1
|
Ramisetty-Mikler S, Boyce L. Communicating the risk of contracting Zika virus to low income underserved pregnant Latinas: A clinic-based study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241675. [PMID: 33216763 PMCID: PMC7679023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Frequent travel between the Southern border states in the USA, Mexico, and Latin American countries increases the risk of the Zika virus (ZIKV) spread. Patient education on virus transmission is fundamental in decreasing the number of imported cases, particularly among pregnant women. METHODS The study used cross-sectional methodology to investigate information sources and knowledge concerning the ZIKV virus among 300 under-served pregnant Latinas recruited from prenatal care clinics in the North Texas region. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression models were used to investigate associations between the primary outcomes and patient characteristics. RESULTS Physicians, nurses, and families are the major sources for pregnancy information, while media/internet (65%) and physician/nurse (33%) are the main sources for ZIKV information. Less than one-half of the mothers reported that their physician/nurse did not discuss safe sexual practices or inquired about their sexual practices. A considerable proportion of women from the community clinic were neither warned nor queried about travel to ZIKV risk countries. There is an overall understanding of Zika virus transmission, symptoms, complications, and recommended guidelines. Younger age and single mother status are risk factors for lack of ZIKV knowledge. Foreign-born mothers are 2.5-3.0 times more likely to have knowledge on disease transmission, symptoms, and microcephaly condition. While, younger mothers (18-24) are less likely to have knowledge of ZIKV infection symptoms (fever, rash and pink eye) and transmission of infection via unprotected sexual (vaginal, anal, or oral) behavior, compared to older mothers. CONCLUSIONS Interventions are needed to heighten the knowledge of ZIKV, particularly among women of reproductive age and their male partners in the community health care setting. Our study underscores the need for health care providers to be trained in delivering messages to enhance risk perception during health emergencies to vulnerable and underserved families (lower economic background, language ability, and culture). During health emergencies, clinics must disseminate crucial information via multi modalities to ensure messages reach the targeted patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhasini Ramisetty-Mikler
- Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - LeAnn Boyce
- Department of Information Science, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Gomes
- School of Medicine, New York University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Joaquim Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Genómica Bacteriana, Universidad Científica del Sur , Lima, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of Zika virus on preparation and management of the New Zealand (NZ) Olympic team. DESIGN Descriptive manuscript. SETTING New Zealand Olympic Health team preparation and management during the Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games, 2016. PATIENTS (OR PARTICIPANTS) New Zealand Olympic Team members. INTERVENTIONS (OR ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS) This manuscript describes the approaches used by the NZ Olympic Health team to the minimization of risk from Zika virus. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Although descriptive of approach forms most of the article, the results of Zika virus serology are presented. RESULTS The NZ Olympic Health team took a proactive approach to risk mitigation, including extensive education, clothing changes, mosquito spray, mosquito nets, and voluntary postexposure testing. No positive serology was observed in those tested. CONCLUSIONS The outbreak of Zika virus in Brazil, the associated complication of microcephaly, and the evolving understanding of virus transmission created significant uncertainty for NZ Olympic team members. The proactive approach taken by the health team to the mitigation of risk, combined with the anticipated low risk of arbovirus transmission over the period of the games, resulted in enhanced confidence from team members and no reports of positive serology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Hamilton
- High Performance Sport NZ, Millenium Institute of Sport and Health, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, New Zealand
- New Zealand Olympic Committee
| | - Dan Exeter
- High Performance Sport NZ, Millenium Institute of Sport and Health, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, New Zealand
- Axis Sports Medicine Specialists, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Beable
- High Performance Sport NZ, Millenium Institute of Sport and Health, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, New Zealand
- Axis Sports Medicine Specialists, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lynne Coleman
- High Performance Sport NZ, Millenium Institute of Sport and Health, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, New Zealand
- Apollo Medical Centre
| | - Chris Milne
- High Performance Sport NZ, Millenium Institute of Sport and Health, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, New Zealand
- Anglesea Sports Medicine, Hamilton, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A systematic review and evaluation of Zika virus forecasting and prediction research during a public health emergency of international concern. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007451. [PMID: 31584946 PMCID: PMC6805005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidemic forecasting and prediction tools have the potential to provide actionable information in the midst of emerging epidemics. While numerous predictive studies were published during the 2016-2017 Zika Virus (ZIKV) pandemic, it remains unknown how timely, reproducible, and actionable the information produced by these studies was. METHODS To improve the functional use of mathematical modeling in support of future infectious disease outbreaks, we conducted a systematic review of all ZIKV prediction studies published during the recent ZIKV pandemic using the PRISMA guidelines. Using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and grey literature review, we identified studies that forecasted, predicted, or simulated ecological or epidemiological phenomena related to the Zika pandemic that were published as of March 01, 2017. Eligible studies underwent evaluation of objectives, data sources, methods, timeliness, reproducibility, accessibility, and clarity by independent reviewers. RESULTS 2034 studies were identified, of which n = 73 met the eligibility criteria. Spatial spread, R0 (basic reproductive number), and epidemic dynamics were most commonly predicted, with few studies predicting Guillain-Barré Syndrome burden (4%), sexual transmission risk (4%), and intervention impact (4%). Most studies specifically examined populations in the Americas (52%), with few African-specific studies (4%). Case count (67%), vector (41%), and demographic data (37%) were the most common data sources. Real-time internet data and pathogen genomic information were used in 7% and 0% of studies, respectively, and social science and behavioral data were typically absent in modeling efforts. Deterministic models were favored over stochastic approaches. Forty percent of studies made model data entirely available, 29% provided all relevant model code, 43% presented uncertainty in all predictions, and 54% provided sufficient methodological detail to allow complete reproducibility. Fifty-one percent of predictions were published after the epidemic peak in the Americas. While the use of preprints improved the accessibility of ZIKV predictions by a median of 119 days sooner than journal publication dates, they were used in only 30% of studies. CONCLUSIONS Many ZIKV predictions were published during the 2016-2017 pandemic. The accessibility, reproducibility, timeliness, and incorporation of uncertainty in these published predictions varied and indicates there is substantial room for improvement. To enhance the utility of analytical tools for outbreak response it is essential to improve the sharing of model data, code, and preprints for future outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics.
Collapse
|
5
|
Meslé MMI, Hall IM, Christley RM, Leach S, Read JM. The use and reporting of airline passenger data for infectious disease modelling: a systematic review. Euro Surveill 2019; 24:1800216. [PMID: 31387671 PMCID: PMC6685100 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.31.1800216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundA variety of airline passenger data sources are used for modelling the international spread of infectious diseases. Questions exist regarding the suitability and validity of these sources.AimWe conducted a systematic review to identify the sources of airline passenger data used for these purposes and to assess validation of the data and reproducibility of the methodology.MethodsArticles matching our search criteria and describing a model of the international spread of human infectious disease, parameterised with airline passenger data, were identified. Information regarding type and source of airline passenger data used was collated and the studies' reproducibility assessed.ResultsWe identified 136 articles. The majority (n = 96) sourced data primarily used by the airline industry. Governmental data sources were used in 30 studies and data published by individual airports in four studies. Validation of passenger data was conducted in only seven studies. No study was found to be fully reproducible, although eight were partially reproducible.LimitationsBy limiting the articles to international spread, articles focussed on within-country transmission even if they used relevant data sources were excluded. Authors were not contacted to clarify their methods. Searches were limited to articles in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus.ConclusionWe recommend greater efforts to assess validity and biases of airline passenger data used for modelling studies, particularly when model outputs are to inform national and international public health policies. We also recommend improving reporting standards and more detailed studies on biases in commercial and open-access data to assess their reproducibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Marie Isabelle Meslé
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Melvyn Hall
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response at Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Matthew Christley
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Leach
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response at Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling Methodology at Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Michael Read
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health Informatics Computation and Statistics, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fox SJ, Bellan SE, Perkins TA, Johansson MA, Meyers LA. Downgrading disease transmission risk estimates using terminal importations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007395. [PMID: 31199809 PMCID: PMC6594658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As emerging and re-emerging infectious arboviruses like dengue, chikungunya, and Zika threaten new populations worldwide, officials scramble to assess local severity and transmissibility, with little to no epidemiological history to draw upon. Indirect estimates of risk from vector habitat suitability maps are prone to great uncertainty, while direct estimates from epidemiological data are only possible after cases accumulate and, given environmental constraints on arbovirus transmission, cannot be widely generalized beyond the focal region. Combining these complementary methods, we use disease importation and transmission data to improve the accuracy and precision of a priori ecological risk estimates. We demonstrate this approach by estimating the spatiotemporal risks of Zika virus transmission throughout Texas, a high-risk region in the southern United States. Our estimates are, on average, 80% lower than published ecological estimates-with only six of 254 Texas counties deemed capable of sustaining a Zika epidemic-and they are consistent with the number of autochthonous cases detected in 2017. Importantly our method provides a framework for model comparison, as our mechanistic understanding of arbovirus transmission continues to improve. Real-time updating of prior risk estimates as importations and outbreaks arise can thereby provide critical, early insight into local transmission risks as emerging arboviruses expand their global reach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer J. Fox
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Bellan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Gerogia, United States of America
| | - T. Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Johansson
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lauren Ancel Meyers
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mass Gatherings and Zika Virus Infection - Concerns and Facts. HEALTH SCOPE 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jhealthscope.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
8
|
Rodriguez-Valero N, Luengo Oroz M, Cuadrado Sanchez D, Vladimirov A, Espriu M, Vera I, Sanz S, Gonzalez Moreno JL, Muñoz J, Ledesma Carbayo MJ. Mobile based surveillance platform for detecting Zika virus among Spanish Delegates attending the Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201943. [PMID: 30133492 PMCID: PMC6104978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus has created a major epidemic in Central and South America, especially in Brazil, during 2015-16. The infection is strongly associated with fetal malformations, mainly microcephaly, and neurological symptoms in adults. During the preparation of the Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games in 2016, members of Olympic Delegations worldwide expressed their concern about the health consequences of being infected with Zika virus. A major risk highlighted by the scientific community was the impact on the spreading of the virus into new territories immediately after the Games. OBJECTIVES To detect real-time incidence of symptoms compatible with arboviral diseases and other tropical imported diseases among the Spanish Olympic Delegation (SOD) attending the Rio Olympic Games in 2016. METHODS We developed a surveillance platform based on a mobile application installed in participant's smartphones that monitored the health status of the SOD through a daily interactive check of the user health status including geo-localization data. The results were evaluated by a study physician on-call through a web-based platform monitoring system. Participants presenting severe symptoms or those compatible with Zika infection prompted an alarm in the system triggering specialized medical assistance and allowing early detection and control of the introduction of arboviral diseases in Spain. SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS The system was downloaded by 189 participants and used by 143 of them (76%). Median age was 38 years (IQR 16), and 134 (71%) were male. Mean duration of travel was 19 days (+/-9SD). During the Games the highest accumulated incidence observed was for headache: 6.06% cough: 5.30% and conjunctivitis: 3.03%. The incidence rate of cough during the Olympic Games was 1.1% per day per person, followed by headache 0.8% and 0.4% conjunctivitis or diarrhea. In our cohort we observed that non-athletes experienced more incidence of symptoms, except for incidence of cough which was the same in the two groups (1.1%). No participants reported symptoms fulfilling Zika definition case. CONCLUSION Our system did not find cases fulfilling Zika definition amongst participants of the SOD during the Games, consistent with limited cases of Zika in Rio during the Games. The app showed good usability and the web based monitoring platform allowed to manage infectious cases in real-time. The overall system has proven to serve as a real-time surveillance platform for detecting symptoms that could be present in tropical imported diseases, especially arboviral diseases, contributing to the preparedness for the introduction of vector borne-diseases in non-endemic countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rodriguez-Valero
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic (Department of International Health)-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Luengo Oroz
- Biomedical Image Technology, Electronic Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid & CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Cuadrado Sanchez
- Biomedical Image Technology, Electronic Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid & CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander Vladimirov
- Biomedical Image Technology, Electronic Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid & CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Espriu
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic (Department of International Health)-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Vera
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic (Department of International Health)-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Sanz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic (Department of International Health)-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Gonzalez Moreno
- Biomedical Image Technology, Electronic Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid & CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Muñoz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic (Department of International Health)-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Ledesma Carbayo
- Biomedical Image Technology, Electronic Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid & CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene sought to detect and minimize the risk of local, mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission. We modeled areas at greatest risk for recent ZIKV importation, in the context of spatially biased ZIKV case ascertainment and no data on the local spatial distribution of persons arriving from ZIKV-affected countries. METHODS For each of 14 weeks during June-September 2016, we used logistic regression to model the census tract-level presence of any ZIKV cases in the prior month, using eight covariates from static sociodemographic census data and the latest surveillance data, restricting to census tracts with any ZIKV testing in the prior month. To assess whether the model discriminated better than random between census tracts with and without recent cases, we compared the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for each week's fitted model versus an intercept-only model applied to cross-validated data. For weeks where the ROC contrast test was significant at P < 0.05, we output and mapped the model-predicted individual probabilities for all census tracts, including those with no recent testing. RESULTS The ROC contrast test was significant for 8 of 14 weekly analyses. No covariates were consistently associated with the presence of recent cases. Modeled risk areas fluctuated across these 8 weeks, with Spearman correlation coefficients ranging from 0.30 to 0.93, all P < 0.0001. Areas in the Bronx and upper Manhattan were in the highest risk decile as of late June, while as of late August, the greatest risk shifted to eastern Brooklyn. CONCLUSION We used observable characteristics of areas with recent, known travel-associated ZIKV cases to identify similar areas with no observed cases that might also be at-risk each week. Findings were used to target public education and Aedes spp. mosquito surveillance and control. These methods are applicable to other conditions for which biased case ascertainment is suspected and knowledge of how cases are geographically distributed is important for targeting public health activities.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wiratsudakul A, Suparit P, Modchang C. Dynamics of Zika virus outbreaks: an overview of mathematical modeling approaches. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4526. [PMID: 29593941 PMCID: PMC5866925 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Zika virus was first discovered in 1947. It was neglected until a major outbreak occurred on Yap Island, Micronesia, in 2007. Teratogenic effects resulting in microcephaly in newborn infants is the greatest public health threat. In 2016, the Zika virus epidemic was declared as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Consequently, mathematical models were constructed to explicitly elucidate related transmission dynamics. SURVEY METHODOLOGY In this review article, two steps of journal article searching were performed. First, we attempted to identify mathematical models previously applied to the study of vector-borne diseases using the search terms "dynamics," "mathematical model," "modeling," and "vector-borne" together with the names of vector-borne diseases including chikungunya, dengue, malaria, West Nile, and Zika. Then the identified types of model were further investigated. Second, we narrowed down our survey to focus on only Zika virus research. The terms we searched for were "compartmental," "spatial," "metapopulation," "network," "individual-based," "agent-based" AND "Zika." All relevant studies were included regardless of the year of publication. We have collected research articles that were published before August 2017 based on our search criteria. In this publication survey, we explored the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. RESULTS We found five basic model architectures previously applied to vector-borne virus studies, particularly in Zika virus simulations. These include compartmental, spatial, metapopulation, network, and individual-based models. We found that Zika models carried out for early epidemics were mostly fit into compartmental structures and were less complicated compared to the more recent ones. Simple models are still commonly used for the timely assessment of epidemics. Nevertheless, due to the availability of large-scale real-world data and computational power, recently there has been growing interest in more complex modeling frameworks. DISCUSSION Mathematical models are employed to explore and predict how an infectious disease spreads in the real world, evaluate the disease importation risk, and assess the effectiveness of intervention strategies. As the trends in modeling of infectious diseases have been shifting towards data-driven approaches, simple and complex models should be exploited differently. Simple models can be produced in a timely fashion to provide an estimation of the possible impacts. In contrast, complex models integrating real-world data require more time to develop but are far more realistic. The preparation of complicated modeling frameworks prior to the outbreaks is recommended, including the case of future Zika epidemic preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuwat Wiratsudakul
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Parinya Suparit
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Charin Modchang
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence in Mathematics, CHE, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Allard A, Althouse BM, Hébert-Dufresne L, Scarpino SV. The risk of sustained sexual transmission of Zika is underestimated. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006633. [PMID: 28934370 PMCID: PMC5626499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens often follow more than one transmission route during outbreaks-from needle sharing plus sexual transmission of HIV to small droplet aerosol plus fomite transmission of influenza. Thus, controlling an infectious disease outbreak often requires characterizing the risk associated with multiple mechanisms of transmission. For example, during the Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, weighing the relative importance of funeral versus health care worker transmission was essential to stopping disease spread. As a result, strategic policy decisions regarding interventions must rely on accurately characterizing risks associated with multiple transmission routes. The ongoing Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak challenges our conventional methodologies for translating case-counts into route-specific transmission risk. Critically, most approaches will fail to accurately estimate the risk of sustained sexual transmission of a pathogen that is primarily vectored by a mosquito-such as the risk of sustained sexual transmission of ZIKV. By computationally investigating a novel mathematical approach for multi-route pathogens, our results suggest that previous epidemic threshold estimates could under-estimate the risk of sustained sexual transmission by at least an order of magnitude. This result, coupled with emerging clinical, epidemiological, and experimental evidence for an increased risk of sexual transmission, would strongly support recent calls to classify ZIKV as a sexually transmitted infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Allard
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, Edifici C, Campus Bellaterra, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamin M. Althouse
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Laurent Hébert-Dufresne
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
- University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Samuel V. Scarpino
- Northeastern University, Boston, Massasschusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rodriguez-Valero N, Borobia AM, Lago M, Sánchez-Seco MP, de Ory F, Vázquez A, Pérez-Arellano JL, Rodríguez CC, Martínez MJ, Capón A, Cañas E, Salas-Coronas J, Galparsoro AA, Muñoz J. Zika Virus Screening among Spanish Team Members After 2016 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Olympic Games. Emerg Infect Dis 2017. [PMID: 28628450 PMCID: PMC5547782 DOI: 10.3201/eid2308.170415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the risk for the Spanish Olympic Team acquiring Zika virus in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during 2016. We recruited 117 team members, and all tested negative for Zika virus. Lack of cases in this cohort supports the minimum risk estimates made before the Games.
Collapse
|
13
|
McCloskey B, Endericks T. The rise of Zika infection and microcephaly: what can we learn from a public health emergency? Public Health 2017. [PMID: 28651111 PMCID: PMC7118743 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To consider why Zika was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), why it stopped being one and what we can learn from this for the future. Study design This paper reviews the sequence of events and evidence base for the decision to declare Zika a PHEIC, the global response to this, the challenges in maintaining an evidence-based approach to outbreak response and identifies learning outcomes. Methods Evidence review, all published articles in reputable UK and international journals were identified. Results The association between Zika virus infection and congenital malformations including microcephaly became a PHEIC on 1st February 2016 and was declared to be no longer an emergency in November 2016. This shaped the global response led by WHO in the first global emergency since Ebola in West Africa. Conclusion The response to Zika highlights important issues and lessons for future outbreaks that might pose an international risk. Particular challenges arose in trying to maintain an evidence-based approach to public risk communication when the evidence is unclear or still evolving. The Zika incident also demonstrates the importance of public health practitioners and agencies understanding the political context in which outbreaks must be managed and understanding the competing factors that shape the political response. Declaring Zika a public health emergency was based on the association with microcephaly, not on the clinical illness. Maintaining an evidence-based approach to public communication when the evidence is evolving is challenging. Preplanning for significant international outbreaks had not considered infections that cause congenital abnormalities. Sexual transmission should be considered as possible in emerging infections. All outbreaks have a political context and public health practitioners need to understand and respect this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B McCloskey
- Global Public Health, Public Health England, UK.
| | - T Endericks
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Mass Gatherings and Global Health Security, Global Public Health, Public Health England, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Marcondes CB, Contigiani M, Gleiser RM. Emergent and Reemergent Arboviruses in South America and the Caribbean: Why So Many and Why Now? JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:509-532. [PMID: 28399216 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Varios arbovirus han emergido y/o reemergido en el Nuevo Mundo en las últimas décadas. Los virus Zika y chikungunya, anteriormente restringidos a África y quizás Asia, invadieron el continente, causando gran preocupación; además siguen ocurriendo brotes causados por el virus dengue en casi todos los países, con millones de casos por año. El virus West Nile invadió rápidamente América del Norte, y ya se han encontrado casos en América Central y del Sur. Otros arbovirus, como Mayaro y el virus de la encefalitis equina del este han aumentado su actividad y se han encontrado en nuevas regiones. Se han documentado cambios en la patogenicidad de algunos virus que conducen a enfermedades inesperadas. Una fauna diversa de mosquitos, cambios climáticos y en la vegetación, aumento de los viajes, y urbanizaciones no planificadas que generan condiciones adecuadas para la proliferación de Aedes aegypti (L.), Culex quinquefasciatus Say y otros mosquitos vectores, se han combinado para influir fuertemente en los cambios en la distribución y la incidencia de varios arbovirus. Se enfatiza la necesidad de realizar estudios exhaustivos de la fauna de mosquitos y modificaciones de las condiciones ambientales, sobre todo en las zonas urbanas fuertemente influenciadas por factores sociales, políticos y económicos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Brisola Marcondes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Marta Contigiani
- Emeritus Professor, Instituto de Virologia "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Raquel Miranda Gleiser
- Centro de Relevamiento y Evaluación de Recursos Agrícolas y Naturales (CREAN) - Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Snyder RE, Boone CE, Cardoso CAA, Aguiar-Alves F, Neves FPG, Riley LW. Zika: A scourge in urban slums. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005287. [PMID: 28333922 PMCID: PMC5363799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Snyder
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Claire E. Boone
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Claudete A. Araújo Cardoso
- Maternal and Child Department, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Aguiar-Alves
- Pathology Program, Laboratório Universitário Rodolpho Albino, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe P. G. Neves
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lee W. Riley
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ali S, Gugliemini O, Harber S, Harrison A, Houle L, Ivory J, Kersten S, Khan R, Kim J, LeBoa C, Nez-Whitfield E, O’Marr J, Rothenberg E, Segnitz RM, Sila S, Verwillow A, Vogt M, Yang A, Mordecai EA. Environmental and Social Change Drive the Explosive Emergence of Zika Virus in the Americas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005135. [PMID: 28182667 PMCID: PMC5300271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Zika virus (ZIKV) was detected in Brazil in 2015, it has spread explosively across the Americas and has been linked to increased incidence of microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). In one year, it has infected over 500,000 people (suspected and confirmed cases) in 40 countries and territories in the Americas. Along with recent epidemics of dengue (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which are also transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, the emergence of ZIKV suggests an ongoing intensification of environmental and social factors that have given rise to a new regime of arbovirus transmission. Here, we review hypotheses and preliminary evidence for the environmental and social changes that have fueled the ZIKV epidemic. Potential drivers include climate variation, land use change, poverty, and human movement. Beyond the direct impact of microcephaly and GBS, the ZIKV epidemic will likely have social ramifications for women's health and economic consequences for tourism and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ali
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Olivia Gugliemini
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Serena Harber
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Harrison
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren Houle
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Javarcia Ivory
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sierra Kersten
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Rebia Khan
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jenny Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Chris LeBoa
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Emery Nez-Whitfield
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jamieson O’Marr
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Emma Rothenberg
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - R. Max Segnitz
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Sila
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Anna Verwillow
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Miranda Vogt
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Adrienne Yang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Erin A. Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Massad E, Coutinho FAB, Wilder-Smith A. The olympically mismeasured risk of Zika virus in Rio de Janeiro - Authors' reply. Lancet 2016; 388:658-9. [PMID: 27480043 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Massad
- School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The epidemics of Ebola virus in West Africa and Zika virus in America highlight how viruses can explosively emerge into new territories. These epidemics also exposed how unprepared we are to handle infectious disease emergencies. This is also true when we consider hypothesized new clinical features of infection, such as the associations between Zika virus infection and severe neurological disease, including microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. On the surface, these pathologies appear to be new features of Zika virus infection, however, causal relationships have not yet been established. Decades of limited Zika virus research are making us scramble to determine the true drivers behind the epidemic, often at the expense of over-speculation without credible evidence. Here we review the literature and find no conclusive evidence at this time for significant biological differences between the American Zika virus strains and those circulating elsewhere. Rather, the epidemic scale in the Americas may be facilitated by an abnormally warm climate, dense human and mosquito populations, and previous exposure to other viruses. Severe disease associated with Zika virus may therefore not be a new trait for the virus, rather it may have been overlooked due to previously small outbreaks. Much of the recent panic regarding Zika virus has been about the Olympics in Brazil. We do not find any substantial evidence that the Olympics will result in a significant number of new Zika virus infections (~10 predicted) or that the Olympics will promote further epidemic spread over what is already expected. The Zika virus epidemic in the Americas is a serious situation and decisions based on solid scientific evidence - not hyped media speculations - are required for effective outbreak response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D. Grubaugh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
McConnell J, de Ambrogi M, Cleghorn S, Sekkides O. Zika virus and the 2016 Olympic Games - Editors' reply. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 16:1003-1004. [PMID: 27460686 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John McConnell
- The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, UK
| | - Marco de Ambrogi
- The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, UK
| | - Sean Cleghorn
- The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Attaran A. Zika virus and the 2016 Olympic Games. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 16:1001-1003. [PMID: 27460685 PMCID: PMC7128778 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Attaran
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine and Faculty of Law, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|