Synchronization of Fractional Order Neurons in Presence of Noise

The firing rate of some biological neurons such as neocortical pyramidal neurons is consistent with fractional order derivative, and the fractional-order neuron models depict the firing rate of neurons more accurately than other integer order neuron models do. For this reason, first, the dynamical characteristics of fractional order Hindmarsh Rose (HR) neuron are investigated, here and then a two coupled neuronal system based on Hindmarsh Rose neuron is presented. The results show several differences in the dynamical cha.racteristics of integer order and fractional order Hindmarsh Rose neuron model. The integer order model shows only one type of firing characteristics when the parameter of the model remained the same. The fractional-order model depicts several dynamical behaviors even for the same parameters as the order of the fractional operator is varied with the same parameter values. The firing frequency increases as the order of the fractional operator decreases. The fractional-order is therefore key in determining the firing characteristics of biological neuron models. A linearized model of HR neuron is also given for hardware resource minimizations and to implement this neuronal network on a large scale. A synchronized system of two fractional-order fractional Hindmarsh-Rose (HR) neurons in the presence of noise is also presented. The dynamical characteristics of the modified coupled neuron are determined by the parameters of the neuron model and the coupling function. The robustness of the network in the presence of noise is verified by both amplitude and phase synchronization techniques. A simplification of the coupling function is also presented to reduce the hardware cost. The synchronization results show that the model can produce the desired behavior with acceptable error.

Identification and association of recurrent ALOXE3 mutation with non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma in two ethnically distinct Pakistani families

Non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (NCIE) is characterized by skin scaling with erythema. In this study, two Pakistani families with NCIE are genetically characterized through Whole Exome and Sanger sequencing to identify molecular basis of the disease. We identified a nonsense homozygous c.2026C>T mutation of ALOXE3, causing premature termination of the eLOX3 protein (p.Q676X). In silico studies predicted impaired enzymatic activity of the premature truncated eLOX3, leading to abnormal synthesis of specific hepoxilin derivatives, essential for epidermal barrier formation. It is the first ever study reporting homozygotes of p.Q676X mutation in ethnically distinct two Pakistani families; otherwise, heterozygotes of the said mutation have been reported in South Asian population only. Hence, mutation seems to be region-specific and may be useful for molecular diagnosis of NCIE. Moreover, our findings should help in genetic counseling and career screening.

Differential response of antioxidant defense in HepG2 cells on exposure of Livotrit®, in a concentration dependent manner

Livotrit^®, a polyherbal formulation (Zandu, India) is commonly prescribed for liver health. The present study was undertaken to elucidate possible mechanism of antioxidant potential of Livotrit^®. Livotrit^® exhibited concentration dependent radical scavenging activity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation as well as activation and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes. Interestingly, lower concentration of Livotrit^® (0.05%) significantly increased activities and gene expression of catalase, Glutathione reductase (GR) and Gluthathione peroxidase (GPx), while higher concentration of Livotrit^® (0.5%) significantly increased antioxidant enzyme Heme-oxygenase 1(HO-1) and not catalase (CAT), GR and GPx. Transcription factor, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) required for expression of catalase, GR, GPx and HO-1 was efficiently translocated into the nucleus at both concentrations. Inspite of this, concentration dependent activation of these enzymes was found to be mediated through miRNAs involved in regulation of their gene expression.

Prevalence of chronic airflow limitation in Kashmir, North India: results from the BOLD study

BACKGROUND: Data on spirometrically defined chronic airflow limitation (CAL) are scarce in developing countries.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of spirometrically defined CAL in Kashmir, North India.

METHODS: Using Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease survey methods, we administered questionnaires to randomly selected adults aged ⩾40 years. Post-bronchodilator spirometry was performed to estimate the prevalence of CAL and its relation to potential risk factors.

RESULTS: Of 1100 participants initially recruited, 953 (86.9%) responded and 757 completed acceptable spirometry and questionnaires. The prevalence of a forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (FEV₁/FVC) ratio less than the lower limit of normal was 17.3% (4.5) in males and 14.8% (2.1) in females. Risk factors for CAL included higher age, cooking with wood and lower educational status. The prevalence of current smoking was 61% in males and 22% in females; most smoked hookahs. CAL was found equally in non-smoking males and females, and was independently associated with the use of the hookah, family history of respiratory disease and poor education. A self-reported doctor's diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was reported in 8.4/1000 (0.9% of females and 0.8% of males).

CONCLUSION:Spirometrically confirmed CAL is highly prevalent in Indian Kashmir, and seems to be related to the high prevalence of smoking, predominantly in the form of hookah smoking.

Identification and in silico characterization of a novel p.P208PfsX1 mutation in V-ATPase a3 subunit associated with autosomal recessive osteopetrosis in a Pakistani family

Background

Osteopetrosis is a rare inherited bone disorder mainly described as an increased bone density caused by defective osteoclastic bone resorption. To date, genetic variants of eleven genes have been reported so far to be associated with different types of osteopetrosis. However, malignant infantile osteopetrosis, a lethal form of the disease, is mostly (50%) caused by mutation(s) in TCIRG1 gene. In this study, we investigated a consanguineous Pakistani family clinically and genetically to elucidate underlying molecular basis of the infantile osteopetrosis.

Methods

DNA samples from five family members were subjected to SNP-array based whole genome homozygosity mapping. Data was analyzed and potentially pathogenic mutation was identified by Sanger sequencing of two affected as well as three phenotypically healthy individuals in the family. The significance of identified pathogenic variation and its impact on protein structure and function was studied using various bioinformatics tools.

Results

DNA samples from five family members were subjected to genome-wide SNP array genotyping and homozygosity mapping which identified ~4 Mb region on chr11 harboring the TCIRG1 gene. Sanger sequencing unveiled a novel homozygous deletion c. 624delC in exon 6 of the TCIRG1 gene encodes a3 subunit of V-ATPase complex. The identified deletion resulted in a frame shift producing a truncated protein of 208 aa. In silico analysis of premature termination of the a3 subunit of V-ATPase complex revealed deleterious effects on the protein structure, predicting impaired or complete loss of V-ATPase function causing infantile osteopetrosis.

Conclusions

Since a3 subunit of V-ATPase complex plays a crucial role in bone resorption process, structurally abnormal a3 subunit might have adversely affected bone resorption process, leading to infantile osteopetrosis in Pakistani family. Therefore, the present study not only expands the genotypic spectrum of osteopetrosis but also improve understandings of the role of V-ATPase a3 subunit in bone resorption process. Moreover, our findings should help in genetic counseling and provide further insight into the disease pathogenesis and potential targeted therapy.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12881-017-0506-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Identification and in silico characterization of p.G380R substitution in FGFR3, associated with achondroplasia in a non-consanguineous Pakistani family

Background

The dimerization efficiency of FGFR3 transmembrane domain plays a critical role in the formation of a normal skeleton through the negative regulation of bone development. Recently, gain-of-function mutations in the transmembrane domain of FGFR3 has been described associated with an aberrant negative regulation, leading to the development of achondroplasia-group disorders, including achondroplasia (ACH), hypochondroplasia (HCH) and thanatophoric dysplasia (TD). Here, we describe a non-consanguineous Pakistani family with achondroplasia to explain hereditary basis of the disease.

Methods

PCR-based linkage analysis using microsatellite markers was employed to localize the disease gene. Gene specific intronic primers were used to amplify the genomic DNA from all affected as well as phenotypically healthy individuals. Amplified PCR products were then subjected to Sanger sequencing and RFLP analysis to identify a potentially pathogenic mutation. The impact of identified mutation on FGFR3 protein’s structure and stability was highlighted through different bioinformatics tools.

Results

Genetic screening of the family revealed a previously reported heterozygous c.1138 G > A (p.G380R) mutation in the coding exon 8 of FGFR3 gene. Identified genetic variation was confirmed in all affected individuals while healthy individuals and controls were found genotypically normal. The results were further validated by RFLP analysis as c.1138 G > A substitution generates a unique recognition site for SfcI endonuclease. Following SfcI digestion, the electrophoretic pattern of three bands/DNA fragments for each patient is indicative of heterozygous status of the disease allele. In silico studies of the mutant FGFR3 protein predicted to adversely affect the stability of FGFR3 protein.

Conclusions

Mutation in the transmembrane domain may adversely affect the dimerization efficiency and overall stability of the FGFR3, leading to a constitutively active protein. As a result, an uncontrolled intracellular signaling or negative bone growth regulation leads to achondroplasia. Our findings support the fact that p.G380R is a common mutation among diverse population of the world and like other countries, can be used as a molecular diagnosis marker for achondroplasia in Pakistan.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13000-017-0642-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Autologous mesenchymal stromal cell transplantation for spinal cord injury: A Phase I pilot study

BACKGROUND AIMS

Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transplantation has immerged as promising therapeutic approach to treat spinal cord injury (SCI). In this pilot study, we investigated the safety of intrathecal injection of autologous bone marrow-derived MSCs in nine patients with SCI.

METHODS

Patients with complete SCI at the thoracic level were divided into two groups: chronic (>6 months, group 1) and sub-acute SCI (<6 months, group 2), according to time elapsed since injury. MSCs were isolated by density gradient separation of autologous bone marrow harvested from the iliac crest. Cells were cultured in a Good Manufacturing Practice-compliant facility to produce clinical scale dose. After quality control testing, MSCs were injected back to patients by intrathecal injection. Safety was defined as absence of adverse event and side effects after 1 month after receiving the injection.

RESULTS

Six patients had chronic SCI with a median duration of 33 months since date of injury (range: 10-55 months), and three patients were in sub-acute phase of disease. Each patient received two or three injections with a median of 1.2 × 10(6) MSCs/kg body weight. No treatment-related adverse event was observed during median follow-up of 720 days (range: 630-826 days) in group 1 and 366 days (range: 269-367 days) in group 2, respectively.

DISCUSSION

This pilot study demonstrated that autologous MSCs can be safely administered through intrathecal injection in spinal cord injury patients. Further investigation through randomized, placebo-controlled trials is needed.

Antioxidant and phytochemical analysis of Ranunculus arvensis L. extracts

BACKGROUND

Ranunculus arvensis L. (R. arvensis) has long been used to treat a variety of medical conditions such as arthritis, asthma, hay fever, rheumatism, psoriasis, gut diseases and rheumatic pain. Here, we screened R. arvensis for antioxidant activity, phytochemical and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses.

METHODS

The chloroform, chloroform:methanol, methanol, methanol:acetone, acetone, methanol:water and water extracts of R. arvensis were examined for DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, phosphomolybdenum assay, reducing power assay, flavonoid content, phenolic content and high performance liquid chromatography analysis.

RESULTS

Significant antioxidant activity was displayed by methanol extract (IC 50 34.71 ± 0.02) in DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Total flavonoids and phenolics ranged 0.96-6.0 mg/g of extract calculated as rutin equivalent and 0.48-1.43 mg/g of extract calculated as gallic acid equivalent respectively. Significant value of rutin and caffeic acid was observed via high performance liquid chromatography.

CONCLUSIONS

These results showed that extracts of R. arvensis exhibited significant antioxidant activities. Moreover, R. arvensis is a rich source of rutin, flavonoids and phenolics.

Antimicrobial, antitumor and brine shrimp lethality assay of Ranunculus arvensis L. extracts

To investigate the antitumor activity, brine shrimp lethality assay, antibacterial and antifungal activity of Methanol Extract (ME), Water Extract (WE), Acetone Extract (AE), Chloroform Extract (CE), Methanol-Water Extract (MWE), Methanol-Acetone Extract (MAE), Methanol-Chloroform Extract (MCE) of Ranunculus arvensis (L.). Antitumor activity was evaluated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens (At10) induced potato disc assay. Cytotoxicity was evaluated with brine shrimp lethality assay. Antibacterial activity was evaluated with six bacterial strains including Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus luteus and Streptococcus anginosus and antifungal screening was done against five fungal strains including Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. fumigates, Fusarium solani and Mucor species by using disc diffusion method. Best antitumor activity was obtained with ME and WE, having highest IC50 values 20.27 ± 1.62 and 93.01 ± 1.33μg/disc. Brine shrimp lethality assay showed LC50 values of AE, MAE and ME were obtained as 384.66 ± 9.42μg/ml, 724.11 ± 8.01μg/ml and 978.7 ±8.01 μg/ml respectively. WE of R. arvensis revealed weak antimicrobial result against the tested microorganisms. On the other hand, the antifungal activity of the plant extracts was found to be insignificant. These findings demonstrate that extracts of R. arvensis possesses significant antitumor activity. Further extensive study is necessary to assess the therapeutic potential of the plant.

Cattle egrets as a biosentinels of persistent organic pollutants exposure

We investigated selected chlorinated pollutants (β-HCH, γ-HCH, DDDs, DDEs, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin) in the Lahore and the Sialkot districts of Pakistan, using eggs of cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) collected during May and June 2007. The pollutant with highest level and frequency was ΣDDT, followed by β-HCH, γ-HCH, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin in descending order. The concentration(s) were significantly higher in Sialkot heronry for all the pollutants (except p,p'-DDT) than in Lahore. The values for DDTs, β-HCH, γ-HCH, and heptachlor were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the egg(s) than in sediment(s) and in the chicks' diet, due to biomagnification. Among DDTs analogues, p,p'-DDD was the major contaminant with >60 % of total DDT burden, reflecting the widespread aged as well as recent use of DDT as well as anaerobic degradation (DDD/DDE > 1 in many cases) in the nearby paddy soils. In few samples, p,p'-DDT/(DDD + DDE) > 0.5 suggested the recent emission patterns from surrounding contaminated areas of demolished DDT units and obsolete pesticide stores. The higher levels of HCHs (i.e., β-HCH) in the samples collected from Sialkot indicate exposure from long-term agricultural use. Overall, concentrations of all studied POPs were less than the threshold levels known to affect reproduction. Nevertheless, total DDTs and/or HCHs burdens in some eggs contained concentrations of greater than what would educe adverse effects on birds. This is among few studies on OCPs exposure to avian species, which provide the evidence of Pakistan's contribution toward the Global POPs emission.

Characterization of toxic metals in tobacco, tobacco smoke, and cigarette ash from selected imported and local brands in Pakistan

In this study, concentrations of Cd, Ni, Pb, and Cr were determined in tobacco, tobacco smoke-condensate, and cigarette ash for selected brands used in Pakistan. Smoking apparatus was designed for metal extraction from cigarette smoke. Samples were digested through microwave digester and then analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS). Higher concentration of Ni was detected in imported brands than the counterparts in the local brands. Pb levels were however higher in local brands while significant concentration of Cd was observed in both brands. For Cr, the level in tobacco of local brands was higher than their emitted smoke, whereas imported brands showed higher level in smoke than in tobacco. The cigarette ash retained 65 to 75% of the metal and about 25 to 30% went into the body. While this study revealed the serious requirement to standardize the manufacturing of tobacco products, more importantly is the urgent need for stronger enforcements to put in place to alert the general population about the hazardous effects of cigarettes and the health risks associated with these toxic metals.

Identification of recurrent c.742G>T nonsense mutation in ECM1 in Pakistani families suffering from lipoid proteinosis

Lipoid proteinosis (LP) is one of the rare, recessive autosomal disorders clinically characterized by widespread deposition of hyaline-like material in the skin, mucosa and viscera. Classical features include beaded eyelid papules, laryngeal infiltration and hoarseness of voice caused by pathogenic mutations in the ECM1 gene located on 1q21.2. In present study ethnically different, three consanguineous Pakistani families with typical cutaneous features of LP were analysed to investigate the underlying molecular basis. PCR based linkage analysis using microsatellite markers localized the families to locus 1q21.2, harboring ECM1 gene. To identify the mutation in the candidate gene (ECM1), Sanger sequencing was carried out. All the families were found to carry c.742 G>T nonsense mutation in exon 7 of the ECM1 gene that resulted in a truncated ECM1 protein containing 247 amino acids instead of 540 (p.E248X). To further investigate the impact and importance of mutation in LP pathogenesis we applied different bioinformatics tools. In silico studies has predicted lack of functional domains and 65 % shorter ECM1 mutant protein. It is the first report of recurrence mutation from Pakistan as c.742G>T nonsense mutation was found in three ethnically different Pakistani families with LP. Study strengthens the conclusion that c.742G>T mutation is the pathological cause of LP. Furthermore, data also support the fact that exon 7 is one of the most common hot spots of pathological mutations in ECM1. The absence of functional domains and truncated sequence most likely contribute to the lack of ECM1 function and thereby influence several aspects of dermal homeostasis that leads to LP pathogenesis.

In silico characterization of a novel pathogenic deletion mutation identified in XPA gene in a Pakistani family with severe xeroderma pigmentosum

Background

Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) is a rare skin disorder characterized by skin hypersensitivity to sunlight and abnormal pigmentation. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic cause of a severe XP phenotype in a consanguineous Pakistani family and in silico characterization of any identified disease-associated mutation.

Results

The XP complementation group was assigned by genotyping of family for known XP loci. Genotyping data mapped the family to complementation group A locus, involving XPA gene. Mutation analysis of the candidate XP gene by DNA sequencing revealed a novel deletion mutation (c.654del A) in exon 5 of XPA gene. The c.654del A, causes frameshift, which pre-maturely terminates protein and result into a truncated product of 222 amino acid (aa) residues instead of 273 (p.Lys218AsnfsX5). In silico tools were applied to study the likelihood of changes in structural motifs and thus interaction of mutated protein with binding partners. In silico analysis of mutant protein sequence, predicted to affect the aa residue which attains coiled coil structure. The coiled coil structure has an important role in key cellular interactions, especially with DNA damage-binding protein 2 (DDB2), which has important role in DDB-mediated nucleotide excision repair (NER) system.

Conclusions

Our findings support the fact of genetic and clinical heterogeneity in XP. The study also predicts the critical role of DDB2 binding region of XPA protein in NER pathway and opens an avenue for further research to study the functional role of the mutated protein domain.

Epidemiology and genetic diversity of rotavirus strains in children with acute gastroenteritis in Lahore, Pakistan

Pakistan harbors high disease burden of gastro-enteric infections with majority of these caused by rotavirus. Unfortunately, lack of proper surveillance programs and laboratory facilities have resulted in scarcity of available data on rotavirus associated disease burden and epidemiological information in the country. We investigated 1306 stool samples collected over two years (2008–2009) from hospitalized children under 5 years of age for the presence of rotavirus strains and its genotypic diversity in Lahore. The prevalence rate during 2008 and 2009 was found to be 34% (n = 447 out of 1306). No significant difference was found between different age groups positive for rotavirus (p>0.05). A subset of EIA positive samples was further screened for rotavirus RNA through RT-PCR and 44 (49.43%) samples, out of total 89 EIA positive samples, were found positive. G and P type prevalence was found as follows: G1P [4] = 3(6.81%); G1P [6] = 9(20.45%); G1P [8] = 1(2.27%); G2P [4] = 21(47.72%); G2P [8] = 1(2.27%); G9P [4] = 1(2.27%); G9P [6] = 1(2.27%) and G9P [8] = 7(15.90%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the VP7 and VP4 sequences clustered closely with the previously detected strains in the country as well as Belgian rotaviruses. Antigenic characterization was performed by analyzing major epitopes in the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 gene segments. Although the neutralization conferring motifs were found variable between the Pakistani strains and the two recommended vaccines strains (Rotarix™ and RotaTeq™), we validate the use of rotavirus vaccine in Pakistan based on the proven and recognized vaccine efficacy across the globe. Our findings constitute the first report on rotavirus’ genotype diversity, their phylogenetic relatedness and epidemiology during the pre-vaccination era in Lahore, Pakistan and support the immediate introduction of rotavirus vaccine in the routine immunization program of the country.

Study of the effect of antiviral therapy on homocysteinemia in hepatitis C virus- infected patients

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease (CLD). About 80% of those exposed to the virus develop a chronic infection. Hyperhomocysteinemia, which is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease and thromboembolism, may develop in HCV-infected patients although altered alanine amino transferase (ALT) enzyme levels are generally associated with damage to liver cells. The gold standard therapy for chronic hepatitis C patients is pegylated interferon combined with an anti-viral drug (ribavirin). The current study aimed to investigate the effect of antiviral therapy on plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels in HCV patients in addition to other parameters.

METHODS

532 HCV-infected patients and 70 healthy controls were recruited for the study. All patients were subjected to laboratory investigations including HCV-RNA levels, complete blood cell counts, serum levels of homocysteine, ALT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lipid profile and liver ultrasonographic examination. The outcome of treatment with pegylated interferon α plus ribavirin treatment and sustained virologic response (SVR) was determined 6-9 months post-therapy.

RESULTS

Hyperhomocysteinemia was found in 91.35% of HCV-infected patients. The difference in plasma Hcy concentrations reached statistical significance between the patient and control groups. ALT, cholesterol and triglycerides (TGs) levels were found higher than normal in the patients group. After receiving a combined therapy for 24 weeks, 43.66% patients showed an SVR (responders); 30.98% patients were non-responders while 25.35% patients initially responded to therapy but again retrieved positive status of HCV infection six months post-therapy (relapse-cirrhotic patients). The mean levels of plasma Hcy, ALT and ALP were significantly reduced in responders within 10 weeks of therapy when compared with non-responders and relapse-cirrhotic patients.

CONCLUSION

Elevated homocysteine levels in serum due to HCV infection can be reduced to normal range with the standard interferon α plus ribavirin treatment. This study highlights the significance of the measurement of serum homocysteine levels in the diagnosis and monitoring of HCV infection treatment in addition to other laboratory parameters.

Future strategies in treatment of parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder. COMT inhibitors, MOA-B inhibitors, Levodopa, Levodopa in combination with Dopa Decarboxylase (DDC) inhibitors, Entacapone, Tolcapone, Pramipexole, Ropinirole, Zonisamide, Cholinesterase inhibitors such as rivastigmine, galantamine and donepezil are used for treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Gene therapy of cellular and brain circuit pathways for the treatment of PD is under trials. Recently nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem derived cells can be used. The presence of Lewy bodies, reduced dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase expression within transplanted cells indicated that grafted cells are pathological. Adult and fetal neural stem cells are self-renewable.Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2011, Vol-7, No-2, 67-71DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v7i2.6687

Isolation, identification, and phylogenetic analysis of reassortant low-pathogenic avian influenza virus H3N1 from Pakistan

During routine avian influenza surveillance in Pakistan, a low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAI) subtype H3N1 was isolated for the first time from domestic chickens. The higher seroprevalence of H3N1 was recorded in both commercial and domestic poultry in ecological zones of Pakistan where the geographical proximity with neighboring countries and attractive birding sites provide better opportunities for frequent movements of wild and migratory birds, and their intermingling with the local domestic and commercial poultry. Subsequent whole genome sequencing of this virus revealed a new introduction of a reassortant Eurasian avian strain, which was distinguishable from corresponding human and swine strains isolated elsewhere. Phylogenetically, the HA gene was mostly clustered with Nordic (Scandinavian) strains of influenza viruses, whereas the NA and PB1 genes showed a maximum nucleotide sequence homology with the Indian H11N1, and the PB2 gene was found to be closely related to the Altai H5N2. The Matrix and NP genes of H3N1 mostly clustered with the European avian influenza viruses (AIV), whereas its NS and PA genes showed maximum nucleotide homologies with the African (Egypt) AIV strains. A sequence and amino acid analysis revealed an LP motif, avian-like receptor specificity, potential glycosylation sites, and sensitivities to oseltamivir, zanamivir, and amantadine. Some point mutations possessed by this Pakistani AIV H3N1 were also found in human, equine, and swine H3 influenza viruses. This H3N1 isolate showed less nucleotide sequence homology with the previously known Pakistani AIV as compared with other Eurasian AIV strains.

Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum in Kohat District, Pakistan

Malaria is one of the serious diseases threatening human health in Pakistan and contributes to a large proportion of the total malaria deaths in South Asia. However, little is known about the nature and extent of genetic diversity of the malarial parasites circulating in Pakistan. This study was designed to assess the infection status of Plasmodium and the genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum by analyzing msp-3α, msp-3β and msp-1, msp-2 genes respectively using allele specific nested PCR and RFLP assays. For this purpose, 130 field isolates were collected from the individuals who exhibited clinical symptoms associated with malaria in the Kohat region of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. Among 130 blood samples collected, P. vivax was detected in 105/130 (80.8%) and P. falciparum in 21/130 (16.2%). Mixed infections with both parasites were detected in 4/130 (3%) of the isolates. A large number of distinguishable alleles were found for msp genetic markers: 10 alleles for msp-3α and seven for msp-3β with one mixed infection in case of msp-3β. The genotyping of P. falciparum showed that K1+MAD20 mixed genotype was dominant in msp-1 and FC27 in msp-2. The results collectively suggest that P. vivax and P. falciparum populations in this region are highly polymorphic and mixed infections are prevalent.

Methodology: a modified method for high-quality DNA extraction for molecular analysis in cereal plants

Cereal crops that have rigid non-cellulose components in the cell wall tissues of leaves and high starch and protein content in grains face limitations in DNA extraction. Advanced molecular genetic techniques such as mapping and marker-assisted selection programs require pure and quick DNA extraction. In this study, we developed methods for isolating high-quality genomic DNA from leaves and seeds of major cereal crops with minor modifications. DNA yields ranged from 300 to 1800 ng for 0.01 g seed or leaf tissue.

Injury pattern of suicide bomb attacks in Pakistan

PURPOSE

The aim of our study was to analyze the pattern of injuries, hospital care, and outcome of the victims of suicide bomb attacks in Pakistan.

METHODS

This prospective, cohort study was conducted at the Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi during the last 3 years. Seriously injured patients in the "immediate category" were resuscitated in the emergency operation theater adjacent to the emergency room and, after resuscitation, the patients were transferred to the main operation theaters, where consultant surgeons were available.

RESULTS

During the study period, 1,296 terrorist victims presented to the emergency department and (86.9%) were admitted, with a mean hospital stay of 8.2 ± 2.1 days. The majority of patients arrived by ambulance (91%) and only 38 (3%) were evacuated by air. Penetrating splinter injuries were the most prevalent (87%), and 29% patients also had associated injuries. Open bone fractures were found in 48% and 42% had injured hollow and solid viscous. Overall, 33% of patients had thoracic injuries and neuro-trauma was observed in 16% of the study population. Deafness was a feature in 33% patients, 121 had to undergo limb amputations, and mortality remained in 7% of patients.

CONCLUSION

Most of the problems encountered were logistic in nature. Early evacuation of the victims remains pivotal in saving lives. The major causes of death in peripheral patients was hypovolemic shock, sepsis, and hypothermia. Mortality and morbidity can be enhanced by ample fluid resuscitation, tetanus prophylaxis, and proficient first aid at the site of injury.

Necrotizing fasciitis of the lower extremity: a case report and current concept of diagnosis and management

Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe soft tissue infection characterized by rapidly progressing necrosis, involving subcutaneous tissues. This rare condition carries high mortality rate and require prompt diagnosis and urgent treatment with radical debridement and antibiotics. We describe a case of 21-year old man who presented with the history of trivial injury to the knee. Initially he was admitted and treated for septic arthritis but later was diagnosed as necrotizing fasciitis which was successfully treated with no ill effects what so ever from this devastating condition. This rare condition has been reported in literature but still early diagnosis, which is a key for successful treatment, remains a challenge.

Antimicrobial susceptibility and ESBL prevalence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn patients in the North West of Pakistan

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most prevalent pathogen in burn infections. Infections with P. aeruginosa are associated with higher mortality rate and antibiotic costs in hospitalized patients. These bacteria also produce enzymes called Expanded Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) which render penicillins and cephalosporins inactive. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and prevalence of ESBL in P. aeruginosa in Peshawar, North West of Pakistan. During 2005-2006, one hundred and six P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from burn patients at a tertiary care hospital. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and ESBL detection were carried out according to Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria. Eighteen antibiotics were tested in this study. A total of 38 (35.85%) isolates were found to be ESBL producers. Thirty one (29.24%) isolates were resistant to 3 or more antibiotics (multidrug resistance). Meropenem and imipenem showed high potency with 99% and 96% isolates being susceptible respectively. Susceptibility to amikacin was 70%; gentamicin 25%; ciprofloxacin 49%; enoxacin 47%; gatifloxacin 42%; doxycycline 21% and to co-trimoxazole only 16%. This study reveals that P. aeruginosa isolated from burns in this region are multidrug resistant and produce ESBL in large proportions.

Serum sialic acid changes in non-insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients following bitter melon (Momordica charantia) and rosiglitazone (Avandia) treatment

Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increase in sialic acid concentration along with other complications. Sialic acid changes in NIDDM patients were investigated following bitter melon (55 ml/24h) and rosiglitazone (4 mg/24h) treatment. A total of 25 patients of both sexes were used in each experimental group. Patients following bitter melon treatment showed no significant difference of serum sialic acid (57.95+/-4.90 vs. 57.6+/-5.56 mg/dl, p=0.17) and serum glucose concentration (93.7+/-9.63 vs. 88.35+/-6.31 mg/dl, p=0.78) as compared to control subjects. However, the concentration of total cholesterol was significantly high in these patients as compared to control subjects (192+/-14.23 vs. 170.6+/-15.1mg/dl, p<0.03) but within normal range (160-200mg/dl), suggesting the significant hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering properties of bitter melon. The patients following rosiglitazone treatment showed a significant increase of serum sialic acid concentration (60.2+/-5.80 vs. 57.6+/-5.56 mg/dl, p=0.01) along with glucose (112+/-6.2 vs. 88.35+/-6.31 mg/dl, p<0.04) and total cholesterol concentration (216.45+/-20.2 vs. 170.6+/-15.1mg/dl, p<0.01) as compared to control subjects. In addition six of the patients had retinopathy, two of whom were suffering also from myocardial infarction and they still had a higher serum sialic acid (61.05+/-1.20mg/dl), glucose (187+/-2.11 mg/dl), total cholesterol (239.10+/-5.04 mg/dl) and triglyceride (183+/-4.14 mg/dl) concentration, indicating a poor response of these patients to rosiglitazone. Comparison of serum sialic acid concentration of patients, following bitter melon and rosiglitazone treatment revealed no significant difference but the study showed that bitter melon could be more effective in the management of diabetes and its related complications as compared to rosiglitazone.

Genetic characterization of rotavirus subtypes in Pakistan-first report of G12 genotype from Pakistan under WHO-Eastern Mediterranean region

Rotaviruses are among the major causes of gastroenteritis and diarrhea among children in developed as well as the developing countries. The rapidly evolving strain prevalence and circulation have resulted in the emergence of novel strains over the period worldwide. The introduction of G12 prototype in 1987 from Philippines and subsequently re-emergence among most of the Asian countries along with USA and Europe has provoked new research horizons to address the global distribution of rotavirus serotypes. These newly emerging subtypes and their sustenance among the population have posed tremendous challenge to the development of an effectual vaccine with heterotypic protective efficacy. In Pakistan, no data is available regarding the prevalent rotavirus serotypes; therefore, this is the first study to report the prevalence of G12 strain in Pakistan in hospitalized children with diarrhea addressing a dire need of further large-scale epidemiological surveys to resolve the underlying rotavirus isolates in both the hospitalized and the community neonatal and child population before formulating the vaccine introduction policies in the country's routine immunization program.

Comparative distribution of the scalp hair trace metal contents in the benign tumour patients and normal donors

The scalp hair samples of benign tumour patients (n = 77) and normal donors (n = 86) were analysed for selected trace metal contents using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In the scalp hair of benign tumour patients, highest average levels were found for Ca (1,401 microg/g), followed by Na (476.9 microg/g), Mg (441.6 microg/g), Zn (438.3 microg/g), K (119.2 microg/g) and Fe (96.38 microg/g) while in comparison, the maximum mean levels in the scalp hair of normal donors were shown by Ca (556.5 microg/g), followed by Zn (154.2 microg/g), Mg (153.4 microg/g), Na (97.45 microg/g) and Fe (81.68 microg/g). Almost all metal levels revealed higher dispersion and asymmetry in the scalp hair of benign tumour patients compared with the normal donors. The average concentrations of Ca, Cd, Co, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr and Zn were significantly higher in the hair of benign tumour patients compared with the normal donors. Significant gender-based differences were also observed in the scalp hair metal contents of benign tumour patients. Strong positive correlations were found between Cd-Cr (0.547) and Cd-Co (0.507) in the hair of benign tumour patients whereas Ca-Mg, Mg-Sr, Co-Cd, Cr-Cd, Li-Cr, Li-Co, Li-Cd, Na-Cd, Na-Co and Na-Li exhibited strong relationships (r > 0.50) in the hair of normal donors. Cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used for the source identification and apportionment of scalp hair trace metals in the two donor groups. The scalp hair of benign tumour patients and normal donors revealed six and five main clusters of trace metals, respectively. PCA extracted seven principal components of trace metals in the scalp hair of benign tumour patients while six principal components were observed in the case of normal donors. The study evidenced significantly different patterns of metal distribution in the hair of benign tumour patients in comparison with normal donors.

Evaluation of trace metals in tobacco of local and imported cigarette brands used in Pakistan by spectrophotometer through microwave digestion

Uncontrolled exposure of active and passive smokers to trace metals causes increase in health risks. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether local and imported cigarette brands used in Pakistan, have elevated levels of metals or not. Six metals manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were determined in tobacco of twenty cigarette brands (local and imported) used in Pakistan by flame atomic absorption Spectrophotometry. To overcome contamination chances and for complete digestion of analytes a microwave digester was used. The analytical results showed highest concentration of Mn (84.78 microg/g dry weight), Cd (0.525 microg/g dry weight) and Zn (14.34 microg/g dry weight) metals in imported brands in relation to counterparts from the local brands. Certain elevated levels were observed for Co (3.344 microg/g dry weight), Pb (14.16 microg/g dry weight) and Cu (7.889 microg/g dry weight) metals in local brands. The inter-metal relationships in the tobacco of local and imported cigarette brands showed some integrated variation in the selected metal levels. In view of health risk associated with the above metals, there should be a strict quality control over monitoring of heavy metals during growing, processing and smoking of tobacco. Therefore, it is prudent to minimize exposure to toxic substances whenever possible because smoking and exposure to cigarette smoke is a confounder to be taken into account when carrying out epidemiological studies on human exposure to metals.

Plasma lipid profile in gynecologic cancers

BACKGROUND

Lipids are associated with cancer because they play a key role in the maintenance of cell integrity. We studied the relationship of plasma lipids with gynecologic cancer.

METHODS

A total of 196 female individuals were included in the study. Of these 50 were normal subjects. The remaining were cancer patients: 80 breast cancer, 40 ovarian cancer and 26 patients with other gynecologic cancers. Plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were estimated by using spectrophotometer.

RESULTS

In breast cancer patients there is moderate increase in the plasma levels of triglycerides (18%) and cholesterol (21%), and a high increase in LDL-cholesterol (43%), while there is a moderate decrease in HDL-cholesterol levels (30%) when compared with normal subjects. In ovarian cancer patients, there is a high decrease in the plasma levels of triglycerides (31%) and HDL-cholesterol (39%), while a moderate decrease in cholesterol (28%) and LDL-cholesterol levels (11%) when compared with normal subjects. In gynecologic cancers other than breast and ovarian cancer, there is a moderate decrease in plasma levels of the triglycerides (25%), cholesterol (21%), and HDL-cholesterol levels (27%), while a non-significant decrease in LDL-cholesterol (6.2%) when compared with normal subjects.

CONCLUSIONS

Plasma lipid levels, except HDL-cholesterol, are raised in breast cancer and are decreased in other gynecologic cancers. HDL-cholesterol is decreased in all gynecologic cancers. As there is an alteration in the plasma lipid profile during gynecologic cancers, it may be helpful for diagnosis of the disease.

Burns from a stove burst: analysis of 34 cases

Burns continue to be a major environmental factor responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries and, in particular, burns due to stove bursts are a major problem. Two types of stoves are available in Pakistan: gas stoves and kerosene stoves. The state is considered of patients burned by stove bursts in general, and also with specific reference to 34 adult patients admitted with stove burns to our hospital in Pakistan. Various treatment options were used, and the patients' treatment and outcome are reported. The continued commercialization of such stoves, and especially of the gas stove, is is a cause of serious and permanent consequences that represent a danger for the population. Proper care should be observed when handling them because, as always, prevention is better than cure.

Molecular epidemiology of Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Pakistan

Background

Eight genotypes of Hepatitis B virus designated A-H, have been known but in Pakistan, no such data is available on the prevalent HBV genotypes. Therefore, the subject study was conducted to determine HBV genotypes in the indigenous Pakistani population.

Methods

A total of 690 individuals were enrolled for HBV screening with EIA and nested PCR. Positive samples were further analyzed to determine HBV genotypes (A-F) by multiplex-PCR using type specific primers.

Results

110 (15.94%) individuals were positive for HBV, including 64% males and 36% females. Out of these, 66 samples (65.34%) were classified into genotype D, 27 (26.73%) were of genotype B while 5(4.95%) had genotype A. In 3 (2.98%) samples, multiple genotypes were detected (genotype A+B; 2(1.99%) and genotypes B+D; 1(0.99%). Nine (8.18%) samples remained untyable.

Conclusion

In Asia, genotypes B and C are the most prevalent but our study reveals that genotype D is predominant and HBV infection constitutes a significant health problem in Pakistan.

Common genotypes of Hepatitis B virus prevalent in injecting drug abusers (addicts) of North West Frontier Province of Pakistan

BACKGROUND

The epidemiological significance of Hepatitis B virus genotypes has been well established and becoming an essential concern day by day however, much little is known about the mixed infection with more than one Hepatitis B virus genotypes and their clinical relevance.

METHODS

Intravenous drug abusers are considered as a major risk group for the acquisition and transmission of blood borne infections like hepatitis B, however, in Pakistan, no such data has ever been reported about the epidemiology of HBV and its genotypes in Injecting Drug Users. 250 individuals were analyzed for hepatitis B virus genotypes after prior screening with serological assay for the detection of HBsAg.

RESULTS

56 (22.4%) individuals were found positive on ELSIA for HBsAg. The genotype distribution was found to be as: genotype D, 62.5%; genotype A, 8.92% while 28.57% individuals were found to be infected with a mixture of genotype A and D.

CONCLUSION

There is an urgent need of the time to develop public health care policies with special emphasis towards the control of HBV transmission through high risk groups especially Injecting Drug Users.

Experience of burn injuries at the pakistan institute of medical science, islamabad, pakistan*

The objective of this prospective study was to consider the demographical data of burn patients admitted to the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, Pakistan. The study was carried out at PIMS from January 2002 to December 2003. Only admitted patients of either sex of age more than 12 yr were included. Patients below 12 yr were excluded. Patients requiring outpatient treatment were also excluded. A total number of 77 males and 65 females fulfilled the criteria. The mean age of the males was 32.2 yr and of the females 24.4 yr, while the male/female ratio was 1/1.18. Burns were commonest during the winter season (42.2%). In 6% of the patients, the burns were due to suicide attempts and in 15% to homicidal intent. The burns were accidental in 79% of cases. The major mechanism in females was stove burst (22%) and in males direct flame (18%). The kitchen was the commonest site of the accident in females (27%). Housewives were the most frequently affected (35%). More married males (39%) were burned than unmarried females (18%). Inhalational injury was present in 23% of the patients. Males had average total body surface area burned of 27.4% compared with 39.5% in females. Eighteen per cent of the deaths occurred among males and 16% among females. This study provides a comprehensive overview of hospitalized burn patients in Pakistan. Prevention is always the rule to be safe from burns but, once they occur, immediate and proper care should be given with aggressive treatment in order to minimize post-burn problems.

Plasma lipid profile in sarcoma patients

Objective of the present study was to observe plasma lipid profile (triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol) in sarcoma patients. 120 subjects were included in the project. The subjects comprised of two groups ; first as Controls (60 in number) and the second as Patients of Sarcoma (also 60 in number). Fasting blood samples were collected for estimation. Sarcoma patients showed highly significant (P<0.01) decrease, when compared with the normal control subjects.

Pattern of bacterial invasion in burn patients at the pakistan institute of medical sciences, islamabad

A prospective study was carried out in the Department of Plastic Surgery, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, from January 2002 to December 2003. A total number of 142 patients were included in the study. The patients' mean age was 32.2 yr for males and 24.4 yr for females. The male/female ratio was 1.18:1.0. Micro-organisms from 86 patients were cultured for the first five days and in 77 patients from day 6 onwards. Staphylococcus aureuswas found in 24.4%, which decreased to 18.2% after the first week. Pseudomonas aeruginosawas found in 27.3% of patients. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureuswas observed in 11.7% of cases. No case of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureuswas found. Seven patients, after admission day 6, showed no growth. Eighteen per cent of males and 16% of females died during their stay in hospital. This study highlights the predominant bacterial pathogens among the infected burn wounds treated in our centre.

Relation of serum sialic acid with serum lipids in cardiac patients

Elevated serum sialic acid concentration is a risk factor for coronary heart disease in general population along with dyslipidemia. Sialic acid and lipid profile was determined in healthy subjects (Group A1 and A2) and sixty cardiac patients, divided into two groups, group B comprising of thirty male patients and group C comprising of thirty female patients. A highly significant increase was observed in the level of sialic acid and different variables of lipid profile except HDL-C in all patients. HDL-C showed a significant decrease in patients. An increase in the level of sialic acid in cardiac patients showing the implications of raised level of sialic acid in the development of cardiovascular complications.

Evaluation of Pathogenic Potential of Avian Influenza Virus Serotype H9N2 in Chickens

Recently seven isolates of avian influenza virus (AIV) serotype H9N2 recovered from an outbreak of AI were analyzed on the basis of their biological and molecular characteristics. All the isolates belonged to the low-pathogenicity group of AIV. To further evaluate their pathogenic potential in association with other organisms, an isolate was inoculated experimentally in chickens using different routes and subsequently challenged with infectious bronchitis virus, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale or Escherichia coli. The virus isolation and seromonitoring data revealed a significant role of Escherichia coli in aggravating the clinical condition of the birds earlier infected with AIV (H9N2). The AIV-antigen was detected in lung, trachea, kidney, and cloacal bursa among the infected birds, using immunofluorescent antibody technique. In another experiment, chickens that were immunosuppressed chemically showed high mortality when challenged with AIV H9N2. The results indicated that this low pathogenicity AIV (H9N2) isolate could produce severe infection depending on the type of secondary opportunistic pathogens present under field conditions. This may explain the severity of infection with the present H9N2 outbreak in the field. A prolonged antibacterial therapy in flocks infected with AIV H9N2 and use of oil-based vaccine at an early age in new flocks has helped to control this infection and the disease.

Spectrum of malaria in Hajj pilgrims in the year 2000

BACKGROUND

This study was carried out to investigate the country wise distribution of malarial parasite in Muslim pilgrims.

METHODS

This study was conducted at Ajyad Hospital, Makkah Al-Mukarmah, Saudi Arabia during peak Hajj season, from February to March 2000. The peripheral blood smears for malarial parasites were examined from one hundred and thirty patients suspected to be suffering from malaria.

RESULTS

A positive identification of malarial parasite was possible in 19.2%. Seventy-six percent patients were suffering from Plasmodium falciparum infection, while 24% had Plasmodium vivax infection. Fifty percent of patients from Sudan and Saudi Arabia had P. vivax malaria while in the rest of the countries only P. falciparum infection was found. The patients presented with protean clinical manifestations.

CONCLUSIONS

Malaria is prevalent in many Muslim countries and the frequency of falciparum species seems to increase as compared to vivax malaria. The majority of falciparum malaria patients develop haematological complications.

Decrease in rat taste receptor cell intracellular pH is the proximate stimulus in sour taste transduction

Taste receptor cells (TRCs) respond to acid stimulation, initiating perception of sour taste. Paradoxically, the pH of weak acidic stimuli correlates poorly with the perception of their sourness. A fundamental issue surrounding sour taste reception is the identity of the sour stimulus. We tested the hypothesis that acids induce sour taste perception by penetrating plasma membranes as H(+) ions or as undissociated molecules and decreasing the intracellular pH (pH(i)) of TRCs. Our data suggest that taste nerve responses to weak acids (acetic acid and CO(2)) are independent of stimulus pH but strongly correlate with the intracellular acidification of polarized TRCs. Taste nerve responses to CO(2) were voltage sensitive and were blocked with MK-417, a specific blocker of carbonic anhydrase. Strong acids (HCl) decrease pH(i) in a subset of TRCs that contain a pathway for H(+) entry. Both the apical membrane and the paracellular shunt pathway restrict H(+) entry such that a large decrease in apical pH is translated into a relatively small change in TRC pH(i) within the physiological range. We conclude that a decrease in TRC pH(i) is the proximate stimulus in rat sour taste transduction.

Bone marrow changes in human malaria: a retrospective study

The bone marrow reports of 1966 patients admitted to a provincial teaching hospital between January, 1992 to April, 1995 were retrospectively analyzed. Twenty-six (1.3%) bone marrows showed the presence of malarial parasites. Sixteen (62%) patients had Plasmodium falciparum 9 (34%) Vivax malaria and one (4%) mixed infection. All these patients gave a history of prolonged illness and had low parasite counts. Plasmodium vivax malaria was not associated with any significant pathology in the bone marrow, except iron deficiency anaemia. The bone marrows with Plasmodium falciparum malaria showed myeloid hyperplasia, erythroid hyperplasia, megaloblastosis and hypoplasia in different proportions. No evidence of dyserythropoiesis was found in this series. The possible mechanisms producing these changes and the factors responsible for the discrepancy in bone marrow findings in different geographical areas are discussed.

Tumor necrosis factor in falciparum malaria

To investigate the relationship of TNFalpha levels to Plasmodium falciparum (PF) infection, plasma TFNalpha concentrations were measured in Pakistani adults and children with mind, severe, cerebral and chronic falciparum malaria and healthy (control) subjects. The initial geometric mean plasma concentrations of TFNalpha in adult patients with severe malaria (187.6 pg/mL) were significantly higher than mild malaria patients (87.1 pg/mL, P < 0.001). TNFalpha levels were not correlated to parasite density, cerebral malaria, young age, hypoglycemia or fatal outcome; however, they were associated with severe anemia, and hepatic and kidney dysfunction. TNFalpha levels were not significantly increased in 16 patients with hyperparasitemia and were significantly elevated (P < 0.02) in chronic malaria patients as compared to control subjects. TNFalpha levels were elevated independently in patients with anemia, hypoglycemia (P < 0.001, P < 0.05), and hepatic and kidney (P < 0.001 each) dysfuntion. In this study, high TNFalpha levels were associated with several manifestations of severe malaria and were not specific to cerebral malaria and hyperparasitemia.

Haematological changes in falciparum malaria and tumor necrosis factor

Tumor necrosis factor and various haematological parameters were studied in 90 patients suffering from falciparum malaria. They were divided into three groups on the basis of haemoglobin level. The difference in haemoglobin level between group-1 (Hb < 7 gm/dl) and group-2 (Hb 7-10 gm/dl), as well as group-1 and group-3 was statistically significant. The geometric mean TNF alpha concentrations in group-1 (193.9 pg/ml) and group-2 (132.2 pg/ml) were higher as compared to group-3; however, the difference was statistically non-significant. The TNF concentration in group-2 correlated negatively with haemoglobin level (r = .43, p = .05). As a whole, 21% patients had leukocytosis, 3% leukopenia, 46% increased ESR and 26% elevated levels of fibrin degradation products. The platelet count was done only in 4 patients with bleeding problems. Twenty-five healthy subjects were included in the study as controls. The difference between TNF and haemoglobin level in group-1 and controls was statistically significant (p < .05, p < .001 each). The role of tumor necrosis factor in the production of these changes is discussed.

Immunosuppressive potential and pathogenicity of an avian adenovirus isolate involved in hydropericardium syndrome in broilers

The role of avian adenovirus isolate PARC-1 as an immunosuppressive agent was investigated using a Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine immune response procedure. The immunosuppressive effect on the humoral immune response was investigated up to 21 days after inoculation with adenovirus. Infected chickens showed a serologic response to NDV that was reduced compared with that of the controls. To further investigate the effect of the virus on major lymphoid organs, the pattern of virus dissemination in various organs was studied at various time intervals after inoculation. Spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and cecal tonsils of broilers were examined using a dot-immunobinding assay. The virus was found to have a predilection for lymphoid organs, and virus from lymphoid organs was capable of producing disease when inoculated into healthy chickens. The relationship of virus predilection to its immunosuppressive effect also was studied.