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Shahidzadeh Yazdi Z, Streeten EA, Whitlatch HB, Montasser ME, Beitelshees AL, Taylor SI. Vitamin D Deficiency Increases Vulnerability to Canagliflozin-induced Adverse Effects on 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and PTH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e646-e656. [PMID: 37738423 PMCID: PMC10795897 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Canagliflozin has been reported to increase the risk of bone fracture-possibly mediated by decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and increasing parathyroid hormone (PTH). OBJECTIVE This work investigated whether baseline vitamin D (VitD) deficiency renders individuals vulnerable to this adverse effect and whether VitD3 supplementation is protective. METHODS This community-based, outpatient study had a paired design comparing individual participants before and after VitD3 supplementation. Eleven VitD-deficient (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] ≤ 20 ng/mL) individuals were recruited from the Amish population in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Participants underwent 2 canagliflozin challenge protocols (300 mg daily for 5 days): the first before and the second after VitD3 supplementation. In the VitD3 supplementation protocol, participants received VitD3 supplementation (50 000 IU once or twice a week depending on body mass index for 4-6 weeks) to achieve 25(OH)D of 30 ng/mL or greater. Two coprimary end points were identified: effects of VitD3 supplementation on canagliflozin-induced changes in 1,25(OH)2D and PTH. Secondary end points included effects of VitD3 supplementation on baseline levels of VitD metabolites and PTH. RESULTS VitD3 supplementation increased mean 25(OH)D from 16.5 ± 1.6 to 44.3 ± 5.5 ng/mL (P = .0006) and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25(OH)2D) from 1.0 ± 0.1 to 4.3 ± 0.6 ng/mL (P = .0002). Mean 1,25(OH)2D and PTH were unchanged. VitD3 supplementation decreased the magnitude of canagliflozin-induced changes in 1,25(OH)2D (from -31.3%±4.7% to -9.3%±8.3%; P = .04) and PTH (from +36.2%±6.2% to +9.7%±3.7%; P = .005). CONCLUSION VitD deficiency rendered individuals more vulnerable to adverse effects of canagliflozin on biomarkers associated with bone health. VitD3 supplementation was protective against canagliflozin's short-term adverse effects on 1,25(OH)2D and PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhinous Shahidzadeh Yazdi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Streeten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Hilary B Whitlatch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - May E Montasser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Amber L Beitelshees
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Simeon I Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Tietel Z, Hammann S, Meckelmann SW, Ziv C, Pauling JK, Wölk M, Würf V, Alves E, Neves B, Domingues MR. An overview of food lipids toward food lipidomics. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:4302-4354. [PMID: 37616018 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence regarding lipids' beneficial effects on human health has changed the common perception of consumers and dietary officials about the role(s) of food lipids in a healthy diet. However, lipids are a wide group of molecules with specific nutritional and bioactive properties. To understand their true nutritional and functional value, robust methods are needed for accurate identification and quantification. Specific analytical strategies are crucial to target specific classes, especially the ones present in trace amounts. Finding a unique and comprehensive methodology to cover the full lipidome of each foodstuff is still a challenge. This review presents an overview of the lipids nutritionally relevant in foods and new trends in food lipid analysis for each type/class of lipids. Food lipid classes are described following the LipidMaps classification, fatty acids, endocannabinoids, waxes, C8 compounds, glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids (i.e., glycolipids, betaine lipids, and triglycerides), sphingolipids, sterols, sercosterols (vitamin D), isoprenoids (i.e., carotenoids and retinoids (vitamin A)), quinones (i.e., coenzyme Q, vitamin K, and vitamin E), terpenes, oxidized lipids, and oxylipin are highlighted. The uniqueness of each food group: oil-, protein-, and starch-rich, as well as marine foods, fruits, and vegetables (water-rich) regarding its lipid composition, is included. The effect of cooking, food processing, and storage, in addition to the importance of lipidomics in food quality and authenticity, are also discussed. A critical review of challenges and future trends of the analytical approaches and computational methods in global food lipidomics as the basis to increase consumer awareness of the significant role of lipids in food quality and food security worldwide is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipora Tietel
- Department of Food Science, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, M.P. Negev, Israel
| | - Simon Hammann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven W Meckelmann
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Carmit Ziv
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Josch K Pauling
- LipiTUM, Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Michele Wölk
- Lipid Metabolism: Analysis and Integration; Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research; Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vivian Würf
- LipiTUM, Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Eliana Alves
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruna Neves
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Department of Chemistry, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Department of Chemistry, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Yazdi ZS, Streeten EA, Whitlatch HB, Montasser ME, Beitelshees AL, Taylor SI. Vitamin D deficiency increases vulnerability to canagliflozin-induced adverse effects on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and PTH. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.05.11.23289854. [PMID: 37214882 PMCID: PMC10197796 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.11.23289854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Context. Canagliflozin has been reported to increase the risk of bone fracture - possibly mediated by decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH) 2 D] and increasing PTH. Objective. To investigate whether baseline vitamin D (VitD) deficiency renders individuals vulnerable to this adverse effect and whether VitD3 supplementation is protective. Design. This study had a paired design comparing individual participants before and after VitD3 supplementation. Setting. Community-based outpatient. Patients. 11 VitD deficient (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] ≤ 20 ng/mL) individuals recruited from the Amish population in Lancaster PA. Interventions. Participants underwent two canagliflozin challenge protocols (300 mg daily for five days): the first before and the second after VitD3 supplementation. In the VitD3 supplementation protocol, participants received VitD3 supplementation (50,000 IU once or twice a week depending on BMI for 4-6 weeks) to achieve 25(OH)D ≥ 30 ng/mL. Main Outcome Measures. Two co-primary endpoints were identified: effects of VitD3 supplementation on canagliflozin-induced changes in 1,25(OH) 2 D and PTH. Secondary endpoints included effects of VitD3 supplementation on baseline levels of VitD metabolites and PTH. Results. VitD3 supplementation increased mean 25(OH)D from 16.5±1.6 to 44.3±5.5 ng/mL (p=0.0006) and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25(OH) 2 D] from 1.0±0.1 to 4.3±0.6 ng/mL (p=0.0002). Mean 1,25(OH) 2 D and PTH were unchanged. VitD3 supplementation decreased the magnitude of canagliflozin-induced changes in 1,25(OH) 2 D (from -31.3%±4.7% to -9.3%±8.3%; p=0.04) and PTH (from +36.2%±6.2% to +9.7%±3.7%; p=0.005). Conclusions. VitD deficiency rendered individuals more vulnerable to adverse effects of canagliflozin on biomarkers associated with bone health. VitD3 supplementation was protective against canagliflozin's short-term adverse effects on 1,25(OH) 2 D and PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhinous Shahidzadeh Yazdi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Streeten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hilary B Whitlatch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - May E Montasser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amber L Beitelshees
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Simeon I Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Taw MB, Nguyen CT, Wang MB. Integrative Approach to Rhinosinusitis: An Update. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2022; 55:947-963. [PMID: 36088158 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Rhinosinusitis is characterized by inflammation of the mucosa involving the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity and is one of the most common and significant health care problems, with significant impairment of quality of life. Current standard conventional management of rhinosinusitis commonly uses multiple therapeutic modalities to break the cycle of chronic disease. However, to date, there is no consensus as to the optimal treatment algorithm for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. There is a growing interest in the use of complementary and integrative medicine for the treatment of rhinosinusitis. This article update focuses on an integrative approach to rhinosinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm B Taw
- UCLA Center for East-West Medicine, 1250 La Venta Drive, Suite 101A, Westlake Village, CA 91361, USA.
| | - Chau T Nguyen
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Ventura County Medical Center, 300 Hillmont Avenue, Suite 401, Ventura, CA 93003, USA
| | - Marilene B Wang
- UCLA Department of Head and Neck Surgery, 200 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 550, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Steinman B, Cabana MD, Goilav B. 50 Years Ago in TheJournalofPediatrics: Resistance Is Futile-The Path to Discovery of the Cause of Rickets Not Amenable to Vitamin D Therapy. J Pediatr 2022; 247:159. [PMID: 36058597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beatrice Goilav
- Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Vitamin D in the Context of Evolution. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153018. [PMID: 35893872 PMCID: PMC9332464 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For at least 1.2 billion years, eukaryotes have been able to synthesize sterols and, therefore, can produce vitamin D when exposed to UV-B. Vitamin D endocrinology was established some 550 million years ago in animals, when the high-affinity nuclear receptor VDR (vitamin D receptor), transport proteins and enzymes for vitamin D metabolism evolved. This enabled vitamin D to regulate, via its target genes, physiological process, the first of which were detoxification and energy metabolism. In this way, vitamin D was enabled to modulate the energy-consuming processes of the innate immune system in its fight against microbes. In the evolving adaptive immune system, vitamin D started to act as a negative regulator of growth, which prevents overboarding reactions of T cells in the context of autoimmune diseases. When, some 400 million years ago, species left the ocean and were exposed to gravitation, vitamin D endocrinology took over the additional role as a major regulator of calcium homeostasis, being important for a stable skeleton. Homo sapiens evolved approximately 300,000 years ago in East Africa and had adapted vitamin D endocrinology to the intensive exposure of the equatorial sun. However, when some 75,000 years ago, when anatomically modern humans started to populate all continents, they also reached regions with seasonally low or no UV-B, i.e., and under these conditions vitamin D became a vitamin.
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Trollfors B. Ethnicity, gender and seasonal variations all play a role in vitamin D deficiency. Acta Paediatr 2022; 111:1596-1602. [PMID: 35472253 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM (1) To explore the adherence of recommendations of vitamin D supplementation to children aged 0-4 years. (2) To compare serum levels of vitamin D in children and adolescents aged 0-17 years originating from different parts of the world. (3) To compare levels between boys and girls and (4) To determine seasonal variation. METHODS A review of vitamin D levels in children with parents from different parts of the world was conducted. 2502 children aged 0-17 years were included between 22 January 2004 and 17 May 2021. RESULTS Fifty-nine of 363 children aged 0-4 years received the recommended vitamin D supplementation. Children from all parts of the world had lower levels of serum 25(OH)D than Swedish children. Girls from the Indian subcontinent, Middle East and Africa had the lowest levels of s-25(OH)D. Seasonal variation with higher levels during the summer was seen in children from Sweden, the rest of Europe, Russia and Latin America. Overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (≤25 nmol/L) was 928/2198 (42%) in children not receiving supplementation. Seven children had clinical rickets. CONCLUSION Adherence of giving children aged 0-4 years the recommended vitamin D supplementation was very low. Vitamin D deficiency is common in immigrant children of all ages in Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birger Trollfors
- Department of Paediatrics Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
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Sadhir S, Eller AR, Canington SL, Sholts SB. Investigating factors of metabolic bone disease in baboons (Papio spp.) using museum collections. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 177:489-500. [PMID: 36787760 PMCID: PMC9300094 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess manifestations of metabolic bone disease (MBD) and their potential environmental and phenotypic factors in captive and non-captive baboon (Papio spp.) specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our sample consisted of 160 baboon specimens at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History accessioned from 1890 to 1971. Combining cranial indicators of MBD and the museum's historical data, we examined factors contributing to likely instances of MBD. We used binomial-family generalized linear models to assess differences in MBD frequency by environment (captive, non-captive), specimen accession year, and skin color (light, medium, dark). RESULTS Indicators of MBD were most frequently observed in captive baboons, with a decrease in MBD frequency over time. Fifteen non-captive individuals showed indicators of MBD, which are the first published cases of MBD in non-captive nonhuman primates (NHPs) to our knowledge. The most common MBD indicators were bone porosity (n = 35) and bone thickening/enlargement (n = 35). Fibrous osteodystrophy was observed frequently in our sample, likely relating to nutritional deficiencies. We found no association between exposed facial skin color variation and MBD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are consistent with historical accounts of MBD prevalence in captive facilities, especially earlier in the 20th century. A decrease in MBD prevalence later in the 20th century likely reflects improvements in housing, diet, and veterinary care in captive settings. Causes of MBD development in non-captive baboons should be further explored, as understanding the potential health impacts that anthropogenic environments impose on NHPs is imperative as humans increasingly alter the natural world in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Sadhir
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA,Department of Evolutionary AnthropologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Andrea R. Eller
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Stephanie L. Canington
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA,Center for Functional Anatomy and EvolutionJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Sabrina B. Sholts
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
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Vitamin D and Phosphate Interactions in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1362:37-46. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91623-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang L, Zhao XM, Wang FY, Wu JC, Wang Y. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Prognosis of Post-stroke Fatigue: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Neurol 2021; 12:690969. [PMID: 34803866 PMCID: PMC8602338 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.690969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation in post-stroke fatigue (PSF) patients with vitamin D deficiency on fatigue symptoms and outcomes. Methods: Patients with primary acute ischemic stroke (AIS) were recruited consecutively from July 2016 to June 2018. Post-stroke fatigue patients were screened out with the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) questionnaire, serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-(OH)-D] were assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and neurological function was evaluated with FSS and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scoring criteria. Post-stroke fatigue patients with vitamin D deficiency were divided into two groups: a study group in which patients received vitamin D supplementation (cholecalciferol, 600 IU/day) along with usual care, and a control group in which patients received usual care alone. At the end of 1 and 3 months after treatment, all PSE patients accepted re-measurement of serum vitamin D and re-evaluation of fatigue and neurological function. Results: A total of 532 AIS patients were consecutively recruited to participate in this study. Patients without PSF, non-vitamin D deficiency, pre-stroke fatigue, or vitamin D supplementation were excluded from the study. In addition, patients who were lost to follow-up were also excluded. Finally, 139 out of 532 (26.1%) patients with PSF and vitamin D deficiency received vitamin D supplementation treatment. Fatigue Severity Scale score was significantly lower in the study group than in the control group at 1 month (t = -4.731, p < 0.01) and 3 months (t = -7.937, p < 0.01) after treatment. One month after treatment, mRS score in the study group was lower than that in the control group without statistical difference (t = -0.660, p > 0.05), whereas mRS was significantly higher in the study group than in the control group at 3 months after treatment (t = -4.715, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Our results indicated that vitamin D supplementation could improve fatigue symptoms and neurological outcomes in PSF patients with vitamin D deficiency. Subject to replication in other settings, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) might be undertaken to validate the potential beneficial impact of vitamin D supplementation in post-stroke patients found to be vitamin D deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, China.,Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Wan Bei Coal and Electrical Group, Suzhou, China
| | - Xue-Min Zhao
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Wan Bei Coal and Electrical Group, Suzhou, China
| | - Fu-Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, China
| | - Jun-Cang Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Borsche L, Glauner B, von Mendel J. COVID-19 Mortality Risk Correlates Inversely with Vitamin D3 Status, and a Mortality Rate Close to Zero Could Theoretically Be Achieved at 50 ng/mL 25(OH)D3: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:3596. [PMID: 34684596 PMCID: PMC8541492 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much research shows that blood calcidiol (25(OH)D3) levels correlate strongly with SARS-CoV-2 infection severity. There is open discussion regarding whether low D3 is caused by the infection or if deficiency negatively affects immune defense. The aim of this study was to collect further evidence on this topic. METHODS Systematic literature search was performed to identify retrospective cohort as well as clinical studies on COVID-19 mortality rates versus D3 blood levels. Mortality rates from clinical studies were corrected for age, sex, and diabetes. Data were analyzed using correlation and linear regression. RESULTS One population study and seven clinical studies were identified, which reported D3 blood levels preinfection or on the day of hospital admission. The two independent datasets showed a negative Pearson correlation of D3 levels and mortality risk (r(17) = -0.4154, p = 0.0770/r(13) = -0.4886, p = 0.0646). For the combined data, median (IQR) D3 levels were 23.2 ng/mL (17.4-26.8), and a significant Pearson correlation was observed (r(32) = -0.3989, p = 0.0194). Regression suggested a theoretical point of zero mortality at approximately 50 ng/mL D3. CONCLUSIONS The datasets provide strong evidence that low D3 is a predictor rather than just a side effect of the infection. Despite ongoing vaccinations, we recommend raising serum 25(OH)D levels to above 50 ng/mL to prevent or mitigate new outbreaks due to escape mutations or decreasing antibody activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julian von Mendel
- Artificial Intelligence, IU International University of Applied Sciences, D-99084 Erfurt, Germany;
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Said NA, Kamenwa RW, Limbe MS, Okumu MO, Macharia WM. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants at a tertiary healthcare facility in Nairobi, Kenya. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2021; 64:726-734. [PMID: 34033282 PMCID: PMC10528608 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in exclusively breastfed infants at the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi, Kenya (AKUHN). The relationships between 25-hydroxyvitamin D; 25OHD, parathyroid hormone (PTH), maternal vitamin D supplementation, and sunlight exposure were also determined. METHODS Blood from 98 infants was assayed for 25OHD, calcium, phosphate, and PTH. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential analysis (p < 0.05). RESULTS The prevalence of VDD (25OHD <12 ng/mL), vitamin D insufficiency (VDI, 25OHD 12-20 ng/mL) and vitamin D sufficiency (VDS, 25OHD >20 ng/mL) was 11.2% (95% CI 8.0%-14.4%), 12.2% (95% CI 8.9%-15.5%), and 76.5% (95% CI 72.3%-80.8%) respectively. There was no difference in the mean age, head circumference, length, or weight of infants in VDD, VDI, and VDS groups. PTH was elevated when 25OHD was <12 ng/mL and normal when 25OHD was between 12-20 ng/mL. 25OHD and PTH were normal in infants whose mothers received vitamin D supplements. Infants who received <30 minutes/day of exposure to sunlight were 5 times more likely to have VDI than infants who received ≥30 minutes/day (p = 0.042). CONCLUSION The prevalence of VDD in exclusively breastfed infants at AKUHN is low. The current national policy that recommends exclusive breastfeeding of infants in the first 6 months of life appears to be effective in staving off vitamin D deficiency but those infants with < 30 minutes sunlight exposure may benefit from low dose supplemental vitamin D during times of low sunlight exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Abubakar Said
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya,
- Department of Pediatrics, Avenue Hospital Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Rose Wanjiru Kamenwa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mary Slessor Limbe
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mitchel Otieno Okumu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching, and Referral Hospital, Kisumu, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - William Maina Macharia
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
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McCullough PJ, McCullough WP, Lehrer D, Travers JB, Repas SJ. Oral and Topical Vitamin D, Sunshine, and UVB Phototherapy Safely Control Psoriasis in Patients with Normal Pretreatment Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations: A Literature Review and Discussion of Health Implications. Nutrients 2021; 13:1511. [PMID: 33947070 PMCID: PMC8146035 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D, sunshine and UVB phototherapy were first reported in the early 1900s to control psoriasis, cure rickets and cure tuberculosis (TB). Vitamin D also controlled asthma and rheumatoid arthritis with intakes ranging from 60,000 to 600,000 International Units (IU)/day. In the 1980s, interest in treating psoriasis with vitamin D rekindled. Since 1985 four different oral forms of vitamin D (D2, D3, 1-hydroxyvitaminD3 (1(OH)D3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitaminD3 (calcitriol)) and several topical formulations have been reported safe and effective treatments for psoriasis-as has UVB phototherapy and sunshine. In this review we show that many pre-treatment serum 25(OH)D concentrations fall within the current range of normal, while many post-treatment concentrations fall outside the upper limit of this normal (100 ng/mL). Yet, psoriasis patients showed significant clinical improvement without complications using these treatments. Current estimates of vitamin D sufficiency appear to underestimate serum 25(OH)D concentrations required for optimal health in psoriasis patients, while concentrations associated with adverse events appear to be much higher than current estimates of safe serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Based on these observations, the therapeutic index for vitamin D needs to be reexamined in the treatment of psoriasis and other diseases strongly linked to vitamin D deficiency, including COVID-19 infections, which may also improve safely with sufficient vitamin D intake or UVB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. McCullough
- Medical Services Department, Summit Behavioral Healthcare, Ohio Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, 1101 Summit Rd, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH 45435, USA;
| | | | - Douglas Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH 45435, USA;
| | - Jeffrey B. Travers
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH 45435, USA;
| | - Steven J. Repas
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH 45435, USA;
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14
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Abstract
Statins remain the drugs of choice in patients at risk of or with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Statins have limitations that drive the development of investigational agents to manage dyslipidemias and/or reduce ASCVD risk. There are a few small-molecule drugs that have the potential to mitigate ASCVD risk either alone or in combination with statins. Most lipid-modifying drugs in clinical development are biologic agents that target specific enzymes or genetic-based protein synthesis. Limitations of the biologic agents include complex mechanisms of action and manufacturing processes with indications in select patients with genetic dyslipidemia or who have failed traditional therapies. The ultimate clinical utility of the new and investigational agents will become established over the next several years.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Backes
- Clinical & Medical Center Affairs, Assistant Director - Atherosclerosis & LDL-Apheresis Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, KU School of Pharmacy, 2010 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Daniel E Hilleman
- Pharmacy Practice, Creighton University School of Pharmacy & Health, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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15
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Non-Musculoskeletal Benefits of Vitamin D beyond the Musculoskeletal System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042128. [PMID: 33669918 PMCID: PMC7924658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D, a fat-soluble prohormone, is endogenously synthesized in response to sunlight or taken from dietary supplements. Since vitamin D receptors are present in most tissues and cells in the body, the mounting understanding of the role of vitamin D in humans indicates that it does not only play an important role in the musculoskeletal system, but has beneficial effects elsewhere as well. This review summarizes the metabolism of vitamin D, the research regarding the possible risk factors leading to vitamin D deficiency, and the relationships between vitamin D deficiency and numerous illnesses, including rickets, osteoporosis and osteomalacia, muscle weakness and falls, autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancers, and neurological disorders. The system-wide effects of vitamin D and the mechanisms of the diseases are also discussed. Although accumulating evidence supports associations of vitamin D deficiency with physical and mental disorders and beneficial effects of vitamin D with health maintenance and disease prevention, there continue to be controversies over the beneficial effects of vitamin D. Thus, more well-designed and statistically powered trials are required to enable the assessment of vitamin D’s role in optimizing health and preventing disease.
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16
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Kalliokoski P, Widarsson M, Rodhe N, Löfvander M. Positive impact on vitamin D related lifestyle of medical advice in pregnant Somali-born women and new mothers: a mixed method study in Swedish primary care. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:297. [PMID: 33546641 PMCID: PMC7866682 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous study showed that pregnant women/new mothers especially Somali-born and some Swedish-born had extremely low vitamin D levels and poor physical performance. Our study aimed to examine vitamin D related lifestyle, attitudes and behaviour before and after brief information about vitamin D, with special long-term focus on Somali-born women. METHODS A cohort of 91 pregnant women/new mothers having serum hydroxyvitamin D (S-25-OHD) ≤ 50 nmol/L (n = 51 Somali-born with one third < 10 nmol/L of S-25-OHD) in primary health care in Sweden was targeted for intervention. Brief individual oral and visual information on vitamin D was given by doctors at baseline and after four and ten months. Questionnaires with ordinal scales on vitamin D related lifestyle of food, clothing, and outdoor activities were distributed on all occasions. Focus-group interviews with 15 women from the target-group were performed after two years. A Somali interpreter was available. RESULTS Veiled clothing, indoor living, and a low intake of milk, cheese, and fatty fish were common in the target group. Consumption pattern had increased significantly among the Somali-born women at the four-month follow-up but declined to non-significant levels at the ten-month follow-up. The focus-group interviews showed improved understanding of vitamin D deficiency, symptoms and attitudes, but varying applied behaviours related to sun exposure. Sun exposure for the children and increased fish consumption was the most evident positive results. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D related lifestyle, attitudes and behaviour improved in a Somali-born group of pregnant women/new mothers with severe vitamin D deficiency. The preventive measures suggested in our study may have impact on public health in relation to bone and muscle strength and immunity especially in vitamin D deficiency risk groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02922803 . Date of registration: 28 September 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kalliokoski
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine Section, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Postal address: Box 564, 751 22, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - M Widarsson
- School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
| | - N Rodhe
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine Section, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Postal address: Box 564, 751 22, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Löfvander
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine Section, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Postal address: Box 564, 751 22, Uppsala, Sweden
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Västerås, Sweden
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17
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Schuster R, Winkler M, Koopmann A, Bach P, Hoffmann S, Reinhard I, Spanagel R, Bumb JM, Sommer WH, Kiefer F. Calcium Carbonate Attenuates Withdrawal and Reduces Craving: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Alcohol-Dependent Patients. Eur Addict Res 2021; 27:332-340. [PMID: 33567423 DOI: 10.1159/000512763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preclinical studies have shown that calcium seems to be the active component of the anti-craving drug acamprosate (Ca2+ bis-acetyl-homotaurinate). Clinical effects in humans have also indicated an association between increased calcium plasma concentration due to acamprosate treatment and better outcome relating to time to relapse and cumulative abstinence. In contrast, low calcium concentration in alcohol-dependent patients was related with craving for alcohol. The main goal of the trial was to investigate whether an oral calcium administration is able to affect craving, withdrawal, and relapse risk in alcohol-dependent patients. METHODS We conducted a single-blind, randomized, monocentric, controlled clinical two-arm trial in alcohol-dependent patients (Clinical Trials Registration: DRKS00011293). A total of 55 alcohol-dependent subjects received calcium carbonate (800 mg + 5 μg vitamin D) versus sodium bicarbonate (1,000 mg) daily during the 14 days of inpatient alcohol-withdrawal treatment. RESULTS Based on an intention-to-treat protocol, withdrawal intensity (assessed with CIWA-Ar) in the calcium carbonate group attenuated faster than in the sodium bicarbonate subgroup. Alcohol craving (assessed with OCDS) in the calcium carbonate subgroup was also significantly reduced versus the sodium bicarbonate subgroup. CONCLUSION Our data support earlier findings and show that treatment with calcium carbonate during alcohol withdrawal reduces symptoms of alcohol withdrawal as well as alcohol craving in a controlled clinical pilot study. Mode of actions will need to be determined to allow the further development of pharmacological interventions beyond Ca2+ bis-acetyl-homotaurinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilana Schuster
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany, .,Feuerlein Center on Translational Addiction Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany, .,Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany,
| | - Matthias Winkler
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Koopmann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Feuerlein Center on Translational Addiction Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Bach
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Feuerlein Center on Translational Addiction Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoffmann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Feuerlein Center on Translational Addiction Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Iris Reinhard
- Biostatistik, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim/Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Malte Bumb
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Feuerlein Center on Translational Addiction Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Sommer
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Feuerlein Center on Translational Addiction Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Abstract
The term "vitamin D dependent rickets" describes a group of genetic disorders that are characterized by early-onset rickets due to the inability to maintain adequate concentrations of active forms of vitamin D or a failure to respond fully to activated vitamin D. Although the term is now admittedly a pathophysiological misnomer, there remains clinical relevance for its continued use, as patients have a lifelong "dependency" on administration of specialized regimens of vitamin D replacement. This review provides an update on the molecular bases for the three forms of vitamin D dependent rickets, and summarizes current protocols for management of affected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Levine
- Center for Bone Health and Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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19
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Warren C. No Magic Bolus: What the History of Rickets and Vitamin D Can Teach Us About Setting Standards. J Adolesc Health 2020; 66:379-380. [PMID: 32199515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Carlberg C. Vitamin D: A Micronutrient Regulating Genes. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:1740-1746. [PMID: 31298160 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190705193227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At sufficient sun exposure, humans can synthesize vitamin D3 endogenously in their skin, but today's lifestyle makes the secosteroid a true vitamin that needs to be taken up by diet or supplementation with pills. The vitamin D3 metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 acts as a nuclear hormone activating the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR). METHODS This review discusses the biological effects of micronutrient vitamin D ranging from calcium homeostasis and bone formation to the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity. RESULTS Since normal human diet is sufficient in vitamin D, the need for efficient vitamin D3 synthesis in the skin acts as an evolutionary driver for its lightening during the migration out of Africa towards North. Via activating the VDR, vitamin D has direct effects on the epigenome and the expression of more than 1000 genes in most human tissues and cell types. CONCLUSIONS The pleiotropic action of vitamin D in health and disease prevention is explained through complex gene regulatory events of the transcription factor VDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Carlberg
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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21
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Kim C, Lee SH, Lim JS, Kim Y, Jang MU, Oh MS, Jung S, Lee JH, Yu KH, Lee BC. Impact of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D on the Prognosis of Acute Ischemic Stroke: Machine Learning Approach. Front Neurol 2020; 11:37. [PMID: 32082247 PMCID: PMC7005206 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Vitamin D is a predictor of poor outcome for cardiovascular disease. We evaluated whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was associated with poor outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) using machine learning approach. Materials and Methods: We studied a total of 328 patients within 7 days of AIS onset. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was obtained within 24 h of hospital admission. Poor outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale score of 3-6. Logistic regression and extreme gradient boosting algorithm were used to assess association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with poor outcome. Prediction performances were compared with area under ROC curve and F1 score. Results: Mean age of patients was 67.6 ± 13.3 years. Of 328 patients, 59.1% were men. Median 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was 10.4 (interquartile range, 7.1-14.8) ng/mL and 47.2% of patients were 25-hydroxyvitamin D-deficient (<10 ng/mL). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency was a predictor for poor outcome in multivariable logistic regression analysis (odds ratio, 3.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-9.18, p = 0.017). Stroke severity, age, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D level were also significant predictors in extreme gradient boosting classification algorithm. Performance of extreme gradient boosting algorithm was comparable to those of logistic regression (AUROC, 0.805 vs. 0.746, p = 0.11). Conclusions: 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent in Korea and low 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was associated with poor outcome in patients with AIS. The machine learning approach of extreme gradient boosting was also useful to assess stroke prognosis along with logistic regression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulho Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, South Korea.,Chuncheon Translational Research Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hwa Lee
- Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Yerim Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Uk Jang
- Department of Neurology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Dongtan, South Korea
| | - Mi Sun Oh
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea
| | - San Jung
- Department of Neurology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Yu
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea
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22
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Soleimanifard M, Sadeghi Mahoonak A, Ghorbani M, Heidari R, Sepahvand A. The formulation optimization and properties of novel oleuropein-loaded nanocarriers. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2019; 57:327-337. [PMID: 31975736 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-04065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study sought to encapsulate oleuropein as a nutraceutical compound in order to investigate its physical properties and stability. We extracted the phenolic compounds of virgin olive leaf by ethanol-water and acetone-water solvents. The purity of this extract was confirmed by analytical high-performance liquid chromatography using oleuropein standard. Oleuropein was encapsulated with different components (lecithin, linoleic acid, glycerol monostearate, soybean oil, and Tween 80), and the effect of their contents on oleuropein-nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) characteristics was checked by dynamic light scattering test. Moreover, several features of the optimal nanocarrier, including zeta potential, structural, morphology, stability, as well as thermal behavior were studied. The results of optimal NLC exhibited a high zeta potential as well as supreme stability versus aggregation. Thermal study indicated that oleuropein was well embedded into NLCs. The scanning electron microscope images showed that NLC samples had many spherical particles in the form of chain structure. The stable nanocarriers did not exhibit any oleuropein leakage following their analyses for 90 days at - 18, 6, and 25 °C in aqueous suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansooreh Soleimanifard
- 1Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 4918943464 Iran
| | - Alireza Sadeghi Mahoonak
- 1Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 4918943464 Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghorbani
- 1Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 4918943464 Iran
| | - Rohollah Heidari
- 2Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, 68149-89468 Iran
| | - Asghar Sepahvand
- 3Faculty of Parasitology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Khorramabad, Iran
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23
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Hanel A, Carlberg C. Vitamin D and evolution: Pharmacologic implications. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 173:113595. [PMID: 31377232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is produced non-enzymatically when the cholesterol precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol is exposed to UV-B, i.e., evolutionary the first function of the molecule was that of an UV-B radiation scavenging end product. Vitamin D endocrinology started when some 550 million years ago first species developed a vitamin D receptor (VDR) that binds with high affinity the vitamin D metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. VDR evolved from a subfamily of nuclear receptors sensing the levels of cholesterol derivatives, such as bile acids, and controlling metabolic genes supporting cellular processes, such as innate and adaptive immunity. During vertebrate evolution, the skeletal and adaptive immune system showed in part interesting synchronous development although adaptive immunity is evolutionary older. There are bidirectional osteoimmune interactions between the immune system and bone metabolism, the regulation of both is under control of vitamin D. This diversity of physiological functions explains the pleiotropy of vitamin D signaling and opens the potential for various pharmacological applications of vitamin D as well as of its natural and synthetic derivatives. The overall impact of vitamin D on human health is demonstrated by the fact that the need for its efficient synthesis served in European hunter and gatherers as an evolutionary driver for increased 7-dehydrocholesterol levels, while light skin was established far later via populations from Anatolia and the northern Caucasus entering Europe 9000 and 5000 years ago, respectively. The later population settled preferentially in northern Europe and we hypothesize that that the introduction of high vitamin D responsiveness was an essential trait for surviving dark winters without suffering from the detrimental consequences of vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hanel
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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24
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Ahmad N, Saleem M. Characterisation of cow and buffalo ghee using fluorescence spectroscopy. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Physics Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST) Mirpur Azad KashmirPakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Agri. & Biophotonics Division National Institute of Lasers and Optronics (NILOP) Lehtrar Road Islamabad Pakistan
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25
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Jiang W, Wu DB, Xiao GB, Ding B, Chen EQ. An epidemiology survey of vitamin D deficiency and its influencing factors. Med Clin (Barc) 2019; 154:7-12. [PMID: 31133232 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that vitamin D is related to the development of a variety of diseases. The current study was performed to investigate the status of serum vitamin D distribution among adult Chinese people and reveal the influence of gender, age, seasonality and residential regions on serum vitamin D levels. METHOD This cross-sectional study included 14,302 participants aged from 18 years old to 65 years old from six major cities in China. The basic demographic information and the levels of serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) and vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) were collected from Jan 2, 2014 to Dec 25, 2017. RESULT The prevalence of 25(OH)D3 concentration <30ng/mL reached up to 83%, in which the rate of vitamin D insufficiency (20-29ng/mL) was 32.7%, and vitamin D deficiency (10-19ng/mL) accounted for 41.9%, and vitamin D severe shortage (<10ng/mL) accounted for 8.4%. Women were more likely to have vitamin D3 deficiency and lower serum vitamin D3 concentration than men (both p<0.001). The mean concentration of serum 25(OH)D and 25(OH)D3 in summer and autumn were higher than that in spring and winter (p<0.001), and the mean concentration of serum 25(OH)D in people from Southern China was higher than that in people from other regions (p<0.001). Although the mean concentrations of serum 25(OH)D and 25(OH)D3 were both increased by age, the percentage of patients with serum 25(OH)D3 insufficiency was also increased. CONCLUSION Serum vitamin D deficiency is very common in adults in China. The level of serum vitamin D may be associated with age, sex, seasonality and residential regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dong-Bo Wu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gui-Bao Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First People's Hospital of Ziyang, Ziyang 641300, China
| | - Bei Ding
- ADICON Clinical Laboratory, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - En-Qiang Chen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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26
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McCullough PJ, Lehrer DS, Amend J. Daily oral dosing of vitamin D3 using 5000 TO 50,000 international units a day in long-term hospitalized patients: Insights from a seven year experience. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 189:228-239. [PMID: 30611908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is a secosteroid hormone produced in the skin in amounts estimated up to 25,000 international units (IUs) a day by the action of UVB radiation on 7-dehydrocholesterol. Vitamin D deficiency is common due to both lack of adequate sun exposure to the skin, and because vitamin D is present in very few food sources. Deficiency is strongly linked to increased risk for a multitude of diseases, several of which have historically been shown to improve dramatically with either adequate UVB exposure to the skin, or to oral or topical supplementation with vitamin D. These diseases include asthma, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, rickets and tuberculosis. All patients in our hospital have been routinely screened on admission for vitamin D deficiency since July 2011, and offered supplementation to either correct or prevent deficiency. During this time, we have admitted over 4700 patients, the vast majority of whom agreed to supplementation with either 5000 or 10,000 IUs/day. Due to disease concerns, a few agreed to larger amounts, ranging from 20,000 to 50,000 IUs/day. There have been no cases of vitamin D3 induced hypercalcemia or any adverse events attributable to vitamin D3 supplementation in any patient. Three patients with psoriasis showed marked clinical improvement in their skin using 20,000 to 50,000 IUs/day. Analysis of 777 recently tested patients (new and long-term) not on D3 revealed 28.7% with 25-hydroxyvitaminD3 (25OHD3) blood levels < 20 ng/ml, 64.1% < 30 ng/ml, a mean 25OHD3 level of 27.1 ng/ml, with a range from 4.9 to 74.8 ng/ml. Analysis of 418 inpatients on D3 long enough to develop 25OHD3 blood levels > 74.4 ng/ml showed a mean 25OHD3 level of 118.9 ng/ml, with a range from 74.4 to 384.8 ng/ml. The average serum calcium level in these 2 groups was 9.5 (no D3) vs 9.6 (D3), with ranges of 8.4 to 10.7 (no D3) vs 8.6 to 10.7 mg/dl (D3), after excluding patients with other causes of hypercalcemia. The average intact parathyroid hormone levels were 24.2 pg/ml (D3) vs. 30.2 pg/ml (no D3). In summary, long-term supplementation with vitamin D3 in doses ranging from 5000 to 50,000 IUs/day appears to be safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J McCullough
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, 45435, United States; Summit Behavioral Healthcare, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, United States.
| | - Douglas S Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, 45435, United States; Summit Behavioral Healthcare, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, United States
| | - Jeffrey Amend
- Summit Behavioral Healthcare, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, United States
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Elewa YHA, Mohamed AAR, Galal AAA, El-Naseery NI, Ichii O, Kon Y. Food Yellow4 reprotoxicity in relation to localization of DMC1 and apoptosis in rat testes: Roles of royal jelly and cod liver oil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:696-706. [PMID: 30500739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Food Yellow 4 (FY4) is a lemon-yellow-colored synthetic organic azo dye, which is used widely for imparting pleasant and attractive appearance to foods and cosmetics. The present study aimed at evaluating the possible mechanism underlying the FY4-induced reprotoxicity in rats, and the potential supportive role of royal jelly (RJ) or cod liver oil (CLO), which is a natural remedy with several pharmacological benefits, against induced toxicity. Forty-eight male rats were divided into different groups-the control group, the CLO group (0.4 mL/kg), the RJ group (300 mg/kg), the FY4 group (500 mg/kg b.w.), and the co-treated groups (FY4 + CLO or FY4 + RJ). Semen analysis, serum hormones, and enzyme activities were estimated. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using anti-PCNA, anti-Sox 9, anti-STRA8, anti-DMC1, and anti-ssDNA antibody. The FY4 group exhibited a significant decrease in sperm concentration and motility percentage (%) and a substantial reduction in the TES and LH levels. Testicular LDH, ACP, and SDH were observed to be inhibited. Furthermore, co-localization of DMC1 and ssDNA, which reflected apoptotic induction in the leptotene and zygotene spermatocytes, respectively, was observed to have markedly elevated in the FY4 treated rats, with fewer PCNA-positive and SOX9-positive cells and higher ssDNA-positive cells in the seminiferous epithelium in comparison to the control groups. Interestingly, co-treatment with CLO or RJ exhibited healthy sperms and restored their features, activated the enzyme production, and raised the levels of sexual hormones. In addition, both RJ and CLO restored the features of the testicular tissue as observed under a light microscope, and limited the apoptosis as observed through antibody staining. Collectively, the results of the present study revealed that the co-administration of RJ or CLO with FY4 improved the biochemical, hormonal, and structural aspects of the testicular tissue in rats. Therefore, CLO and RJ may be considered promising agents that would be able to improve the testicular structure and function in the FY4-exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser H A Elewa
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt; Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Amany Abdel-Rahman Mohamed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Azza A A Galal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Nesma I El-Naseery
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Japan
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Shedding Light on Vitamin D Status and Its Complexities during Pregnancy, Infancy and Childhood: An Australian Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16040538. [PMID: 30781827 PMCID: PMC6407007 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ensuring that the entire Australian population is Vitamin D sufficient is challenging, given the wide range of latitudes spanned by the country, its multicultural population and highly urbanised lifestyle of the majority of its population. Specific issues related to the unique aspects of vitamin D metabolism during pregnancy and infancy further complicate how best to develop a universally safe and effective public health policy to ensure vitamin D adequacy for all. Furthermore, as Australia is considered a “sunny country”, it does not yet have a national vitamin D food supplementation policy. Rickets remains very uncommon in Australian infants and children, however it has been recognised for decades that infants of newly arrived immigrants remain particularly at risk. Yet vitamin D deficiency rickets is entirely preventable, with the caveat that when rickets occurs in the absence of preexisting risk factors and/or is poorly responsive to adequate treatment, consideration needs to be given to genetic forms of rickets.
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Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to vitamin D supplementation in infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical intervention trials. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:359-369. [PMID: 30721411 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01912-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE For the prevention of nutritional rickets, 400 IU vitamin D daily and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations > 50 nmol/L are recommended, whereas the toxicity threshold is set at 250 nmol/L. We synthesized the evidence for the effect of vitamin D supplementation on incremental 25OHD in infants up to 1 year of age. METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention trials in several databases. A total of 87 records were identified for full-text review and 27 articles with 61 studies were included in the final analysis. RESULTS The selected 61 studies included 1828 participants. Nineteen cohorts had already mean baseline 25OHD levels ≥ 50 nmol/L. The weighted mean difference in 25OHD following vitamin D supplementation was + 49.4 nmol/L (95% CI 43.6-55.3 nmol/L; P < 0.001). The increment was dose-dependent (P = 0.002), was higher in full-term than in pre-term infants (P < 0.001), was higher in infants with baseline 25OHD < 50 nmol/L as compared to ≥ 50 nmol/L (P = 0.001), and was marginally influenced by the 25OHD test procedure (P = 0.080). Vitamin D3 doses of 400 IU/day were sufficient to achieve 25OHD concentrations ≥ 50 nmol/L in most full-term infants. A 25OHD level of 250 nmol/L was not exceeded in ≥ 97.5% of infants at doses between 200 and 1200 IU/day, but potentially in ≥ 2.5% of infants at a dose of 1600 IU/day. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D supplementation of 400 IU/day is sufficient for achieving 25OHD concentrations able to prevent nutritional rickets. A more personalized vitamin D dosing strategy would require 25OHD testing, but also assay standardization.
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Wheeler BJ, Snoddy AME, Munns C, Simm P, Siafarikas A, Jefferies C. A Brief History of Nutritional Rickets. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:795. [PMID: 31798536 PMCID: PMC6867964 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since first described almost a century ago, vitamin D preparations have been successfully used as a public health intervention to prevent nutritional rickets. In this manuscript, we document the periods in history when nutritional rickets was described, examine early efforts to understand its etiology and the steps taken to treat and prevent it. We will also highlight that despite the wealth of historical data and multiple preventative strategies, nutritional rickets remains a significant public health disorder. Nutritional rickets has both skeletal and extraskeletal manifestations. While the skeletal manifestations are the most recognized features, it is the extraskeletal complications, hypocalcaemic seizure and cardiomyopathy that are the most devastating features and result in reported fatalities. Reviewing this history provides an opportunity to further promote recent global consensus recommendations for the prevention and management of nutritional rickets, as well as gain a greater understanding of the well-known public health measures that can be used to manage this entirely preventable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Wheeler
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Paediatric Department, Southern District Health Board, Dunedin, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Benjamin J. Wheeler
| | | | - Craig Munns
- Institute of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Child & Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Simm
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Aris Siafarikas
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- Division of Paediatrics, Medical School, University of Western, Perth, WA, Australia
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame, Freemantle, WA, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Abstract
In the past, vitamins and minerals were used to cure deficiency diseases. Supplements nowadays are used with the aim of reducing the risk of chronic diseases of which the origins are complex. Dietary supplement use has increased in the UK over recent decades, contributing to the nutrient intake in the population, but not necessarily the proportion of the population that is sub-optimally nourished; therefore, not reducing the proportion below the estimated average requirement and potentially increasing the number at risk of an intake above the safety limits. The supplement nutrient intake may be objectively monitored using circulation biomarkers. The influence of the researcher in how the supplements are grouped and how the nutrient intakes are quantified may however result in different conclusions regarding their nutrient contribution, the associations with biomarkers, in general, and dose-response associations specifically. The diet might be sufficient in micronutrients, but lacking in a balanced food intake. Since public-health nutrition guidelines are expressed in terms of foods, there is potentially a discrepancy between the nutrient-orientated supplement and the quality of the dietary pattern. To promote health, current public-health messages only advocate supplements in specific circumstances, but not in optimally nourished populations.
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Saghafi Z, Nikooyeh B, Jamali A, Mehdizadeh M, Zargaraan A. Influence of Time and Temperature on Stability of Added Vitamin D3 During Cooking Procedure of Fortified Vegetable Oils. NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/nfsr.5.4.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Pfotenhauer KM, Shubrook JH. Vitamin D Deficiency, Its Role in Health and Disease, and Current Supplementation Recommendations. J Osteopath Med 2018; 117:301-305. [PMID: 28459478 DOI: 10.7556/jaoa.2017.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been identified as a common metabolic/endocrine abnormality. Despite known dietary sources of vitamin D and the role of sunlight in its production, much of the US population may have inadequate levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Deficiency of vitamin D can be caused by a variety of health conditions, but studies on the effects of vitamin D supplements have had mixed results. This evidence-based clinical review discusses what is currently known about vitamin D and what areas need further research to clarify its role in health and disease.
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Ahmad N, Saleem M. Studying heating effects on desi ghee obtained from buffalo milk using fluorescence spectroscopy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197340. [PMID: 29750812 PMCID: PMC5947909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterisation and thermal deterioration of desi ghee obtained from buffalo milk is presented for the first time using the potential of Fluorescence spectroscopy. The emission bands in non-heated desi ghee centred at 375 nm is labelled for vitamin D, 390 nm for vitamin K, 440–460 nm for isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), 490 nm for vitamin A and the region 620–700 nm is assigned to chlorophyll contents. Fluorescence emission spectra from all the heated and non-heated ghee samples were recorded using excitation wavelengths at 280, and 410 nm which were found best for getting maximum spectral signatures. Heating of desi ghee affects its molecular composition, however, the temperature range from 140 to 170°C may be defined safe for cooking /frying where it does not lose much of its molecular composition. Further, the rise in temperature induces prominent spectral variations which confirm the deterioration of valuable vitamins, isomers of CLA and chlorophyll contents. Fluorescence emission peak at 552 nm shows oxidation product and an increase in its intensity with the rise in temperature is observed. In order to classify heated samples at different temperatures, principal component analysis (PCA) has been applied on heated and non-heated ghee samples that further elucidated the temperature effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ahmad
- Agri. & Biophotonics Division, National Institute of Lasers and Optronics (NILOP), Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Physics, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST) Mirpur, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - M. Saleem
- Agri. & Biophotonics Division, National Institute of Lasers and Optronics (NILOP), Islamabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
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McCullough PJ, Lehrer DS. Vitamin D, cod liver oil, sunshine, and phototherapy: Safe, effective and forgotten tools for treating and curing tuberculosis infections - A comprehensive review. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 177:21-29. [PMID: 28756294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains an epidemic throughout the world, with over 2 billion people, or more than one third of the world's population, infected with TB. In 2015, there were an estimated 10.4 million new cases of tuberculosis, and 1.8 million deaths, making TB one of the top ten causes of death worldwide. Approximately 95% of new TB cases occur in developing countries, where the costs of treatment force many patients and their families into poverty. The United Nations and the World Health Organization are working to end this global epidemic. Historically, cod liver oil in the 1840's, phototherapy in the 1890's, sunshine in the 1890's and 1930's, oral vitamin D in doses of 100,000-150,000 international units a day the 1940's, and injectable vitamin D in the 1940's were all shown to be able to safely treat tuberculosis. However, for reasons that are unclear, these treatments are no longer being used to treat tuberculosis. We will review several reports that documented the clinical efficacy of these seemingly disparate treatments in treating tuberculosis. Taken together, however, these reports show the consistent efficacy of vitamin D in treating tuberculosis infections, regardless of whether the vitamin D was produced in the skin from the effects of phototherapy or sunshine, taken orally as a pill or in cod-liver oil, or put into solution and injected directly into the body. We will discuss how vitamin D, through its action as a steroid hormone that regulates gene transcription in cells and tissues throughout the body, enables the body to eradicate TB by stimulating the formation of a natural antibiotic in white blood cells, the mechanism of which was discovered in 2006. We will speculate as to why vitamin D, cod liver oil, sunshine, and phototherapy are no longer being used to treat tuberculosis, in spite of their proven efficacy in safely treating this disease dating back to the early 1800's. In fact, in 1903 the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology was awarded to a physician who was able to cure hundreds of cases of long-standing lupus vulgaris (cutaneous TB) with refracted light rays from an electric arc lamp. Vitamin D, cod liver oil, sunshine, and phototherapy have never been shown to lose their ability to safely eradicate tuberculosis infections, and deserve consideration to be re-examined as first-line treatments for tuberculosis. These treatments have the potential to help cost-effectively and safely end the global TB epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J McCullough
- Summit Behavioral Healthcare, Ohio Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
| | - Douglas S Lehrer
- Summit Behavioral Healthcare, Ohio Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
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Sher L. Commentary: Vitamin D Deficiency Associated with Cognitive Functioning in Psychotic Disorders. Front Public Health 2018; 5:351. [PMID: 29312921 PMCID: PMC5742573 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Sher
- James J. Peters Veterans' Administration Medical Center and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Nikooyeh B, Hajifaraji M, Yarparvar AH, Abdollahi Z, Sahebdel M, Dehkordi AM, Norouzi D, Taghizadeh SM, Kalayi A, Shariatzadeh N, Zahedirad M, Neyestani T. Hypovitaminosis D in Adults Living in a Sunny City: Relation to Some Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, National Food and Nutrition Surveillance. NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/nfsr.5.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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38
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Greenhalgh I, Butler AR. Sanatoria revisited: sunlight and health. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2018; 47:276-280. [DOI: 10.4997/jrcpe.2017.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Deavenport-Saman A, Britt A, Smith K, Jacobs RA. Milestones and controversies in maternal and child health: examining a brief history of micronutrient fortification in the US. J Perinatol 2017; 37:1180-1184. [PMID: 28749486 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2017.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fortification of our food and drinking supply has decreased morbidity rates related to micronutrient deficiencies among mothers and their children, particularly during the perinatal and neonatal periods of development. The purpose of this historical review is to examine the impact of public policy changes related to micronutrient fortification. We provide a historical investigation of achievements and controversies related to iodine, vitamin D, fluoride and folic acid fortifications in our food and drinking supply. We also discuss the current status of fortification recommendations and their significance to maternal and child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Deavenport-Saman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,USC Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,USC Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R A Jacobs
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Lentjes MAH, Keogh RH, Welch AA, Mulligan AA, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Longitudinal associations between marine omega-3 supplement users and coronary heart disease in a UK population-based cohort. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017471. [PMID: 29030414 PMCID: PMC5652534 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assess the association between marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) intake from supplements, mainly cod liver oil, and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. DESIGN Prospective cohort study, with three exposure measurements over 22 years. SETTING Norfolk-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk, UK). PARTICIPANTS 22 035 men and women from the general population, 39-79 years at recruitment. EXPOSURE Supplement use was assessed in three questionnaires (1993-1998; 2002-2004; 2004-2011). Participants were grouped into non-supplement users (NSU), n-3 PUFA supplement users (SU+n3) and non-n-3 PUFA supplement users (SU-n3). Cox regression adjusted for time-point specific variables: age, smoking, prevalent illnesses, body mass index, alcohol consumption, physical activity and season and baseline assessments of sex, social class, education and dietary intake (7-day diet diary). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES During a median of 19-year follow-up, 1562 CHD deaths were registered for 22 035 included participants. RESULTS Baseline supplement use was not associated with CHD mortality, but baseline food and supplement intake of n-3 PUFA was inversely associated with CHD mortality after adjustment for fish consumption. Using time-varying covariate analysis, significant associations were observed for SU+n3 (HR: 0.74, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.84), but not for SU-n3 versus NSU. In further analyses, the association for SU+n3 persisted in those who did not take other supplements (HR: 0.83, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.97). Those who became SU+n3 over time or were consistent SU+n3 versus consistent NSU had a lower hazard of CHD mortality; no association with CHD was observed in those who stopped using n-3 PUFA-containing supplements. CONCLUSIONS Recent use of n-3 PUFA supplements was associated with a lower hazard of CHD mortality in this general population with low fish consumption. Residual confounding cannot be excluded, but the findings observed may be explained by postulated biological mechanisms and the results were specific to SU+n3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth H Keogh
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ailsa A Welch
- Department of Population Health and Primary Care, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Angela A Mulligan
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert N Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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McCullough P, Amend J. Results of daily oral dosing with up to 60,000 international units (iu) of vitamin D3 for 2 to 6 years in 3 adult males. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173:308-312. [PMID: 28012936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the 1930's and 1940's, vitamin D was reported to be an effective treatment for a number of diseases, including asthma, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, rickets and tuberculosis. High doses were used, 60,000 to 300,000 IU a day for asthma, and 200,000 to 600,000 IU a day for rheumatoid arthritis. Toxicity from hypercalcemia occurred after prolonged oral dosing with these supraphysiologic doses. Assays for measuring vitamin D in the blood were not available, and blood levels of vitamin D associated with hypercalcemia were unknown. A 2011 report on vitamin D toxicity showed that hypercalcemia resolved when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) blood levels dropped below 400ng/ml in 2 patients with blood levels ranging from 645ng/ml to 1220ng/ml after accidental ingestion of massive doses of vitamin D. We now know that vitamin D is made in the skin in amounts ranging up to 25,000 IU a day with exposure to UVB radiation. There is little data on the safety and blood levels of 25OHD and calcium after prolonged daily intake of amounts of vitamin D in this range. In this report, one subject took increasing daily doses of vitamin D3 for 6 years starting in April 2009: 6500 IU for 6 months; increasing to 10,000 IU for 13 months; 20,000 IU for 24 months; 40,000 IU for 12 months; 50,000 IU for 10 months, and 60,000 IU since October 2014. 25OHD blood levels were 28, 81, 204, 216, 225, 166, and 218ng/ml. Subject 2 began 10,000 IU in Nov 2011, increased to 20,000 IU in Feb 2014, 25,000 IU in June 2014, and 30,000 IU in Oct 2014, and then decreased to 20,000 IU in June 2015. 25OHD blood levels were 96.6, 161.1 and 106.9ng/ml. He reported marked clinical improvement in his asthma. Subject 3 started on daily 10,000 IU in Sept 2013, increasing to 20,000 IU on Nov 2013. 25OHD blood levels were 31.4, 102, 164, 148, and 143ng/ml. No one developed hypercalcemia or any adverse events. The major finding of this case series is prolonged daily dosing of vitamin D3 with doses of 10,000 to 60,000 IU was safely tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick McCullough
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, 45435, United States; Summit Behavioral Healthcare, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, United States.
| | - Jeffrey Amend
- Summit Behavioral Healthcare, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, United States.
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Fiscaletti M, Stewart P, Munns CF. The importance of vitamin D in maternal and child health: a global perspective. Public Health Rev 2017; 38:19. [PMID: 29450091 PMCID: PMC5809824 DOI: 10.1186/s40985-017-0066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D and calcium are important nutrients for skeletal growth and bone health. Children and pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to 25-hydroxy vitamin D deficiency (VDD). VDD, with or without dietary calcium deficiency, can lead to nutritional rickets (NR), osteomalacia, and disturbances in calcium homeostasis. Multiple studies have linked VDD to adverse health outcomes in both children and pregnant women that extend beyond bone health. VDD remains an important global public health concern, and an important differentiation must be made between the impact of VDD on children and adults. Reports of increased incidence of NR continue to emerge. NR is an entirely preventable condition, which could be eradicated in infants and children worldwide with adequate vitamin D and calcium supplementation. The desire and necessity to put in place systems for preventing this potentially devastating pediatric disease should not elicit dispute. VDD and NR are global public health issues that require a collaborative, multi-level approach for the implementation of feasible preventative strategies. This review highlights the history, risk factors, and controversies related to VDD during pregnancy and childhood with a particular focus on global NR prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fiscaletti
- Institute of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Corner Hawkesbury Road and Hainsworth Street, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
| | - P Stewart
- Institute of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Corner Hawkesbury Road and Hainsworth Street, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
| | - CF Munns
- Institute of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Corner Hawkesbury Road and Hainsworth Street, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Kambale PR, Haldar D, Kabi BC, Kambale KP. Study of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism (FokI, TaqI and ApaI) Among Prostate Cancer Patients in North India. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:BC05-BC08. [PMID: 28764147 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/24290.9976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Incidence of prostate cancer is rising worldwide. Multiple factors have been suggested for the aetiology of prostate cancer including ethnic, genetic and diet. Vitamin D (calcitriol) has been shown to have role in cell growth and differentiation and its deficiency is implicated as one of the aetiological factors in prostate cancer. Prostatic epithelial cells express Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) as well as 1α- hydroxylase enzyme that are required for the synthesis of calcitriol and its action. Polymorphism in VDR gene has been associated with prostate cancer in some epidemiological studies; but, there is paucity of information in the Indian context. AIM The present study was aimed to explore the association of VDR gene polymorphism with the development of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) sites viz., FokI, TaqI and ApaI were analysed in 120 cases of prostate cancer which were compared with their 120 healthy first degree relatives and 120 non-related controls in the Department of Biochemistry in collaboration with the Department of Urology. RESULTS Analysis showed significantly decreased incidence of Tt and Aa genotype in prostate cancer patients as compared to healthy non-relative controls (p=0.016 and 0.043 respectively). As compared to first degree relatives, incidence of Tt genotype is significantly lower in cases (p=0.005). No significant association was found with FokI polymorphism. CONCLUSION This study suggests the protective role of heterozygous genotypes of TaqI and ApaI polymorphism against the development of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Ramrao Kambale
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, S.M.B.T. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepa Haldar
- Senior Resident, Department of Biochemistry, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - B C Kabi
- Professor Director, Department of Biochemistry, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Pankaj Kambale
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontology, S.M.B.T. Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Nasik, Maharashtra, India
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Williamson L, Hayes A, Hanson ED, Pivonka P, Sims NA, Gooi JH. High dose dietary vitamin D 3 increases bone mass and strength in mice. Bone Rep 2017; 6:44-50. [PMID: 28377981 PMCID: PMC5365305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D plays a critical role in skeletal homeostasis. Vitamin D supplementation is used worldwide to maintain optimal bone health, but the most appropriate level of supplementation remains controversial. This study aimed to determine the effects of varying doses of dietary vitamin D3 on the mechanical properties and morphology of growing bone. Eight-week-old female mice were supplied with one of 3 diets, each containing a different dose of vitamin D3: 1000 IU/kg (control), 8000 IU/kg or 20,000 IU/kg. Mice had ad libitum access to the specialty diet for 4 weeks before they were culled and their tibiae collected for further analysis. The collected tibia underwent three-point bending and reference-point indentation from which their mechanical properties were determined, and cortical and trabecular morphology determined by micro computed tomography. Dietary supplementation with 20,000 IU/kg vitamin D3 resulted in greater ductility (~ 200%) and toughness (~ 150%) compared to the 1000 IU/kg control. The 20,000 IU/kg diet was also associated with significantly greater trabecular bone volume fraction and trabecular number. The 8000 IU/kg diet had no significant effect on trabecular bone mass. We conclude that vitamin D3 supplementation of 20,000 IU/kg during early adulthood leads to tougher bone that is more ductile and less brittle than that of mice supplied with standard levels of dietary vitamin D3 (1000 IU/kg) or 8000 IU/kg. This suggests that dietary vitamin D3 supplementation may increase bone health by improving bone material strength and supports the use of vitamin D3 supplementation, during adolescence, for achieving a higher peak bone mass in adulthood and thereby preventing osteoporosis. Vitamin D plays a critical role in skeletal homeostasis. Dietary supplementation with 20,000 IU/kg vitamin D3 resulted in greater ductility and toughness. The 20,000 IU/kg diet was also associated with significantly greater trabecular bone volume fraction and trabecular number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Williamson
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Institute for Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Health, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Erik D Hanson
- Institute for Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia; Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peter Pivonka
- St Vincent's Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Jonathan H Gooi
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
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Zittermann A. The Biphasic Effect of Vitamin D on the Musculoskeletal and Cardiovascular System. Int J Endocrinol 2017; 2017:3206240. [PMID: 28912809 PMCID: PMC5587949 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3206240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review summarizes beneficial and harmful vitamin D effects on the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular system. Special attention is paid to the dose-response relationship of vitamin D with clinical outcomes. In infants and adults, the risk of musculoskeletal diseases is highest at circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations below 25 nmol/L and is low if 40-60 nmol/L are achieved. However, evidence is also accumulating that in elderly people the risk of falls and fractures increases again at circulating 25OHD levels > 100 nmol/L. Cohort studies report a progressive increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD) events at 25OHD levels < 50 nmol/L. Nevertheless, meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials suggest only small beneficial effects of vitamin D supplements on surrogate parameters of CVD risk and no reduction in CVD events. Evidence is accumulating for adverse vitamin D effects on CVD outcomes at 25OHD levels > 100 nmol/L, but the threshold may be influenced by the level of physical activity. In conclusion, dose-response relationships indicate deleterious effects on the musculoskeletal system and probably on the cardiovascular system at circulating 25OHD levels < 40-60 nmol/L and >100 nmol/L. Future studies should focus on populations with 25OHD levels < 40 nmol/L and should avoid vitamin D doses achieving 25OHD levels > 100 nmol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Zittermann
- Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
- *Armin Zittermann:
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Lv J, Qiao W, Li Z. Vesicles from pH-regulated reversible gemini amino-acid surfactants as nanocapsules for delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 146:523-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hymøller L, Jensen SK, Kaas P, Jakobsen J. Physiological limit of the daily endogenous cholecalciferol synthesis from UV light in cattle. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:215-221. [PMID: 27421247 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The link between UV light (sunlight) and endogenous cholecalciferol (vitamin D3 ) synthesis in the skin of humans has been known for more than a 100 years, since doctors for the first time successfully used UV light to cure rickets in children. Years later, it was shown that UV light also had a significant effect on the cholecalciferol status in the body of cattle. The cholecalciferol status in the body is measured as the plasma concentration of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, which in cattle and humans is the major circulating metabolite of cholecalciferol. Very little is, however, known about the quantitative efficiency of UV light as a source of cholecalciferol in cattle nutrition and physiology. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of using UV light for increasing the plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration in cholecalciferol-deprived cattle. Twelve cows deprived of cholecalciferol for 6 months were divided into three treatment groups and exposed to UV light for 30, 90 or 120 min/day during 28 days. UV-light wavelengths ranged from 280 to 415 nm and 30-min exposure to the UV light was equivalent to 60-min average summer-sunlight exposure at 56 °N. Blood samples were collected every 3-4 days and analysed for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and cholecalciferol. Results showed that increasing the exposure time from 90-120 min/day did not change the slope of the daily increase in plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Hence, it appears that cholecalciferol-deprived dairy cattle are able to increase their plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration by a maximum of 1 ng/ml/day from UV-light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hymøller
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - S K Jensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - P Kaas
- SR Light aps, Herning, Denmark
| | - J Jakobsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
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Fried DA, Rhyu J, Odato K, Blunt H, Karagas MR, Gilbert-Diamond D. Maternal and cord blood vitamin D status and childhood infection and allergic disease: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2016; 74:387-410. [PMID: 27083486 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT It is unclear how in utero vitamin D deficiency affects the extraskeletal health of children, despite the known risks for adverse pregnancy/birth outcomes. OBJECTIVE This systematic review seeks to assess the effect of in utero vitamin D exposure on childhood allergy and infection outcomes using the PRISMA guidelines. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched. STUDY SELECTION Literature published through April 2015 was searched for studies reporting on the association between maternal pregnancy or cord blood vitamin D status and childhood allergy and infection. DATA EXTRACTION Of 4175 articles identified, 43 studies met the inclusion criteria. They examined a wide variety of outcomes, using many different vitamin D cutoff values in their analyses. DATA SYNTHESIS For most outcomes, results were inconsistent, although there appeared to be a protective effect between higher in utero vitamin D status and childhood lower respiratory tract infection (5 of 10 studies). CONCLUSIONS More research is needed on childhood allergy and infection outcomes, and future studies should standardize outcome reporting, especially with regard to cutoff values for vitamin D concentrations. Evidence of a protective association between in utero vitamin D exposure and lower respiratory tract infection was found, while the other outcomes were either understudied or showed inconsistent results.PROSPERO registration no. CRD42013006156.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Fried
- D.A. Fried, J. Rhyu, M.R. Karagas, and D. Gilbert-Diamond are with the Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA. K. Odato and H. Blunt are with the Biomedical Libraries, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jane Rhyu
- D.A. Fried, J. Rhyu, M.R. Karagas, and D. Gilbert-Diamond are with the Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA. K. Odato and H. Blunt are with the Biomedical Libraries, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Karen Odato
- D.A. Fried, J. Rhyu, M.R. Karagas, and D. Gilbert-Diamond are with the Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA. K. Odato and H. Blunt are with the Biomedical Libraries, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Heather Blunt
- D.A. Fried, J. Rhyu, M.R. Karagas, and D. Gilbert-Diamond are with the Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA. K. Odato and H. Blunt are with the Biomedical Libraries, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- D.A. Fried, J. Rhyu, M.R. Karagas, and D. Gilbert-Diamond are with the Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA. K. Odato and H. Blunt are with the Biomedical Libraries, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- D.A. Fried, J. Rhyu, M.R. Karagas, and D. Gilbert-Diamond are with the Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA. K. Odato and H. Blunt are with the Biomedical Libraries, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
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Stolyarov ID, Goncharova ZA, Shkilnyuk GG, Samoylova NA. [The role of the solar and geomagnetic activity in the etiology of multiple sclerosis: a review of the literature and prospects of research]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2016; 116:5-13. [PMID: 27070355 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2016116225-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the great progress in the study of multiple sclerosis (MS), its etiology remains unknown. It is proved that MS occurs in genetically predisposed people under the influence of environmental factors. Among these factors the solar activity (SA) and geomagnetic activity (GA) attract the particular attention. This article presents the review of studies concerning the influence of SA and GA on the incidence and course of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Stolyarov
- N. Bekhtereva Institute of Human Brain, Saint Petersburg
| | | | - G G Shkilnyuk
- N. Bekhtereva Institute of Human Brain, Saint Petersburg
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