1
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Klein B, LaRock T, McCabe S, Torres L, Friedland L, Kos M, Privitera F, Lake B, Kraemer MUG, Brownstein JS, Gonzalez R, Lazer D, Eliassi-Rad T, Scarpino SV, Vespignani A, Chinazzi M. Characterizing collective physical distancing in the U.S. during the first nine months of the COVID-19 pandemic. PLOS Digit Health 2024; 3:e0000430. [PMID: 38319890 PMCID: PMC10846712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic offers an unprecedented natural experiment providing insights into the emergence of collective behavioral changes of both exogenous (government mandated) and endogenous (spontaneous reaction to infection risks) origin. Here, we characterize collective physical distancing-mobility reductions, minimization of contacts, shortening of contact duration-in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the pre-vaccine era by analyzing de-identified, privacy-preserving location data for a panel of over 5.5 million anonymized, opted-in U.S. devices. We define five indicators of users' mobility and proximity to investigate how the emerging collective behavior deviates from typical pre-pandemic patterns during the first nine months of the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyze both the dramatic changes due to the government mandated mitigation policies and the more spontaneous societal adaptation into a new (physically distanced) normal in the fall 2020. Using the indicators here defined we show that: a) during the COVID-19 pandemic, collective physical distancing displayed different phases and was heterogeneous across geographies, b) metropolitan areas displayed stronger reductions in mobility and contacts than rural areas; c) stronger reductions in commuting patterns are observed in geographical areas with a higher share of teleworkable jobs; d) commuting volumes during and after the lockdown period negatively correlate with unemployment rates; and e) increases in contact indicators correlate with future values of new deaths at a lag consistent with epidemiological parameters and surveillance reporting delays. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the framework and indicators here presented can be used to analyze large-scale social distancing phenomena, paving the way for their use in future pandemics to analyze and monitor the effects of pandemic mitigation plans at the national and international levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Klein
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy LaRock
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stefan McCabe
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leo Torres
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisa Friedland
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maciej Kos
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Brennan Lake
- Cuebiq Inc., New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - John S. Brownstein
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard Gonzalez
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David Lazer
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tina Eliassi-Rad
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samuel V. Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Vespignani
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Chinazzi
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Portland, Maine, United States of America
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2
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Abstract
Traditional disease surveillance systems are ill-equipped to handle climate change-driven shifts in pathogen dynamics. If paired with wastewater surveillance, a cost-effective and scalable approach for generating high-resolution health data, such next-generation systems can enable effective resource allocation and delivery of targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Department of Health Sciences Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
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3
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Keshaviah A, Diamond MB, Wade MJ, Scarpino SV. Wastewater monitoring can anchor global disease surveillance systems. Lancet Glob Health 2023; 11:e976-e981. [PMID: 37202030 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To inform the development of global wastewater monitoring systems, we surveyed programmes in 43 countries. Most programmes monitored predominantly urban populations. In high-income countries (HICs), composite sampling at centralised treatment plants was most common, whereas grab sampling from surface waters, open drains, and pit latrines was more typical in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Almost all programmes analysed samples in-country, with an average processing time of 2·3 days in HICs and 4·5 days in LMICs. Whereas 59% of HICs regularly monitored wastewater for SARS-CoV-2 variants, only 13% of LMICs did so. Most programmes share their wastewater data internally, with partnering organisations, but not publicly. Our findings show the richness of the existing wastewater monitoring ecosystem. With additional leadership, funding, and implementation frameworks, thousands of individual wastewater initiatives can coalesce into an integrated, sustainable network for disease surveillance-one that minimises the risk of overlooking future global health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew J Wade
- Analytics & Data Science Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Institute for Experiential AI, Network Science Institute, Department of Health Sciences, and Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA; Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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4
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Klein B, Ogbunugafor CB, Schafer BJ, Bhadricha Z, Kori P, Sheldon J, Kaza N, Sharma A, Wang EA, Eliassi-Rad T, Scarpino SV, Hinton E. COVID-19 amplified racial disparities in the US criminal legal system. Nature 2023; 617:344-350. [PMID: 37076624 PMCID: PMC10172107 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05980-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The criminal legal system in the USA drives an incarceration rate that is the highest on the planet, with disparities by class and race among its signature features1-3. During the first year of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the number of incarcerated people in the USA decreased by at least 17%-the largest, fastest reduction in prison population in American history4. Here we ask how this reduction influenced the racial composition of US prisons and consider possible mechanisms for these dynamics. Using an original dataset curated from public sources on prison demographics across all 50 states and the District of Columbia, we show that incarcerated white people benefited disproportionately from the decrease in the US prison population and that the fraction of incarcerated Black and Latino people sharply increased. This pattern of increased racial disparity exists across prison systems in nearly every state and reverses a decade-long trend before 2020 and the onset of COVID-19, when the proportion of incarcerated white people was increasing amid declining numbers of incarcerated Black people5. Although a variety of factors underlie these trends, we find that racial inequities in average sentence length are a major contributor. Ultimately, this study reveals how disruptions caused by COVID-19 exacerbated racial inequalities in the criminal legal system, and highlights key forces that sustain mass incarceration. To advance opportunities for data-driven social science, we publicly released the data associated with this study at Zenodo6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Klein
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Institute on Policing, Incarceration & Public Safety, The Hutchins Center for African & African American Research, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - C Brandon Ogbunugafor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA.
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | - Zarana Bhadricha
- College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Preeti Kori
- College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jim Sheldon
- Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nitish Kaza
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arush Sharma
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily A Wang
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Justice Collaboratory, Yale Law School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tina Eliassi-Rad
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- The Institute for Experiential AI, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA.
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
- Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Institute for Experiential AI, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Hinton
- Institute on Policing, Incarceration & Public Safety, The Hutchins Center for African & African American Research, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of History, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Justice Collaboratory, Yale Law School, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of African American Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale Law School, New Haven, CT, USA.
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5
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Yang CH, Scarpino SV. The ensemble of gene regulatory networks at mutation-selection balance. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220075. [PMID: 36596452 PMCID: PMC9810427 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of diverse phenotypes both involves and is constrained by molecular interaction networks. When these networks influence patterns of expression, we refer to them as gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Here, we develop a model of GRN evolution analogous to work from quasi-species theory, which is itself essentially the mutation-selection balance model from classical population genetics extended to multiple loci. With this GRN model, we prove that-across a broad spectrum of selection pressures-the dynamics converge to a stationary distribution over GRNs. Next, we show from first principles how the frequency of GRNs at equilibrium is related to the topology of the genotype network, in particular, via a specific network centrality measure termed the eigenvector centrality. Finally, we determine the structural characteristics of GRNs that are favoured in response to a range of selective environments and mutational constraints. Our work connects GRN evolution to quasi-species theory-and thus to classical populations genetics-providing a mechanistic explanation for the observed distribution of GRNs evolving in response to various evolutionary forces, and shows how complex fitness landscapes can emerge from simple evolutionary rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Yang
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel V. Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Institute for Experiential AI, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA,Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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6
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Kraemer MUG, Tegally H, Pigott DM, Dasgupta A, Sheldon J, Wilkinson E, Schultheiss M, Han A, Oglia M, Marks S, Kanner J, O'Brien K, Dandamudi S, Rader B, Sewalk K, Bento AI, Scarpino SV, de Oliveira T, Bogoch II, Katz R, Brownstein JS. Tracking the 2022 monkeypox outbreak with epidemiological data in real-time. Lancet Infect Dis 2022; 22:941-942. [PMID: 35690074 PMCID: PMC9629664 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
| | - Houriiyah Tegally
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation, School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - David M Pigott
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, DC, USA
| | - Abhishek Dasgupta
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - James Sheldon
- The Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Eduan Wilkinson
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation, School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Aimee Han
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark Oglia
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Spencer Marks
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joshua Kanner
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Katelynn O'Brien
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sudheer Dandamudi
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Benjamin Rader
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kara Sewalk
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ana I Bento
- School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Pandemic Prevention Institute, The Rockefeller Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- The Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Portland, ME, USA; Pandemic Prevention Institute, The Rockefeller Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation, School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Isaac I Bogoch
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - John S Brownstein
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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7
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Klein B, Generous N, Chinazzi M, Bhadricha Z, Gunashekar R, Kori P, Li B, McCabe S, Green J, Lazer D, Marsicano CR, Scarpino SV, Vespignani A. Higher education responses to COVID-19 in the United States: Evidence for the impacts of university policy. PLOS Digit Health 2022; 1:e0000065. [PMID: 36812533 PMCID: PMC9931316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
With a dataset of testing and case counts from over 1,400 institutions of higher education (IHEs) in the United States, we analyze the number of infections and deaths from SARS-CoV-2 in the counties surrounding these IHEs during the Fall 2020 semester (August to December, 2020). We find that counties with IHEs that remained primarily online experienced fewer cases and deaths during the Fall 2020 semester; whereas before and after the semester, these two groups had almost identical COVID-19 incidence. Additionally, we see fewer cases and deaths in counties with IHEs that reported conducting any on-campus testing compared to those that reported none. To perform these two comparisons, we used a matching procedure designed to create well-balanced groups of counties that are aligned as much as possible along age, race, income, population, and urban/rural categories-demographic variables that have been shown to be correlated with COVID-19 outcomes. We conclude with a case study of IHEs in Massachusetts-a state with especially high detail in our dataset-which further highlights the importance of IHE-affiliated testing for the broader community. The results in this work suggest that campus testing can itself be thought of as a mitigation policy and that allocating additional resources to IHEs to support efforts to regularly test students and staff would be beneficial to mitigating the spread of COVID-19 in a pre-vaccine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Klein
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, United States of America
- Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-Technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Generous
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, United States of America
- Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-Technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Matteo Chinazzi
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, United States of America
- Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-Technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zarana Bhadricha
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, United States of America
- College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rishab Gunashekar
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, United States of America
- College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Preeti Kori
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, United States of America
- College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bodian Li
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, United States of America
- College of Professional Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stefan McCabe
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, United States of America
| | - Jon Green
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, United States of America
- Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Boston, United States of America
| | - David Lazer
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. Marsicano
- Educational Studies Department, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina, United States of America
- College Crisis Initiative, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Samuel V. Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, United States of America
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Vespignani
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, United States of America
- Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-Technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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8
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Yang CH, Scarpino SV. A Family of Fitness Landscapes Modeled through Gene Regulatory Networks. Entropy (Basel) 2022; 24:622. [PMID: 35626507 PMCID: PMC9141513 DOI: 10.3390/e24050622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fitness landscapes are a powerful metaphor for understanding the evolution of biological systems. These landscapes describe how genotypes are connected to each other through mutation and related through fitness. Empirical studies of fitness landscapes have increasingly revealed conserved topographical features across diverse taxa, e.g., the accessibility of genotypes and "ruggedness". As a result, theoretical studies are needed to investigate how evolution proceeds on fitness landscapes with such conserved features. Here, we develop and study a model of evolution on fitness landscapes using the lens of Gene Regulatory Networks (GRNs), where the regulatory products are computed from multiple genes and collectively treated as phenotypes. With the assumption that regulation is a binary process, we prove the existence of empirically observed, topographical features such as accessibility and connectivity. We further show that these results hold across arbitrary fitness functions and that a trade-off between accessibility and ruggedness need not exist. Then, using graph theory and a coarse-graining approach, we deduce a mesoscopic structure underlying GRN fitness landscapes where the information necessary to predict a population's evolutionary trajectory is retained with minimal complexity. Using this coarse-graining, we develop a bottom-up algorithm to construct such mesoscopic backbones, which does not require computing the genotype network and is therefore far more efficient than brute-force approaches. Altogether, this work provides mathematical results of high-dimensional fitness landscapes and a path toward connecting theory to empirical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Yang
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samuel V. Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Physics Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Institute for Experiential AI, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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9
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Allard A, Moore C, Scarpino SV, Althouse BM, Hébert-Dufresne L. The role of directionality, heterogeneity and correlations in epidemic risk and spread. ArXiv 2022:arXiv:2005.11283v3. [PMID: 35169597 PMCID: PMC8845507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Most models of epidemic spread, including many designed specifically for COVID-19, implicitly assume mass-action contact patterns and undirected contact networks, meaning that the individuals most likely to spread the disease are also the most at risk to receive it from others. Here, we review results from the theory of random directed graphs which show that many important quantities, including the reproduction number and the epidemic size, depend sensitively on the joint distribution of in- and out-degrees ("risk" and "spread"), including their heterogeneity and the correlation between them. By considering joint distributions of various kinds, we elucidate why some types of heterogeneity cause a deviation from the standard Kermack-McKendrick analysis of SIR models, i.e., so-called mass-action models where contacts are homogeneous and random, and some do not. We also show that some structured SIR models informed by realistic complex contact patterns among types of individuals (age or activity) are simply mixtures of Poisson processes and tend not to deviate significantly from the simplest mass-action model. Finally, we point out some possible policy implications of this directed structure, both for contact tracing strategy and for interventions designed to prevent superspreading events. In particular, directed graphs have a forward and backward version of the classic "friendship paradox" -- forward edges tend to lead to individuals with high risk, while backward edges lead to individuals with high spread -- such that a combination of both forward and backward contact tracing is necessary to find superspreading events and prevent future cascades of infection.
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10
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McLaughlin M, Pellé KG, Scarpino SV, Giwa A, Mount-Finette E, Haidar N, Adamu F, Ravi N, Thompson A, Heath B, Dittrich S, Finette B. Development and Validation of Manually Modified and Supervised Machine Learning Clinical Assessment Algorithms for Malaria in Nigerian Children. Front Artif Intell 2022; 4:554017. [PMID: 35187469 PMCID: PMC8851346 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2021.554017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is currently estimated that 67% of malaria deaths occur in children under-five years (WHO, 2020). To improve the identification of children at clinical risk for malaria, the WHO developed community (iCCM) and clinic-based (IMCI) protocols for frontline health workers using paper-based forms or digital mobile health (mHealth) platforms. To investigate improving the accuracy of these point-of-care clinical risk assessment protocols for malaria in febrile children, we embedded a malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) workflow into THINKMD’s (IMCI) mHealth clinical risk assessment platform. This allowed us to perform a comparative analysis of THINKMD-generated malaria risk assessments with mRDT truth data to guide modification of THINKMD algorithms, as well as develop new supervised machine learning (ML) malaria risk algorithms. We utilized paired clinical data and malaria risk assessments acquired from over 555 children presenting to five health clinics in Kano, Nigeria to train ML algorithms to identify malaria cases using symptom and location data, as well as confirmatory mRDT results. Supervised ML random forest algorithms were generated using 80% of our field-based data as the ML training set and 20% to test our new ML logic. New ML-based malaria algorithms showed an increased sensitivity and specificity of 60 and 79%, and PPV and NPV of 76 and 65%, respectively over THINKD initial IMCI-based algorithms. These results demonstrate that combining mRDT “truth” data with digital mHealth platform clinical assessments and clinical data can improve identification of children with malaria/non-malaria attributable febrile illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan McLaughlin
- THINKMD, Burlington, VT, United States
- *Correspondence: Megan McLaughlin, ; Karell G. Pellé, ; Samuel V. Scarpino,
| | - Karell G. Pellé
- FIND, Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Megan McLaughlin, ; Karell G. Pellé, ; Samuel V. Scarpino,
| | - Samuel V. Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- *Correspondence: Megan McLaughlin, ; Karell G. Pellé, ; Samuel V. Scarpino,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Barry Heath
- THINKMD, Burlington, VT, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | | | - Barry Finette
- THINKMD, Burlington, VT, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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11
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Klein B, Swain A, Byrum T, Scarpino SV, Fagan WF. Exploring noise, degeneracy, and determinism in biological networks with the einet package. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Klein
- Network Science Institute Northeastern University Boston MA USA
- Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio‐Technical Systems Northeastern University Boston MA USA
| | | | - Travis Byrum
- Department of Biology University of Maryland MD USA
| | - Samuel V. Scarpino
- Network Science Institute Northeastern University Boston MA USA
- Santa Fe Institute Santa Fe NM USA
- Vermont Complex Systems Center University of Vermont Burlington VT USA
- Pandemic Prevention Institute Rockefeller Foundation Washington USA
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12
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Kraemer MUG, Hill V, Ruis C, Dellicour S, Bajaj S, McCrone JT, Baele G, Parag KV, Battle AL, Gutierrez B, Jackson B, Colquhoun R, O'Toole Á, Klein B, Vespignani A, Volz E, Faria NR, Aanensen DM, Loman NJ, du Plessis L, Cauchemez S, Rambaut A, Scarpino SV, Pybus OG. Spatiotemporal invasion dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 emergence. Science 2021; 373:889-895. [PMID: 34301854 PMCID: PMC9269003 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the causes and consequences of the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern is crucial to pandemic control yet difficult to achieve because they arise in the context of variable human behavior and immunity. We investigated the spatial invasion dynamics of lineage B.1.1.7 by jointly analyzing UK human mobility, virus genomes, and community-based polymerase chain reaction data. We identified a multistage spatial invasion process in which early B.1.1.7 growth rates were associated with mobility and asymmetric lineage export from a dominant source location, enhancing the effects of B.1.1.7's increased intrinsic transmissibility. We further explored how B.1.1.7 spread was shaped by nonpharmaceutical interventions and spatial variation in previous attack rates. Our findings show that careful accounting of the behavioral and epidemiological context within which variants of concern emerge is necessary to interpret correctly their observed relative growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz U G Kraemer
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Verity Hill
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher Ruis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sumali Bajaj
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John T McCrone
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Guy Baele
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris V Parag
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anya Lindström Battle
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bernardo Gutierrez
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ben Jackson
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rachel Colquhoun
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Áine O'Toole
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brennan Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Alessandro Vespignani
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Erik Volz
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nuno R Faria
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - David M Aanensen
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas J Loman
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Louis du Plessis
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France.
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, USA
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College London, London, UK
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13
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Skrip LA, Selvaraj P, Hagedorn B, Ouédraogo AL, Noori N, Orcutt A, Mistry D, Bedson J, Hébert-Dufresne L, Scarpino SV, Althouse BM. Seeding COVID-19 across Sub-Saharan Africa: An Analysis of Reported Importation Events across 49 Countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1694-1702. [PMID: 33684067 PMCID: PMC8103462 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The first case of COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) was reported by Nigeria on February 27, 2020. Whereas case counts in the entire region remain considerably less than those being reported by individual countries in Europe, Asia, and the Americas, variation in preparedness and response capacity as well as in data availability has raised concerns about undetected transmission events in the SSA region. To capture epidemiological details related to early transmission events into and within countries, a line list was developed from publicly available data on institutional websites, situation reports, press releases, and social media accounts. The availability of indicators-gender, age, travel history, date of arrival in country, reporting date of confirmation, and how detected-for each imported case was assessed. We evaluated the relationship between the time to first reported importation and the Global Health Security Index (GHSI) overall score; 13,201 confirmed cases of COVID-19 were reported by 48 countries in SSA during the 54 days following the first known introduction to the region. Of the 2,516 cases for which travel history information was publicly available, 1,129 (44.9%) were considered importation events. Imported cases tended to be male (65.0%), with a median age of 41.0 years (range: 6 weeks-88 years; IQR: 31-54 years). A country's time to report its first importation was not related to the GHSI overall score, after controlling for air traffic. Countries in SSA generally reported with less publicly available detail over time and tended to have greater information on imported than local cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Skrip
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
| | - Prashanth Selvaraj
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
| | - Brittany Hagedorn
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andre Lin Ouédraogo
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
| | - Navideh Noori
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amanda Orcutt
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
| | - Dina Mistry
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jamie Bedson
- Consultant to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
| | - Laurent Hébert-Dufresne
- Department of Computer Science, Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont;,Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Samuel V. Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts;,Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts;,Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts;,Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts;,ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Benjamin M. Althouse
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington;,University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;,New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico,Address correspondence to Benjamin M. Althouse, Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Health Division Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 500 5th Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98109. E-mail:
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14
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Nande A, Sheen J, Walters EL, Klein B, Chinazzi M, Gheorghe AH, Adlam B, Shinnick J, Tejeda MF, Scarpino SV, Vespignani A, Greenlee AJ, Schneider D, Levy MZ, Hill AL. The effect of eviction moratoria on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2274. [PMID: 33859196 PMCID: PMC8050248 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive unemployment during the COVID-19 pandemic could result in an eviction crisis in US cities. Here we model the effect of evictions on SARS-CoV-2 epidemics, simulating viral transmission within and among households in a theoretical metropolitan area. We recreate a range of urban epidemic trajectories and project the course of the epidemic under two counterfactual scenarios, one in which a strict moratorium on evictions is in place and enforced, and another in which evictions are allowed to resume at baseline or increased rates. We find, across scenarios, that evictions lead to significant increases in infections. Applying our model to Philadelphia using locally-specific parameters shows that the increase is especially profound in models that consider realistically heterogenous cities in which both evictions and contacts occur more frequently in poorer neighborhoods. Our results provide a basis to assess eviction moratoria and show that policies to stem evictions are a warranted and important component of COVID-19 control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjalika Nande
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Justin Sheen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emma L Walters
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Brennan Klein
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Matteo Chinazzi
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Andrei H Gheorghe
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ben Adlam
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julianna Shinnick
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Florencia Tejeda
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Alessandro Vespignani
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Andrew J Greenlee
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Daniel Schneider
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Michael Z Levy
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Alison L Hill
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Hébert-Dufresne L, Althouse BM, Scarpino SV, Allard A. Corrigendum to 'Beyond R0: heterogeneity in secondary infections and probabilistic epidemic forecasting'. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210168. [PMID: 33757292 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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16
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Nande A, Sheen J, Walters EL, Klein B, Chinazzi M, Gheorghe A, Adlam B, Shinnick J, Tejeda MF, Scarpino SV, Vespignani A, Greenlee AJ, Schneider D, Levy MZ, Hill AL. The effect of eviction moratoria on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv 2021:2020.10.27.20220897. [PMID: 33140067 PMCID: PMC7605580 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.27.20220897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Massive unemployment during the COVID-19 pandemic could result in an eviction crisis in US cities. Here we model the effect of evictions on SARS-CoV-2 epidemics, simulating viral transmission within and among households in a theoretical metropolitan area. We recreate a range of urban epidemic trajectories and project the course of the epidemic under two counterfactual scenarios, one in which a strict moratorium on evictions is in place and enforced, and another in which evictions are allowed to resume at baseline or increased rates. We find, across scenarios, that evictions lead to significant increases in infections. Applying our model to Philadelphia using locally-specific parameters shows that the increase is especially profound in models that consider realistically heterogenous cities in which both evictions and contacts occur more frequently in poorer neighborhoods. Our results provide a basis to assess municipal eviction moratoria and show that policies to stem evictions are a warranted and important component of COVID-19 control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjalika Nande
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138
| | - Justin Sheen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Emma L Walters
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820
| | - Brennan Klein
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Matteo Chinazzi
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Andrei Gheorghe
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138
| | - Ben Adlam
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138
| | - Julianna Shinnick
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Maria Florencia Tejeda
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Alessandro Vespignani
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Andrew J Greenlee
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820
| | - Daniel Schneider
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820
| | - Michael Z Levy
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alison L Hill
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
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17
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Rader B, White LF, Burns MR, Chen J, Brilliant J, Cohen J, Shaman J, Brilliant L, Kraemer MUG, Hawkins JB, Scarpino SV, Astley CM, Brownstein JS. Mask-wearing and control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the USA: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Digit Health 2021; 3:e148-e157. [PMID: 33483277 PMCID: PMC7817421 DOI: 10.1016/s2589-7500(20)30293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Face masks have become commonplace across the USA because of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic. Although evidence suggests that masks help to curb the spread of the disease, there is little empirical research at the population level. We investigate the association between self-reported mask-wearing, physical distancing, and SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the USA, along with the effect of statewide mandates on mask uptake. Methods Serial cross-sectional surveys were administered via a web platform to randomly surveyed US individuals aged 13 years and older, to query self-reports of face mask-wearing. Survey responses were combined with instantaneous reproductive number (Rt) estimates from two publicly available sources, the outcome of interest. Measures of physical distancing, community demographics, and other potential sources of confounding (from publicly available sources) were also assessed. We fitted multivariate logistic regression models to estimate the association between mask-wearing and community transmission control (Rt<1). Additionally, mask-wearing in 12 states was evaluated 2 weeks before and after statewide mandates. Findings 378 207 individuals responded to the survey between June 3 and July 27, 2020, of which 4186 were excluded for missing data. We observed an increasing trend in reported mask usage across the USA, although uptake varied by geography. A logistic model controlling for physical distancing, population demographics, and other variables found that a 10% increase in self-reported mask-wearing was associated with an increased odds of transmission control (odds ratio 3·53, 95% CI 2·03–6·43). We found that communities with high reported mask-wearing and physical distancing had the highest predicted probability of transmission control. Segmented regression analysis of reported mask-wearing showed no statistically significant change in the slope after mandates were introduced; however, the upward trend in reported mask-wearing was preserved. Interpretation The widespread reported use of face masks combined with physical distancing increases the odds of SARS-CoV-2 transmission control. Self-reported mask-wearing increased separately from government mask mandates, suggesting that supplemental public health interventions are needed to maximise adoption and help to curb the ongoing epidemic. Funding Flu Lab, Google.org (via the Tides Foundation), National Institutes for Health, National Science Foundation, Morris-Singer Foundation, MOOD, Branco Weiss Fellowship, Ending Pandemics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Rader
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura F White
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Burns
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Shaman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jared B Hawkins
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Christina M Astley
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John S Brownstein
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Craig R, Kunkel E, Crowcroft NS, Fitzpatrick MC, de Melker H, Althouse BM, Merkel T, Scarpino SV, Koelle K, Friedman L, Arnold C, Bolotin S. Asymptomatic Infection and Transmission of Pertussis in Households: A Systematic Review. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:152-161. [PMID: 31257450 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review to describe the frequency of mild, atypical, and asymptomatic infection among household contacts of pertussis cases and to explore the published literature for evidence of asymptomatic transmission. We included studies that obtained and tested laboratory specimens from household contacts regardless of symptom presentation and reported the proportion of cases with typical, mild/atypical, or asymptomatic infection. After screening 6789 articles, we included 26 studies. Fourteen studies reported household contacts with mild/atypical pertussis. These comprised up to 46.2% of all contacts tested. Twenty-four studies reported asymptomatic contacts with laboratory-confirmed pertussis, comprising up to 55.6% of those tested. Seven studies presented evidence consistent with asymptomatic pertussis transmission between household contacts. Our results demonstrate a high prevalence of subclinical infection in household contacts of pertussis cases, which may play a substantial role in the ongoing transmission of disease. Our review reveals a gap in our understanding of pertussis transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger Craig
- Applied Immunization Research and Evaluation, Public Health Ontario,Toronto.,Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Montreal, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Kunkel
- Applied Immunization Research and Evaluation, Public Health Ontario,Toronto.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Natasha S Crowcroft
- Applied Immunization Research and Evaluation, Public Health Ontario,Toronto.,Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meagan C Fitzpatrick
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Hester de Melker
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin M Althouse
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, Washington.,Information School, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces
| | - Tod Merkel
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Institute for Scientific Interchange Foundation, Torino, Italy
| | - Katia Koelle
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lindsay Friedman
- Applied Immunization Research and Evaluation, Public Health Ontario,Toronto
| | - Callum Arnold
- Division of Infectious Diseases,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shelly Bolotin
- Applied Immunization Research and Evaluation, Public Health Ontario,Toronto.,Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Kraemer MUG, Scarpino SV, Marivate V, Gutierrez B, Xu B, Lee G, Hawkins JB, Rivers C, Pigott DM, Katz R, Brownstein JS. Data curation during a pandemic and lessons learned from COVID-19. Nat Comput Sci 2021; 1:9-10. [PMID: 38217160 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-020-00015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA.
| | - Vukosi Marivate
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bernardo Gutierrez
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Graham Lee
- Research Software Engineering Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jared B Hawkins
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Rivers
- Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David M Pigott
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - John S Brownstein
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Rader B, Scarpino SV, Nande A, Hill AL, Adlam B, Reiner RC, Pigott DM, Gutierrez B, Zarebski AE, Shrestha M, Brownstein JS, Castro MC, Dye C, Tian H, Pybus OG, Kraemer MUG. Crowding and the shape of COVID-19 epidemics. Nat Med 2020. [PMID: 33020651 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.15.20064980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is straining public health systems worldwide, and major non-pharmaceutical interventions have been implemented to slow its spread1-4. During the initial phase of the outbreak, dissemination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was primarily determined by human mobility from Wuhan, China5,6. Yet empirical evidence on the effect of key geographic factors on local epidemic transmission is lacking7. In this study, we analyzed highly resolved spatial variables in cities, together with case count data, to investigate the role of climate, urbanization and variation in interventions. We show that the degree to which cases of COVID-19 are compressed into a short period of time (peakedness of the epidemic) is strongly shaped by population aggregation and heterogeneity, such that epidemics in crowded cities are more spread over time, and crowded cities have larger total attack rates than less populated cities. Observed differences in the peakedness of epidemics are consistent with a meta-population model of COVID-19 that explicitly accounts for spatial hierarchies. We paired our estimates with globally comprehensive data on human mobility and predict that crowded cities worldwide could experience more prolonged epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Rader
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston MA, USA
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston MA, USA.
- ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy.
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe NM, USA.
| | - Anjalika Nande
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Alison L Hill
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Ben Adlam
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Robert C Reiner
- Department of Health Metrics, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - David M Pigott
- Department of Health Metrics, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Bernardo Gutierrez
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Munik Shrestha
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston MA, USA
| | - John S Brownstein
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Marcia C Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA, USA
| | | | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Science, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
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21
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Ogbunugafor CB, Miller-Dickson MD, Meszaros VA, Gomez LM, Murillo AL, Scarpino SV. Variation in microparasite free-living survival and indirect transmission can modulate the intensity of emerging outbreaks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20786. [PMID: 33247174 PMCID: PMC7695845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in free-living microparasite survival can have a meaningful impact on the ecological dynamics of established and emerging infectious diseases. Nevertheless, resolving the importance of indirect and environmental transmission in the ecology of epidemics remains a persistent challenge. It requires accurately measuring the free-living survival of pathogens across reservoirs of various kinds and quantifying the extent to which interaction between hosts and reservoirs generates new infections. These questions are especially salient for emerging pathogens, where sparse and noisy data can obfuscate the relative contribution of different infection routes. In this study, we develop a mechanistic, mathematical model that permits both direct (host-to-host) and indirect (environmental) transmission and then fit this model to empirical data from 17 countries affected by an emerging virus (SARS-CoV-2). From an ecological perspective, our model highlights the potential for environmental transmission to drive complex, nonlinear dynamics during infectious disease outbreaks. Summarizing, we propose that fitting alternative models with indirect transmission to real outbreak data from SARS-CoV-2 can be useful, as it highlights that indirect mechanisms may play an underappreciated role in the dynamics of infectious diseases, with implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brandon Ogbunugafor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, 02912, USA.
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, 02912, USA.
| | - Miles D Miller-Dickson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, 02912, USA
| | - Victor A Meszaros
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, 02912, USA
| | - Lourdes M Gomez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, 02912, USA
| | - Anarina L Murillo
- Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, 02912, USA
- Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, 02903, USA
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115, USA
- Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Portland, 04101, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, 87501, USA
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22
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Scarpino SV. Probing COVID's complexity in real time
Apollo's Arrow: The Profound and Enduring Impact of Coronavirus on the Way We Live
Nicholas A. Christakis Little, Brown, 2020. 384 pp. Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic is as much about society, leaders, and values as it is about a pathogen
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel V. Scarpino
- The reviewer is at the Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA, and the Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
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23
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Hébert-Dufresne L, Althouse BM, Scarpino SV, Allard A. Beyond R0: heterogeneity in secondary infections and probabilistic epidemic forecasting. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200393. [PMID: 33143594 PMCID: PMC7729039 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The basic reproductive number, R0, is one of the most common and most commonly misapplied numbers in public health. Often used to compare outbreaks and forecast pandemic risk, this single number belies the complexity that different epidemics can exhibit, even when they have the same R0. Here, we reformulate and extend a classic result from random network theory to forecast the size of an epidemic using estimates of the distribution of secondary infections, leveraging both its average R0 and the underlying heterogeneity. Importantly, epidemics with lower R0 can be larger if they spread more homogeneously (and are therefore more robust to stochastic fluctuations). We illustrate the potential of this approach using different real epidemics with known estimates for R0, heterogeneity and epidemic size in the absence of significant intervention. Further, we discuss the different ways in which this framework can be implemented in the data-scarce reality of emerging pathogens. Lastly, we demonstrate that without data on the heterogeneity in secondary infections for emerging infectious diseases like COVID-19 the uncertainty in outbreak size ranges dramatically. Taken together, our work highlights the critical need for contact tracing during emerging infectious disease outbreaks and the need to look beyond R0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Hébert-Dufresne
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Département de physique, de génie physique et d’optique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Benjamin M. Althouse
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, WA 98005, USA
- Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2840, USA
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Samuel V. Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- ISI Foundation, Turin 10126, Italy
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Antoine Allard
- Département de physique, de génie physique et d’optique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
- Centre interdisciplinaire en modélisation mathématique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
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24
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Althouse BM, Wenger EA, Miller JC, Scarpino SV, Allard A, Hébert-Dufresne L, Hu H. Superspreading events in the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2: Opportunities for interventions and control. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000897. [PMID: 33180773 PMCID: PMC7685463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease, has moved rapidly around the globe, infecting millions and killing hundreds of thousands. The basic reproduction number, which has been widely used-appropriately and less appropriately-to characterize the transmissibility of the virus, hides the fact that transmission is stochastic, often dominated by a small number of individuals, and heavily influenced by superspreading events (SSEs). The distinct transmission features of SARS-CoV-2, e.g., high stochasticity under low prevalence (as compared to other pathogens, such as influenza), and the central role played by SSEs on transmission dynamics cannot be overlooked. Many explosive SSEs have occurred in indoor settings, stoking the pandemic and shaping its spread, such as long-term care facilities, prisons, meat-packing plants, produce processing facilities, fish factories, cruise ships, family gatherings, parties, and nightclubs. These SSEs demonstrate the urgent need to understand routes of transmission, while posing an opportunity to effectively contain outbreaks with targeted interventions to eliminate SSEs. Here, we describe the different types of SSEs, how they influence transmission, empirical evidence for their role in the COVID-19 pandemic, and give recommendations for control of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Althouse
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Wenger
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joel C. Miller
- School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuel V. Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Marine & Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Antoine Allard
- Département de Physique, de Génie Physique et d’Optique, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Centre Interdisciplinaire en Modélisation Mathématique, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurent Hébert-Dufresne
- Département de Physique, de Génie Physique et d’Optique, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Hao Hu
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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25
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Althouse BM, Wallace B, Case B, Scarpino SV, Allard A, Berdahl AM, White ER, Hebert-Dufresné L. The unintended consequences of inconsistent pandemic control policies. medRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32869043 PMCID: PMC7457624 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.21.20179473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the spread of COVID-19 - even after a licensed vaccine is available - requires the effective use of non-pharmaceutical interventions, e.g., physical distancing, limits on group sizes, mask wearing, etc1–7. To date, such interventions have not been uniformly and/or systematically implemented across the United States of America (US)8. For example, even when under strict stay-at-home orders, numerous jurisdictions in the US granted exceptions and/or were in close proximity to locations with entirely different regulations in place. Here, we investigate the impact of such geographic inconsistencies in epidemic control policies by coupling high-resolution mobility, search, and COVID case data to a mathematical model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Our results show that while stay-at-home orders decrease contacts in most areas of the US, some specific activities and venues often see an increase in attendance. As an example, over the month of March 2020, between 10 and 30% of churches in the US saw increases in attendance; even as the total number of visits to churches declined nationally. This heterogeneity, where certain venues see substantial increases in attendance while others close, suggests that closure can cause individuals to find an open venue, even if that requires longer-distance travel. And, indeed, the average distance travelled to churches in the US rose by 13% over the same period, and over the summer, churches with more than 50 average weekly visitors saw an increase of 81% in distance visitors had to travel to attend. Strikingly, our mathematical model reveals that, across a broad range of model parameters, partial measures can often be worse than no measures at all. In the most severe cases, individuals not complying with policies by traveling to neighboring jurisdictions can create epidemics when the outbreak would otherwise have been contained. Indeed, using county-level COVID-19 data, we show that mobility from high-incidence to low-incidence associated with travel for venues like churches, parks, and gyms consistently precedes rising case numbers in the low-incidence counties. Taken together, our data analysis of nearly 120 million church visitors across 184,677 churches, 14 million grocery visitors across 7,662 grocery stores, 13.5 million gym visitors across 5,483 gyms, 7.7 million cases across 3,195 counties, and modeling results highlight the potential unintended consequences of inconsistent epidemic control policies and stress the importance of balancing the societal needs of a population with the risk of an outbreak growing into a large epidemic, and the urgent need for centralized implementation and enforcement of non-pharmaceutical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Althouse
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA.,University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105.,New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | - Brendan Wallace
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brendan Case
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.,Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Portland, ME, USA.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Antoine Allard
- Département de physique, de génie physique et d'optique, Université Laval, Québec (Québec), Canada G1V 0A6.,Centre interdisciplinaire en modélisation mathématique, Université Laval, Québec (Québec), Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Andrew M Berdahl
- School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Easton R White
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.,Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Laurent Hebert-Dufresné
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.,Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.,Département de physique, de génie physique et d'optique, Université Laval, Québec (Québec), Canada G1V 0A6
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Poletto
- Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Erik M Volz
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
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27
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Rader B, White LF, Burns MR, Chen J, Brilliant J, Cohen J, Shaman J, Brilliant L, Kraemer MU, Hawkins JB, Scarpino SV, Astley CM, Brownstein JS. Mask Wearing and Control of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in the United States. medRxiv 2020:2020.08.23.20078964. [PMID: 32869039 PMCID: PMC7457618 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.23.20078964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cloth face coverings and surgical masks have become commonplace across the United States in response to the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. While evidence suggests masks help curb the spread of respiratory pathogens, population level, empirical research remains limited. Face masks have quickly become a topic of public debate as government mandates have started requiring their use. Here we investigate the association between self-reported mask wearing, social distancing and community SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the United States, as well as the effect of statewide mandates on mask uptake. METHODS Serial cross-sectional surveys were administered June 3 through July 27, 2020 via a web platform. Surveys queried individuals' likelihood to wear a face mask to the grocery store or with family and friends. Responses (N = 378,207) were aggregated by week and state and combined with measures of the instantaneous reproductive number (R t ), social distancing proxies, respondent demographics and other potential sources of confounding. We fit multivariate logistic regression models to estimate the association between mask wearing and community transmission control (R t <1) for each state and week. Multiple sensitivity analyses were considered to corroborate findings across mask wearing definitions, R t estimators and data sources. Additionally, mask wearing in 12 states was evaluated two weeks before and after statewide mandates. RESULTS We find an increasing trend in mask usage across the U.S., although uptake varies by geography and demographic groups. A multivariate logistic model controlling for social distancing and other variables found a 10% increase in mask wearing was associated with a 3.53 (95% CI: 2.03, 6.43) odds of transmission control (R t <1). We also find that communities with high mask wearing and social distancing have the highest predicted probability of a controlled epidemic. These positive associations were maintained across sensitivity analyses. Following state mandates, mask wearing did not show significant statistical changes in uptake, however the positive trend of increased mask wearing over time was preserved. CONCLUSION Widespread utilization of face masks combined with social distancing increases the odds of SARS-CoV-2 transmission control. Mask wearing rose separately from government mask mandates, suggesting supplemental public health interventions are needed to maximize mask adoption and disrupt the spread of SARS-CoV-2, especially as social distancing measures are relaxed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Rader
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Laura F. White
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Michael R. Burns
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Shaman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | | | - Moritz U.G. Kraemer
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Jared B. Hawkins
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Samuel V. Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, USA
| | - Christina M. Astley
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - John S. Brownstein
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, USA
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28
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Ogbunugafor CB, Miller-Dickson MD, Meszaros VA, Gomez LM, Murillo AL, Scarpino SV. Variation in SARS-CoV-2 free-living survival and environmental transmission can modulate the intensity of emerging outbreaks. medRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32511513 PMCID: PMC7273281 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.04.20090092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Variation in free-living, microparasite survival can have a meaningful impact on the ecological dynamics of established and emerging infectious diseases. Nevertheless, resolving the importance of environmental transmission in the ecology of epidemics remains a persistent challenge, requires accurate measuring the free-living survival of pathogens across reservoirs of various kinds, and quantifying the extent to which interaction between hosts and reservoirs generates new infections. These questions are especially salient for emerging pathogens, where sparse and noisy data can obfuscate the relative contribution of different infection routes. In this study, we develop a mechanistic, mathematical model that permits both direct (host-to-host) and indirect (environmental) transmission and then fit this model to empirical data from 17 countries affected by an emerging virus (SARS-CoV-2). From an ecological perspective, our model highlights the potential for environmental transmission to drive complex, non-linear dynamics during infectious disease outbreaks. Summarizing, we propose that fitting such models with environmental transmission to real outbreak data from SARS-CoV-2 transmission highlights that variation in environmental transmission is an underappreciated aspect of the ecology of infectious disease, and an incomplete understanding of its role has consequences for public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brandon Ogbunugafor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University 06520.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University 02912.,Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University 02912
| | | | - Victor A Meszaros
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University 02912
| | - Lourdes M Gomez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University 06520.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University 02912
| | - Anarina L Murillo
- Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University 02912.,Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health 02903
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29
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Scarpino SV, Scott JG, Eggo RM, Clements B, Dimitrov NB, Meyers LA. Socioeconomic bias in influenza surveillance. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007941. [PMID: 32644990 PMCID: PMC7347107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals in low socioeconomic brackets are considered at-risk for developing influenza-related complications and often exhibit higher than average influenza-related hospitalization rates. This disparity has been attributed to various factors, including restricted access to preventative and therapeutic health care, limited sick leave, and household structure. Adequate influenza surveillance in these at-risk populations is a critical precursor to accurate risk assessments and effective intervention. However, the United States of America’s primary national influenza surveillance system (ILINet) monitors outpatient healthcare providers, which may be largely inaccessible to lower socioeconomic populations. Recent initiatives to incorporate Internet-source and hospital electronic medical records data into surveillance systems seek to improve the timeliness, coverage, and accuracy of outbreak detection and situational awareness. Here, we use a flexible statistical framework for integrating multiple surveillance data sources to evaluate the adequacy of traditional (ILINet) and next generation (BioSense 2.0 and Google Flu Trends) data for situational awareness of influenza across poverty levels. We find that ZIP Codes in the highest poverty quartile are a critical vulnerability for ILINet that the integration of next generation data fails to ameliorate. Public health agencies maintain increasingly sophisticated surveillance systems, which integrate diverse data streams within limited budgets. Here we develop a method to design robust and efficient forecasting systems for influenza hospitalizations. With these forecasting models, we find support for a key data gap namely that the USA’s public health surveillance data sets are much more representative of higher socioeconomic sub-populations and perform poorly for the most at-risk communities. Thus, our study highlights another related socioeconomic inequity—a reduced capability to monitor outbreaks in at-risk populations—which impedes effective public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel V. Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Marine & Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - James G. Scott
- Department of Statistics and Data Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rosalind M. Eggo
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Clements
- Pediatric Healthcare Connection, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nedialko B. Dimitrov
- Department of Operations Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lauren Ancel Meyers
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Oliver N, Lepri B, Sterly H, Lambiotte R, Deletaille S, De Nadai M, Letouzé E, Salah AA, Benjamins R, Cattuto C, Colizza V, de Cordes N, Fraiberger SP, Koebe T, Lehmann S, Murillo J, Pentland A, Pham PN, Pivetta F, Saramäki J, Scarpino SV, Tizzoni M, Verhulst S, Vinck P. Mobile phone data for informing public health actions across the COVID-19 pandemic life cycle. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eabc0764. [PMID: 32548274 PMCID: PMC7274807 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Oliver
- ELLIS, the European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems, Alicante, Spain
- DataPop Alliance, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruno Lepri
- DataPop Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Renaud Lambiotte
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Letouzé
- DataPop Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Open Algorithms (OPAL) collaborative project, New York, NY, USA
| | - Albert Ali Salah
- DataPop Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Ciro Cattuto
- University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Orange Group, Paris, France
| | - Vittoria Colizza
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Till Koebe
- DataPop Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Freie University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sune Lehmann
- Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Alex Pentland
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Phuong N Pham
- DataPop Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Vinck
- DataPop Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Corresponding author.
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31
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Kraemer MUG, Yang CH, Gutierrez B, Wu CH, Klein B, Pigott DM, du Plessis L, Faria NR, Li R, Hanage WP, Brownstein JS, Layan M, Vespignani A, Tian H, Dye C, Pybus OG, Scarpino SV. The effect of human mobility and control measures on the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Science 2020. [PMID: 32213647 DOI: 10.1126/science:abb4218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak expanded rapidly throughout China. Major behavioral, clinical, and state interventions were undertaken to mitigate the epidemic and prevent the persistence of the virus in human populations in China and worldwide. It remains unclear how these unprecedented interventions, including travel restrictions, affected COVID-19 spread in China. We used real-time mobility data from Wuhan and detailed case data including travel history to elucidate the role of case importation in transmission in cities across China and to ascertain the impact of control measures. Early on, the spatial distribution of COVID-19 cases in China was explained well by human mobility data. After the implementation of control measures, this correlation dropped and growth rates became negative in most locations, although shifts in the demographics of reported cases were still indicative of local chains of transmission outside of Wuhan. This study shows that the drastic control measures implemented in China substantially mitigated the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chia-Hung Yang
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernardo Gutierrez
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Chieh-Hsi Wu
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Brennan Klein
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Pigott
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Nuno R Faria
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruoran Li
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - John S Brownstein
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maylis Layan
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alessandro Vespignani
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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32
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Kraemer MUG, Yang CH, Gutierrez B, Wu CH, Klein B, Pigott DM, du Plessis L, Faria NR, Li R, Hanage WP, Brownstein JS, Layan M, Vespignani A, Tian H, Dye C, Pybus OG, Scarpino SV. The effect of human mobility and control measures on the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Science 2020; 368:493-497. [PMID: 32213647 PMCID: PMC7146642 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb4218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1381] [Impact Index Per Article: 345.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak expanded rapidly throughout China. Major behavioral, clinical, and state interventions were undertaken to mitigate the epidemic and prevent the persistence of the virus in human populations in China and worldwide. It remains unclear how these unprecedented interventions, including travel restrictions, affected COVID-19 spread in China. We used real-time mobility data from Wuhan and detailed case data including travel history to elucidate the role of case importation in transmission in cities across China and to ascertain the impact of control measures. Early on, the spatial distribution of COVID-19 cases in China was explained well by human mobility data. After the implementation of control measures, this correlation dropped and growth rates became negative in most locations, although shifts in the demographics of reported cases were still indicative of local chains of transmission outside of Wuhan. This study shows that the drastic control measures implemented in China substantially mitigated the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chia-Hung Yang
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernardo Gutierrez
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Chieh-Hsi Wu
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Brennan Klein
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Pigott
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Nuno R Faria
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruoran Li
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - John S Brownstein
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maylis Layan
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alessandro Vespignani
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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33
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Kraemer MUG, Yang CH, Gutierrez B, Wu CH, Klein B, Pigott DM, du Plessis L, Faria NR, Li R, Hanage WP, Brownstein JS, Layan M, Vespignani A, Tian H, Dye C, Pybus OG, Scarpino SV. The effect of human mobility and control measures on the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Science 2020; 368:493-497. [PMID: 32213647 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3714914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak expanded rapidly throughout China. Major behavioral, clinical, and state interventions were undertaken to mitigate the epidemic and prevent the persistence of the virus in human populations in China and worldwide. It remains unclear how these unprecedented interventions, including travel restrictions, affected COVID-19 spread in China. We used real-time mobility data from Wuhan and detailed case data including travel history to elucidate the role of case importation in transmission in cities across China and to ascertain the impact of control measures. Early on, the spatial distribution of COVID-19 cases in China was explained well by human mobility data. After the implementation of control measures, this correlation dropped and growth rates became negative in most locations, although shifts in the demographics of reported cases were still indicative of local chains of transmission outside of Wuhan. This study shows that the drastic control measures implemented in China substantially mitigated the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chia-Hung Yang
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernardo Gutierrez
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Chieh-Hsi Wu
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Brennan Klein
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Pigott
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Nuno R Faria
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruoran Li
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - John S Brownstein
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maylis Layan
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alessandro Vespignani
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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34
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Hébert-Dufresne L, Scarpino SV, Young JG. Macroscopic patterns of interacting contagions are indistinguishable from social reinforcement. Nat Phys 2020; 16:426-431. [PMID: 34221104 PMCID: PMC8247125 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-020-0791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
From fake news to innovative technologies, many contagions spread as complex contagions via a process of social reinforcement, where multiple exposures are distinct from prolonged exposure to a single source.1 Contrarily, biological agents such as Ebola or measles are typically thought to spread as simple contagions.2 Here, we demonstrate that these different spreading mechanisms can have indistinguishable population-level dynamics once multiple contagions interact. In the social context, our results highlight the challenge of identifying and quantifying spreading mechanisms, such as social reinforcement,3 in a world where an innumerable amount of ideas, memes and behaviors interact. In the biological context, this parallel allows the use of complex contagions to effectively quantify the non-trivial interactions of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Hébert-Dufresne
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Département de physique, de génie physique et d'optique, Université Laval, Québec (Québec), Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Marine & Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Dharma Platform, Washington, DC 20005, USA
- ISI Foundation, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Jean-Gabriel Young
- Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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35
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Xu B, Gutierrez B, Mekaru S, Sewalk K, Goodwin L, Loskill A, Cohn EL, Hswen Y, Hill SC, Cobo MM, Zarebski AE, Li S, Wu CH, Hulland E, Morgan JD, Wang L, O'Brien K, Scarpino SV, Brownstein JS, Pybus OG, Pigott DM, Kraemer MUG. Epidemiological data from the COVID-19 outbreak, real-time case information. Sci Data 2020. [PMID: 32210236 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0448-0ss] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cases of a novel coronavirus were first reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in December 2019 and have since spread across the world. Epidemiological studies have indicated human-to-human transmission in China and elsewhere. To aid the analysis and tracking of the COVID-19 epidemic we collected and curated individual-level data from national, provincial, and municipal health reports, as well as additional information from online reports. All data are geo-coded and, where available, include symptoms, key dates (date of onset, admission, and confirmation), and travel history. The generation of detailed, real-time, and robust data for emerging disease outbreaks is important and can help to generate robust evidence that will support and inform public health decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bernardo Gutierrez
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sumiko Mekaru
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
- Booz Allen Hamilton, Westborough Massachusetts, United States
| | - Kara Sewalk
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Lauren Goodwin
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Alyssa Loskill
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - Emily L Cohn
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Yulin Hswen
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Sarah C Hill
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria M Cobo
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sabrina Li
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chieh-Hsi Wu
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Hulland
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Julia D Morgan
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Lin Wang
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katelynn O'Brien
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, United States
| | - John S Brownstein
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David M Pigott
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.
| | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.
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36
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Xu B, Gutierrez B, Mekaru S, Sewalk K, Goodwin L, Loskill A, Cohn EL, Hswen Y, Hill SC, Cobo MM, Zarebski AE, Li S, Wu CH, Hulland E, Morgan JD, Wang L, O'Brien K, Scarpino SV, Brownstein JS, Pybus OG, Pigott DM, Kraemer MUG. Epidemiological data from the COVID-19 outbreak, real-time case information. Sci Data 2020; 7:106. [PMID: 32210236 PMCID: PMC7093412 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of a novel coronavirus were first reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in December 2019 and have since spread across the world. Epidemiological studies have indicated human-to-human transmission in China and elsewhere. To aid the analysis and tracking of the COVID-19 epidemic we collected and curated individual-level data from national, provincial, and municipal health reports, as well as additional information from online reports. All data are geo-coded and, where available, include symptoms, key dates (date of onset, admission, and confirmation), and travel history. The generation of detailed, real-time, and robust data for emerging disease outbreaks is important and can help to generate robust evidence that will support and inform public health decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bernardo Gutierrez
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sumiko Mekaru
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
- Booz Allen Hamilton, Westborough Massachusetts, United States
| | - Kara Sewalk
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Lauren Goodwin
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Alyssa Loskill
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - Emily L Cohn
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Yulin Hswen
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Sarah C Hill
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria M Cobo
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sabrina Li
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chieh-Hsi Wu
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Hulland
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Julia D Morgan
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Lin Wang
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katelynn O'Brien
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, United States
| | - John S Brownstein
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David M Pigott
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.
| | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.
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37
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Buckee CO, Balsari S, Chan J, Crosas M, Dominici F, Gasser U, Grad YH, Grenfell B, Halloran ME, Kraemer MUG, Lipsitch M, Metcalf CJE, Meyers LA, Perkins TA, Santillana M, Scarpino SV, Viboud C, Wesolowski A, Schroeder A. Aggregated mobility data could help fight COVID-19. Science 2020; 368:145-146. [PMID: 32205458 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb8021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline O Buckee
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
| | - Satchit Balsari
- Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer Chan
- Emergency Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611.,NetHope, Inc., Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Mercè Crosas
- Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Francesca Dominici
- Harvard Data Science Initiative, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Urs Gasser
- Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society, Harvard University Harvard Law School, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yonatan H Grad
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | | | - M Elizabeth Halloran
- Center for Inference and Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK.,Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | | | | | - T Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Mauricio Santillana
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cecile Viboud
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy Wesolowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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38
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Kraemer MU, Yang CH, Gutierrez B, Wu CH, Klein B, Pigott DM, du Plessis L, Faria NR, Li R, Hanage WP, Brownstein JS, Layan M, Vespignani A, Tian H, Dye C, Cauchemez S, Pybus OG, Scarpino SV. The effect of human mobility and control measures on the COVID-19 epidemic in China. medRxiv 2020:2020.03.02.20026708. [PMID: 32511452 PMCID: PMC7239080 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.02.20026708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 outbreak has expanded rapidly throughout China. Major behavioral, clinical, and state interventions are underway currently to mitigate the epidemic and prevent the persistence of the virus in human populations in China and worldwide. It remains unclear how these unprecedented interventions, including travel restrictions, have affected COVID-19 spread in China. We use real-time mobility data from Wuhan and detailed case data including travel history to elucidate the role of case importation on transmission in cities across China and ascertain the impact of control measures. Early on, the spatial distribution of COVID-19 cases in China was well explained by human mobility data. Following the implementation of control measures, this correlation dropped and growth rates became negative in most locations, although shifts in the demographics of reported cases are still indicative of local chains of transmission outside Wuhan. This study shows that the drastic control measures implemented in China have substantially mitigated the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz U.G. Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, United States
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Chia-Hung Yang
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, United States
| | - Bernardo Gutierrez
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Chieh-Hsi Wu
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Brennan Klein
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, United States
| | - David M. Pigott
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | | | | | - Nuno R. Faria
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruoran Li
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | | | - John S. Brownstein
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, United States
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Maylis Layan
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Simon Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Samuel V. Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, United States
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39
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Finette BA, McLaughlin M, Scarpino SV, Canning J, Grunauer M, Teran E, Bahamonde M, Quizhpe E, Shah R, Swedberg E, Rahman KA, Khondker H, Chakma I, Muhoza D, Seck A, Kabore A, Nibitanga S, Heath B. Development and Initial Validation of a Frontline Health Worker mHealth Assessment Platform (MEDSINC ®) for Children 2-60 Months of Age. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:1556-1565. [PMID: 30994099 PMCID: PMC6553915 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 3 million children younger than 5 years living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) die each year from treatable clinical conditions such as pneumonia, dehydration secondary to diarrhea, and malaria. A majority of these deaths could be prevented with early clinical assessments and appropriate therapeutic intervention. In this study, we describe the development and initial validation testing of a mobile health (mHealth) platform, MEDSINC®, designed for frontline health workers (FLWs) to perform clinical risk assessments of children aged 2–60 months. MEDSINC is a web browser–based clinical severity assessment, triage, treatment, and follow-up recommendation platform developed with physician-based Bayesian pattern recognition logic. Initial validation, usability, and acceptability testing were performed on 861 children aged between 2 and 60 months by 49 FLWs in Burkina Faso, Ecuador, and Bangladesh. MEDSINC-based clinical assessments by FLWs were independently and blindly correlated with clinical assessments by 22 local health-care professionals (LHPs). Results demonstrate that clinical assessments by FLWs using MEDSINC had a specificity correlation between 84% and 99% to LHPs, except for two outlier assessments (63% and 75%) at one study site, in which local survey prevalence data indicated that MEDSINC outperformed LHPs. In addition, MEDSINC triage recommendation distributions were highly correlated with those of LHPs, whereas usability and feasibility responses from LHP/FLW were collectively positive for ease of use, learning, and job performance. These results indicate that the MEDSINC platform could significantly increase pediatric health-care capacity in LMICs by improving FLWs’ ability to accurately assess health status and triage of children, facilitating early life-saving therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry A Finette
- THINKMD, Inc., Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Robert Larner College of Medicine, Vermont Children's Hospital, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edy Quizhpe
- University of San Francisco de Quito- Ecuador Ministry of Health-Affiliate, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Rashed Shah
- Save the Children - US, Fairfield, Connecticut
| | | | | | | | - Ituki Chakma
- Save the Children - International Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Awa Seck
- UNICEF-Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Barry Heath
- THINKMD, Inc., Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Robert Larner College of Medicine, Vermont Children's Hospital, Burlington, Vermont
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Vespignani A, Tian H, Dye C, Lloyd-Smith JO, Eggo RM, Shrestha M, Scarpino SV, Gutierrez B, Kraemer MUG, Wu J, Leung K, Leung GM. Modelling COVID-19. Nat Rev Phys 2020; 2:279-281. [PMID: 33728401 PMCID: PMC7201389 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-020-0178-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, mathematical epidemiologists share their views on what models reveal about how the disease has spread, the current state of play and what work still needs to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vespignani
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
- ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | | | - James O. Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Rosalind M. Eggo
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Munik Shrestha
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Bernardo Gutierrez
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Moritz U. G. Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA USA
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Joseph Wu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kathy Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gabriel M. Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Finette BA, McLaughlin M, Scarpino SV, Canning J, Grunauer M, Teran E, Bahamonde M, Quizhpe E, Shah R, Swedberg E, Rahman KA, Khondker H, Chakma I, Muhoza D, Seck A, Kabore A, Nibitanga S, Heath B. Authors' Response. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 101:949-950. [PMID: 32519660 PMCID: PMC6779201 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0411b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Barry A Finette
- University of Vermont Robert Larner College of Medicine and University of Vermont Children's HospitalBurlington, VermontTHINKMD, Inc.Burlington, Vermont
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edy Quizhpe
- University of San Francisco de Quito-Ecuador Ministry of Health-AffiliateQuito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | | | - Ituki Chakma
- Save the Children-International BangladeshDhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Awa Seck
- UNICEF-Burkina FasoOuagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Barry Heath
- University of Vermont Robert Larner College of Medicine and University of Vermont Children's HospitalBurlington, VermontTHINKMD, Inc.Burlington, Vermont
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Abstract
Infectious disease outbreaks recapitulate biology: they emerge from the multi-level interaction of hosts, pathogens, and environment. Therefore, outbreak forecasting requires an integrative approach to modeling. While specific components of outbreaks are predictable, it remains unclear whether fundamental limits to outbreak prediction exist. Here, adopting permutation entropy as a model independent measure of predictability, we study the predictability of a diverse collection of outbreaks and identify a fundamental entropy barrier for disease time series forecasting. However, this barrier is often beyond the time scale of single outbreaks, implying prediction is likely to succeed. We show that forecast horizons vary by disease and that both shifting model structures and social network heterogeneity are likely mechanisms for differences in predictability. Our results highlight the importance of embracing dynamic modeling approaches, suggest challenges for performing model selection across long time series, and may relate more broadly to the predictability of complex adaptive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel V Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Marine & Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Dharma Platform, Washington, DC, 20005, USA.
- ISI Foundation, 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Petri
- ISI Foundation, 10126, Turin, Italy.
- ISI Global Science Foundation, New York, NY, 10018, USA.
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Poghosyan H, Scarpino SV. Food insecure cancer survivors continue to smoke after their diagnosis despite not having enough to eat: implications for policy and clinical interventions. Cancer Causes Control 2019; 30:241-248. [PMID: 30729359 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-019-01137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This cross-sectional study examined whether food insecurity among cancer survivors is associated with smoking status and quit attempt. METHODS Data from the 2015 behavioral risk factor surveillance system, social context module on 6,481 adult cancer survivors, were used in this study. Outcome variables were smoking status and quit attempt. Key independent variable was food insecurity. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using weighted multivariable logistic regression models while controlling for individual-level demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics. RESULTS About 19.0% of cancer survivors were current smokers, out of whom 60.4% made attempt to quit smoking in the past 12 months, and 26.2% reported experiencing food insecurity in the past 12 months. Food insecurity was significantly associated with smoking status and quit attempt after controlling for individual-level characteristics. The odds of being a current smoker, [AOR 1.45 (95% CI 1.10-2.02)], and making quit attempt, [AOR 1.74 (95% CI 1.10, 2.83)], were higher for food insecure cancer survivors compared to food secure cancer survivors. CONCLUSIONS Food insecurity, in addition to smoking, may hinder the progress of care and treatment, requiring the development of new policies for routine food insecurity screening among cancer survivors. Efforts should be focused on identifying food insecure cancer survivors, targeting their smoking behavior, and offering them appropriate nutritional and smoking cessation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermine Poghosyan
- School of Nursing, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 106 J Robinson Hall, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, 177 Huntington Ave, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Baltrusaitis K, Brownstein JS, Scarpino SV, Bakota E, Crawley AW, Conidi G, Gunn J, Gray J, Zink A, Santillana M. Comparison of crowd-sourced, electronic health records based, and traditional health-care based influenza-tracking systems at multiple spatial resolutions in the United States of America. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:403. [PMID: 30111305 PMCID: PMC6094455 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza causes an estimated 3000 to 50,000 deaths per year in the United States of America (US). Timely and representative data can help local, state, and national public health officials monitor and respond to outbreaks of seasonal influenza. Data from cloud-based electronic health records (EHR) and crowd-sourced influenza surveillance systems have the potential to provide complementary, near real-time estimates of influenza activity. The objectives of this paper are to compare two novel influenza-tracking systems with three traditional healthcare-based influenza surveillance systems at four spatial resolutions: national, regional, state, and city, and to determine the minimum number of participants in these systems required to produce influenza activity estimates that resemble the historical trends recorded by traditional surveillance systems. METHODS We compared influenza activity estimates from five influenza surveillance systems: 1) patient visits for influenza-like illness (ILI) from the US Outpatient ILI Surveillance Network (ILINet), 2) virologic data from World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating and National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS) Laboratories, 3) Emergency Department (ED) syndromic surveillance from Boston, Massachusetts, 4) patient visits for ILI from EHR, and 5) reports of ILI from the crowd-sourced system, Flu Near You (FNY), by calculating correlations between these systems across four influenza seasons, 2012-16, at four different spatial resolutions in the US. For the crowd-sourced system, we also used a bootstrapping statistical approach to estimate the minimum number of reports necessary to produce a meaningful signal at a given spatial resolution. RESULTS In general, as the spatial resolution increased, correlation values between all influenza surveillance systems decreased. Influenza-like Illness rates in geographic areas with more than 250 crowd-sourced participants or with more than 20,000 visit counts for EHR tracked government-lead estimates of influenza activity. CONCLUSIONS With a sufficient number of reports, data from novel influenza surveillance systems can complement traditional healthcare-based systems at multiple spatial resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Baltrusaitis
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue 3rd Floor, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - John S. Brownstein
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Samuel V. Scarpino
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Vermont, Vermont, USA
| | - Eric Bakota
- City of Houston Health Department, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | | | | | - Julia Gunn
- Boston Public Health Commission, Boston, MA USA
| | - Josh Gray
- athenaResearch at athenahealth, Watertown, MA USA
| | - Anna Zink
- athenaResearch at athenahealth, Watertown, MA USA
| | - Mauricio Santillana
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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Meyers L, Ginocchio CC, Faucett AN, Nolte FS, Gesteland PH, Leber A, Janowiak D, Donovan V, Dien Bard J, Spitzer S, Stellrecht KA, Salimnia H, Selvarangan R, Juretschko S, Daly JA, Wallentine JC, Lindsey K, Moore F, Reed SL, Aguero-Rosenfeld M, Fey PD, Storch GA, Melnick SJ, Robinson CC, Meredith JF, Cook CV, Nelson RK, Jones JD, Scarpino SV, Althouse BM, Ririe KM, Malin BA, Poritz MA. Automated Real-Time Collection of Pathogen-Specific Diagnostic Data: Syndromic Infectious Disease Epidemiology. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2018; 4:e59. [PMID: 29980501 PMCID: PMC6054708 DOI: 10.2196/publichealth.9876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health care and public health professionals rely on accurate, real-time monitoring of infectious diseases for outbreak preparedness and response. Early detection of outbreaks is improved by systems that are comprehensive and specific with respect to the pathogen but are rapid in reporting the data. It has proven difficult to implement these requirements on a large scale while maintaining patient privacy. Objective The aim of this study was to demonstrate the automated export, aggregation, and analysis of infectious disease diagnostic test results from clinical laboratories across the United States in a manner that protects patient confidentiality. We hypothesized that such a system could aid in monitoring the seasonal occurrence of respiratory pathogens and may have advantages with regard to scope and ease of reporting compared with existing surveillance systems. Methods We describe a system, BioFire Syndromic Trends, for rapid disease reporting that is syndrome-based but pathogen-specific. Deidentified patient test results from the BioFire FilmArray multiplex molecular diagnostic system are sent directly to a cloud database. Summaries of these data are displayed in near real time on the Syndromic Trends public website. We studied this dataset for the prevalence, seasonality, and coinfections of the 20 respiratory pathogens detected in over 362,000 patient samples acquired as a standard-of-care testing over the last 4 years from 20 clinical laboratories in the United States. Results The majority of pathogens show influenza-like seasonality, rhinovirus has fall and spring peaks, and adenovirus and the bacterial pathogens show constant detection over the year. The dataset can also be considered in an ecological framework; the viruses and bacteria detected by this test are parasites of a host (the human patient). Interestingly, the rate of pathogen codetections, on average 7.94% (28,741/362,101), matches predictions based on the relative abundance of organisms present. Conclusions Syndromic Trends preserves patient privacy by removing or obfuscating patient identifiers while still collecting much useful information about the bacterial and viral pathogens that they harbor. Test results are uploaded to the database within a few hours of completion compared with delays of up to 10 days for other diagnostic-based reporting systems. This work shows that the barriers to establishing epidemiology systems are no longer scientific and technical but rather administrative, involving questions of patient privacy and data ownership. We have demonstrated here that these barriers can be overcome. This first look at the resulting data stream suggests that Syndromic Trends will be able to provide high-resolution analysis of circulating respiratory pathogens and may aid in the detection of new outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine C Ginocchio
- BioFire Diagnostics, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,bioMérieux USA, Durham, NC, United States.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | | | - Frederick S Nolte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Per H Gesteland
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Amy Leber
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunoserology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Diane Janowiak
- Department of Lab Operations, South Bend Medical Foundation, South Bend, IN, United States
| | - Virginia Donovan
- Department of Pathology, New York University Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer Dien Bard
- Clinical Microbiology and Virology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Silvia Spitzer
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Kathleen A Stellrecht
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Hossein Salimnia
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Rangaraj Selvarangan
- Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Molecular Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Stefan Juretschko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease Diagnostics, Northwell Health, Lake Success, NY, United States
| | - Judy A Daly
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jeremy C Wallentine
- Department of Pathology, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, United States
| | - Kristy Lindsey
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, United States
| | - Franklin Moore
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, United States
| | - Sharon L Reed
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Divisions of Clinical Pathology and Infectious Diseases, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Maria Aguero-Rosenfeld
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Paul D Fey
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Gregory A Storch
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Steve J Melnick
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Christine C Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology/Virology Laboratory Section, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer F Meredith
- Department of Laboratory Services, Microbiology Section, Greenville Health System, Greenville, SC, United States
| | | | | | - Jay D Jones
- BioFire Diagnostics, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | | | - Benjamin M Althouse
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | | | - Bradley A Malin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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Abstract
As public health agencies struggle to track and contain emerging arbovirus threats, timely and efficient surveillance is more critical than ever. Using historical dengue data from Puerto Rico, we developed methods for streamlining and designing novel arbovirus surveillance systems with or without historical disease data.
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Allard A, Althouse BM, Hébert-Dufresne L, Scarpino SV. The risk of sustained sexual transmission of Zika is underestimated. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006633. [PMID: 28934370 PMCID: PMC5626499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens often follow more than one transmission route during outbreaks-from needle sharing plus sexual transmission of HIV to small droplet aerosol plus fomite transmission of influenza. Thus, controlling an infectious disease outbreak often requires characterizing the risk associated with multiple mechanisms of transmission. For example, during the Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, weighing the relative importance of funeral versus health care worker transmission was essential to stopping disease spread. As a result, strategic policy decisions regarding interventions must rely on accurately characterizing risks associated with multiple transmission routes. The ongoing Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak challenges our conventional methodologies for translating case-counts into route-specific transmission risk. Critically, most approaches will fail to accurately estimate the risk of sustained sexual transmission of a pathogen that is primarily vectored by a mosquito-such as the risk of sustained sexual transmission of ZIKV. By computationally investigating a novel mathematical approach for multi-route pathogens, our results suggest that previous epidemic threshold estimates could under-estimate the risk of sustained sexual transmission by at least an order of magnitude. This result, coupled with emerging clinical, epidemiological, and experimental evidence for an increased risk of sexual transmission, would strongly support recent calls to classify ZIKV as a sexually transmitted infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Allard
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, Edifici C, Campus Bellaterra, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamin M. Althouse
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Laurent Hébert-Dufresne
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
- University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Samuel V. Scarpino
- Northeastern University, Boston, Massasschusetts, United States of America
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Des Marais DL, Guerrero RF, Lasky JR, Scarpino SV. Topological features of a gene co-expression network predict patterns of natural diversity in environmental response. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20170914. [PMID: 28615505 PMCID: PMC5474086 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular interactions affect the evolution of complex traits. For instance, adaptation may be constrained by pleiotropic or epistatic effects, both of which can be reflected in the structure of molecular interaction networks. To date, empirical studies investigating the role of molecular interactions in phenotypic evolution have been idiosyncratic, offering no clear patterns. Here, we investigated the network topology of genes putatively involved in local adaptation to two abiotic stressors-drought and cold-in Arabidopsis thaliana Our findings suggest that the gene-interaction topologies for both cold and drought stress response are non-random, with genes that show genetic variation in drought expression response (eGxE) being significantly more peripheral and cold response genes being significantly more central than genes which do not show GxE. We suggest that the observed topologies reflect different constraints on the genetic pathways involved in environmental response. The approach presented here may inform predictive models linking genetic variation in molecular signalling networks with phenotypic variation, specifically traits involved in environmental response.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Des Marais
- Arnold Arboretum and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 1300 Centre Street, Boston, MA 20131, USA
| | - Rafael F Guerrero
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall 142, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jesse R Lasky
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 408 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics and Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, 210 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
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50
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Abstract
Dated phylogenies rarely include the divergence times of sister intraspecific taxa, and when they do little is said about this subject. We show that over 90% of the intraspecific plant taxa found in a literature search are estimated to be 5 million yr old or younger, with only 4% of taxa estimated to be over 10 million yr old or older. A Bayesian analysis of intraspecific taxon ages indicates that indeed these taxa are expected to be < 10 million yr old. This result for the young age of intraspecific taxa is consistent with the earlier observation that post-pollination reproductive barriers develop between 5 and 10 million yr after lineage splitting, thus leading to species formation. If lineages have not graduated to the species level of divergence by 10 million yr or so, they are likely to have gone extinct by that time as a result of narrow geographical distributions, narrow niche breadths, and relatively small numbers across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Levin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78713, USA
| | - Samuel V Scarpino
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
- Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
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