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Ghassemi M, Akhavan AA, Zahraei-Ramazani A, Yakhchali B, Arandian MH, Jafari R, Akhlaghi M, Shirani-Bidabadi L, Azam K, Koosha M, Oshaghi MA. Rodents as vehicle for delivery of transgenic bacteria to make paratransgenic sand fly vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in field condition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14912. [PMID: 37689736 PMCID: PMC10492802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases, among them leishmaniasis, cause more than 700,000 deaths annually. The lack of an effective vaccination and the increasing resistance of sand flies to insecticides require the urgent development of innovative approaches to contain the disease. The use of engineered bacteria that express anti-parasite molecules (paratransgenesis) shows much promise. However, a challenge for implementation of this strategy is to devise means to introduce modified bacteria into sand flies in the field. In this study, we use rodent food bait as a delivery strategy to introduce two mCherry-fluorescent bacteria, Serratia AS1 and Enterobacter cloacae, into adult sand flies in field settings. Bacteria-infected food was provided to Rhombomys opimus rodents. These bacteria transiently pass through the rodent alimentary tract and are delivered to larval habitats with the rodent feces. The feces are ingested by sand fly larvae and, in the case of Serratia AS1, are trans-stadially transmitted to adults. This is the first report of targeting delivery of Serratia AS1 in a paratransgenic system to control transmission of leishmaniasis under field condition. This novel strategy shows promise for delivering transgenic bacteria to Leishmania vectors in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Ghassemi
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Amir Ahmad Akhavan
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Bagher Yakhchali
- Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Arandian
- Isfahan Health Research Station, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Isfahan Health Research Station, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Maryam Akhlaghi
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Leila Shirani-Bidabadi
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Kamal Azam
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mona Koosha
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Filho CRCU, Lima TARF, de Barros LSS, Giannelli A, Alves LC, de Carvalho GA, Ramos RAN. Leishmaniases in a tropical area of Brazil: a spatio-temporal analysis. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:556-561. [PMID: 37520193 PMCID: PMC10382432 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are a group of tropical and neglected diseases caused by the protozoa of the genus Leishmania which are transmitted by insect sandflies. Despite of the major efforts undertaken at global level for the control of these diseases, a recent spreading to non-endemic areas been observed. In this study we analyzed the spatio-temporal distribution of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) and Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (TL) cases notified in a tropical region of Brazil. A retrospective evaluation was carried out using secondary data (e.g., demographics, origin, age and area of occurrence) of human patients obtained from 2009 to 2019. Choropleth maps with levels of color intensity represented the spatial distribution of VL and TL cases. Overall, 116 (10.5 ± 8.5) cases of leishmaniases were registered in the study area during the whole period. Of those, 61 (5.5 ± 5.5) and 55 (5 ± 4.3) were diagnosed as VL and TL, respectively. VL cases were recorded in 61.9% (13/21) and TL cases in 42.8% (9/21) of the municipalities. Most of the cases were predominantly notified in men from rural areas, and specifically for TL with an age range of 30-59 years old. These findings will be useful to drive strategies of control (e.g., vector control, dog surveillance and notification of suspected cases) against these neglect diseases, preventing the spreading to non-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Roberto Cruz Ubirajara Filho
- Graduate Program in Animal Biosciences, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE Brazil
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Federal University of the Agreste of Pernambuco, Garanhuns, PE Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Leucio Câmara Alves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE Brazil
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de Pinho FA, Mendes MO, de Magalhães VLP, Tinôco AAC, Seoane JHL, Rêgo FD, Soares RP, Barrouin-Melo SM. Clinical evolution of equine leishmaniasis with self-limiting cutaneous disease caused by Leishmania infantum in northeastern Brazil: A case report. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 41:100881. [PMID: 37208087 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania infantum infections have long been described in humans and dogs worldwide, but characterization of equine cases remains scarce. We describe the clinical evolution of a natural L. infantum infection to contribute to the diagnostic knowledge and epidemiology of equine leishmaniasis (EL). An auction-acquired four-year-old Mangalarga Marchador mare from Pernambuco state, presented a few subcutaneous nodules on the head and neck upon arrival at the purchaser's stud at Bahia state, in November of 2019. They progressed to multiple ulcerated and non-ulcerated nodules and spread to both right limbs in seven weeks. Hematology revealed anemia, lymphocytosis, monocytosis, and elevated plasma fibrinogen. Histopathology of the biopsied nodules identified a granulomatous dermatitis with macrophages containing Leishmania amastigotes. PCR detected Leishmania in skin lesions, but not in blood or spleen aspirate samples; ITS1 PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing confirmed L. infantum species. A topical antiseptic and insect-repellent therapy and a monthly follow-up were established. All lesions improved progressively, without specific anti-Leishmania treatment, and 14 months later there was a consistent resolution. This first description of EL by L. infantum in an endemic area is relevant to emphasize the need for epidemiological studies, and to enhance clinicians' awareness for differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviane Alves de Pinho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Milton Santos 500, CEP: 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Milton Santos 500, CEP: 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Mariana Oliveira Mendes
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Milton Santos 500, CEP: 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Vitor Luiz Pereira de Magalhães
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Milton Santos 500, CEP: 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Felipe Dutra Rêgo
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 - Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, CEP: 30190-009, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 - Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, CEP: 30190-009, MG, Brazil.
| | - Stella Maria Barrouin-Melo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Milton Santos 500, CEP: 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Milton Santos 500, CEP: 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Marinho-Júnior JF, Monteiro JFCLS, Sales de Carvalho AW, de Carvalho FG, de Paiva Cavalcanti M, Shaw J, Courtenay O, Brandão-Filho SP. High levels of infectiousness of asymptomatic Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infections in wild rodents highlights their importance in the epidemiology of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010996. [PMID: 36716345 PMCID: PMC9910795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiological significance of wildlife infections with aetiological agents causing human infectious diseases is largely determined by their infection status, contact potential with humans (via vectors for vector-borne diseases), and their infectiousness to maintain onward transmission. This study quantified these parameters in wild and synanthropic naturally infected rodent populations in an endemic region of tegumentary leishmaniasis in northeast Brazil. METHODS Capture-mark-recapture (CMR) of rodents was conducted over 27 months in domestic/peri domestic environs, household plantations and nearby Atlantic Forest (9,920 single trap nights). Rodent clinical samples (blood and ear tissue) were tested for infection by conventional PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR) for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, and xenodiagnosis to measure infectiousness to the local sand fly vector. RESULTS A total 603 individuals of 8 rodent species were (re)captured on 1,051 occasions. The most abundant species were Nectomys squamipes (245 individuals, 41% of the total catch), Rattus rattus (148, 25%), and Necromys lasiurus (83, 14%). All species were captured in greater relative frequencies in plantations; R. rattus was the only species captured in all three habitats including in and around houses. Four species, comprising 22.6% of individuals captured at least twice, were geolocated in more than one habitat type; 78.6% were infected with L. (V.) braziliensis, facilitating inter-species and inter-habitat transmission. Species specific period prevalence ranged between 0%-62% being significantly higher in N. squamipes (54-62%) and Hollochillus sciureus (43-47%). Xenodiagnosis was performed on 41 occasions exposing 1,879 Nyssomyia whitmani sand flies to five rodent species (37 individuals). Similar mean levels of infectiousness amongst the more common rodent species were observed. Longitudinal xenodiagnosis of the N. squamipes population revealed a persistent level of infectiousness over 13 months follow-up, infecting a median 48% (IQR: 30.1%-64.2%) of exposed blood-fed vectors. The proportion of exposed flies infected was greater in the low compared to in the high seasonal period of vector abundance. L. (V.) braziliensis parasite loads in rodent blood quantified by qPCR were similar across rodent species but did not represent a reliable quantitative marker of infectiousness to sand flies. The standardised risk of rodent infection in plantations was 70.3% relative to 11.3% and 18.4% in peri domestic and forest habitats respectively. R. rattus was the only exception to this trend indicating greatest risk in the peri domestic environment. CONCLUSIONS The results support the view that a collective assemblage of wild and synanthropic rodent species is an important wild reservoir of L. (V.) braziliensis in this region, with N. squamipes and R. rattus probably playing a key role in transmission within and between habitat types and rodent species. Rodents, and by implication humans, are at risk of infection in all sampled habitats, but more so in homestead plantations. These conclusions are based on one of the longest CMR study of small rodents in an American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) foci.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francisco Gomes de Carvalho
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Milena de Paiva Cavalcanti
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey Shaw
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orin Courtenay
- The Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SPBF); (OC)
| | - Sinval Pinto Brandão-Filho
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail: (SPBF); (OC)
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Silva CJD, Lima KPB, Monteiro JFDCLS, Silva AKSFD, Silva FJD, Pereira AMDS, Hernandes VP, Silva EDD, Silva CSDAGE, Brandão Filho SP, Brito MEFD. Leishmania V. braziliensis infection in asymptomatic domestic animals within an endemic region in the Northeast of Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022; 55:e0600. [PMID: 35976338 PMCID: PMC9405948 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0600-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: American cutaneous leishmaniasis is a commonly neglected, vector-borne tropical parasitic disease that is a major public health concern in Brazil. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the main species associated with the disease. Accurate diagnosis is based on epidemiological surveillance, clinical assessment, and laboratory testing. Leishmania (V.) braziliensis has been detected in several wild and synanthropic mammals. Their epidemiological role has not been entirely elucidated. This study aimed to assess potential L. braziliensis infections in asymptomatic domestic animals, by molecular and serological testing in endemic areas, in the metropolitan region of Recife. Methods: Blood samples and conjunctival fluids were collected from 232 animals (canids, felids, equines, and caprines) for the detection of L. braziliensis using molecular tests (conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction [PCR and qPCR]). For immunological detection, blood samples from 115 dogs were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Real-time quantitative PCR showed positive results for blood and conjunctival samples in all investigated species. The results of the blood and conjunctival samples were 68.2% and 26.9% in Canis familiaris, 100% and 41.7% in Felis catus, 77.3% and 30.8% in Equus caballus/Equus asinus, and 50% and 33.3% in Capra hircus samples, respectively. Conclusions: Results from this study adds valuable information to our understanding of the role of asymptomatic domestic animals, L. braziliensis life cycle, and American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Northeast Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Júlio da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Recife, PE, Brasil.,Núcleo de Vigilância em Saúde de Moreno, Moreno, PE, Brasil.,Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Faculdade de Ciência e Tecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Karina Patricia Baracho Lima
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | | | - Fernando José da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Allana Maria de Souza Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Valéria Pereira Hernandes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Elis Dionísio da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Cláudia Sofia de Assunção Gonçalves E Silva
- Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Faculdade de Ciência e Tecnologia, Porto, Portugal.,Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Centro de Investigação em Biomedicina, Unidade de Investigação em Energia, Ambiente e Saúde, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sinval Pinto Brandão Filho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Maria Edileuza Felinto de Brito
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
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Silva CJD, Monteiro JFDCLS, Lima KPBD, Silva CSDAGE, Almeida ÉLD, Souza SFD, Medeiros ÂCR, Macedo FMRD, Brandão-Filho SP, Santos SNCD, Brito MEFD. Study on the zoonotic cycle of tegumentary leishmaniasis in an endemic area of a metropolitan region in the Northeastern region of Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2022; 64:e60. [PMID: 36197421 PMCID: PMC9528310 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202264060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to characterize the transmission cycle of the tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) in an old colonization area at Pernambuco State, Brazil. The aims were to identify autochthonous cases, sandflies fauna, domestic animals as possible reservoir hosts and the Leishmania species involved in this endemic area. A total of 168 suspected human cases of TL and 272 domestic animals (canine, feline, equine, goat, and sheep) were included. The sandflies were captured and identified by species. Patients were predominantly male and the average age was 37+18.1 years old. Of 85 patients who had skin lesions, 25.6% of them had direct positive smears for TL and 34 isolates were identified as Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. The confirmation for TL diagnosed by molecular detection (PCR) was almost three times more sensitive than the direct test [p < 0.001; PR = 2.72] associated with clinical examination. The Kappa test on PCR between two different specimens, biopsy, and skin lesion swab was 60.8% (p < 0.001). More than 200 specimens of sandflies (80 males and 159 females) were captured and identified as Lutzomyia whitmani (99.6%) and Lu. evandroi (0.4%). The detection of L. (V.) braziliensis by Real-Time PCR in the blood of a captured fed female was positive in 59.3% of Lu. whitmani. Of the 272 domestic animals included, 61.76% were male (n = 168). Thirty-six animals (13.2%) had lesions compatible with TL (34 dogs, 1 cat and 1 sheep) and 3 of them, all dogs, had lesions on the snout, showing destruction of cartilage and mucosa. The study suggests the participation of domestic animals as possible reservoirs. However, further studies are necessary to better understand the transmission cycle and take recommended measures in order to control the disease.
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Melo MGND, Morais RCSD, Goes TCD, Silva RPE, Morais RFD, Guerra JADO, Brito MEFD, Brandão Filho SP, Cavalcanti MDP. Clinical and epidemiological profiles of patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis from the states of Pernambuco and Amazonas, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20200083. [PMID: 33263681 PMCID: PMC7723372 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0083-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Brazil has a high number of cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL)
in the north and northeast regions. Therefore, continuous surveillance of
environmental and socioeconomic factors in endemic areas is needed to
develop strategic control measures. This study aimed to describe the
clinical and epidemiological profiles of patients with ACL. METHODS: All patients were from the states of Amazonas and Pernambuco, and
examinations were carried out between 2015 and 2018. All patients had a
clinical and epidemiological history compatible with ACL after positive
diagnostic tests. Information obtained from medical records included gender,
employment activity, level of education, age, and number and sites of
lesions. RESULTS: A total of 213 patients were included, of whom 30.98% were female and 69.02%
were male. The main employment activity was agriculture (27.56%). The most
common level of education was elementary (62.42%). The average age was
approximately 39 years. The majority of the patients presented only with one
lesion (54.87%), and legs/feet were the most commonly affected area
(48.25%), followed by the arms/hands (44.75%). CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrated that irrespective of the patients’ places of origin,
interventions need to be focused on men of economically productive age, in
view of the high risk of exposure to the vector in this group. Education
activities need to be directed to farmers about the importance of protection
against ACL vectors during work. Such information must also be directed to
employers as a way of implementing and maintaining appropriate working
conditions and stepping up vector control.
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Silva LP, Montenegro S, Werkauser R, Sales KGDS, Soares FCS, Costa VMA, Bezerra AC, Pinto MBDA, Ferreira SM, Neitzke-Abreu HC, Dantas-Torres F, Lima Junior MSDC. Asymptomatic Leishmania infection in blood donors from a major blood bank in Northeastern Brazil: a cross-sectional study. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2020; 62:e92. [PMID: 33263698 PMCID: PMC7694538 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study has estimated the risk of Leishmania transmission via
blood transfusion in one of the largest blood banks in Northeastern Brazil,
where visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. Five hundred blood samples from donors
were tested for circulating Leishmania spp. DNA by real-time
PCR. Positive samples were tested by a species-specific conventional PCR
targeting Leishmania infantum . Overall, 6.2% (95% CI:
4.1–8.3%) of the samples carried Leishmania DNA and in one
sample the species was confirmed as L. infantum . No
statistically significant differences were found in relation to gender, sex,
education level, incomeas well as the place of residence between positive and
negative blood donors. Our results confirm the presence of asymptomatic
Leishmania carriers among blood donors in a large blood
bank in Northeastern Brazil. Considering the studied population, we estimate
that for every 1,000 blood donors screened, 41 to 83 will be positive for
Leishmania DNA. This finding reinforces the urgent need for
elaborating specific Blood bank guidelines to allow the early detection of
asymptomatic Leishmania carriers among blood donors before
their blood products are transfused to uninfected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Montenegro
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Imunologia, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Roberto Werkauser
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Imunologia, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Fábia Carla Silva Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Imunologia, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Imunologia, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Gonçalves AFLDS, Lima SSD, Silva APDSC, Barbosa CC. Spatial dynamics and socioeconomic factors correlated with American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pernambuco, Brazil from 2008 to 2017. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20190373. [PMID: 32348432 PMCID: PMC7198070 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0373-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a public health problem and has
been associated with country’s territory. We aimed to analyze the spatial
dynamics and socioeconomic factors correlated to the incidence of ACL in
Pernambuco, Brazil from 2008 to 2017. METHODS: A cross-sectional, ecological study was conducted in the Brazilian
municipalities. Patient data were obtained from the Health Hazard
Notification System (SINAN); indicators and incidence for the total period
and for quinquennium were obtained. Socioeconomic factors were analyzed to
evaluate the association between the incidence of ACL and presence of
bathroom and running water, garbage collection availability, inadequate
water supply, sanitation, rural population, per capita income, and
vulnerability to poverty. Spatial analysis considered the gross incidence;
the Bayesian local empirical method and Moran spatial autocorrelation index
were applied using Terra View and QGIS. RESULTS: The incidence of ACL reduced (0.29/100,000 inhabitants per year).
Individuals with ACL were young adults (30.3%), men (60.2%), brown skinned
(62.9%), rural residents (70.6%), and less educated (46.7%); had
autochthonous transmission (78.8%); developed the cutaneous form (97.2%);
had evolution to cure (82.7%); and were diagnosed using the clinical
epidemiological criterion (70.5%). ACL occurred in the large part of the
state and showed heterogeneous distribution, with persistence of two high
priority intervention clusters covering Health Regions I, II, III, IV, and
XII. CONCLUSIONS: Spatial analysis and epidemiological indicators complement each other. The
combination of these methods can improve the understanding on ACL
occurrence, which will help subsidize planning and enhance the quality and
effectiveness of healthcare interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzanne Santos de Lima
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE, Brasil
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Da Silva YY, Sales KGDS, Miranda DEDO, Figueredo LA, Brandão-Filho SP, Dantas-Torres F. Detection of Leishmania DNA in Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) From a Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Outbreak Area in Northeastern Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:529-533. [PMID: 31693145 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) by Leishmania braziliensis Vianna (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) is a widespread disease in the western hemisphere and Brazil is the country reporting the majority of the human cases each year. Several phlebotomine sand flies have been regarded as putative or proven vectors of L. braziliensis and multiple vectors may be involved in the transmission of this parasite in the same endemic foci. In this study, we tested a subset of female phlebotomine sand flies collected in the frame of a previous study conducted in a military training camp, where outbreaks of CL by L. braziliensis have sporadically been reported. In total, 1,807 female phlebotomine sand flies were tested (individually or in pools) by real-time PCR and a minimum infection rate of 0.9% (95% CI: 0.6-1.5%) was detected. Positive females belonged to the species Psychodopygus complexus (Mangabeira) or Psychodopygus wellcomei Fraiha, Shaw & Lainson (females of these species are morphologically indistinguishable), Trichopygomyia longispina (Mangabeira), and Sciopemyia sordellii (Shannon & Del Ponte) (Diptera: Psychodidae). By restriction enzyme analysis, 13 samples (nine of Ty. longispina, two of Ps. complexus/wellcomei, and two of Sc. sordellii) presented a HaeIII restriction profile identical to L. braziliensis. The results of this study reinforce the notion that multiple vectors may be involved in the transmission of L. braziliensis in a single focus, ultimately making the epidemiological picture more complex than currently recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Yzabella Da Silva
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciana Aguiar Figueredo
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Sinval P Brandão-Filho
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Silva JAO, Silva FJD, Macedo LOD, Santos CVBD, Alves LC, Ramos RAN, Faustino MADG, Carvalho GAD. Sandflies in an endemic area for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2019; 28:569-573. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Phlebotomines of the genus Lutzomyia are important vector for species of Leishmania, the etiological agent of leishmaniasis. The aim of this study was to assess the diversity of sandflies in an endemic area for Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). Sampling was performed in four localities on the coast of the municipality of Goiana, state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Specimens were collected monthly on three consecutive nights, from November 2017 to October 2018. CDC light traps were installed at a height of 1.5 m above the ground, in two ecotypes (i.e. tree and animal facility), both in peridomestic areas. A total of 5,205 sandflies were collected, among which the species Lutzomyia longipalpis (99.85%; 5,197/5,205) was the most common, followed by Lutzomyia evandroi (0.13%; 07/5,205) and Lutzomyia whitmani (0.02%; 01/5,205). Specimens of L. longipalpis were collected throughout the study period and most of them were found near to the animal facilities. The findings from this research indicate that vectors for Leishmania infantum are present in the study area throughout the year, along with occurrences of vectors relating to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL). Preventive vector control measures need to be implemented in Goiana to reduce the risk of infection for the human and animal populations.
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12
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Drug-containing hydrophobic dressings as a topical experimental therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Parasit Dis 2019; 44:79-87. [PMID: 32174708 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a clinical condition caused mainly by Leishmania amazonensis in Brazil, is characterized by topical, painless ulcers. The current treatment, based on intravenous administration of pentavalent antimonials, presents low adherence by patients and may cause serious adverse effects, leading to the need for searching new therapeutic options. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating a topical administration of "intelligent dressings" as an alternative treatment for CL. BALB/c mice were infected with L. amazonensis promastigotes. Afterward, lesions were treated with hydrophobic dressings incorporated with clinically used drugs. After lesion development, the following analyses were carried out: measurement of lesion diameters, biochemical analyses of serum, evaluation of the recovery of amastigote forms and histological analyses. No significant clinical changes in serum parameters were observed. The group that was treated with dressings impregnated with Glucantime® displayed the lowest number of amastigotes recovered from tissues (parasite load). Conventional treatment with Glucantime® (i.p.) was also able to reduce parasite load. After 6 weeks from the measurement of the lesions mice treated with dressings impregnated with Pentamidine displayed the smallest values. Representative histological aspects of the lesions showed the absence or few amastigotes inside the macrophages when mice were treated with dressings impregnated with Glucantime® and Pentamidine, respectively. The findings presented here indicate that the topical treatments may constitute an alternative treatment option for CL.
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13
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S. L. Figueiredo de Sá B, Rezende AM, de Melo Neto OP, de Brito MEF, Brandão Filho SP. Identification of divergent Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis ecotypes derived from a geographically restricted area through whole genome analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007382. [PMID: 31170148 PMCID: PMC6581274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis, the main etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Latin America, is characterized by major differences in basic biology in comparison with better-known Leishmania species. It is also associated with a high phenotypic and possibly genetic diversity that need to be more adequately defined. Here we used whole genome sequences to evaluate the genetic diversity of ten L. braziliensis isolates from a CL endemic area from Northeastern Brazil, previously classified by Multi Locus Enzyme Electrophoresis (MLEE) into ten distinct zymodemes. These sequences were first mapped using the L. braziliensis M2904 reference genome followed by identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). A substantial level of diversity was observed when compared with the reference genome, with SNP counts ranging from ~95,000 to ~131,000 for the different isolates. When the genome data was used to infer relationship between isolates, those belonging to zymodemes Z72/Z75, recovered from forested environments, were found to cluster separately from the others, generally associated with more urban environments. Among the remaining isolates, those from zymodemes Z74/Z106 were also found to form a separate group. Phylogenetic analyses were also performed using Multi-Locus Sequence Analysis from genes coding for four metabolic enzymes used for MLEE as well as the gene sequence coding for the Hsp70 heat shock protein. All 10 isolates were firmly identified as L. braziliensis, including the zymodeme Z26 isolate previously classified as Leishmania shawi, with the clustering into three groups confirmed. Aneuploidy was also investigated but found in general restricted to chromosome 31, with a single isolate, from zymodeme Z27, characterized by extra copies for other chromosomes. Noteworthy, both Z72 and Z75 isolates are characterized by a much reduced heterozygosity. Our data is consistent with the existence of distinct evolutionary groups in the restricted area sampled and a substantial genetic diversity within L. braziliensis. Leishmania braziliensis is the main etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Latin America. In the Pernambuco state, a highly endemic area for CL in Northeastern Brazil, ten zymodemes have been previously described, identified through the detection of variations in the mobility of selected enzymes on gel electrophoresis (MLEE). Here we used next-generation genome sequencing to reevaluate the genetic diversity and relatedness between isolates representing these zymodemes. The genetic analysis clustered these isolates into three distinct phylogenetic groups, with those circulating in forested environments more related to each other (Z72 and Z75) and separated from the other eight isolates from more urbanized environments, but nevertheless forming two further groups. All ten isolates were definitely identified as L. braziliensis, including one from zymodeme Z26, previously identified as L. shawi through MLEE. Chromosome copy number variation was observed in all isolates studied, but restricted mainly to chromosome 31, with a single isolate (from zymodeme Z27) showing more than two copies of other chromosomes. A low heterozygosity observed only for both Z72/Z75 isolates also confirm differences associated with them. Our findings confirm that MLEE, despite still being considered the gold standard for characterization of Leishmania spp., does not reflect relevant information on intra-specific variations. It also highlights the substantial diversity observed between L. braziliensis isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna S. L. Figueiredo de Sá
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail: (BSLFdS); (SPBF)
| | - Antonio M. Rezende
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sinval P. Brandão Filho
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute -FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail: (BSLFdS); (SPBF)
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Fagundes J, Sakane KK, Bhattacharjee T, Pinto JG, Ferreira I, Raniero LJ, Ferreira-Strixino J. Evaluation of photodynamic therapy with methylene blue, by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) in Leishmania major - in vitro. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 207:229-235. [PMID: 30245137 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaciara Fagundes
- Photodynamic Therapy Laboratory - Research and Development Institute - PI&D, University of Vale do Paraiba, Univap. Shishima Hifumi Avenue 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kumiko Koibuchi Sakane
- Infrared Spectroscopy Laboratory, Research and Development Institute R&DI, University of Vale do Paraíba - Univap. Shishima Hifumi Avenue, 2911, 12244-000 São Jose dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tanmoy Bhattacharjee
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, 310 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Juliana Guerra Pinto
- Photodynamic Therapy Laboratory - Research and Development Institute - PI&D, University of Vale do Paraiba, Univap. Shishima Hifumi Avenue 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Ferreira
- Photodynamic Therapy Laboratory - Research and Development Institute - PI&D, University of Vale do Paraiba, Univap. Shishima Hifumi Avenue 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências da Saúde - ICS - UNIP. Rod. Presidente Dutra, km 157, 5 - Rio Comprido, São José dos Campos SP 12240-420, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Jose Raniero
- Nanosensors Laboratory - Research and Development Institute - R&DI, University of Vale do Paraíva, UniVap, Shishima Hifumi Avenue, 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira-Strixino
- Photodynamic Therapy Laboratory - Research and Development Institute - PI&D, University of Vale do Paraiba, Univap. Shishima Hifumi Avenue 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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15
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Khalili S, Mohebali M, Ebrahimzadeh E, Shayan E, Mohammadi-Yeganeh S, Moosazadeh Moghaddam M, Elikaee S, Akhoundi B, Sharifi-Yazdi MK. Antimicrobial activity of an antimicrobial peptide against amastigote forms of Leishmania major. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2018; 9:323-328. [PMID: 30713610 PMCID: PMC6346494 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2018.33107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major is a most common type of vector-borne disease in Iran. The pentavalent antimonial drugs have been used in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis for a long time, but drug resistance and some of serious side effects have been reported. Thus, discovery and development of new therapeutic candidates are needed. The CM11 peptide is one of these peptides that its anti-bacterial activity has been proven. This peptide is a short cecropin–melittin hybrid peptide obtained through a sequence combination approach. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of CM11 peptide against amastigote forms of Leishmania major. In this study, amastigote forms of Iranian strain of L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) were cultured in the presence of different concentrations of meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®) to find the most appropriate in vitro concentration of Glucantime® against L. major amastigotes. Then, the anti-leishmanial activities of various concentrations of CM11 peptide (8, 16, 32 and 64 µM) were evaluated for 24, 48 and 72 hr by DAPI staining. In addition, MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxic effects of CM11 peptide on murine fibroblast cell line. The results showed that CM11 peptide has antimicrobial activity against Iranian isolate of L. major in the laboratory conditions. It seems that the CM11 peptide has significant potential to be used as a new anti-leishmanial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Khalili
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ebrahimzadeh Shayan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Samira Elikaee
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Akhoundi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Combination of flow cytometry and qPCR to study the immune response of american cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:433-439. [PMID: 30076983 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
American Cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a public health problem. The immunological response is mainly dependent on T cell cytokine responses and might influence disease presentation, susceptibility and development. The understanding of the host immune response role in the control and in the pathology of leishmaniasis is relevant and has implications on diagnosis, follow-up and vaccine development. In this study, the differences in the immune response and T cell profile of patients before treatment was investigated through flow cytometry and real time PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after different antigenic stimulations. Among the main findings are the significant presence of TNF and IFN-γ gene expression after 24 h of in vitro stimulation, and 48 h later the presence of CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells producing IL-10 and IL-4. This may be due to the differences in cytokine release over time and the presence of cells other than lymphocytes influencing the mRNA transcript detection. Evaluation of the immune response of individuals with leishmaniasis or other diseases should associate different technologies and times points for a clear and more reliable assessment of the immune response. This would help in the design of vaccine strategies/immunotherapies.
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17
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Brito MEFD, Almeida EL, Medeiros ACR, Werkhäuser RP, Alexandre JLDA, Sá BSLF, Rodrigues EHG, Brandão-Filho SP. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis isolated from the saliva of patients in a cutaneous leishmaniasis-endemic area of northeastern Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e170250. [PMID: 29412341 PMCID: PMC5851022 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have described the use of non-invasive collection methods, mostly
based on the detection of parasite DNA, for diagnosis. However, no
Leishmania specimens have been isolated from saliva. Here,
we report the first isolation of Leishmania braziliensis from
the saliva of humans with cutaneous leishmaniasis but without lesions on their
mucosa. The isolates were obtained from salivary fluid inoculated in hamsters
and were tested by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Seven samples from 43
patients suspected of having the disease were identified for in
vivo culture. These findings suggest that saliva is a clinical
sample that allows the isolation of Leishmania sp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ericka Lima Almeida
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Imunologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | - Roberto Pereira Werkhäuser
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Imunologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Sinval Pinto Brandão-Filho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Imunologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
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18
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Atypical presentations of cutaneous leishmaniasis: A systematic review. Acta Trop 2017; 172:240-254. [PMID: 28526427 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in 88 countries, showing relevant prevalences. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review on atypical lesions of CL around the world, addressing clinico-epidemiological, immunological and therapeutic aspects. A search of the literature was conducted via electronic databases Scopus and PubMed for articles published between 2010 and 2015. The search terms browsed were "cutaneous leishmaniasis", "atypical" and "unusual". Based on the eligibility criteria, 34 out of 122 articles were included in the final sample. Atypical lesions may include the following forms: erythematous volcanic ulcer, lupoid, eczematous, erysipeloid, verrucous, dry, zosteriform, paronychial, sporotrichoid, chancriform and annular. In any cases, they seem to be another disease like subcutaneous and deep mycosis, cutaneous lymphoma, pseudolymphoma, basal and squamous cell carcinoma. The lesions have been reported in the face, cheeks, ears, nose, eyelid, limbs, trunk, buttocks, as well as in palmoplantar and genital regions; sometimes occurring in more than one area. The reason for clinical cutaneous leishmaniasis pleomorphism is unclear but immunosuppression seems to play an important role in some cases. There are no established guidelines for the treatment of atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis. However, pentavalent antimonials remain as first line treatment for all forms of leishmaniasis even for HIV-infected patients and atpical forms. Finally, to diagnose an atypical lesion properly, the focus has to be on the medical history and the origin of the patient, comparing them to the natural history of leishmaniasis and always reminding of possible atypical presentations, to then start searching for the best diagnostic method and treatment, reducing the misdiagnosis rate and, subsequently, controlling the disease progression. Thereby, contributing for breaking the transmission chain of the parasite, due to early correct diagnosis which, in turn, contributes to reduce the prevalence.
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Sand fly population dynamics and cutaneous leishmaniasis among soldiers in an Atlantic forest remnant in northeastern Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005406. [PMID: 28241005 PMCID: PMC5344522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis are relatively common among soldiers involved in nocturnal activities in tropical forests. We investigated the population dynamics of sand flies in a military training camp located in a remnant of Atlantic rainforest in northeastern Brazil, where outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis have sporadically been described. From July 2012 to July 2014, light traps were monthly placed in 10 collection sites, being nine sites located near the forest edge and one near a sheep and goat stable. Light traps operated from 5:00 pm to 6:00 am, during four consecutive nights. Leishmania infection in sand flies was assessed using a fast real-time PCR assay. Cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis among soldiers were also investigated. In total, 24,606 sand flies belonging to 25 species were identified. Males (n = 12,683) predominated over females (n = 11,923). Sand flies were present during all months, being more numerous in March (n = 1,691) and April 2013 (n = 3,324). Lutzomyia choti (72.9%) was the most abundant species, followed by Lutzomyia longispina (13.8%), Lutzomyia complexa (5.3%), representing together >90% of the sand flies collected. Forty cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis were recorded among soldiers from January 2012 to December 2014. Leishmania isolates were obtained from eight patients and were all characterized as Leishmania braziliensis. Soldiers and anyone overnighting in Atlantic rainforest remnants should adopt preventative measures such as the use of repellents on bare skin or clothes and insecticide-treated tents. Outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis are relatively common among soldiers involved in nocturnal activities in tropical forests. However, there is limited information on the relationship between sand fly population dynamics and cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Atlantic forest remnants. In this study, we investigated the population dynamics of sand flies in a military training camp located in a remnant of Atlantic rainforest in northeastern Brazil, where outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis have sporadically been described. In total, 24,606 sand flies belonging to 25 species were identified. Sand flies were present during all months, being more numerous in March and April 2013. Lutzomyia choti was the most abundant species and three pools of females belonging to this species were found to be positive for Leishmania braziliensis DNA. Our results suggest that the risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania braziliensis in Atlantic rainforest remnants is permanent and thus not dictated by sand fly population peaks. People overnighting in Atlantic rainforest remnants should adopt preventative measures such as the use of repellents on bare skin or clothes and insecticide-treated tents.
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Araujo ARD, Portela NC, Feitosa APS, Silva OAD, Ximenes RAA, Alves LC, Brayner FA. RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH AMERICAN CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN AN ENDEMIC AREA OF BRAZIL. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:86. [PMID: 27982352 PMCID: PMC5147716 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazil is among the top five countries worldwide regarding the number of cases of
leishmaniasis, which are present in all of the regions of the country. The
northeastern region continues to have higher numbers of cases every year and in the
state of Pernambuco, 34% of the municipalities are endemic for this
disease. The diversity of vectors, reservoirs and etiological agents, in association
with socioeconomic and environmental conditions, gives rise to factors that can
modify the behavior of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Consequently, the aim of the
present study was to determine the risk factors associated with American cutaneous
leishmaniasis in the municipality of Timbaúba, Brazil. A
case-control study was conducted. A validated questionnaire was used for data
collection. The study included 58 cases and 174 controls, and they were serologically
diagnosed at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ). Our results
showed that some factors were associated with American cutaneous leishmaniasis:
biological (gender), economic (work activity, hours spent away from home and water
supply) and peridomestic (presence of animals). In our study, the associations of
these variables with leishmaniasis were linked to precarious housing conditions and
poverty, which are parameters that can be managed in order to prevent the disease in
this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberon Ribeiro de Araujo
- Aggeu Magalhães Research Center - FIOCRUZ/PE. Recife, PE, Brazil. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ; .,Health Sciences Center, Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, HC - Bl. A, HC/UFPE. Recife, PE, Brazil. E-mails: ; ; ;
| | | | - Ana Paula Sampaio Feitosa
- Aggeu Magalhães Research Center - FIOCRUZ/PE. Recife, PE, Brazil. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ; .,Health Sciences Center, Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, HC - Bl. A, HC/UFPE. Recife, PE, Brazil. E-mails: ; ; ;
| | | | | | - Luiz Carlos Alves
- Aggeu Magalhães Research Center - FIOCRUZ/PE. Recife, PE, Brazil. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Fábio André Brayner
- Aggeu Magalhães Research Center - FIOCRUZ/PE. Recife, PE, Brazil. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ; .,Health Sciences Center, Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, HC - Bl. A, HC/UFPE. Recife, PE, Brazil. E-mails: ; ; ;
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21
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In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging of Leishmania amazonensis expressing infrared fluorescence protein (iRFP) for real-time monitoring of cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 130:189-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Pinto JG, Fontana LC, de Oliveira MA, Kurachi C, Raniero LJ, Ferreira-Strixino J. In vitro evaluation of photodynamic therapy using curcumin on Leishmania major and Leishmania braziliensis. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:883-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-1928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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de Morais RCS, da Costa Oliveira CN, de Albuquerque SDCG, Mendonça Trajano Silva LA, Pessoa-E-Silva R, Alves da Cruz HL, de Brito MEF, de Paiva Cavalcanti M. Real-time PCR for Leishmania species identification: Evaluation and comparison with classical techniques. Exp Parasitol 2016; 165:43-50. [PMID: 26968776 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease caused by various Leishmania species. Several studies have shown that real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) can be used for Leishmania spp. identification by analyzing the melting temperature (Tm). Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the viability of qPCR for differentiating eight closely related Leishmania species that cause the same clinical form of the disease and to compare the results with classical techniques. METHODS qPCR assays for standardizing the Tm using reference strains were performed. After the CL diagnosis on blood samples of domestic animals, positive samples were analyzed by their Tm and qPCR products were purified and sequenced. Ten human samples previously characterized by Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis (MLEE) were also analyzed by Tm. A Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) assay, a reference test, was also standardized, by using the reference strains. RESULTS Through standardization of Tm for Leishmania spp., two Tm ranges were created for analysis: 1 (Tm = 78-79.99 °C) included Leishmania (V.) braziliensis, Leishmania (V.) panamensis, Leishmania (V.) lainsoni, Leishmania (V.) guyanensis and Leishmania (V.) shawi; and 2 (Tm = 80-82.2 °C) included Leishmania (V.) naiffi, Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and Leishmania (L.) mexicana. A total of 223 positive blood samples were analyzed, with 58 included in range 1 and 165 in range 2. L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) panamensis and L. (V.) guyanensis were identified by sequencing, while L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (L.) mexicana and L. (V.) panamensis were identified by RFLP analysis. Ten human samples previously characterized by Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis (MLEE) were also analyzed by qPCR Tm analysis; five were classified in range 1 and five in range 2. A concordance of 80% was calculated between qPCR and the gold-standard (MLEE) with no significant difference between the methods (p = 0.6499); a similar result was observed for sequencing and qPCR (p = 0.2566). In contrast, a highly significant difference was observed for qPCR and RFLP (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrated the potential use of qPCR as a tool for Leishmania species identification using two Tm ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rômulo Pessoa-E-Silva
- Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Cidade Universitária, Av. Moraes Rego, CEP 50670-420, Recife-PE, Brazil.
| | - Heidi Lacerda Alves da Cruz
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Av. Moraes Rego s/n, CEP 50670-420, Recife-PE, Brazil.
| | | | - Milena de Paiva Cavalcanti
- Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Cidade Universitária, Av. Moraes Rego, CEP 50670-420, Recife-PE, Brazil.
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Baum M, de Castro EA, Pinto MC, Goulart TM, Baura W, Klisiowicz DDR, Vieira da Costa-Ribeiro MC. Molecular detection of the blood meal source of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a transmission area of American cutaneous leishmaniasis, Paraná State, Brazil. Acta Trop 2015; 143:8-12. [PMID: 25530542 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The feeding behavior of sand flies provides valuable information about the vector/host interactions and elucidates the epidemiological patterns of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) transmission. The aim of this study was to identify the blood meal sources of sand flies in endemic areas of leishmaniasis in Paraná State through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a prepronociceptin (PNOC) gene fragment and its subsequent DNA sequencing. Moreover, molecular assays were conducted to evaluate the sensitivity and reproducibility of the PNOC gene amplification. Besides that, a time-course digestion test of the blood using sand flies that fed artificially on BALB/c mice was performed. Of 1263 female sand flies collected in the field, 93 (3.6%) specimens were engorged and 27 allowed efficient amplification of the PNOC gene. These flies had fed on equine (Equus caballus), porcine (Sus scrofa) and canine (Canis lupus familiaris) species. The results also showed that the identification of the blood meal sources of the sand flies using the molecular method was directly linked to the level of digestion of the blood (time-course) and not to the amount of blood that had been ingested or to the presence of inhibitors in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Baum
- Federal University of Paraná, Biological Sciences Sector, Basic Pathology Department, Polytechnic Center, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Edilene Alcântara de Castro
- Federal University of Paraná, Biological Sciences Sector, Basic Pathology Department, Polytechnic Center, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mara Cristina Pinto
- State University Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, Biological Sciences Department, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Marchi Goulart
- State University of Campinas, Institute of Biology, Department of Animal Biology, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walter Baura
- Federal University of Paraná, Biological Sciences Sector, Basic Pathology Department, Polytechnic Center, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Débora do Rocio Klisiowicz
- Federal University of Paraná, Biological Sciences Sector, Basic Pathology Department, Polytechnic Center, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis/HIV Coinfection Presented as a Diffuse Desquamative Rash. Case Rep Infect Dis 2014; 2014:293761. [PMID: 25548691 PMCID: PMC4274836 DOI: 10.1155/2014/293761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease that is endemic in tropical areas and in the Mediterranean. This condition spreads to 98 countries in four continents, surpassing 12 million infected individuals, with 350 million people at risk of infection. This disease is characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes, caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, with various animal reservoirs, such as rodents, dogs, wolves, foxes, and even humans. Transmission occurs through a vector, a sandfly of the genus Lutzomyia. There are three main clinical forms of leishmaniasis: visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. The wide spectrum of nonvisceral forms includes: localized cutaneous leishmaniasis, a papular lesion that progresses to ulceration with granular base and a large framed board; diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis; mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, which can cause disfiguring and mutilating injuries of the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Leishmaniasis/HIV coinfection is considered an emerging problem in several countries, including Brazil, where, despite the growing number of cases, a problem of late diagnosis occurs. Clinically, the cases of leishmaniasis associated with HIV infection may demonstrate unusual aspects, such as extensive and destructive lesions. This study aims to report a case of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis/HIV coinfection with atypical presentation of diffuse desquamative eruption and nasopharyngeal involvement.
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Galdino H, Maldaner AE, Pessoni LL, Soriani FM, Pereira LIDA, Pinto SA, Duarte FB, Gomes CM, Fleuri AKA, Dorta ML, de Oliveira MAP, Teixeira MM, Batista AC, Joosten LAB, Vieira LQ, Ribeiro-Dias F. Interleukin 32γ (IL-32γ) is highly expressed in cutaneous and mucosal lesions of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis patients: association with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-10. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:249. [PMID: 24884781 PMCID: PMC4026597 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The interleukin 32 (IL-32) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by immune and non-immune cells. It can be induced during bacterial and viral infections, but its production was never investigated in protozoan infections. American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) is caused by Leishmania protozoan leading to cutaneous, nasal or oral lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of IL-32 in cutaneous and mucosal lesions as well as in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) exposed to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Methods IL-32, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-10 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in cutaneous, mucosal lesions and compared to healthy specimens. The isoforms of IL-32α, β, δ, γ mRNA, TNF mRNA and IL-10 mRNA were assessed by qPCR in tissue biopsies of lesions and healthy skin and mucosa. In addition, PBMC from healthy donors were cultured with amastigotes of L. (V.) braziliensis. In lesions, the parasite subgenus was identified by PCR-RFLP. Results We showed that the mRNA expression of IL-32, in particular IL-32γ was similarly up-regulated in lesions of cutaneous (CL) or mucosal (ML) leishmaniasis patients. IL-32 protein was produced by epithelial, endothelial, mononuclear cells and giant cells. The IL-32 protein expression was associated with TNF in ML but not in CL. IL-32 was not associated with IL-10 in both CL and ML. Expression of TNF mRNA was higher in ML than in CL lesions, however levels of IL-10 mRNA were similar in both clinical forms. In all lesions in which the parasite was detected, L. (Viannia) subgenus was identified. Interestingly, L. (V.) braziliensis induced only IL-32γ mRNA expression in PBMC from healthy individuals. Conclusions These data suggest that IL-32 plays a major role in the inflammatory process caused by L. (Viannia) sp or that IL-32 is crucial for controlling the L. (Viannia) sp infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Healthy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N - Setor Universitário, Goiânia 74605-050, Goiás, Brazil.
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Miranda A, Samudio F, Saldaña A, Castillo J, Brandão A, Calzada JE. The calmodulin intergenic spacer as molecular target for characterization of Leishmania species. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:35. [PMID: 24438764 PMCID: PMC4021611 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania. Clinical aspects of this disease can vary significantly, reflecting the wide range of parasites in the genus Leishmania. Knowing accurately the Leishmania species infecting humans is important for clinical case management and evaluation of epidemiological risk. Calmodulin is an essential gene in trypanosomatids that modulates the calcium metabolism in various cellular activities. Despite its strong conservation in trypanosomatids, it has been recently observed that its untranslated regions (UTR) diverge among species. Methods In this study we analyzed the sequences and the absolute dinucleotide frequency of the intergenic spacer of the calmodulin gene (containing both, 3′ and 5′UTR) in nine reference Leishmania species and ten clinical isolates obtained from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Results We show that the short calmodulin intergenic spacers exhibit features that make them interesting for applications in molecular characterization and phylogenetic studies of Leishmania. Dendrograms based on sequence alignments and on the dinucleotide frequency indicate that this particular region of calmodulin gene might be useful for species typing between the Leishmania and Viannia subgenera. Conclusions Mutations and composition of the calmodulin intergenic spacer from Leishmania species might have taxonomic value as parameters to define if an isolate is identical to a certain species or belongs to one of the two current subgenera.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jose E Calzada
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá.
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Rodrigues EHG, Soares FCDS, Werkhäuser RP, de Brito MEF, Fernandes O, Abath FGC, Brandão A. The compositional landscape of minicircle sequences isolated from active lesions and scars of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:228. [PMID: 23924509 PMCID: PMC3750493 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is characterized by cutaneous lesions that heal spontaneously or after specific treatment. This paper reports on the analysis of kDNA minicircle sequences from clinical samples (typical lesions and scars) that were PCR-amplified with specific primers for Leishmania species of the subgenus Viannia. Methods From 56 clinical isolates we obtained a single amplified fragment (ca. 790 bp), which after cloning and sequencing resulted in 290 minicircle sequences from both active lesions and scars. We aimed to get a compositional profile of these sequences in clinical samples and evaluate the corresponding compositional changes. Sequences were analyzed with the compseq and wordcount (Emboss package) to get the composition of di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexanucleotides. Additionally, we built a nucleotide dictionary with words of 7, 8, 9 and 10 nucleotides. Results This compositional analysis showed that minicircles amplified from active cutaneous lesions and scars have a distinct compositional profile as viewed by nucleotide composition of words up to 10mer. With regard to the most frequent nucleotide words above length 6, there is also a distinct pattern for 7, 8, 9 and 10mer. Conclusion These results indicate that minicircle sequences can be monitored upon direct exposure to a selection/stressing environment (e.g. chemical action) by evaluating their nucleotide compositional profile. It might be useful as a molecular tool in research concerning the evolution of infecting Leishmania in both vector and vertebrate hosts.
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Lima BS, Dantas-Torres F, de Carvalho MR, Marinho-Junior JF, de Almeida EL, Brito MEF, Gomes F, Brandão-Filho SP. Small mammals as hosts of Leishmania spp. in a highly endemic area for zoonotic leishmaniasis in North-Eastern Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013; 107:592-7. [PMID: 23868744 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trt062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania parasites cause leishmaniasis in humans and animals worldwide. These parasites are transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies, which become infected upon feeding on an infected mammalian host. We assessed the occurrence of Leishmania infection in small mammals in an area of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis endemicity. METHODS A total of 180 small mammals were trapped in 2003 and 2006 in a rural area in north-eastern Brazil. Spleen and skin samples from these animals were assessed by two PCR protocols, one targeting Leishmania (Viannia) spp. and other Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. Additionally, serum samples were tested by an immunochromatographic test with rK39 as antigen. RESULTS Overall, 23.2% (38/164) of the animals were positive to L. (V.) spp. and 8.8% (14/160) to L. (L.) infantum). Five animals of four species (Didelphis albiventris, Nectomys squamipes, Rattus rattus and Holochilus sciureus) were positive by both PCR protocols, an overall co-infection rate of 2.5%. By serology, 5% (7/139) of the animals were positive, but all of them were PCR-negative. An isolate obtained from a water rat (N. squamipes) was characterized as L. (V.) braziliensis (zymodeme Z-74). CONCLUSIONS This study reinforces the involvement of different small mammals (e.g., N. squamipes, R. rattus and H. scieurus) in the transmission cycles of L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) infantum in north-eastern Brazil. The finding of L. (V.) braziliensis infection in black rats suggests a rapid process of adaptation of a New World Leishmania species to an Old World rodent and raises interesting questions regarding the co-evolution of these parasites and their vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna S Lima
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 50670420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Chaves LF, Calzada JE, Rigg C, Valderrama A, Gottdenker NL, Saldaña A. Leishmaniasis sand fly vector density reduction is less marked in destitute housing after insecticide thermal fogging. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:164. [PMID: 23742709 PMCID: PMC3693930 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide thermal fogging (ITF) is a tool to control vector borne diseases. Insecticide application success for vector control has been associated with housing materials and architecture. Vector abundance is correlated with weather changes. Nevertheless, housing quality and weather impacts on vector abundance have been unaccounted for in most New World insecticide control trials for leishmaniasis vectors. METHODS We conducted a 15 month insecticide control trial that included two deltamethrin [6 mg a.i.m-2] based ITF interventions in 12 of 24 monitored houses at Trinidad de Las Minas, a hyperendemic cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission village in western Panamá. During the study we followed sand fly (SF) abundance, keeping track of rainfall and quantified housing quality using an index based on architecture and construction materials. RESULTS We found a 50 to 80% reduction in SF density in the fogged houses when compared with control houses, while controlling for seasonal changes in SF abundance associated with rainfall. We found heterogeneities in the reductions, as abundance changed according to SF species: Lutzomyia gomezi, Lu. panamensis, Lu. dysponeta and Lu. triramula reduced in density between 40% and 90% after ITF. In contrast, Lu. trapidoi density increased 5% after ITF. Differences in the impact of ITF were associated with housing quality, the most destitute houses, i.e., those with features that ease insect entrance, had a disproportionally larger SF abundance, in some cases with increased domiciliary SF density following the ITF. CONCLUSION Our results suggest the potential of insecticide application to control SF density and leishmaniasis transmission could depend on housing quality beyond insecticide efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Chaves
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Jose E Calzada
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Chystrie Rigg
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Anayansi Valderrama
- Departamento de Entomología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Nicole L Gottdenker
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
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de Morais RCS, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque SDC, Pessoa e Silva R, Costa PL, da Silva KG, da Silva FJ, Brandão-Filho SP, Dantas-Torres F, de Paiva-Cavalcanti M. Detection and quantification of Leishmania braziliensis in ectoparasites from dogs. Vet Parasitol 2013; 196:506-8. [PMID: 23601843 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a disease caused by different species of Leishmania protozoa, Leishmania braziliensis being the main species found in Brazil. In this study, two rural areas in Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil, where ACL is endemic, were selected. Genomic DNA was extracted from canine ectoparasites (ticks, fleas, and lice) and tested using a conventional PCR and a quantitative real time PCR. A total of 117 ectoparasites were collected, being 50 (42.74%) of them positive for L. braziliensis (in at least one PCR protocol), with a mean parasite load of 14.14 fg/μL. Furthermore, 46 (92.00%) positive ectoparasites were collected from positive dogs and 4 (8.00%) from negative ones. This study reports the detection of L. braziliensis DNA in ectoparasites, but does not prove their vector competence. Certainly, experimental transmission studies are necessary to assess their role, if any, in the transmission of Leishmania parasites to dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayana Carla Silva de Morais
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s/n, 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Carvalho EM. Parasite, vectors and reservoirs as determinants of tegumentary leishmaniasis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2012; 45:423-4. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822012000400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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