC6067529 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s68960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Induction of ovulation for controlled breeding is available for use around the world, and conditions for practical application appear promising. Many of the hormones available, such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its analogs, as well as porcine luteinizing hormone (pLH), have been shown to be effective for advancing or synchronizing ovulation in gilts and weaned sows. Each of the hormones has unique attributes with respect to the physiology of its actions, how it is administered, its efficacy, and approval for use. The timing for induction of ovulation during the follicle phase is critical as follicle maturity changes over time, and the success of the response is determined by the stage of follicle development. Female fertility is also a primary factor affecting the success of ovulation induction and fixed time insemination protocols. Approximately 80%-90% of female pigs will develop mature follicles following weaning in sows and synchronization of estrus in gilts. However, those gilts and sows with follicles that are less developed and mature, or those that develop with abnormalities, will not respond to an ovulatory surge of LH. To address this problem, some protocols induce follicle development in all females, which can improve the overall reliability of the ovulation response. Control of ovulation is practical for use with fixed time artificial insemination and should prove highly advantageous for low-dose and single-service artificial insemination and for use with frozen-thawed and sex-sorted sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert V Knox
- Department of Animal Sciences, 360 Animal Sciences Laboratory, University of Illinois, Champaign Urbana, IL, USA,
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17
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Luño V, Gil L, Olaciregui M, Grandía J, Ansó T, De Blas I. Fertilisation rate obtained with frozen-thawed boar semen supplemented with rosmarinic acid using a single insemination timed according to vulvar skin temperature changes. Acta Vet Hung 2015; 63:100-9. [PMID: 25655417 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2015.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Artificial insemination (AI) of sows with frozen-thawed semen usually results in lower pregnancy rates and litter sizes than the use of liquid preserved semen. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of vulvar skin temperature changes as a predictor of ovulation in sows and determined the fertility rates obtained after AI with frozen-thawed semen supplemented with rosmarinic acid (RA). Semen was collected from mature boars and cryopreserved in experimental extenders supplemented with or without 105 μM of RA. Multiparous sows were inseminated with a single dose of semen when vulvar skin temperature decreased to a value below 35 °C. Intrauterine insemination was performed using 1.5 × 109 spermatozoa. The sows were slaughtered 48 h after AI and the embryos and oocytes were recovered from the oviducts. Total and progressive motility, viability and acrosome integrity were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in RA-supplemented semen samples compared with the control. Fertilisation occurred in all sows inseminated in the study, although there were no significant differences between the experimental groups. Sows inseminated with RA-supplemented semen showed a slight increase in the number of embryos recovered as compared to sows inseminated with control semen. In conclusion, insemination according to vulvar skin temperature changes resulted in successful fertilisation in all sows, although supplementation of the freezing media with RA did not improve the fertilising ability of frozen-thawed boar sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Luño
- 1 Universidad de Zaragoza Department of Animal Pathology C/Miguel Servet 177 50013 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Lydia Gil
- 1 Universidad de Zaragoza Department of Animal Pathology C/Miguel Servet 177 50013 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Maite Olaciregui
- 1 Universidad de Zaragoza Department of Animal Pathology C/Miguel Servet 177 50013 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Juan Grandía
- 1 Universidad de Zaragoza Department of Animal Pathology C/Miguel Servet 177 50013 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Trinidad Ansó
- 1 Universidad de Zaragoza Department of Animal Pathology C/Miguel Servet 177 50013 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Ignacio De Blas
- 1 Universidad de Zaragoza Department of Animal Pathology C/Miguel Servet 177 50013 Zaragoza Spain
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18
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Simões VG, Lyazrhi F, Picard-Hagen N, Gayrard V, Martineau GP, Waret-Szkuta A. Variations in the vulvar temperature of sows during proestrus and estrus as determined by infrared thermography and its relation to ovulation. Theriogenology 2014; 82:1080-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Ulguim RR, Fontana DL, Rampi JZ, Bernardi ML, Wentz I, Bortolozzo FP. Use of Porcine Luteinizing Hormone at Oestrous Onset in a Protocol for Fixed-Time Artificial Insemination in Gilts. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:756-60. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- RR Ulguim
- Setor de Suínos; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - DL Fontana
- Setor de Suínos; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - JZ Rampi
- Setor de Suínos; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - ML Bernardi
- Faculdade de Agronomia; Departamento de Zootecnia; UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - I Wentz
- Setor de Suínos; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - FP Bortolozzo
- Setor de Suínos; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
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20
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Reproductive failure in moose ( Alces alces) due to embryonic mortality and unfertilized oocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 59:449-455. [PMID: 24954927 PMCID: PMC4058054 DOI: 10.1007/s13364-013-0173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge on reproductive success is vital for successful management of large ungulates and is often measured by means of observing surviving offspring. In harvested ungulates, postmortem investigations of reproductive organs are used to estimate reproductive potential by obtaining ovulation rates and fetus numbers. However, there are differences in numbers of offspring observed, fetal/embryo counts, and ovulation rates. We hypothesize that the discrepancy between estimated reproductive potential and reproductive outcome in large ungulates is not only due to ova loss but also due to embryonic mortality. We investigated reproductive status in early pregnancy by sampling hunter-harvested moose (Alces alces) in southern Sweden from 2007 to 2011. In all, 213 reproductive organs were examined postmortem, and in confirmed pregnant moose (n = 53), 25 % (19 of 76) embryos were nonviable and 6 % of ova was unfertilized. The discrepancy between the ovulation rate of all pregnant moose (1.49) and the number of expected offspring per pregnant female, when embryonic mortality and unfertilized oocytes were accounted for (1.08), was 27.5 %. An association between inflammation of the inner mucous membrane (endometritis) of the moose's uterus and embryonic mortality was observed. This is the first comprehensive report of embryonic mortality and endometritis in moose. The observed discrepancy between ovulation rates and early embryonic development/survival shows that ovulation rates are indicative but not accurate estimates of moose reproductive rate. The use of ovulation rates as a sole estimator of future offspring rates may lead to an overharvest of a managed moose population.
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21
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Fontana D, Ulguim R, Sbardella P, Bernardi M, Wentz I, Bortolozzo F. Fixed-time post-cervical artificial insemination in sows receiving porcine luteinising hormone at oestrus onset. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 144:109-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Luño V, Gil L, Jerez RA, Malo C, González N, Grandía J, de Blas I. Determination of ovulation time in sows based on skin temperature and genital electrical resistance changes. Vet Rec 2013; 172:579. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Luño
- Obstetrics and Reproduction Area; Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Animal Pathology; University of Zaragoza; Spain
| | - L. Gil
- Obstetrics and Reproduction Area; Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Animal Pathology; University of Zaragoza; Spain
| | - R. A. Jerez
- Obstetrics and Reproduction Area; Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Animal Pathology; University of Zaragoza; Spain
| | - C. Malo
- Obstetrics and Reproduction Area; Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Animal Pathology; University of Zaragoza; Spain
| | - N. González
- Obstetrics and Reproduction Area; Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Animal Pathology; University of Zaragoza; Spain
| | - J. Grandía
- Obstetrics and Reproduction Area; Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Animal Pathology; University of Zaragoza; Spain
| | - I. de Blas
- Infectious Diseases Area; Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Animal Pathology; University of Zaragoza; Spain
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Schwarz T, Murawski M, Wierzchoś E, Bartlewski P. An ultrasonographic study of ovarian antral follicular dynamics in prepubertal gilts during the expected activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis. J Reprod Dev 2013; 59:409-14. [PMID: 23708742 PMCID: PMC3944353 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2012-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily transrectal ultrasonography was carried out in eight 4-5-month-old Polish Large White×Polish Landrace gilts for 42 days to monitor the growth of individual ovarian antral follicles≥2 mm in diameter. In total, 52.4±16.2 and 123.0±6.7 follicles per gilt (mean±SD) that grew to ≥4 mm were identified during the first and second 21-day study periods, respectively (P<0.01). Four follicular waves (defined as the synchronous growth of a group of follicles from 2-3 mm to ≥4 mm) emerged during the first period, and five waves emerged during the second period. The maximum diameters attained by the largest follicles of waves were 5.7±0.6 and 7.0±0.5 mm (first and second periods, respectively; P<0.01). The present results provide direct evidence for the rhythmic, wave-like pattern of antral follicle recruitment in prepubertal gilts. The number of follicles and maximum diameter they attain increase significantly during the expected activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis in prepubescent gilts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Schwarz
- Department of Swine and Small Ruminant Breeding, University of Agriculture, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
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24
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Luño V, Gil L, Jerez RA, Malo C, Galé I, de Blas I. Crystallisation pattern of vestibular mucus and its relation to vestibular electrical resistance in cycling sow. Vet Rec 2012; 171:298. [PMID: 22922708 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the genital mucus around the oestrus are used by different diagnostic methods to determine optimal fertilisation time. In the current study, the authors evaluated the different arborisation patterns found in vestibular mucus, and also established its relationship with vestibular resistance changes during oestrus. Thirty multiparous sows were checked by transrectal ultrasonography to determine ovulation time every 12 hours. Vestibular resistance was measured with a commercial resistance probe, and vestibular mucus ferning was also evaluated every 12 hours during the oestrus. Significant changes (P < 0.05) in vestibular resistance were detected, registering high variation among individuals. Maximum resistance data was reached between 12 and 24 hours after ovulation time in 83 per cent of the sows. Crystallisation samples were classified into three different patterns according to the fern-like crystal degree. Arborisation peak occurred from 48 to 36 hours before the moment of ovulation, when vestibular resistance values increased gradually. In the optimal insemination moment, vestibular resistance increased significantly (P < 0.05) and vestibular mucus showed a low crystallisation pattern (P < 0.05). Combining several methods to measure genital mucus changes may predict the ovulation time and the best insemination moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Luño
- Department of Animal Pathology, Obstetrics and Reproduction Area, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Noguchi M, Yoshioka K, Suzuki C, Itoh S, Kaneko H. An efficient protocol for inducing pseudopregnancy using estradiol dipropionate and follicular development associated with changes in reproductive hormones after prostaglandin F2alpha treatment in pseudopregnant sows. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:157. [PMID: 22168485 PMCID: PMC3286429 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Utilization of estrus synchronization program in livestock industry would provide greater options for reproductive management in herd. To develop a convenient method for estrus synchronization in pigs, we determined the effective protocol using estradiol dipropionate (EDP) for the establishment of pseudopregnancy and investigated follicular development during the estrus synchronization with prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) in association with reproductive hormone profiles in pseudopregnant sows. METHODS In Experiment 1, the effective dose (0, 10, 20, or 30 mg) and timing (5, 8, 11 or 13 days after ovulation) of a single administration of EDP in cyclic pigs for the induction of pseudopregnancy were investigated. In Experiment 2, four pseudopregnant sows were treated with PGF2alpha twice at a 24-h interval between 24 and 28 days after EDP treatment. The changes in plasma concentrations of reproductive hormones were analyzed by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. Follicular development and ovulation following PGF2alpha administration were monitored by transrectal ultrasonography. RESULTS High efficiency (greater than 80%) of pseudopregnancy was achieved with a single treatment with 20 mg of EDP at 8 and 11 days after ovulation (equivalent to 9-13 days after the onset of estrus). Plasma estradiol-17beta concentrations in pseudopregnant sows were significantly higher between 12 h and 7 days than before EDP treatment. Total inhibin concentrations significantly decreased following EDP treatment and remained low for 14 days. The number of small follicles was increased from 6.3 +/- 2.6 at PGF2alpha treatment to 22.8 +/- 4.8 at 3 days later; this was associated with increased plasma concentrations of inhibin. Onset of estrus was detectable in all sows on 5.3 +/- 0.3 days after PGF2alpha treatment and the number of ovulated follicles was 15.5 +/- 1.4 detected at 7.6 +/- 0.2 days after the treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study has defined the effective dose and timing of EDP treatment for inducing pseudopregnancy in cyclic pigs. Our results also indicated that EDP caused a lowering of inhibin concentrations during pseudopregnancy and small numbers of follicles from 20 to 28 days after EDP. In contrast, EDP-induced pseudopregnancy appears to have no adverse effect on follicular development and subsequent ovulation following PGF2alpha administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Noguchi
- Pathology and Pathophysiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Koji Yoshioka
- Pathology and Pathophysiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Chie Suzuki
- Pathology and Pathophysiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Seigo Itoh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaneko
- Animal Development and Differentiation Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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Synchronization of ovulation and fertility in weaned sows treated with intravaginal triptorelin is influenced by timing of administration and follicle size. Theriogenology 2010; 75:308-19. [PMID: 21040957 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A 100 μg dose of triptorelin was tested for synchronizing ovulation in sows. In Experiment 1, conducted in April through June, sows (n = 125) were assigned to Control (untreated), TG-96 (Triptorelin Gel (TG) given intravaginally at 96 h post-weaning), or TG-E (given intravaginally at estrus). To optimize AI timing, sows were inseminated at 2 and 26 h after estrus for Control and TG-E and at 8 and 32 h following TG-96. Ovulation by 48 h post-treatment tended to be affected by treatment (P = 0.08) and more (P < 0.05) TG-96 sows ovulated (57.9%) compared to Controls (34.2%), but TG-E (45.1%) did not differ (P > 0.10). Duration of estrus was reduced (P < 0.005) in TG-96 (51 h) and TG-E (58 h) compared to Controls (65 h). There was no treatment effect on farrowing rate (71%) or total born (10.4). Average follicle size <6.5 mm at 96 h after weaning was associated with reduced (P < 0.01) estrus, ovulation and farrowing rate. Experiment 2 was conducted in August through September using 503 weaned sows. The TG-96 treatment reduced duration of estrus (P = 0.03), but treatment did not affect estrus expression, farrowing rate or total pigs born. In conclusion, use of a 100 μg dose of triptorelin intravaginally at 96 h or at estrus advanced ovulation and when used with timed insemination, resulted in similar farrowing rates and litter sizes comparable to sows mated based on estrus. However, ovulation induction and timed AI success may benefit from an approach that ensures sows have adequate follicle development at time of treatment.
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Endocrine, ovulatory and reproductive characteristics of sows treated with an intravaginal GnRH agonist. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 120:112-9. [PMID: 20430539 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effectiveness of intravaginal administration of a GnRH agonist, triptorelin, on the induction of the preovulatory LH surge; synchronization of time of ovulation; and reproductive characteristics in weaned sows. Sows were given 100microg of triptorelin in 0.9, 1.2, or 1.5% methylcellulose gel intravaginally 96h after weaning and then bred at 8 and 32h post-treatment. Untreated sows inseminated once each day of estrus served as the positive controls, while females treated with only the methyl cellulose gel and also bred once each day of estrus were negative controls. Sows treated intravaginally with triptorelin exhibited preovulatory LH surges with magnitudes comparable to those that occurred spontaneously in the negative controls. Preovulatory LH surges were initiated over a narrow and well-defined time interval that occurred 4-12h after treatment in sows receiving triptorelin in 1.2 or 1.5% methyl cellulose gel. As a result, the majority of the sows in these two treatments had ovulations within a 12h time frame 36-48h after treatment. In contrast, both the LH surge and ovulation occurred over extended periods of time after weaning in negative controls and sows given triptorelin in 0.9% methylcellulose gel. Farrowing rates and litter size were similar between untreated controls and triptorelin-treated sows that were bred with two fixed timed inseminations. Insemination of sows induced to have ovulations and bred at least once while not in estrus did not have any overt negative effects on reproductive characteristics. These results demonstrate that 100microg of triptorelin administered intravaginally in a least 1.2% methyl cellulose gel induced a normal preovulatory LH surge and synchronized time of ovulation in weaned sows. Furthermore, there were no obvious changes in reproductive performance when these sows were bred with two fixed time inseminations regardless of whether they exhibited a standing reflex.
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Řezáč P, Borkovcová M, Křivánek I. Effect of Weaning to Oestrus Interval and Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin on Vaginal Electrical Impedance During Peri-oestrus in Sows. Reprod Domest Anim 2009; 44:932-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Řezáč P, Křivánek I, Urban T, Borkovcová M, Pöschl M. Relationship of vaginal impedance with speed of return to oestrus after weaning, oestrous behaviour, parity and lactation length in cyclic sows. Anim Reprod Sci 2009; 114:238-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Seneda MM, Godmann M, Murphy BD, Kimmins S, Bordignon V. Developmental regulation of histone H3 methylation at lysine 4 in the porcine ovary. Reproduction 2008; 135:829-38. [PMID: 18502896 DOI: 10.1530/rep-07-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Follicular growth and oogenesis involve highly dynamic changes in morphogenesis, chromatin structure, and gene transcription. The tight coordination of these events leads to ovulation of a mature oocyte and formation of the luteal tissue necessary to regulate embryo implantation and development. This entire process is regulated by numerous endocrine and in situ mechanisms. The role of epigenetic mechanisms in folliculogenesis, such as the biochemical modification of the DNA packaging proteins, the histones, is not well understood. Our objective was to determine the cellular and follicular stage-specific patterns of histone H3 methylation at lysine 4 (K4) in porcine preovulatory follicles and during luteinization in pig ovaries. Ovary tissues were collected from slaughtered prepubertal and cyclic gilts at various stages of the estrous cycle, pregnancy, and from ovaries recovered from gonatropin-treated gilts at 0, 24, and 38 h post human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection. Samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and processed for embedding in paraffin and sectioned using standard histological protocols. Immunofluorescent staining was performed on 3 microm thick sections. The immunostaining pattern of mono-, di-, and tri-methylated histone H3-K4 and lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1, also known as KDM1 or AOF1) was assessed. Interestingly, H3-K4 mono-, di-, and tri-methylation in follicles of prepubertal gilts was specifically distributed and developmentally regulated. While granulosa cells of primary, secondary, and early antral follicles were negative for H3-K4 methylation those from large antral follicles showed a striking upregulation in the cells located in the proximity to the oocyte. Specifically, the cumulus oophorus displayed intense staining for H3-K4 methylation and signals were strongest in the granulosa cells in the inner two cell layers of the follicular wall. Although all oocytes from primary to large antral stage follicles were positive for H3-K4 mono-, di-, and tri-methylation, the patterns of distribution were altered through oocyte follicle development. H3-K4 methylation in granulosa cells was dramatically reduced as time to ovulation approached and was low to undetected at 38 h post hCG treatment. H3-K4 mono-, di-, and tri-methylation in large luteal cells increased as differentiation evolved but remained low in small luteal cells. Strikingly, LSD1 (KDM1) expression was found to be restricted to the corpus luteum. In summary, this study provides new information on histone H3-K4 methylation patterns in the oocyte and follicle during folliculogenesis, which suggests that these epigenetic markers serve an essential regulatory role during folliculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo M Seneda
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86051-990, Brasil
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Synchronization of ovulation in cyclic gilts with porcine luteinizing hormone (pLH) and its effects on reproductive function. Theriogenology 2008; 70:1075-85. [PMID: 18656251 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The overall objective was to evaluate the use of porcine luteinizing hormone (pLH) for synchronization of ovulation in cyclic gilts and its effect on reproductive function. In an initial study, four littermate pairs of cyclic gilts were given altrenogest (15 mg/d for 14 d). Gilts received 500 microg cloprostenol (Day 15), 600 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) (Day 16) and either 5mg pLH or saline (Control) 80 h after eCG. Blood samples were collected every 4h, from 8h before pLH/saline treatment to the end of estrus. Following estrus detection, transcutaneous real-time ultrasonography and AI, all gilts were slaughtered 6d after the estimated time of ovulation. Peak plasma pLH concentrations (during the LH surge), as well as the amplitude of the LH surge, were greater in pLH-treated gilts than in the control (P=0.01). However, there were no significant differences between treatments in the timing and duration of estrus, or the timing of ovulation within the estrous period. In a second study, 45 cyclic gilts received altrenogest for 14-18d, 600 IU eCG (24h after last altrenogest), and 5mg pLH, 750 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), or saline, 80 h after eCG. For gilts given pLH or hCG, the diameter of the largest follicle before the onset of ovulation (mean+/-S.E.M.; 8.1+/-0.2 and 8.1+/-0.2mm, respectively) was smaller than in control gilts (8.6+/-0.2mm, P=0.05). The pLH and hCG groups ovulated sooner after treatment compared to the saline-treated group (43.2+/-2.5, 47.6+/-2.5 and 59.5+/-2.5h, respectively; P<0.01), with the most synchronous ovulation (P<0.01) in pLH-treated gilts. Embryo quality (total cell counts and embryo diameter) was not significantly different among groups. In conclusion, pLH reliably synchronized ovulation in cyclic gilts without significantly affecting embryo quality.
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Potential applications of electrical impedance techniques in female mammalian reproduction. Theriogenology 2008; 70:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gonçalves IDV, Gonçalves PBD, Silva JCD, Portela Jr VV, Borges LFK, Oliveira JFC, Lovatto PA. Interaction between estrogen receptor and retinol-binding protein-4 polymorphisms as a tool for the selection of prolific pigs. Genet Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572008000300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abad M, Sprecher DJ, Ross P, Friendship RM, Kirkwood RN. Effect of sperm cryopreservation and supplementing semen doses with seminal plasma on the establishment of a sperm reservoir in gilts. Reprod Domest Anim 2007; 42:149-52. [PMID: 17348971 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2006.00744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Frozen-thawed (FT) boar sperm have a reduced fertile life, due in part to a capacitation-like status induced by cooling. Reversal of this cryocapacitation in vitro by exposure to boar seminal plasma (SP) has been demonstrated. The objective of these studies was to determine the effect of SP on the ability of FT sperm to create an oviductal sperm reservoir following artificial insemination (AI). In Experiment one, 35 pre-pubertal gilts were injected (IM) with 400 IU eCG plus 200 IU hCG to induce oestrus. At detection of oestrus, gilts were inseminated with 3 x 10(9) live sperm, either fresh (FS; n = 13), FT (n = 10), or FT supplemented with 10% v/v SP (n = 12). Gilts were killed 8 h later, their reproductive tracts recovered and the uterotubal junctions (UTJs) flushed to recover sperm. Fewer (p < 0.01) sperm were recovered following FT, compared to FS, inseminations, and there was no evident effect of SP. In Experiment two, 30 pre-pubertal gilts received IM injections of 1000 IU eCG followed by 5 mg pLH 80 h later to control time of ovulation. Gilts were inseminated with 3 x 10(9) live FS sperm (n = 6), FT sperm (n = 15) or FT sperm plus 10% SP (n = 9) at 12 h before ovulation and then sacrificed 8 h later. The UTJs were dissected and flushed for sperm recovery. Fewest (p < 0.001) sperm were recovered following FT insemination and there was no evident effect of SP. These data demonstrate that the size of the sperm reservoir is markedly reduced in gilts inseminated with FT sperm. However, the lack of effect of SP suggested that either it did not reverse cryocapacitation or that such a reversal does not impact the in vivo ability to create a sperm reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abad
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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Schneider F, Brüssow KP. Effects of a preovulatory administered depot gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist on reproductive hormone levels and pregnancy outcome in gilts. Reprod Fertil Dev 2007; 18:857-66. [PMID: 17147934 DOI: 10.1071/rd06027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the influence of a preovulatory administered depot gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist (GnRHa; Decapeptyl Depot) on the endocrine parameters and pregnancy outcome of gilts (n = 6). A GnRHa-supported preovulatory luteinising hormone (LH) surge was detected in all treated gilts. LH pulses were abolished completely by depot GnRHa on Day 7 and partly on Day 21 of pregnancy. In this treatment group (n = 6) four gilts were pregnant at slaughter on Day 28. In the control group receiving Gonavet, a non-formulated GnRHa (n = 6), all pigs showed LH pulses and were pregnant at slaughter on Day 28 of gestation. Mean progesterone concentrations were elevated in controls during the early luteal phase and were similar for both groups during the implantation period. Mean concentration of unoccupied progesterone receptor was significantly higher in uterine myometrium than in endometrium, but without treatment effects. Peripheral estrone sulfate concentrations showed a similar increase in all pregnant gilts on Days 17 and 18, and remained elevated. In summary, treatment with a depot GnRHa for synchronisation of ovulation alters pulsatile LH secretion during early pregnancy in pigs. In general, this alteration seems not to exert an injurious influence on luteal function and, therefore, on embryo and early fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schneider
- Department of Reproductive Biology, FBN Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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NOGUCHI M, YOSHIOKA K, KANEKO H, IWAMURA S, TAKAHASHI T, SUZUKI C, ARAI S, WADA Y, ITOH S. Measurement of Porcine Luteinizing Hormone Concentration in Blood by Time-Resolved Fluoroimmunoassay. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:1291-4. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko NOGUCHI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Azabu University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sachiko ARAI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Yasunori WADA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Seigo ITOH
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Azabu University
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Brüssow KP, Schneider F, Tuchscherer A, Rátky J, Kraeling RR, Kanitz W. Luteinizing hormone release after administration of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist Fertilan (goserelin) for synchronization of ovulation in pigs. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:129-37. [PMID: 17179548 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generic GnRH agonist, Fertilan (goserelin), was tested for the ability to induce an LH surge and ovulation in estrus-synchronized gilts. Three experiments were performed to 1) examine the effect of various doses of Fertilan on secretion of LH in barrows, to select doses to investigate in gilts (Exp. 1); 2) determine doses of Fertilan that would induce a preovulatory-like rise of LH in gilts (Exp. 2); and 3) determine the time of ovulation after Fertilan treatment (Exp. 3). In Exp. 1, 10 barrows were injected on d 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13 with 10, 20, or 40 microg of Fertilan; 50 microg of Gonavet (depherelin; GnRH control) or saline (negative control); and sequential blood samples were collected for 480 min. There was a dose-dependent stimulation (P < 0.05) of LH release. Maximal plasma concentrations of LH (LH(MAX)) were 2.1 +/- 0.2, 4.1 +/- 0.3, 2.6 +/- 0.4, and 3.4 +/- 0.3 ng/mL after 10, 20, and 40 microg of Fertilan and 50 microg of Gonavet, respectively, and duration of release was 78 +/- 9, 177 +/- 12, 138 +/- 7, and 180 +/- 11 min, respectively. Fertilan doses of 10 and 20 microg were deemed to be the most suitable for testing in gilts. In Exp. 2, 12 gilts received (after estrus synchronization with Regumate and eCG) injections of 10 or 20 microg of Fertilan or 50 microg of Gonavet 80 h after eCG to stimulate a preovulatory-like LH surge and ovulation. An LH surge was induced in 3 of the 4 gilts in both of the Fertilan groups and in all of the Gonavet-treated gilts. Characteristics of induced release of LH did not differ among groups: LH(MAX), 5.0 +/- 0.9 vs. 4.6 +/- 1.8 vs. 6.6 +/- 1.1 ng/mL; duration, 11.7 +/- 2.0 vs. 12.3 +/- 2.2 vs. 14.3 +/- 0.5 h; interval from GnRH injection to LH(MAX), 4.0 +/- 2.0 vs. 6.7 +/- 1.3 vs. 5.8 +/- 1.6 h. In Exp. 3, estrus-synchronized gilts were injected with 20 microg of Fertilan (n = 8) or 50 microg of Gonavet (n = 4), and the time of ovulation was determined by repeated endoscopic examination. Time of ovulation ranged from 34 to 42 h postGnRH; however, ovulation occurred earlier in the Gonavet compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). Results of these experiments indicate that 1) barrows are an appropriate model for determining GnRH doses that can be effective in inducing a preovulatory-like LH surge in females; 2) the generic GnRH agonist Fertilan, at doses of 10 to 20 microg, can stimulate an LH surge in gilts, with subsequent ovulation; and 3) Fertilan at doses of 10 and 20 microg should be examined further for use in fixed-time insemination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-P Brüssow
- FBN Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Rezác P, Olic I. Relationship between opposite changes of vaginal and vestibular impedance during estrous cycle in sows. Theriogenology 2006; 66:868-76. [PMID: 16549116 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several bioimpedance techniques have been developed for noninvasive monitoring of reproductive events occurring in cyclic gilts and sows. Our objective was to compare the changes of vaginal and vestibular impedance during the porcine estrous cycle (experiment 1). In addition, we examined the causes of impedance variations in the vaginal vestibule during periestrus (experiment 2). The vaginal and vestibular impedance were measured with specially designed instruments. Sows were monitored for estrus via exposure to a sexually mature boar. The impedance in the vagina decreased gradually after weaning (P<0.01) reaching its nadir 2 days before estrus and increased during estrus to near maximum 2 days after estrus onset (P<0.01). The vaginal impedance during diestrus reached approximately the same level as on the weaning day. In contrast, the impedance in the vaginal vestibule increased gradually after weaning, then markedly during estrus (P<0.01) reaching its maximum 2 days after the onset of estrus followed by an abrupt decrease during early diestrus (P<0.01). The vestibular impedance after early diestrus reached almost the same level as before estrus. A significant negative correlation was found between the vaginal impedance in proestrus and vestibular impedance in periestrus. In experiment 2, interaction of the interval from weaning to estrus and parity significantly influenced the vestibular impedance in periestrus. The breed of sows did not affect the impedance in the vaginal vestibule through the whole experiment. From the present study we conclude that closely related inverse changes of the vaginal and vestibular impedance take place in pigs during the estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rezác
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Brandt Y, Lang A, Madej A, Rodriguez-Martinez H, Einarsson S. Impact of ACTH administration on the oviductal sperm reservoir in sows: The local endocrine environment and distribution of spermatozoa. Anim Reprod Sci 2006; 92:107-22. [PMID: 15951142 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2005.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate if short-term stress in sows (simulated by injections of synthetic adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)) during standing oestrus had a negative effect on the local environment in the utero-tubal junction (UTJ) and isthmus and the distribution of spermatozoa in these segments. Fourteen sows were monitored for ovulation using ultrasonography in two consecutive oestruses. The sows were fitted with jugular catheters and, from onset of the second oestrus, blood samples were collected every second hour. In the 2nd oestrus, seven sows were given ACTH every second hour, from the onset of standing oestrus until the sow ovulated (ACTH-group), whereas the other seven sows remained as controls (C-group) and were given NaCl solution. The sows were artificially inseminated 16-18 h before expected ovulation. Six hours after ovulation the sows were anaesthetised, and blood samples were repeatedly taken from veins draining the uterus and the UTJ-isthmus, respectively. This oviduct was thereafter removed and divided in four adjacent sections consisting of: (i) the UTJ, (ii) the first, and (iii) the second isthmus segment prior to (iv), the ampullary-isthmic junction (AIJ) and the ampulla. The three first-mentioned segments were flushed to retrieve spermatozoa, whereas the last one was flushed to collect oocytes/ova. The number of spermatozoa attached to the zona pellucida was counted. The concentrations of cortisol in jugular blood of the ACTH-group sows during the time of ACTH-injections were significantly higher than of the C-group sows (p<0.05), as were the levels of progesterone (p<0.001). Progesterone and cortisol concentrations measured in the blood samples draining the UTJ-isthmic region 6 h after ovulation did not significantly differ between the groups, but the C-group displayed significantly higher concentrations of progesterone in the UTJ-isthmic region compared with the levels measured in parallel samples taken of jugular blood (p<0.01). The C-group, but not the ACTH-group, also displayed a significant elevation in progesterone concentration 6h after ovulation compared with the basal levels before ovulation (p<0.01). Numbers of retrieved spermatozoa were not significantly different between the C-group and the ACTH-group. However, there was a tendency for a larger number of spermatozoa among sows in the ACTH-group, especially in the isthmic segment adjacent to the AIJ. In conclusion, simulated stress induced by injections of ACTH during standing oestrus results in elevated concentrations of progesterone before ovulation and may interfere with the rise of progesterone after ovulation. However, ACTH-injections appeared to augment transport of spermatozoa through the female genital tract of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Brandt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Comparative Reproduction, Obstetrics and Udder Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7039, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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41
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Gama RD, Vianna WL, Pinese ME, Rosseto AC, Moretti AS. Different doses of porcine luteinizing hormone in precocious puberty induction in gilts. Reprod Domest Anim 2005; 40:433-5. [PMID: 16149948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2005.00605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of hormonal protocols in puberty induction and synchronization of oestrus has lead to an increase in the efficiency of replacement gilts. The aim of this study was to evaluate different doses of porcine LH in precocious puberty induction and oestrus synchronization in a homogeneous group of gilts. Sixty-seven homogeneous prepubertal gilts (Camborough 22) at 137 +/- 4 days of age and 87 +/- 7 kg were treated with three different hormonal protocols: T1--600 UI of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG; Novormon) and after a 72-h period 5 mg of LH (Lutropin); T2--600 UI of eCG and a 72-h period 2.5 mg of LH; T3--600 UI of eCG and a 72-h period 1.25 mg of LH. The ovaries were examined at slaughter, on day 6 after the hormonal treatment. There were no statistical differences (p > 0.05) between the different LH doses in the percentage of the detected oestrus (T1 = 42.85%; T2 = 60.87%, T3 = 52.18%), oestrus duration (T1 = 41.44 +/- 16.30 h; T2 = 48.57 +/- 16.29 h, T3 = 39.33 +/- 11.42 h), number of corpora lutea (T1 = 9.61 +/- 5.43; T2 = 9.86 +/- 3.32, T3 = 8.13 +/- 5.52) and percentage of animals presenting ovarian cystic degeneration (T1 = 33.33%; T2 = 39.13%, T3 = 39.13%). The T2 (2.5 mg of LH) presented the lowest dispersion (p < 0.05) of the LH-ovulation interval (T1 = 37.17 +/- 4.07 h; T2 = 38.26 +/- 2.84 h; T3 = 36.25 +/- 5.69 h). The LH dose reduction to 2.50 and 1.25 mg presented equal results with the recommended dose of 5.0 mg, and could be used in the precocious induction of oestrus in gilts. The 2.5-mg LH dose showed the lowest dispersion of ovulation and it can be used in fixed-time artificial insemination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Gama
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Suínos, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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42
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Madej A, Lang A, Brandt Y, Kindahl H, Madsen MT, Einarsson S. Factors regulating ovarian function in pigs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2005; 29:347-61. [PMID: 15998503 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 02/23/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hormonal interactions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian-uterine axis are accountable for a normal reproduction in female pigs. It is of importance to have knowledge of estrous symptoms and hormonal profiles around ovulation. The introduction of the transrectal ultrasonography in sows has given us the possibility to study ovarian activity in conscious animals and relate the timing of estrus to ovulation. Combining this technique with measuring of several hormones like luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), inhibin, estradiol, progesterone, insulin-like growth hormone I (IGF-I), prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) metabolite, oxytocin, facilitate our knowledge about the sequence of ovarian events. Evidence suggests that activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may hamper the normal gonadotropin secretion and in consequence, the ovarian function. The metabolic status during lactation, weaning of piglets and social stress might affect onset of ovarian activity and the related estrous behavior. The role of seminal plasma, artificial insemination and presence of the boar might also be included as factors regulating the temporal kinetics of ovulation, corpus luteum development, uterine function and steroid production in the ovary. Studies using a simulated stress by means of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) administration or food deprivation are tools in understanding how the ovary is susceptible to impairment. The intention of this paper is to review current knowledge concerning the endocrine aspects of normal and stress-influenced ovarian function in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Madej
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7011, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Rátky J, Brüssow KP, Egerszegi I, Torner H, Schneider F, Solti L, Manabe N. Comparison of follicular and oocyte development and reproductive hormone secretion during the ovulatory period in Hungarian native breed, Mangalica, and Landrace gilts. J Reprod Dev 2005; 51:427-32. [PMID: 15947458 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.17016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a very small amount of physiological data is available about the low fertility (mean litter size is 5.7+/-0.8) of Hungarian native breed, Mangalica (M), sows. The aim of the present paper is to reveal the differences in preovulatory follicle development and intrafollicular oocyte maturation between M and Landrace (L) gilts, with special reference to the peri- and postovulatory secretion and peripheral concentrations of estradiol-17beta (E2), progesterone (P4), and luteinizing hormone (LH). The number of preovulatory follicles was 6.8+/-1.4 and 19.6+/-6.6 in M and L gilts, respectively. A lower degree of cumulus expansion and a lower percentage of mature oocytes (TI/M II) was noted in M. Higher LH and E2 peak levels, a longer E2 to LH peak interval, and lower embryo survival was confirmed. Interestingly, despite the lower number of corpora lutea, a higher peripheral blood level of P4 was shown in M than in L gilts. Both diminished follicular development and protracted oocyte maturation may be involved in low fecundity in M, and the present findings may explain these reproductive phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozsef Rátky
- Research Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Herceghalom, Hungary
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44
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dos Santos JMG, Wentz I, Bortolozzo FP, Barioni W. Early-weaned sows: altrenogest therapy, estrus, ovulation, and reproductive performance. Anim Reprod Sci 2004; 84:407-13. [PMID: 15302382 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2003] [Revised: 12/30/2003] [Accepted: 02/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Early weaning is a technique used to increase swine health status, and may cause consequences in reproductive performance of sows. An experiment was performed to evaluate these effects in a herd of sows, with weaning at 9 or 10 days post-farrowing, located in west of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Large-White sows (n=102), with three or four previous parturitions were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: T1: artificial insemination (AI) at first post-weaning estrus of the sows; T2: AI at second post-weaning estrus, T3: AI at first estrus, after an administration of a daily individual dose of 20 mg of altrenogest from 5 to 8 days post-weaning. The duration of the first post-weaning estrus did not differ among treatment groups; however, the second estrus of the T2 group was of shorter duration relative to the other treatment groups (P< or =0.035). Ovulation occurred earlier at the second estrus of the T2 group, compared with the T1 and T3 groups (P< or =0.027), being similar to that at the first estrus of T2 group (P=0.177). The relationship of the timing between ovulation and estrus was similar among treatment groups (P> or =0.221). There was no difference in farrowing rate among treatment groups (P> or =0.313). The T2 group produced a mean of 2.5 more piglets per litter (P=0.002). In conclusion, the use of altrenogest did not increase the reproductive performance of early-weaned sows.
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45
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Willis HJ, Zak LJ, Foxcroft GR. Duration of lactation, endocrine and metabolic state, and fertility of primiparous sows. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:2088-102. [PMID: 12926791 DOI: 10.2527/2003.8182088x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine factors affecting the reproductive performance of primiparous sows early weaned (EW; n = 35) at d 14 or conventionally weaned (CW; n = 35) at d 24 of lactation. Sow BW and backfat were recorded at farrowing, weekly until weaning, and at standing heat. Feed intake was controlled throughout lactation to standardize nutritional effects on subsequent reproductive performance. Litter size was standardized across treatments within 48 h after farrowing, and litter weight was recorded until weaning. In subsets of sows, blood samples were collected from 10 h before to 10 h after weaning, and then every 6 h until ovulation. Sows were heat checked twice daily and bred at 24-h intervals during standing heat using pooled semen. Ultrasonography every 6 h determined time of ovulation. Sows were either slaughtered within 24 h after ovulation to assess ovulation rate, fertilization rate, and embryonic development in vitro, or at d 28 of gestation to determine ovulation rate and embryonic survival. Compared with CW sows, EW sows had more backfat at weaning (15.9 +/- 0.5 vs. 14.7 +/- 0.5 mm; P < 0.001). Also, CW sows tended to lose more BW and to have lower IGF-I concentrations, indicating poorer body condition. Duration of lactation did not affect ovulation rate (EW = 17.6 +/- 0.7; CW = 18.7 +/- 0.6), fertilization rate (EW = 96.0 +/- 2.2; CW = 88.2 +/- 4.7%), or embryo survival to d 28 (EW = 62.5 +/- 4.5; CW = 63.1 +/- 5.0%). There was a marginal effect of duration of lactation on weaning-to-estrus interval (EW = 120 +/- 3; CW = 112 +/- 3 h; P < 0.06) and duration of estrus (EW = 52.4 +/- 2.3; CW = 46.3 +/- 2.2 h; P < 0.08). Overall, embryonic survival, not ovulation rate, seems to be the limiting factor for potential litter size in the second parity. Although fertility in both EW and CW sows studied was compromised, endocrine and metabolic data indicate that the mechanisms affecting reproductive performance may differ between the two weaning systems. The LH, FSH, and estradiol data from the EW sows are characteristic of animals with limited follicular development and incomplete recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis; consequently, the integrity of the uterine environment may be adversely affected and limit embryonic survival. In CW sows, variability in metabolic state seemed to be the key factor limiting the fertility, again adversely affecting embryonic survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Willis
- Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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46
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Rezác P, Pöschl M, Krivánek I. Effect of probe location on changes in vaginal electrical impedance during the porcine estrous cycle. Theriogenology 2003; 59:1325-34. [PMID: 12527079 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(02)01168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The impedance technique is one of many methods that can be used for noninvasive monitoring of reproductive events occurring in cyclic animals. The influence of the depth of probe insertion on changes in vaginal impedance in sows during the estrous cycle was examined. Sows were checked twice a day for estrus via exposure to a sexually mature boar. The criterion for confirmation of ovulation was an increase in plasma progesterone levels above 4.0 ng/ml 8 and 12 days after the beginning of estrus. The impedance measurements were carried out using a four-terminal method at a distance of 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 cm from the vulva. In all six locations of the vagina the mean impedance values decreased gradually after weaning (P<0.01), achieved a nadir 1-2 days before estrus and increased during estrus (P<0.01). It was found that the probe location within the vagina and the parity of sows significantly affected the impedance measured by means of a four-terminal method. The study suggests that the causes of impedance fluctuation are not only technical but also include a number of poorly understood biological causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Rezác
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Veterinary Medicine, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelská 1, 61300, Brno, Czech Republic.
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47
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Novak S, Almeida FRCL, Cosgrove JR, Dixon WT, Foxcroft GR. Effect of pre- and postmating nutritional manipulation on plasma progesterone, blastocyst development, and the oviductal environment during early pregnancy in gilts. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:772-83. [PMID: 12661658 DOI: 10.2527/2003.813772x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine mechanisms mediating effects of nutritional manipulation before and after mating on embryonic survival in pigs. Experiment 1 studied the mechanisms by which continued high feeding levels after mating result in differences in plasma progesterone during early pregnancy. Gilts fed 2.0 times maintenance energy requirements either remained on this high level or feed was reduced to 1.5 times maintenance immediately after mating. Ovarian, oviductal, and jugular vein progesterone concentrations were determined 72 h after onset of estrus, and samples taken every 4 h were used to determine LH and progesterone during the periestrous period. Treatment did not affect peripheral progesterone concentrations, the timing or rate of rise of progesterone, or progesterone in ovarian, oviductal, or jugular veins at the time of surgery. Time after the LH peak was highly correlated (P = 0.0001) with jugular progesterone concentrations, but not with those in oviductal and ovarian veins, suggesting that responses in the reproductive tract mediated by peripheral progesterone concentrations will be temporally different to effects within tissues supplied by the ovarian and oviductal vasculature. Experiment 2 studied mechanisms mediating nutritional manipulation in the preovulatory period on postovulatory reproductive function, using feed restriction during the first (RH) or second (HR) week of the estrous cycle. Surgeries were performed 12 to 20 h after ovulation, and fertilized oocytes were cultured for 144 h in vitro. Ovulation rate was not affected by previous nutritional regimen. Fertilization rate was higher (P = 0.056) in RH vs HR gilts, but development of cultured oocytes was not affected by treatment. There were no treatment differences in peripheral or oviductal plasma progesterone, estradiol, or insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) at surgery, or in porcine oviductal secretory protein abundance and IGF-I concentrations in oviduct flushings, but treatment affected total protein concentration (P = 0.002). These results indicate that either previous nutritional treatment does not affect the early developmental competence of fertilized oocytes in vitro or differences in developmental competence of oocytes are not expressed up to the early blastocyst stage. However, the lack of an effect of previous nutrition on steroids in the local oviductal circulation may also be related to the lack of effects on oviductal function and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Novak
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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48
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Egerszegi I, Schneider F, Rátky J, Soós F, Solti L, Manabe N, Brüssow KP. Comparison of Luteinizing Hormone and Steroid Hormone Secretion During the Peri- and Post-Ovulatory Periods in Mangalica and Landrace Gilts. J Reprod Dev 2003; 49:291-6. [PMID: 14967921 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.49.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone (P4) and estradiol-17beta (E2) in Mangalica gilts (M), a Hungarian native breed, and compare them with Landrace gilts (L) during the peri- and post-ovulatory periods. The estrous cycle of gilts was synchronised by Regumate feeding, and ovulation was induced with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist. Blood sampling was carried out via indwelling jugular catheters three times a day and in 2-h intervals during a 16-h period after the GnRH application. The concentrations of LH, E2 and P4 were determined by immunoassays. Gilts of both breeds showed a typical gonadotropin and gonadal hormone secretion pattern. Preovulatory E2 peaks were observed on day 2 (M) and day 4 (L) after the last Regumate feeding. Highest E2 concentration was different between M and L breeds (46.5 +/- 5.7 vs. 26.0 +/- 6.8 pg/ml, P < 0.05). Maximum LH levels measured up to 6 h after GnRH were not different between M and L breeds (11.5 +/- 4.1 vs. 6.6 +/- 2.3 ng/ml). Both LH amounts during surge (41.1 +/- 15.9 vs. 27.5 +/- 6.1 ng/ml) and total over LH release (73.4 +/- 22.2 vs. 50.0 +/- 8.7 ng/ml) did not differ significantly between M and L breeds. P4 concentrations started to rise on day 6 after Regumate feeding and increased significantly from 0.6 +/- 0.3 and 0.7 +/- 0.4 ng/ml to maximal 14.0 +/- 2.4 and 11.3 +/- 2.1 ng/ml in M and L breeds, respectively. Mean P4 secretion was higher in M on days 10-15 (12.9 +/- 2.6 vs. 9.3 +/- 2.2 ng/ml; P<0.05). At the same time the number of corpora lutea was lower in M compared to L (10.3 +/-1.5 vs. 17.8 +/- 5.0, P<0.05). In our experiment, there was no evidence that differences in the secretion of analysed hormones during the peri- and post-ovulatory periods are a possible cause of usually lower fecundity in Mangalica gilts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Egerszegi
- Research Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, 2053 Herceghalom, Gesztenyés út 1, Hungary
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49
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Abstract
Optimal artificial insemination schedules are those that result in a high farrowing rate and litter size, while minimizing costs of semen and labor by avoiding unnecessary inseminations. A simulation model programmed in a commercial spreadsheet was developed to permit comparison of alternative schedules. Farrowing rate and litter size for a particular schedule were dependent on the timing of insemination relative to the time of ovulation. Economic return was calculated by multiplying the number of pigs born per bred sow by $33.00 and subtracting the cost of producing a litter of pigs and raising them to weaning ($222.88 per sow plus $2.44 per pig born) and the cost of detection of estrus and breeding. Seven insemination schedules combined with once versus twice per day detection of estrus were simulated in 500 herds of 100 sows each. Inseminations were simulated to occur on schedules of: 1) 0, 12, 24 and 36 h; 2) 12, 24 and 36 h; 3) 0 and 24 h; 4) 12 and 36 h; 5) 12 h; 6) 24 h; and 7) 36 h after first detection of estrus. Schedule 1 was predicted to yield the highest farrowing rate and litter size. Economic return was highest for Schedule 2 with twice per day detection of estrus followed closely by Schedule 1 with once per day detection of estrus at $14.90 and $13.75 per bred sow, respectively. High performance was dependent on insuring that inseminations occurred at an optimum time in as great a proportion of sows as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Lamberson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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50
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Liu J, Koenigsfeld AT, Cantley TC, Boyd CK, Kobayashi Y, Lucy MC. Growth and the initiation of steroidogenesis in porcine follicles are associated with unique patterns of gene expression for individual componentsof the ovarian insulin-like growth factor system. Biol Reprod 2000; 63:942-52. [PMID: 10952942 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod63.3.942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian follicular growth and steroidogenesis are controlled by the interaction of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and gonadotropins. The objective was to determine the temporal and spatial relationships for gonadotropin receptor, steroidogenic enzyme, and IGF system gene expression during the development of preovulatory porcine follicles. Sows (n = 18) were weaned and follicles were monitored by transrectal ultrasonography. Ovaries were collected from sows when the mean diameter of the preovulatory follicular cohort was approximately 2, 4, 6, or 8 mm. mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization for individual follicles within the preovulatory cohort (3 to 5 follicles per sow). Patterns of gene expression detected by in situ hybridization were confirmed by RNase protection analyses of pooled RNA samples. The amount of LH receptor mRNA and steroidogenic enzyme mRNA (17alpha-hydroxylase and aromatase) increased as the mean diameter of the follicular cohort increased from 2 to 6 mm, but then decreased abruptly for 8-mm follicles. Estradiol concentrations in follicular fluid closely followed the expression patterns of steroidogenic enzymes and LH receptor mRNA. FSH receptor mRNA was present in cohorts of 2-mm follicles but declined in 4-mm follicles and was undetectable in 6- and 8-mm follicles. The expression of IGF-I and type I IGF receptor mRNA were similar for follicles of 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm. In contrast, IGF-II mRNA progressively increased in follicles collected from 2-, 4-, and 6-mm cohorts, and then decreased slightly at 8 mm. Type II IGF receptor mRNA was greatest in 8-mm follicles. IGF binding protein-2 (BP-2) mRNA decreased as follicles achieved progressively larger sizes during the preovulatory period (2 to 8 mm), whereas the IGFBP-4 mRNA remained relatively low for follicles in 2- to 6-mm cohorts but then increased markedly in 8-mm follicles. In summary, temporal and spatial patterns of gene expression for gonadotropin receptor, steroidogenic enzyme, and IGF system genes were characterized in preovulatory porcine follicles by using in situ hybridization and RNase protection analyses. The unique patterns of gene expression suggest interdependence among specific genes that may be essential for preovulatory follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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