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Robertson SA, Sidge JL, Koski L, Hardy MC, Stevenson L, Signs K, Stobierski MG, Bidol S, Donovan D, Soehnlen M, Jones K, Robeson S, Hambley A, Stefanovsky L, Brandenburg J, Hise K, Tolar B, Nichols MC, Basler C. Onsite investigation at a mail-order hatchery following a multistate Salmonella illness outbreak linked to live poultry-United States, 2018. Poult Sci 2019; 98:6964-6972. [PMID: 31579916 PMCID: PMC6870551 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), health departments, and other state and federal partners have linked contact with live poultry to 70 human Salmonella outbreaks in the United States from 2000 to 2017, which resulted in a total of 4,794 illnesses, 894 hospitalizations, and 7 deaths. During human salmonellosis outbreaks environmental sampling is rarely conducted as part of the outbreak investigation. CDC was contacted by state health officials on June 12, 2018, to provide support during an investigation of risk factors for Salmonella infections linked to live poultry originating at a mail-order hatchery. From January 1, 2018, to June 15, 2018, 13 human Salmonella infections in multiple states were attributed to exposure to live poultry from a single hatchery. Two serotypes of Salmonella were associated with these infections, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Litchfield. Molecular subtyping of the S. Enteritidis clinical isolates revealed they were closely related genetically (within 0 to 9 alleles) by core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) to isolates obtained from environmental samples taken from hatchery shipping containers received at retail outlets. Environmental sampling and onsite investigation of practices was conducted at the mail-order hatchery during an investigation on June 19, 2018. A total of 45 environmental samples were collected, and 4 (9%) grew Salmonella. A chick box liner from a box in the pre-shipping area yielded an isolate closely related to the S. Enteritidis outbreak strain (within 1 to 9 alleles by cgMLST). The onsite investigation revealed lapses in biosecurity, sanitation, quality assurance, and education of consumers. Review of Salmonella serotype testing performed by the hatchery revealed that the number of samples and type of samples collected monthly varied. Also, S. Enteritidis was identified at the hatchery every year since testing began in 2016. Recommendations to the hatchery for biosecurity, testing, and sanitation measures were made to help reduce burden of Salmonella in the hatchery and breeding flocks, thereby reducing the occurrence of human illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Robertson
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta GA, 30333, United States
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Jennifer L Sidge
- Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Lia Koski
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Margaret C Hardy
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
- Laboratory Leadership Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Lauren Stevenson
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Kimberly Signs
- Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Mary Grace Stobierski
- Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Sally Bidol
- Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Danielle Donovan
- Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Marty Soehnlen
- Bureau of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Kelly Jones
- Bureau of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Sheri Robeson
- Bureau of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Adeline Hambley
- Ottawa County Department of Public Health, Holland, MI 49424, United States
| | - Lisa Stefanovsky
- Ottawa County Department of Public Health, Holland, MI 49424, United States
| | - Joshua Brandenburg
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Kelley Hise
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Beth Tolar
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Megin C Nichols
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Colin Basler
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
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Cadmus KJ, Mete A, Harris M, Anderson D, Davison S, Sato Y, Helm J, Boger L, Odani J, Ficken MD, Pabilonia KL. Causes of mortality in backyard poultry in eight states in the United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:318-326. [PMID: 31084344 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719848718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of common diseases of backyard poultry flocks is important to providing poultry health information to flock owners, veterinarians, and animal health officials. We collected autopsy reports over a 3-y period (2015-2017) from diagnostic laboratories in 8 states in the United States; 2,509 reports were collected, involving autopsies of 2,687 birds. The primary cause of mortality was categorized as infectious, noninfectious, neoplasia or lymphoproliferative disease, or undetermined. Neoplasia or lymphoproliferative disease was the most common primary diagnosis and involved 42% of the total birds autopsied; 63% of these cases were diagnosed as Marek's disease or leukosis/sarcoma. Bacterial, parasitic, and viral organisms were commonly detected, involving 42%, 28%, and 7% of the birds autopsied, respectively, with 2 or more organisms detected in 69% of birds. Our findings demonstrate the importance of educating flock owners about disease prevention and biosecurity practices. The detection of zoonotic bacteria including paratyphoid salmonellae, Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium avium, and the detection of lead and other heavy metals, indicate public health risks to flock owners and consumers of backyard flock egg and meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyran J Cadmus
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Aslı Mete
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Macallister Harris
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Doug Anderson
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Sherrill Davison
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Yuko Sato
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Julie Helm
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Lore Boger
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Jenee Odani
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Martin D Ficken
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Kristy L Pabilonia
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
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