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de Almeida e Araújo DC, de Oliveira JM, Haddad SK, da Roza DL, Bottino FDO, Faria SBSC, Bellíssimo-Rodrigues F, Passos ADC. Declining prevalence of hepatitis A and silent circulation of hepatitis E virus infection in southeastern Brazil. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 101:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Melo LVL, Silva MABD, Perdoná GDSC, Nascimento MMP, Secaf M, Monteiro RA, Martinelli ADLC, Passos ADC. Epidemiological study of hepatitis B and C in a municipality with rural characteristics: Cássia dos Coqueiros, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 48:674-81. [PMID: 26676491 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0222-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis B and C viral infections remain an important cause of global morbidity and mortality. Studies have been conducted in population groups of large cities, leaving gaps in the knowledge regarding the situation in small municipalities. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hepatitis B and C markers and presence of infection-associated factors. METHODS All inhabitants of Cássia dos Coqueiros aged ≥18 years who agreed to participate in the research were included. We collected blood as well as information via a questionnaire between March 2011 and December 2013. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. RESULTS Among the 1,001 participants, 41 (4.1%) participants had a serological profile of hepatitis B viral exposure, and only one (0.1%) participant was considered a virus carrier. The frequency of isolated antibody to hepatitis B virus surface antigen (anti-HBs) markers was 17.8% for the overall population. In the multivariate analysis, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was associated with age, birth outside the State of São Paulo, history of hepatitis, ≥2 sexual partners in the last 6 months, and tattoos. Four (0.4%) participants had a serological profile of hepatitis C viral exposure. However, after confirmation using viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) evaluation, only one (0.1%) individual remained positive. CONCLUSIONS The positivity rates for hepatitis B and C were low, despite greater sexual freedom and the recent emergence of illicit drugs, as observed by the health personnel working in Cássia dos Coqueiros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Valdiane Luz Melo
- Departamento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcondes Alves Barbosa da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Curso de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Gleici da Silva Castro Perdoná
- Departamento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marie Secaf
- Departamento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosane Aparecida Monteiro
- Departamento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana de Lourdes Candolo Martinelli
- Departamento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Afonso Dinis Costa Passos
- Departamento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Alam MM, Zaidi SZ, Shaukat S, Sharif S, Angez M, Naeem A, Saleha S, Butt JA, Malik SA. Common genotypes of Hepatitis B virus prevalent in injecting drug abusers (addicts) of North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Virol J 2007; 4:63. [PMID: 17597548 PMCID: PMC1910598 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiological significance of Hepatitis B virus genotypes has been well established and becoming an essential concern day by day however, much little is known about the mixed infection with more than one Hepatitis B virus genotypes and their clinical relevance. METHODS Intravenous drug abusers are considered as a major risk group for the acquisition and transmission of blood borne infections like hepatitis B, however, in Pakistan, no such data has ever been reported about the epidemiology of HBV and its genotypes in Injecting Drug Users. 250 individuals were analyzed for hepatitis B virus genotypes after prior screening with serological assay for the detection of HBsAg. RESULTS 56 (22.4%) individuals were found positive on ELSIA for HBsAg. The genotype distribution was found to be as: genotype D, 62.5%; genotype A, 8.92% while 28.57% individuals were found to be infected with a mixture of genotype A and D. CONCLUSION There is an urgent need of the time to develop public health care policies with special emphasis towards the control of HBV transmission through high risk groups especially Injecting Drug Users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sohail Zahoor Zaidi
- Head of Department of Virology; Principal Investigator-WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Polio Eradication Initiative, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shehzad Shaukat
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salmaan Sharif
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehar Angez
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asif Naeem
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shamim Saleha
- Research Student, Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Javed Aslam Butt
- Head of Department of Gastroenterology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Akbar Malik
- Head of Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Akhtar S, Younus M, Adil S, Hassan F, Jafri SH. Epidemiologic study of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in male volunteer blood donors in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Gastroenterol 2005; 5:26. [PMID: 16086833 PMCID: PMC1208878 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-5-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The magnitude of chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) varies substantially between the countries. A better understanding of incidence and/ or prevalence of HBV infection and associated risk factors provides insight into the transmission of this infection in the community. The purpose of this investigation was to estimate the prevalence of and to identify the risk factors associated with chronic infection with HBV, as assessed by HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity, in asymptomatic volunteer male blood donors in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods Consecutive blood donations made at the two large blood banks between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2002 were assessed to estimate the prevalence of HBsAg positivity. To evaluate the potential risk factors, a case-control study design was implemented; cases (HBsAg positives) and controls (HBsAg negatives), were recruited between October 15, 2001 and March 15, 2002. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was administered through trained interviewers to collect the data on hypothesized risk factors for HBV infection. Sera were tested for HBsAg using commercially available kits for enzyme linked Immunosorbant assay-III. Results HBsAg prevalence in the male volunteer blood donors was 2.0 % (7048/351309). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age and ethnicity, cases were significantly more likely than controls to have received dental treatment from un-qualified dental care provider (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 9.8; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.1, 46.1), have received 1–5 injections (adjusted OR = 3.3; 95% CI: 1.1, 9.6), more than 5 injections (adjusted OR = 1.4; 95% CI: 1.4, 12.7) during the last five years or have received injection through a glass syringe (adjusted OR = 9.4; 95% CI: 2.6, 34.3). Injury resulted in bleeding during shaving from barbers (adjusted OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1, 4.8) was also significant predictor of HBsAg positivity. Conclusion Prevalence of HBsAg positivity in the male volunteer blood donors in Karachi was 2%. Infection control measures in health-care settings including safe injection practices and proper sterilization techniques of medical instruments and education of barbers about the significance of sterilization of their instruments may reduce the burden of HBV infection in this and similar settings. There is also an urgent need of developing locally relevant guidelines for counseling and management of HBsAg positive blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Akhtar
- Department of Community Medicine and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Younus
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Salman Adil
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
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Gaze R, Carvalho DMD, Werneck GL. Soroprevalência das infecções pelos vírus das hepatites A e B em Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2002; 18:1251-9. [PMID: 12244357 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2002000500017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As soroprevalências do anti-HAV e anti-HBc totais em dois grupos sócio-econômicos de Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, foram estimadas em 1.100 alíquotas excedentes de soro de laboratório de análises clínicas, identificadas por sexo, idade, residência e segundo categoria da assistência médica: Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e serviços privados (NSUS). Apresentam-se as soroprevalências por faixa etária e os intervalos de confiança de 95%, testando-se a significância das diferenças entre o SUS e NSUS. A distribuição das soroprevalências (P) do anti-HAV (P = 88,8%; IC 95%: 86,8-90,6) e do anti-HBc (P = 15,3%; IC 95%: 13,2-17,6) evidenciou curva etária ascendente. A prevalência no SUS mostrou-se significativamente maior que no NSUS, para o VHA (chi2 = 31,15; p < 0,0001) e para o VHB (chi2 = 15,41; p < 0,0001). As altas prevalências refletem o padrão epidemiológico da infecção pelo VHA em regiões em desenvolvimento e a importância do componente sócio-ambiental. A proporção de < 5 e de > 20 anos suscetíveis lembra a necessidade de vacinação contra a hepatite A e a possibilidade de aumento da ocorrência de casos graves da doença. A alta prevalência do VHB entre os adolescentes sugere reflexões sobre a importância da vacinação destes grupos. Estes resultados servem de alerta aos profissionais da saúde quanto à observância de normas de biossegurança.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela Gaze
- Núcleo de Estudos de Saúde Coletiva, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brasil.
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Monteiro MR, Passos AD, Figueiredo JF, Gaspar AM, Yoshida CF. [Serological markers of hepatitis B in users of services at an HIV Testing Center]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2001; 34:53-9. [PMID: 11340498 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822001000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to study the prevalence of serological markers of hepatitis B and possible risk factors for this disease in a sample of 404 people who attended a Testing and Couseling Center for HIV in the city of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil. The overall prevalence of serologic hepatitis B markers was 14.6%, equal to that obtained for anti-HBc. HBsAg and anti-HBc IgM showed prevalences of 1%. After adjustment using logistic regression, hepatitis B markers showed association with the following variables: age, place of residence, use of injectable drugs and positivity to anti-HIV. The overall prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection was 6.9%. Hepatitis B markers were detected in 55.6% among intravenous drug users and in 42.9% among those who tested positive for HIV, confirming literature findings which indicates high levels of infection in these specific population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Monteiro
- Departamento de Patologia Tropical, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil.
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Miranda LV, Passos AD, Figueiredo JF, Gaspar AM, Yoshida CF. [Serological markers of hepatitis B in people submitted to blood testing in health care clinics]. Rev Saude Publica 2000; 34:286-91. [PMID: 10920452 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102000000300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study some of the epidemiological aspects of hepatitis B in a non-representative sample of patients seen in health care clinics. METHODS The study population comprised 632 patients who were seen at health care clinics in the city of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, for the purpose of blood testing, regardless the reason. After signing a written consent, an additional amount of blood was drawn from the same venous puncture site used to collect the original sample for the testing assigned to the patient at the health care clinic. A questionnaire was applied to each participant, looking for the presence of risk factors for hepatitis B. The blood samples were tested for HBV markers, using immunoenzimatic techniques. RESULTS The prevalences of HBsAg and anti-HBcAg were 0.3% and 13.9%, respectively. By a logistic regression model, the following variables were significantly associated with the infection: age, time of residency in the city (higher risk among those living for a period less than one year), past history of hepatitis, incarceration and sexual behavior (higher risk among homosexual and bisexual males). CONCLUSIONS The growing difficulties in obtaining blood samples from a representative group of patients, as done in classic surveys, make it necessary to look for alternative methodologies which can provide information concerning the presence of infectious agents in a community. Though the results cannot be generalized to the population as a whole, the methodology used conveyed some knowledge regarding the circulation of hepatitis B virus. In addition, it makes much easier to obtain agreement from the participants, since it does not add any invasive procedure. Despite the limitations, this methodology may be helpful in epidemiological surveillance of infectious agents known as producing asymptomatic infections in much of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Miranda
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo.Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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