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Lin C, Chen J, Lee P, Tung H, Cheng C, Kao H, Wu Y, Pang M, Chuang T. Lipid profile changes after direct acting antiviral treatment in different genotypes of chronic hepatitis C virus‐infected patients. ADVANCES IN DIGESTIVE MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aid2.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐Heng Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine Chi Mei Medical Center Liouying Tainan Taiwan
| | - Jyh‐Jou Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine Chi Mei Medical Center Liouying Tainan Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Lun Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine Chi Mei Medical Center Liouying Tainan Taiwan
| | - Hung‐Da Tung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine Chi Mei Medical Center Liouying Tainan Taiwan
| | - Chun‐Ta Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine Chi Mei Medical Center Liouying Tainan Taiwan
| | - Hsu‐Ju Kao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine Chi Mei Medical Center Liouying Tainan Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Hsun Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine Chi Mei Medical Center Liouying Tainan Taiwan
| | - Mai‐Gio Pang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine Chi Mei Medical Center Liouying Tainan Taiwan
| | - Tang‐Wei Chuang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine Chi Mei Medical Center Liouying Tainan Taiwan
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Cui W, Cui S, Chen C, Chen X, Wang Z, Yang H, Zhang L. The crystal structure of main protease from mouse hepatitis virus A59 in complex with an inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:794-799. [PMID: 30833083 PMCID: PMC7185540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mouse hepatitis virus A59 (MHV-A59) is a representative member of the genus betacoronavirus within the subfamily Coronavirinae, which infects the liver, brain and respiratory tract. Through different inoculation routes, MHV-A59 can provide animal models for encephalitis, hepatitis and pneumonia to explore viral life machinery and virus-host interactions. In viral replication, non-structural protein 5 (Nsp5), also termed main protease (Mpro), plays a dominant role in processing coronavirus-encoded polyproteins and is thus recognized as an ideal target of anti-coronavirus agents. However, no structure of the MHV-A59 Mpro has been reported, and molecular exploration of the catalysis mechanism remains hindered. Here, we solved the crystal structure of the MHV-A59 Mpro complexed with a Michael acceptor-based inhibitor, N3. Structural analysis revealed that the Cβ of the vinyl group of N3 covalently bound to C145 of the catalytic dyad of Mpro, which irreversibly inactivated cysteine protease activity. The lactam ring of the P1 side chain and the isobutyl group of the P2 side chain, which mimic the conserved residues at the same positions of the substrate, fit well into the S1 and S2 pockets. Through a comparative study with Mpro of other coronaviruses, we observed that the substrate-recognition pocket and enzyme inhibitory mechanism is highly conservative. Altogether, our study provided structural features of MHV-A59 Mpro and indicated that a Michael acceptor inhibitor is an ideal scaffold for antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shanshan Cui
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xia Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zefang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China,Corresponding author. School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Haitao Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Corresponding author. School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Li S, Gao D, Jiang Y. Function, Detection and Alteration of Acylcarnitine Metabolism in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Metabolites 2019; 9:E36. [PMID: 30795537 PMCID: PMC6410233 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acylcarnitines play an essential role in regulating the balance of intracellular sugar and lipid metabolism. They serve as carriers to transport activated long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for β-oxidation as a major source of energy for cell activities. The liver is the most important organ for endogenous carnitine synthesis and metabolism. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a primary malignancy of the live with poor prognosis, may strongly influence the level of acylcarnitines. In this paper, the function, detection and alteration of acylcarnitine metabolism in HCC were briefly reviewed. An overview was provided to introduce the metabolic roles of acylcarnitines involved in fatty acid β-oxidation. Then different analytical platforms and methodologies were also briefly summarised. The relationship between HCC and acylcarnitine metabolism was described. Many of the studies reported that short, medium and long-chain acylcarnitines were altered in HCC patients. These findings presented current evidence in support of acylcarnitines as new candidate biomarkers for studies on the pathogenesis and development of HCC. Finally we discussed the challenges and perspectives of exploiting acylcarnitine metabolism and its related metabolic pathways as a target for HCC diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumour Drugs, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Dan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumour Drugs, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Key Laboratory of Metabolomics at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Shimizu K, Soroida Y, Sato M, Hikita H, Kobayashi T, Endo M, Sato M, Gotoh H, Iwai T, Tateishi R, Koike K, Yatomi Y, Ikeda H. Eradication of hepatitis C virus is associated with the attenuation of steatosis as evaluated using a controlled attenuation parameter. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7845. [PMID: 29777191 PMCID: PMC5959884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26293-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was shown to cause hepatic steatosis or suppression of serum lipid levels. However, little is known about the changes in hepatic steatosis following HCV eradication. We aimed to evaluate this issue using the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), which was recently shown to provide a standardized non-invasive measure of hepatic steatosis. We enrolled 70 patients with chronic HCV infections and steatosis (CAP of over 248 dB/m) who had achieved a sustained viral response at 12 weeks after discontinuation of antiviral treatment using direct-acting antivirals (DAA). We then evaluated the state of hepatic steatosis before and after HCV eradication. We also investigated the changes in serum parameters such as cholesterol and glucose levels. The median value of CAP level decreased significantly after HCV eradication from 273 dB/m to 265 dB/m (P = 0.034). Also, LDL and HDL cholesterol levels increased significantly after HCV eradication (P = 0.002 and P = 0.027, respectively). In conclusion, a decrease in hepatic steatosis after HCV eradication with DAA was revealed in chronic hepatitis C patients with significant steatosis. Cancellation of the viral effect is a possible underlying cause of hepatic steatosis improvement and increase in HDL and LDL cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Shimizu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Soroida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Sato
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Hikita
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamaki Kobayashi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoe Endo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamiko Sato
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Gotoh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Iwai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tateishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Inoue T, Goto T, Iio E, Matsunami K, Fujiwara K, Shinkai N, Matsuura K, Matsui T, Nojiri S, Tanaka Y. Changes in serum lipid profiles caused by three regimens of interferon-free direct-acting antivirals for patients infected with hepatitis C virus. Hepatol Res 2018; 48:E203-E212. [PMID: 28834042 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) increases during treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) with interferon-free direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). We sought to compare the changes of serum lipid profiles caused by three regimens. METHODS A total of 216 CHC patients were enrolled. Among 170 patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1b, 85 received daclatasvir plus asunaprevir (DCV/ASV) and 85 received sofosbuvir plus ledipasvir (SOF/LDV). Forty-six infected with HCV genotype 2 received sofosbuvir plus ribavirin (SOF/RBV). Serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride were measured at baseline and 4, 8, 12 (for all regimens), and 24 weeks (for DCV/ASV) during treatment (4w, 8w, 12w, and 24w, respectively) and 12 and 24 weeks after treatment (p12w and p24w, respectively). RESULTS In 69 (81.2%) patients who received DCV/ASV and achieved a sustained virologic response at 24 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR24), TC and LDL-C increased significantly from baseline to p24w. In 84 (98.8%) treated with SOF/LDV who achieved SVR24, TC and LDL-C increased significantly from baseline to 8w, and TC decreased significantly from 8w to p12w. The 45 (97.8%) who received SOF/RBV and achieved SVR24 showed no significant changes. At 12w, TC and LDL-C increased to a greater degree in patients receiving SOF/LDV than in those receiving DCV/ASV or SOF/RBV. CONCLUSION During treatment with DAAs, the serum lipid profile may reflect not only recovery from the disruption of lipid metabolism induced by HCV, but also the pharmacological effects of DAAs. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the effect of DAAs on serum lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Inoue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takaaki Goto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Etsuko Iio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kayoko Matsunami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kei Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noboru Shinkai
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsuura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsui
- Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nojiri
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Endo D, Satoh K, Shimada N, Hokari A, Aizawa Y. Impact of interferon-free antivirus therapy on lipid profiles in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1b. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:2355-2364. [PMID: 28428715 PMCID: PMC5385402 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i13.2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the influence of interferon-free antivirus therapy on lipid profiles in chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1b (HCV1b) infection. METHODS Interferon-free antiviral agents were used to treat 276 patients with chronic HCV1b infection, and changes in serum lipids of those who achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) were examined. The treatment regimen included 24 wk of daclatasvir plus asunaprevir (DCV + ASV) or 12 wk of sofosbuvir plus ledipasvir (SOF + LDV). SVR was achieved in 121 (85.8%) of 141 patients treated with DCV + ASV and 132 (97.8%) of 135 patients treated with SOF + LDV. In the two patient groups (DCV + ASV-SVR and SOF + LDV-SVR), serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides were measured at baseline during treatment and at 4 and 12 wk after treatment. Then, longitudinal changes in lipid profiles were analyzed. RESULTS Serum levels of TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C were significantly increased throughout the observation period in both the DCV + ASV-SVR and SOF + LDV-SVR groups. During antivirus treatment, the increases in TC and LDL-C were significantly greater in the SOF + LDV-SVR group than in the DCV + ASV-SVR group (P < 0.001). At 4 and 12 wk after the therapy, serum levels of TC and LDL-C were similar between the two groups and were significantly greater than those at baseline. Approximately 75%-80% of the increase in TC was derived from an increased LDL-C. In multiple regression analysis, the difference in therapy protocol (DCA + ASV or SOF + LDV) was an independent predictor that was significantly associated with the increase in TC and LDL-C at 4 wk of therapy. CONCLUSION Serum cholesterol significantly increased during SOF + LDV treatment. After treatment, HCV elimination was associated with a similar increase in cholesterol regardless of the therapy protocol.
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Bandiera S, Billie Bian C, Hoshida Y, Baumert TF, Zeisel MB. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection and pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 20:99-105. [PMID: 27741441 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the major causes of advanced liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. While the knowledge about the molecular virology of HCV infection has markedly advanced, the molecular mechanisms of disease progression leading to fibrosis, cirrhosis and HCC are still unclear. Accumulating experimental and clinical studies indicate that HCV may drive hepatocarcinogenesis directly via its proteins or transcripts, and/or indirectly through induction of chronic liver inflammation. Despite the possibility to eradicate HCV infection through direct-acting antiviral treatment, the risk of HCC persists although specific biomarkers to estimate this risk are still missing. Thus, a better understanding of HCV-induced HCC and more physiological liver disease models are required to prevent cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Bandiera
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Billie Bian
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle hépato-digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Mirjam B Zeisel
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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Kinoshita C, Nagano T, Seki N, Tomita Y, Sugita T, Aida Y, Itagaki M, Satoh K, Sutoh S, Abe H, Tsubota A, Aizawa Y. Hepatitis C virus G1b infection decreases the number of small low-density lipoprotein particles. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:6716-6725. [PMID: 27547014 PMCID: PMC4970482 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i29.6716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate how hepatitis C virus (HCV) G1b infection influences the particle number of lipoproteins. METHODS The numbers of lipoprotein particles in fasting sera from 173 Japanese subjects, 82 with active HCV G1b infection (active HCV group) and 91 with cleared HCV infection (SVR group), were examined. Serum lipoprotein was fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography into twenty fractions. The cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in each fraction were measured using LipoSEARCH. The number of lipoprotein particles in each fraction was calculated using a newly developed algorithm, and the relationship between chronic HCV G1b infection and the lipoprotein particle number was determined by multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS The median number of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles was significantly lower in the active HCV group [1182 nmol/L, interquartile range (IQR): 444 nmol/L] than in the SVR group (1363 nmol/L, IQR: 472 nmol/L, P < 0.001), as was that of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles (14168 nmol/L vs 15054 nmol/L, IQR: 4114 nmol/L vs 3385 nmol/L, P = 0.042). The number of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles was similar between the two groups. Among the four LDL sub-fractions, the number of large LDL particles was similar between the two groups. However, the numbers of medium (median: 533.0 nmol/L, IQR: 214.7 nmol/L vs median: 633.5 nmol/L, IQR: 229.6 nmol/L, P < 0.001), small (median: 190.9 nmol/L, IQR: 152.4 nmol/L vs median: 263.2 nmol/L, IQR: 159.9 nmol/L; P < 0.001), and very small LDL particles (median: 103.5 nmol/L, IQR: 66.8 nmol/L vs median: 139.3 nmol/L, IQR: 67.3 nmol/L, P < 0.001) were significantly lower in the active HCV group than in the SVR group, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated an association between HCV G1b infection and the decreased numbers of medium, small, and very small LDL particles. However, active HCV infection did not affect the number of large LDL particles or any sub-fractions of VLDL and HDL particles. CONCLUSION HCV G1b infection decreases the numbers of medium, small, and very small LDL particles.
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Ohkoshi S, Hirono H, Watanabe K, Hasegawa K, Yano M. Contributions of transgenic mouse studies on the research of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2834-2840. [PMID: 26668695 PMCID: PMC4670955 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i28.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mouse technology has enabled the investigation of the pathogenic effects, including those on development, immunological reactions and carcinogenesis, of viral genes directly in living organism in a real-time manner. Although viral hepatocarcinogenesis comprises multiple sequences of pathological events, that is, chronic necroinflammation and the subsequent regeneration of hepatocytes that induces the accumulation of genetic alterations and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the direct action of viral proteins also play significant roles. The pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus X and hepatitis C virus (HCV) core genes has been extensively studied by virtue of their functions as a transactivator and a steatosis inducer, respectively. In particular, the mechanism of steatosis in HCV infection and its possible association with HCC has been well studied using HCV core gene transgenic mouse models. Although transgenic mouse models have remarkable advantages, they are intrinsically accompanied by some drawbacks when used to study human diseases. Therefore, the results obtained from transgenic mouse studies should be carefully interpreted in the context of whether or not they are well associated with human pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Ohkoshi
- Shogo Ohkoshi, Haruka Hirono, Kazuhiko Watanabe, Katsuhiko Hasegawa, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, the Nippon Dental University, Niigata-city 951-8580, Japan
| | - Haruka Hirono
- Shogo Ohkoshi, Haruka Hirono, Kazuhiko Watanabe, Katsuhiko Hasegawa, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, the Nippon Dental University, Niigata-city 951-8580, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Watanabe
- Shogo Ohkoshi, Haruka Hirono, Kazuhiko Watanabe, Katsuhiko Hasegawa, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, the Nippon Dental University, Niigata-city 951-8580, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hasegawa
- Shogo Ohkoshi, Haruka Hirono, Kazuhiko Watanabe, Katsuhiko Hasegawa, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, the Nippon Dental University, Niigata-city 951-8580, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yano
- Shogo Ohkoshi, Haruka Hirono, Kazuhiko Watanabe, Katsuhiko Hasegawa, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, the Nippon Dental University, Niigata-city 951-8580, Japan
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Strick-Marchand H, Dusséaux M, Darche S, Huntington ND, Legrand N, Masse-Ranson G, Corcuff E, Ahodantin J, Weijer K, Spits H, Kremsdorf D, Di Santo JP. A novel mouse model for stable engraftment of a human immune system and human hepatocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119820. [PMID: 25782010 PMCID: PMC4364106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic infections by hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Plasmodium parasites leading to acute or chronic diseases constitute a global health challenge. The species tropism of these hepatotropic pathogens is restricted to chimpanzees and humans, thus model systems to study their pathological mechanisms are severely limited. Although these pathogens infect hepatocytes, disease pathology is intimately related to the degree and quality of the immune response. As a first step to decipher the immune response to infected hepatocytes, we developed an animal model harboring both a human immune system (HIS) and human hepatocytes (HUHEP) in BALB/c Rag2-/- IL-2Rγc-/- NOD.sirpa uPAtg/tg mice. The extent and kinetics of human hepatocyte engraftment were similar between HUHEP and HIS-HUHEP mice. Transplanted human hepatocytes were polarized and mature in vivo, resulting in 20-50% liver chimerism in these models. Human myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages developed at similar frequencies in HIS and HIS-HUHEP mice, and splenic and hepatic compartments were humanized with mature B cells, NK cells and naïve T cells, as well as monocytes and dendritic cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that HIS-HUHEP mice can be stably (> 5 months) and robustly engrafted with a humanized immune system and chimeric human liver. This novel HIS-HUHEP model provides a platform to investigate human immune responses against hepatotropic pathogens and to test novel drug strategies or vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Strick-Marchand
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U668, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Dusséaux
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U668, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Darche
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U668, Paris, France
| | - Nicholas D. Huntington
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U668, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Legrand
- Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guillemette Masse-Ranson
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U668, Paris, France
| | - Erwan Corcuff
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U668, Paris, France
| | - James Ahodantin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U845, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Kees Weijer
- Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hergen Spits
- Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dina Kremsdorf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U845, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - James P. Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U668, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Lee YA, Friedman SL. Reversal, maintenance or progression: what happens to the liver after a virologic cure of hepatitis C? Antiviral Res 2014; 107:23-30. [PMID: 24726738 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A sustained virological response (SVR) from HCV (synonymous with virological cure) leads to decreased mortality, morbidity and improved quality of life, as well as a reduced incidence of liver disease progression, including liver failure, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Large clinical trials comparing pre- and post-treatment liver biopsies demonstrate improvements in inflammation as well as fibrosis score following SVR. However, a small subset of patients display persistent hepatic inflammation and/or progress to cirrhosis despite SVR. In addition to conferring a risk of fibrosis progression, advanced fibrosis pre-treatment is a major risk factor for post-SVR hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of fibrosis regression uncovered using experimental fibrosis models and highlight potential mechanisms in those few patients with fibrosis progression despite SVR. We also introduce current concepts of fibrosis-dependent tumorigenesis post-SVR in patients with advanced disease. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "Hepatitis C: next steps toward global eradication."
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin A Lee
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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12
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Higgs MR, Chouteau P, Lerat H. 'Liver let die': oxidative DNA damage and hepatotropic viruses. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:991-1004. [PMID: 24496828 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.059485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections by the hepatotropic viruses hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is estimated that more than 700,000 individuals per year die from HCC, and around 80 % of HCC is attributable to HBV or HCV infection. Despite the clear clinical importance of virus-associated HCC, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely elusive. Oxidative stress, in particular DNA lesions associated with oxidative damage, play a major contributory role in carcinogenesis, and are strongly linked to the development of many cancers, including HCC. A large body of evidence demonstrates that both HBV and HCV induce hepatic oxidative stress, with increased oxidative DNA damage being observed both in infected individuals and in murine models of infection. Here, we review the impact of HBV and HCV on the incidence and repair of oxidative DNA damage. We begin by giving a brief overview of oxidative stress and the repair of DNA lesions induced by oxidative stress. We then review in detail the evidence surrounding the mechanisms by which both viruses stimulate oxidative stress, before focusing on how the viral proteins themselves may perturb the cellular response to oxidative DNA damage, impacting upon genome stability and thus hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Higgs
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Hervé Lerat
- INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
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13
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Shlomai A, de Jong YP, Rice CM. Virus associated malignancies: the role of viral hepatitis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 26:78-88. [PMID: 24457013 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading fatal cancer worldwide and its incidence continues to increase. Chronic viral hepatitis involving either hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the leading etiology for HCC, making HCC prevention a major goal of antiviral therapy. While recent clinical observations and translational research have enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving the initiation and progression of HCC, much remains unknown. Current data indicates that HCC tumors are highly complex and heterogeneous resulting from the aberrant function of multiple molecular pathways. This complex biology is responsible, at least in part, for the absence of highly efficient target-directed therapies for this deadly cancer. Additionally, the direct or indirect effect of HBV and HCV infection on the development of HCC is still a contentious issue. Thus, the question remains whether viral hepatitis-associated HCC stems from virus-specific factors, and/or from a general mechanism involving inflammation and tissue regeneration. In this review we summarize general mechanisms implicated in HCC, emphasizing data generated by new technologies available today. We also highlight specific pathways by which HBV and HCV could be involved in HCC pathogenesis. However, improvements to current in vitro and in vivo systems for both viruses will be needed to rigorously define the temporal sequence and specific pathway dysregulations that drive the strong clinical link between chronic hepatitis virus infection and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Shlomai
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ype P de Jong
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Mailly L, Robinet E, Meuleman P, Baumert TF, Zeisel MB. Hepatitis C virus infection and related liver disease: the quest for the best animal model. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:213. [PMID: 23898329 PMCID: PMC3724122 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) making the virus the most common cause of liver failure and transplantation. HCV is estimated to chronically affect 130 million individuals and to lead to more than 350,000 deaths per year worldwide. A vaccine is currently not available. The recently developed direct acting antivirals (DAAs) have markedly increased the efficacy of the standard of care but are not efficient enough to completely cure all chronically infected patients and their toxicity limits their use in patients with advanced liver disease, co-morbidity or transplant recipients. Because of the host restriction, which is limited to humans and non-human primates, in vivo study of HCV infection has been hampered since its discovery more than 20 years ago. The chimpanzee remains the most physiological model to study the innate and adaptive immune responses, but its use is ethically difficult and is now very restricted and regulated. The development of a small animal model that allows robust HCV infection has been achieved using chimeric liver immunodeficient mice, which are therefore not suitable for studying the adaptive immune responses. Nevertheless, these models allowed to go deeply in the comprehension of virus-host interactions and to assess different therapeutic approaches. The immunocompetent mouse models that were recently established by genetic humanization have shown an interesting improvement concerning the study of the immune responses but are still limited by the absence of the complete robust life cycle of the virus. In this review, we will focus on the relevant available animal models of HCV infection and their usefulness for deciphering the HCV life cycle and virus-induced liver disease, as well as for the development and evaluation of new therapeutics. We will also discuss the perspectives on future immunocompetent mouse models and the hurdles to their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mailly
- Inserm U1110, Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg, France
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15
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Liu Y, Meyer C, Xu C, Weng H, Hellerbrand C, ten Dijke P, Dooley S. Animal models of chronic liver diseases. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G449-G468. [PMID: 23275613 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00199.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases are frequent and potentially life threatening for humans. The underlying etiologies are diverse, ranging from viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and intoxications (including alcohol abuse) to imbalanced diets. Although at early stages of disease the liver regenerates in the absence of the insult, advanced stages cannot be healed and may require organ transplantation. A better understanding of underlying mechanisms is mandatory for the design of new drugs to be used in clinic. Therefore, rodent models are being developed to mimic human liver disease. However, no model to date can completely recapitulate the "corresponding" human disorder. Limiting factors are the time frame required in humans to establish a certain liver disease and the fact that rodents possess a distinct immune system compared with humans and have different metabolic rates affecting liver homeostasis. These features account for the difficulties in developing adequate rodent models for studying disease progression and for testing new pharmaceuticals to be translated into the clinic. Nevertheless, traditional and new promising animal models that mimic certain attributes of chronic liver diseases are established and being used to deepen our understanding in the underlying mechanisms of distinct liver diseases. This review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of recent advances in animal models recapitulating different features and etiologies of human liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology-Alcohol Associated Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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17
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Hepatitis C virus-induced activation of β-catenin promotes c-Myc expression and a cascade of pro-carcinogenetic events. Oncogene 2012; 32:4683-93. [PMID: 23108410 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major risk factor for the onset and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The c-Myc oncogene contributes to the genesis of many types of cancers, including HCC, partly via the induction of genetic damage and the inhibition of the cellular response to genotoxic stress. Here, we show a previously undiscovered mechanistic link between HCV infection and enhanced c-Myc expression. c-Myc expression was augmented in non-tumoral liver tissues from HCV-infected individuals with or without HCC and in hepatocyte cell lines harboring an HCV replicon and the infectious HCV strain JFH1. Increased c-Myc expression was confirmed in vivo in a transgenic murine model expressing the entire HCV open reading frame, demonstrating a direct role for HCV protein expression in c-Myc induction. Mechanistically, activation of Akt by the HCV non-structural protein NS5A, and the subsequent stabilization of the transcription factor β-catenin, was demonstrated to be responsible for activation of the c-Myc promoter, and for increased c-Myc transcription. β-Catenin-dependent c-Myc expression in this context led to increased production of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial perturbation, enhanced DNA damage and aberrant cell-cycle arrest. Together, these data provide a novel insight into the mechanisms involved in HCV-associated HCCs, strongly suggesting that c-Myc has a crucial contributory role in this process.
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18
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Feinstone SM, Hu DJ, Major ME. Prospects for prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against hepatitis C virus. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55 Suppl 1:S25-32. [PMID: 22715210 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural cross-protective immunity is induced after spontaneous clearance of primary hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Although this suggests that effective prophylactic vaccines against HCV are possible, there are still several areas that require further study. Current data indicate that, at best, vaccine-induced immunity may not completely prevent HCV infection but rather prevent persistence of the virus. However, this may be an acceptable goal, because chronic persistence of the virus is the main cause of pathogenesis and the development of serious liver conditions. Therapeutic vaccine development is also highly challenging; however, strategies have been pursued in combination with current or new treatments in an effort to reduce the costs and adverse effects associated with antiviral therapy. This review summarizes the current state of HCV vaccines and the challenges faced for future development and clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Feinstone
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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19
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Bukh J. Animal models for the study of hepatitis C virus infection and related liver disease. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:1279-1287.e3. [PMID: 22537434 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes liver-related death in more than 300,000 people annually. Treatments for patients with chronic HCV are suboptimal, despite the introduction of directly acting antiviral agents. There is no vaccine that prevents HCV infection. Relevant animal models are important for HCV research and development of drugs and vaccines. Chimpanzees are the best model for studies of HCV infection and related innate and adaptive host immune responses. They can be used in immunogenicity and efficacy studies of HCV vaccines. The only small animal models of robust HCV infection are T- and B- cell deficient mice with human chimeric livers. Although these mice cannot be used in studies of adaptive immunity, they have provided new insights into HCV neutralization, interactions between virus and receptors, innate host responses, and therapeutic approaches. Recent progress in developing genetically humanized mice is exciting, but these models only permit studies of specific steps in the HCV life cycle and have limited or no viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
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20
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Roohvand F, Kossari N. Advances in hepatitis C virus vaccines, Part one: Advances in basic knowledge for hepatitis C virus vaccine design. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1811-30. [PMID: 22022980 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.630662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Around 3% of the world population is infected with HCV, with 3 - 4 million newly infected subjects added to this reservoir every year. At least 10% of these people will develop liver cirrhosis or cancer over time, while no approved vaccine against HCV infection is available to date. AREAS COVERED This paper includes a detailed and correlated patent (selected by HCAPLUS search database) and literature (searched by PubMed) review on the HCV genome, proteins and key epitopes (including underestimated HCV proteins, alternate reading frame proteins), HCV immunology, immunosuppressive mechanisms and protective correlations of immunity in acute and chronic states of infection (features for prophylactic and therapeutic HCV vaccine design), recent HCV cell culture systems (HCV/JFH1) and animal models. In part two of this review, advances in HCV vaccine formulations and modalities as well as a detailed list of the current trials for HCV vaccine and discussion of the pros and cones of different strategies will be provided. EXPERT OPINION By using the advanced basic knowledge and tools obtained about HCV vaccinology in recent years and the application of novel formulations and modalities, at least partially effective vaccines will become available in the near future to prevent (or treat) the chronic (if not the acute) state of HCV infection. A few of such vaccines are already in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Roohvand
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Hepatitis & AIDS Department, Pasteur Ave., Tehran, Iran.
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