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Bogdani M, Speake C, Dufort MJ, Johnson PY, Larmore MJ, Day AJ, Wight TN, Lernmark Å, Greenbaum CJ. Hyaluronan deposition in islets may precede and direct the location of islet immune-cell infiltrates. Diabetologia 2020; 63:549-560. [PMID: 31907557 PMCID: PMC7002022 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-05066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Substantial deposition of the extracellular matrix component hyaluronan (HA) is characteristic of insulitis in overt type 1 diabetes. We investigated whether HA accumulation is detectable in islets early in disease pathogenesis and how this affects the development of insulitis and beta cell mass. METHODS Pancreas tissue from 15 non-diabetic organ donors who were positive for islet autoantibodies (aAbs) and from 14 similarly aged aAb- control donors were examined for the amount of islet HA staining and the presence of insulitis. The kinetics of HA deposition in islets, along with the onset and progression of insulitis and changes in beta cell mass, were investigated in BioBreeding DRLyp/Lyp rats (a model of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes) from 40 days of age until diabetes onset. RESULTS Abundant islet HA deposits were observed in pancreas tissues from n = 3 single- and n = 4 double-aAb+ donors (aAb+HAhigh). In these seven tissues, the HA-stained areas in islets measured 1000 ± 240 μm2 (mean ± SEM) and were fourfold larger than those from aAb- control tissues. The aAb+HAhigh tissues also had a greater prevalence of islets that were highly rich in HA (21% of the islets in these tissues contained the largest HA-stained areas [>2000 μm2] vs less than 1% in tissues from aAb- control donors). The amount of HA staining in islets was associated with the number of aAbs (i.e. single- or double-aAb positivity) but not with HLA genotype or changes in beta cell mass. Among the seven aAb+HAhigh tissues, three from single- and one from double-aAb+ donors did not show any islet immune-cell infiltrates, indicating that HA accumulates in aAb+ donors independently of insulitis. The three aAb+HAhigh tissues that exhibited insulitis had the largest HA-stained areas and, in these tissues, islet-infiltrating immune cells co-localised with the most prominent HA deposits (i.e. with HA-stained areas >2000 μm2). Accumulation of HA in islets was evident prior to insulitis in 7-8-week-old presymptomatic DRLyp/Lyp rats, in which the islet HA-stained area measured 2370 ± 170 μm2 (mean ± SEM), which was threefold larger than in 6-week-old rats. This initial islet HA deposition was not concurrent with beta cell loss. Insulitis was first detected in 9-10-week-old rats, in which the HA-stained areas were 4980 ± 500 μm2. At this age, the rats also exhibited a 44% reduction in beta cell mass. Further enlargement of the HA-positive areas (mean ± SEM: 7220 ± 880 μm2) was associated with invasive insulitis. HA deposits remained abundant in the islets of rats with destructive insulitis, which had lost 85% of their beta cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This study indicates that HA deposition in islets occurs early in type 1 diabetes and prior to insulitis, and points to a potential role of HA in triggering islet immune-cell infiltration and the promotion of insulitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Bogdani
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Research Program and Clinical Research Center, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mathew J Dufort
- Bioinformatics Department, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pamela Y Johnson
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Megan J Larmore
- Histology and Imaging Core, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Diabetes Research Program and Clinical Research Center, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
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2
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Imam S, Prathibha R, Dar P, Almotah K, Al-Khudhair A, Hasan SAM, Salim N, Jilani TN, Mirmira RG, Jaume JC. eIF5A inhibition influences T cell dynamics in the pancreatic microenvironment of the humanized mouse model of Type 1 Diabetes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1533. [PMID: 30733517 PMCID: PMC6367423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a transgenic mouse model of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) in which human GAD65 is expressed in pancreatic β-cells, and human MHC-II is expressed on antigen presenting cells. Induced GAD65 antigen presentation activates T-cells, which initiates the downstream events leading to diabetes. In our humanized mice, we have shown downregulation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 A (elF5A), expressed only in actively dividing mammalian cells. In-vivo inhibition of elF5A hypusination by deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) inhibitor "GC7" was studied; DHS inhibitor alters the pathophysiology in our mouse model by catalyzing the crucial hypusination and the rate-limiting step of elF5A activation. In our mouse model, we have shown that inhibition of eIF5A resets the pro-inflammatory bias in the pancreatic microenvironment. There was: (a) reduction of Th1/Th17 response, (b) an increase in Treg numbers, (c) debase in IL17 and IL21 cytokines levels in serum, (d) lowering of anti-GAD65 antibodies, and (e) ablation of the ER stress that improved functionality of the β-cells, but minimal effect on the cytotoxic CD8 T-cell (CTL) mediated response. Conclusively, immune modulation, in the case of T1D, may help to manipulate inflammatory responses, decreasing disease severity, and may help manage T1D in early stages of disease. Our study also demonstrates that without manipulating the CTLs mediated response extensively, it is difficult to treat T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz Imam
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research (CeDER), Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | - R Prathibha
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research (CeDER), Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Pervaiz Dar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research (CeDER), Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Shuhama, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Khalil Almotah
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research (CeDER), Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ahmed Al-Khudhair
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research (CeDER), Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Syed Abdul-Moiz Hasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research (CeDER), Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Nancy Salim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research (CeDER), Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Talha Naser Jilani
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research (CeDER), Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Jaume
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research (CeDER), Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
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3
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Balke EM, Balti EV, Van der Auwera B, Weets I, Costa O, Demeester S, Abrams P, Casteels K, Coeckelberghs M, Tenoutasse S, Keymeulen B, Pipeleers DG, Gorus FK. Accelerated Progression to Type 1 Diabetes in the Presence of HLA-A*24 and -B*18 Is Restricted to Multiple Islet Autoantibody-Positive Individuals With Distinct HLA-DQ and Autoantibody Risk Profiles. Diabetes Care 2018; 41:1076-1083. [PMID: 29545461 DOI: 10.2337/dc17-2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of HLA class I risk alleles on disease progression in various phases of subclinical islet autoimmunity in first-degree relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A registry-based group of siblings/offspring (aged 0-39 years) was monitored from single- to multiple-autoantibody positivity (n = 267) and from multiple-autoantibody positivity to clinical onset (n = 252) according to HLA-DQ, -A*24, -B*18, and -B*39 status. Genetic markers were determined by PCR sequence-specific oligotyping. RESULTS Unlike HLA-B*18 or -B*39, HLA-A*24 was associated with delayed progression from single- to multiple-autoantibody positivity (P = 0.009) but not to type 1 diabetes. This occurred independently from older age (P < 0.001) and absence of HLA-DQ2/DQ8 or -DQ8 (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively), and only in the presence of GAD autoantibodies. In contrast, HLA-A*24 was associated with accelerated progression from multiple-autoantibody positivity to clinical onset (P = 0.006), but its effects were restricted to HLA-DQ8+ relatives with IA-2 or zinc transporter 8 autoantibodies (P = 0.002). HLA-B*18, but not -B*39, was also associated with more rapid progression, but only in HLA-DQ2 carriers with double positivity for GAD and insulin autoantibodies (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS HLA-A*24 predisposes to a delayed antigen spreading of humoral autoimmunity, whereas HLA-A*24 and -B*18 are associated with accelerated progression of advanced subclinical autoimmunity in distinct risk groups. The relation of these alleles to the underlying disease process requires further investigation. Their typing should be relevant for the preparation and interpretation of observational and interventional studies in asymptomatic type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else M Balke
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric V Balti
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Ilse Weets
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Costa
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simke Demeester
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascale Abrams
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, GasthuisZusters Antwerpen Campus Sint Augustinus en Sint Vincentius, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristina Casteels
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marina Coeckelberghs
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Diabetology, Paola Kinderziekenhuis, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Tenoutasse
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Diabetology Clinic, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Keymeulen
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Diabetology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Frans K Gorus
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Gorus FK, Balti EV, Messaaoui A, Demeester S, Van Dalem A, Costa O, Dorchy H, Mathieu C, Van Gaal L, Keymeulen B, Pipeleers DG, Weets I. Twenty-Year Progression Rate to Clinical Onset According to Autoantibody Profile, Age, and HLA-DQ Genotype in a Registry-Based Group of Children and Adults With a First-Degree Relative With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:1065-1072. [PMID: 28701370 DOI: 10.2337/dc16-2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether islet autoantibody profile, HLA-DQ genotype, and age influenced a 20-year progression to diabetes from first autoantibody positivity (autoAb+) in first-degree relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Persistently islet autoAb+ siblings and offspring (n = 462) under 40 years of age were followed by the Belgian Diabetes Registry. AutoAbs against insulin (IAA), GAD (GADA), IA-2 antigen (IA-2A), and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) were determined by radiobinding assay. RESULTS The 20-year progression rate of multiple-autoAb+ relatives (n = 194) was higher than that for single-autoAb+ participants (n = 268) (88% vs. 54%; P < 0.001). Relatives positive for IAA and GADA (n = 54) progressed more slowly than double-autoAb+ individuals carrying IA-2A and/or ZnT8A (n = 38; P = 0.001). In multiple-autoAb+ relatives, Cox regression analysis identified the presence of IA-2A or ZnT8A as the only independent predictors of more rapid progression to diabetes (P < 0.001); in single-autoAb+ relatives, it identified younger age (P < 0.001), HLA-DQ2/DQ8 genotype (P < 0.001), and IAA (P = 0.028) as independent predictors of seroconversion to multiple positivity for autoAbs. In time-dependent Cox regression, younger age (P = 0.042), HLA-DQ2/DQ8 genotype (P = 0.009), and the development of additional autoAbs (P = 0.012) were associated with more rapid progression to diabetes. CONCLUSIONS In single-autoAb+ relatives, the time to multiple-autoAb positivity increases with age and the absence of IAA and HLA-DQ2/DQ8 genotype. The majority of multiple-autoAb+ individuals progress to diabetes within 20 years; this occurs more rapidly in the presence of IA-2A or ZnT8A, regardless of age, HLA-DQ genotype, and number of autoAbs. These data may help to refine the risk stratification of presymptomatic type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans K Gorus
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric V Balti
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anissa Messaaoui
- Department of Diabetology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simke Demeester
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annelien Van Dalem
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Costa
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Dorchy
- Department of Diabetology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Gaal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart Keymeulen
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Diabetology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Ilse Weets
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium .,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Van Dalem A, Demeester S, Balti EV, Keymeulen B, Gillard P, Lapauw B, De Block C, Abrams P, Weber E, Vermeulen I, De Pauw P, Pipeleers D, Weets I, Gorus FK. Prediction of Impending Type 1 Diabetes through Automated Dual-Label Measurement of Proinsulin:C-Peptide Ratio. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166702. [PMID: 27907006 PMCID: PMC5131964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hyperglycemic clamp test, the gold standard of beta cell function, predicts impending type 1 diabetes in islet autoantibody-positive individuals, but the latter may benefit from less invasive function tests such as the proinsulin:C-peptide ratio (PI:C). The present study aims to optimize precision of PI:C measurements by automating a dual-label trefoil-type time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TT-TRFIA), and to compare its diagnostic performance for predicting type 1 diabetes with that of clamp-derived C-peptide release. METHODS Between-day imprecision (n = 20) and split-sample analysis (n = 95) were used to compare TT-TRFIA (AutoDelfia, Perkin-Elmer) with separate methods for proinsulin (in-house TRFIA) and C-peptide (Elecsys, Roche). High-risk multiple autoantibody-positive first-degree relatives (n = 49; age 5-39) were tested for fasting PI:C, HOMA2-IR and hyperglycemic clamp and followed for 20-57 months (interquartile range). RESULTS TT-TRFIA values for proinsulin, C-peptide and PI:C correlated significantly (r2 = 0.96-0.99; P<0.001) with results obtained with separate methods. TT-TRFIA achieved better between-day %CV for PI:C at three different levels (4.5-7.1 vs 6.7-9.5 for separate methods). In high-risk relatives fasting PI:C was significantly and inversely correlated (rs = -0.596; P<0.001) with first-phase C-peptide release during clamp (also with second phase release, only available for age 12-39 years; n = 31), but only after normalization for HOMA2-IR. In ROC- and Cox regression analysis, HOMA2-IR-corrected PI:C predicted 2-year progression to diabetes equally well as clamp-derived C-peptide release. CONCLUSIONS The reproducibility of PI:C benefits from the automated simultaneous determination of both hormones. HOMA2-IR-corrected PI:C may serve as a minimally invasive alternative to the more tedious hyperglycemic clamp test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelien Van Dalem
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University—VUB, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Radio-immunology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simke Demeester
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University—VUB, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Radio-immunology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric V. Balti
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University—VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Keymeulen
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University—VUB, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Diabetology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter Gillard
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University—VUB, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bruno Lapauw
- Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe De Block
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Pascale Abrams
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, GZA Campus Sint Augustinus en Sint Vincentius, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eric Weber
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Clinique du Sud Luxembourg et Clinique Saint Joseph, Arlon, Belgium
| | - Ilse Vermeulen
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University—VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter De Pauw
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University—VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniël Pipeleers
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University—VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Weets
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University—VUB, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Radio-immunology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frans K. Gorus
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University—VUB, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Radio-immunology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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6
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[Insulitis in type 1 diabetes]. DER PATHOLOGE 2016; 37:245-52. [PMID: 27126249 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-016-0166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Insulitis is considered to be the key morphological lesion of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) for which the diagnostic criteria were recently defined. From the immunophenotype of the lymphocytic infiltration, its frequency and extent during the course of T1DM and the presence of autoantibodies against beta cell proteins, it has been deduced that T1DM is a chronic autoimmune disease leading to gradual destruction of the insulin-producing cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, profound insulin deficiency and chronic hyperglycemia. This review article presents the morphological findings that support this hypothesis and addresses questions that need to be answered in order to further clarify the pathogenesis and to develop specific treatment options.
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7
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Van Dalem A, Demeester S, Balti EV, Decochez K, Weets I, Vandemeulebroucke E, Van de Velde U, Walgraeve A, Seret N, De Block C, Ruige J, Gillard P, Keymeulen B, Pipeleers DG, Gorus FK. Relationship between glycaemic variability and hyperglycaemic clamp-derived functional variables in (impending) type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2753-64. [PMID: 26409458 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We examined whether measures of glycaemic variability (GV), assessed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), can complement or replace measures of beta cell function and insulin action in detecting the progression of preclinical disease to type 1 diabetes. METHODS Twenty-two autoantibody-positive (autoAb(+)) first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with type 1 diabetes who were themselves at high 5-year risk (50%) for type 1 diabetes underwent CGM, a hyperglycaemic clamp test and OGTT, and were followed for up to 31 months. Clamp variables were used to estimate beta cell function (first-phase [AUC5-10 min] and second-phase [AUC120-150 min] C-peptide release) combined with insulin resistance (glucose disposal rate; M 120-150 min). Age-matched healthy volunteers (n = 20) and individuals with recent-onset type 1 diabetes (n = 9) served as control groups. RESULTS In autoAb(+) FDRs, M 120-150 min below the 10th percentile (P10) of controls achieved 86% diagnostic efficiency in discriminating between normoglycaemic FDRs and individuals with (impending) dysglycaemia. M 120-150 min outperformed AUC5-10 min and AUC120-150 min C-peptide below P10 of controls, which were only 59-68% effective. Among GV variables, CGM above the reference range was better at detecting (impending) dysglycaemia than elevated SMBG (77-82% vs 73% efficiency). Combined CGM measures were equally efficient as M 120-150 min (86%). Daytime GV variables were inversely correlated with clamp variables, and more strongly with M 120-150 min than with AUC5-10 min or AUC120-150 min C-peptide. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION CGM-derived GV and the glucose disposal rate, reflecting both insulin secretion and action, outperformed SMBG and first- or second-phase AUC C-peptide in identifying FDRs with (impending) dysglycaemia or diabetes. Our results indicate the feasibility of developing minimally invasive CGM-based criteria for close metabolic monitoring and as outcome measures in trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelien Van Dalem
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simke Demeester
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric V Balti
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katelijn Decochez
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Weets
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Radio-immunology, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Evy Vandemeulebroucke
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ursule Van de Velde
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Diabetology, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - An Walgraeve
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Christophe De Block
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johannes Ruige
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Gillard
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Keymeulen
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Diabetology, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel G Pipeleers
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frans K Gorus
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Radio-immunology, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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Rodriguez-Calvo T, Suwandi JS, Amirian N, Zapardiel-Gonzalo J, Anquetil F, Sabouri S, von Herrath MG. Heterogeneity and Lobularity of Pancreatic Pathology in Type 1 Diabetes during the Prediabetic Phase. J Histochem Cytochem 2015. [PMID: 26216138 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415576543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which insulin-producing beta cells are destroyed in the islets of Langerhans. One of its main pathological manifestations is the hyper-expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex I (MHC-I) by beta cells, which was first described over 3 decades ago yet its cause remains unknown. It might not only be a sign of beta cell dysfunction but could also render the cells susceptible to autoimmune destruction; for example, by islet-infiltrating CD8 T cells. In this report, we studied pancreas tissue from a 22-year-old non-diabetic male cadaveric organ donor who had been at high risk of developing T1D, in which autoantibodies against GAD and IA-2 were detected. Pancreas sections were analyzed for signs of inflammation. Multiple insulin-containing islets were identified, which hyper-expressed MHC-I. However, islet density and MHC-I expression exhibited a highly lobular and heterogeneous pattern even within the same section. In addition, many islets with high expression of MHC-I presented higher levels of CD8 T cell infiltration than normal islets. These results demonstrate the heterogeneity of human pathology that occurs early during the pre-diabetic, autoantibody positive phase, and should contribute to the understanding of human T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rodriguez-Calvo
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California (TRC, JSS, NA, JZG, FA, SS, MGVH)
| | - Jessica S Suwandi
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California (TRC, JSS, NA, JZG, FA, SS, MGVH),Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands (JSS)
| | - Natalie Amirian
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California (TRC, JSS, NA, JZG, FA, SS, MGVH)
| | - Jose Zapardiel-Gonzalo
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California (TRC, JSS, NA, JZG, FA, SS, MGVH)
| | - Florence Anquetil
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California (TRC, JSS, NA, JZG, FA, SS, MGVH)
| | - Somayeh Sabouri
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California (TRC, JSS, NA, JZG, FA, SS, MGVH)
| | - Matthias G von Herrath
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California (TRC, JSS, NA, JZG, FA, SS, MGVH),Novo Nordisk Diabetes Research & Development Center, Seattle, Washington (MGVH)
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9
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Fisher MM, Watkins RA, Blum J, Evans-Molina C, Chalasani N, DiMeglio LA, Mather KJ, Tersey SA, Mirmira RG. Elevations in Circulating Methylated and Unmethylated Preproinsulin DNA in New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2015; 64. [PMID: 26216854 PMCID: PMC4613977 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Elevated ratios of circulating unmethylated to methylated preproinsulin (INS) DNA have been suggested to reflect β-cell death in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We tested the hypothesis that absolute levels (rather than ratios) of unmethylated and methylated INS DNA differ between subjects with new-onset T1D and control subjects and assessed longitudinal changes in these parameters. We used droplet digital PCR to measure levels of unmethylated and methylated INS DNA in serum from subjects at T1D onset and at 8 weeks and 1 year post-onset. Compared with control subjects, levels of both unmethylated and methylated INS DNA were elevated at T1D onset. At 8 weeks post-onset, methylated INS DNA remained elevated, but unmethylated INS DNA fell. At 1 year postonset, both unmethylated and methylated INS DNA returned to control levels. Subjects with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and autoimmune hepatitis exhibited lower levels of unmethylated and methylated INS compared with subjects with T1D at onset and no differences compared with control subjects. Our study shows that elevations in both unmethylated and methylated INS DNA occurs in new-onset T1D and that levels of these DNA species change during T1D evolution. Our work emphasizes the need to consider absolute levels of differentially methylated DNA species as potential biomarkers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa M Fisher
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Renecia A Watkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Janice Blum
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Naga Chalasani
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Linda A DiMeglio
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Kieren J Mather
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sarah A Tersey
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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10
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Expression profiling pre-diabetic mice to uncover drugs with clinical application to type 1 diabetes. Clin Transl Immunology 2015; 4:e41. [PMID: 26366287 PMCID: PMC4558439 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2015.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D), genetically identical mice in the same environment develop diabetes at different rates. Similar heterogeneity in the rate of progression to T1D exists in humans, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we aimed to discover peripheral blood (PB) genes in NOD mice predicting insulitis severity and rate of progression to diabetes. We then wished to use these genes to mine existing databases to identify drugs effective in diabetes. In a longitudinal study, we analyzed gene expression in PB samples from NOD.CD45.2 mice at 10 weeks of age, then scored pancreatic insulitis at 14 weeks or determined age of diabetes onset. In a multilinear regression model, Tnf and Tgfb mRNA expression in PB predicted insulitis score (R2=0.56, P=0.01). Expression of these genes did not predict age of diabetes onset. However, by expression-profiling PB genes in 10-week-old NOD.CD45.2 mice, we found a signature of upregulated genes that predicted delayed or no diabetes. Major associated pathways included chromatin organization, cellular protein location and regulation of nitrogen compounds and RNA. In a clinical cohort, three of these genes were differentially expressed between first-degree relatives, T1D patients and controls. Bioinformatic analysis of differentially expressed genes in NOD.CD45.2 PB identified drugs that are predicted to delay or prevent diabetes. Of these drugs, 11 overlapped with drugs predicted to induce a human ‘non-progressor' expression profile. These data demonstrate that disease heterogeneity in diabetes-prone mice can be exploited to mine novel clinical T1D biomarkers and drug targets.
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11
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Rekers NV, von Herrath MG, Wesley JD. Immunotherapies and immune biomarkers in Type 1 diabetes: A partnership for success. Clin Immunol 2015; 161:37-43. [PMID: 26122172 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The standard of care (SoC) for Type 1 diabetes (T1D) today is much the same as it was in the early 1920s, simply with more insulin options-fast-acting, slow-acting, injectable, and inhalable insulins. However, these well-tolerated treatments only manage the symptoms and complications, but do nothing to halt the underlying immune response. There is an unmet need for better treatment options for T1D that address all aspects of the disease. For decades, we have successfully treated T1D in preclinical animal models with immune-modifying therapies that have not demonstrated comparable efficacy in humans. The path to bringing such options to the clinic will depend on the implementation and standard inclusion of biomarkers of immune and therapeutic efficacy in T1D clinical trials, and dictate if we can create a new SoC that treats the underlying autoimmunity as well as the symptoms it causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels V Rekers
- Type 1 Diabetes R&D Center, Novo Nordisk Inc., Seattle, WA, USA; Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Johnna D Wesley
- Type 1 Diabetes R&D Center, Novo Nordisk Inc., Seattle, WA, USA.
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12
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Demeester S, Keymeulen B, Kaufman L, Van Dalem A, Balti EV, Van de Velde U, Goubert P, Verhaeghen K, Davidson HW, Wenzlau JM, Weets I, Pipeleers DG, Gorus FK. Preexisting insulin autoantibodies predict efficacy of otelixizumab in preserving residual β-cell function in recent-onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:644-51. [PMID: 25583753 PMCID: PMC4370324 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune intervention trials in recent-onset type 1 diabetes would benefit from biomarkers associated with good therapeutic response. In the previously reported randomized placebo-controlled anti-CD3 study (otelixizumab; GlaxoSmithKline), we tested the hypothesis that specific diabetes autoantibodies might serve this purpose. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In the included patients (n = 40 otelixizumab, n = 40 placebo), β-cell function was assessed as area under the curve (AUC) C-peptide release during a hyperglycemic glucose clamp at baseline (median duration of insulin treatment: 6 days) and every 6 months until 18 months after randomization. (Auto)antibodies against insulin (I[A]A), GAD (GADA), IA-2 (IA-2A), and ZnT8 (ZnT8A) were determined on stored sera by liquid-phase radiobinding assay. RESULTS At baseline, only better preserved AUC C-peptide release and higher levels of IAA were associated with better preservation of β-cell function and lower insulin needs under anti-CD3 treatment. In multivariate analysis, IAA (P = 0.022) or the interaction of IAA and C-peptide (P = 0.013) independently predicted outcome together with treatment. During follow-up, good responders to anti-CD3 treatment (i.e., IAA(+) participants with relatively preserved β-cell function [≥ 25% of healthy control subjects]) experienced a less pronounced insulin-induced rise in I(A)A and lower insulin needs. GADA, IA-2A, and ZnT8A levels were not influenced by anti-CD3 treatment, and their changes showed no relation to functional outcome. CONCLUSIONS There is important specificity of IAA among other diabetes autoantibodies to predict good therapeutic response of recent-onset type 1 diabetic patients to anti-CD3 treatment. If confirmed, future immune intervention trials in type 1 diabetes should consider both relatively preserved functional β-cell mass and presence of IAA as inclusion criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simke Demeester
- Diabetes Research Center and University Hospital Brussels (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Keymeulen
- Diabetes Research Center and University Hospital Brussels (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leonard Kaufman
- Diabetes Research Center and University Hospital Brussels (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annelien Van Dalem
- Diabetes Research Center and University Hospital Brussels (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric V Balti
- Diabetes Research Center and University Hospital Brussels (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ursule Van de Velde
- Diabetes Research Center and University Hospital Brussels (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Goubert
- Diabetes Research Center and University Hospital Brussels (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katrijn Verhaeghen
- Diabetes Research Center and University Hospital Brussels (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Howard W Davidson
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Janet M Wenzlau
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Ilse Weets
- Diabetes Research Center and University Hospital Brussels (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel G Pipeleers
- Diabetes Research Center and University Hospital Brussels (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frans K Gorus
- Diabetes Research Center and University Hospital Brussels (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Engman C, Wen Y, Meng WS, Bottino R, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. Generation of antigen-specific Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells in vivo following administration of diabetes-reversing tolerogenic microspheres does not require provision of antigen in the formulation. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:103-23. [PMID: 25773782 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have developed novel antisense oligonucleotide-formulated microspheres that can reverse hyperglycemia in newly-onset diabetic mice. Dendritic cells taking up the microspheres adopt a restrained co-stimulation ability and migrate to the pancreatic lymph nodes when injected into an abdominal region that is drained by those lymph nodes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the absolute numbers of antigen-specific Foxp3+ T regulatory cells are increased only in the lymph nodes draining the site of administration and that these T-cells proliferate independently of antigen supply in the microspheres. Taken together, our data add to the emerging model where antigen supply may not be a requirement in "vaccines" for autoimmune disease, but the site of administration - subserved by lymph nodes draining the target organ - is in fact critical to foster the generation of antigen-specific regulatory cells. The implications of these observations on "vaccine" design for autoimmunity are discussed and summarized.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B7-1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-2 Antigen/genetics
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- CD11c Antigen/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/analysis
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Hyperglycemia/therapy
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Macaca fascicularis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microspheres
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Pancreas/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Engman
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
| | - Yi Wen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Mellon 413, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Mellon 413, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Rita Bottino
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
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14
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Balti EV, Vandemeulebroucke E, Weets I, Van De Velde U, Van Dalem A, Demeester S, Verhaeghen K, Gillard P, De Block C, Ruige J, Keymeulen B, Pipeleers DG, Decochez K, Gorus FK. Hyperglycemic clamp and oral glucose tolerance test for 3-year prediction of clinical onset in persistently autoantibody-positive offspring and siblings of type 1 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:551-60. [PMID: 25405499 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE In preparation of future prevention trials, we aimed to identify predictors of 3-year diabetes onset among oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)- and hyperglycemic clamp-derived metabolic markers in persistently islet autoantibody positive (autoAb(+)) offspring and siblings of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). DESIGN The design is a registry-based study. SETTING Functional tests were performed in a hospital setting. PARTICIPANTS Persistently autoAb(+) first-degree relatives of patients with T1D (n = 81; age 5-39 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We assessed 3-year predictive ability of OGTT- and clamp-derived markers using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and Cox regression analysis. Area under the curve of clamp-derived first-phase C-peptide release (AUC(5-10 min); min 5-10) was determined in all relatives and second-phase release (AUC(120-150 min); min 120-150) in those aged 12-39 years (n = 62). RESULTS Overall, the predictive ability of AUC(5-10 min) was better than that of peak C-peptide, the best predictor among OGTT-derived parameters (ROC-AUC [95%CI]: 0.89 [0.80-0.98] vs 0.81 [0.70-0.93]). Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and AUC(5-10 min) provided the best combination of markers for prediction of diabetes within 3 years; (ROC-AUC [95%CI]: 0.92 [0.84-1.00]). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, AUC(5-10 min)) (P = .001) was the strongest independent predictor and interacted significantly with all tested OGTT-derived parameters. AUC(5-10 min) below percentile 10 of controls was associated with 50-70% progression to T1D regardless of age. Similar results were obtained for AUC(120-150 min). CONCLUSIONS Clamp-derived first-phase C-peptide release can be used as an efficient and simple screening strategy in persistently autoAb(+) offspring and siblings of T1D patients to predict impending diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric V Balti
- Diabetes Research Center (E.V.B., E.V., I.W., A.V., S.D., P.G., B.K., D.G.P., K.D., F.K.G.), Brussels Free University-VUB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Radio-Immunology (E.V.B., I.W., A.V., S.D., K.V., F.K.G.), University Hospital Brussels-UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Diabetes Clinic (E.V., U.V., B.K., K.D.), University Hospital Brussels-UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (P.G.), University of Leuven-KUL and University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology (C.D.), Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium; and Department of Endocrinology (J.R.), University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Translational implications of the β-cell epigenome in diabetes mellitus. Transl Res 2015; 165:91-101. [PMID: 24686035 PMCID: PMC4162854 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of glucose homeostasis that affects more than 24 million Americans and 382 million individuals worldwide. Dysregulated insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cells plays a central role in the pathophysiology of all forms of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, an enhanced understanding of the pathways that contribute to β-cell failure is imperative. Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in DNA transcription that occur in the absence of changes to the linear DNA nucleotide sequence. Recent evidence suggests an expanding role of the β-cell epigenome in the regulation of metabolic health. The goal of this review is to discuss maladaptive changes in β-cell DNA methylation patterns and chromatin architecture, and their contribution to diabetes pathophysiology. Efforts to modulate the β-cell epigenome as a means to prevent, diagnose, and treat diabetes are also discussed.
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16
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In't Veld P. Insulitis in human type 1 diabetes: a comparison between patients and animal models. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:569-79. [PMID: 25005747 PMCID: PMC4186970 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human type 1 diabetes (T1D) is considered to be an autoimmune disease, with CD8+ T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity being directed against the insulin-producing beta cells, leading to a gradual decrease in beta cell mass and the development of chronic hyperglycemia. The histopathologically defining lesion in recent-onset T1D patients is insulitis, a relatively subtle leucocytic infiltration present in approximately 10 % of the islets of Langerhans from children with recent-onset (<1 year) disease. Due to the transient nature of the infiltrate, its heterogeneous distribution in the pancreas and the nature of the patient population, material for research is extremely rare and limited to a cumulative total of approximately 150 cases collected over the past century. Most studies on the etiopathogenesis of T1D have therefore focused on the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model, which shares many genetic and immunological disease characteristics with human T1D, although its islet histopathology is remarkably different. In view of these differences and in view of the limited success of clinical immune interventions based on observations in the NOD mouse, there is a renewed focus on studying the pathogenetic process in patient material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter In't Veld
- Department of Pathology, Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium,
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