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Lamattina D, Couto EM, Moya SL, Giuliani MG, Cortés M, Vadell MV, Salomón OD. The perfect storm: Cutaneous leishmaniasis in troops deployed in the Atlantic forest of Argentina. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:267-273. [PMID: 38336960 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is the most prevalent form of leishmaniasis, associated with an ulcerative and stigmatizing mucocutaneous pathology. This study assessed the incidence of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in members of the Argentine Army who were exposed to sandfly bites in Iguazú National Park (INP), northeastern Argentina, during an outbreak of ACL in 2019, and the presence of Leishmania in rodents, opossums and phlebotomine sandflies collected in the area of exposure. Samples from military personnel, wild animals and phlebotomine sandflies were analysed. A total of 20 (40%) patients among the Army personnel and two Akodon montensis rodents (11%) were positive for the presence of Leishmania sp. genes by PCR, while Nyssomyia whitmani and Migonemyia migonei, competent vectors of Leishmania, were also found at the same site. Sequences of hsp70 DNA fragments obtained from human samples confirmed the identity of L. (V.) braziliensis. The risk to which military personnel carrying out activities in the forest are exposed is highlighted, and this risk extends to any worker and visitor who circulates without protection in the INP, coming into contact with transmission "hot spots" due to the concentration of vectors, reservoirs and/or parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lamattina
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Manuel Couto
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina
| | - Sofía Lorian Moya
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magalí Gabriela Giuliani
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina
| | - Micaela Cortés
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Vadell
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar Daniel Salomón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Amane M, El Mazini S, Echchakery M, Hafidi M, Lemrani M, Boussaa S. Entomological, parasitological and molecular investigations in a new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Youssoufia region, Morocco. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:248-257. [PMID: 38105536 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical infection caused by Leishmania parasite that affect human and animal. In Morocco, the cutaneous leishmaniasis has spread substantially to the new areas. The surveillance limited to active foci may underestimate the occurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). This study aims to investigate the local transmission of CL in rural districts of Youssoufia province, central Morocco, as a potential focus of CL. METHODS For this purpose, parasitological, molecular and entomological investigations were carried out in this area. Data collection concerns potential vectors and human cases. Thus, 402 patients were examined for suspected leishmaniasis lesions in three localities of the province of Youssoufia. In these same localities, 983 sand flies were collected by CDC light traps and sticky paper during one-night per month during 6 months. These sand flies were all identified morphologically using the Moroccan identification key. RESULTS The results showed that among the 25 skin lesions detected in a population of 402 individuals, 18 were confirmed by kDNA nested PCR as CL positive patients, of which only 25% were positive by direct examination. Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major were identified as causative agents of CL in the study area. Direct parasitological examination showed a low sensitivity (27.78%), especially for L. major, although its specificity was evaluated at 100%. Regarding entomological results, both genera of the Moroccan sand fly were collected in the study area: Genus/Phlebotomus (75.28%) and Sergentomyia (24.72%). Phlebotomus (P) papatasi, the proven vector of L. major, was the most abundant species (33.98%), followed by Paralongicollum sergenti (22.58%), the confirmed vector of L. tropica; while Sergentomyia (S) minuta, P. longicuspis, S. fallax and P. kazeruni were collected with, respectively, 17.60%, 16.99%, 7.12% and 1.73%. CONCLUSION This study constitutes the first report of CL in the study areas, as well as the coexistence of L. tropica and L. major in these rural localities. Local transmission of CL is highly probable, as indicated by the prevalence of the two proven vectors of L. major and L. tropica. To control the spread of this disease, our results suggest the use of highly sensitive molecular methods to detect CL cases in potential leishmaniasis foci, which will improve surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Amane
- Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment Laboratory (BioMAgE), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Sara El Mazini
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fes, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Echchakery
- Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment Laboratory (BioMAgE), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
- Epidemiology and Biomedical Unit, Laboratory of Sciences and Health Technologies, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Hassan First University, Settat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Hafidi
- Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment Laboratory (BioMAgE), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Meryem Lemrani
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Samia Boussaa
- Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment Laboratory (BioMAgE), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
- ISPITS-Higher Institute of Nursing and Technical Health Occupations, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
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Azarm A, Koosha M, Dalimi A, Zahraie-Ramazani A, Akhavan AA, Saeidi Z, Mohebali M, Azam K, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA. Association Between Wolbachia Infection and Susceptibility to Deltamethrin Insecticide in Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae), the Main Vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:159-165. [PMID: 38016137 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) is the main vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Wolbachia is a symbiotic alphaproteobacteria of arthropods that can be involved in susceptibility or resistance. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Wolbachia and Deltamethrin susceptibility/resistance in Ph. papatasi. Deltamethrin filter papers (0.00002%) were used to test sand fly field collected from southern Iran. After the test, PCR amplification of the Wolbachia surface protein gene (wsp) was used to measure Wolbachia infection rate in the killed, surviving, and control groups. Result: The rates of infection by Wolbachia strain (wPap, super group A) differed between killed (susceptible) and surviving (resistant) Ph. papatasi specimens. The rate of Wolbachia infection in susceptible individuals was more than twice (2.3) (39% vs. 17%) in resistant individuals with the same genetic background. This difference was highly significant (p < 0.001), indicating a positive association between Wolbachia infection and susceptibility to Deltamethrin. In addition, the results showed that Deltamethrin can act as a PCR inhibitor during detection of Wolbachia in Ph. papatasi. Conclusion: Results of this study show that Wolbachia is associated with Deltamethrin susceptibility level in Ph. papatasi. Also, as Deltamethrin has been identified as a PCR inhibitor, great care must be taken in interpreting Wolbachia infection status in infected populations. The results of this study may provide information for a better understanding of the host-symbiont relationship, as well as application of host symbiosis in pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrollah Azarm
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Koosha
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Dalimi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zahraie-Ramazani
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ahmad Akhavan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Saeidi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology and School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamal Azam
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Shaw JJ, Marinho-Júnior JF, Courtenay O, Brandão-Filho SP. Assessing reservoir host status in leishmaniasis with special reference to the infectiousness of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infections in wild rodents. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2023; 56:0503. [PMID: 38126376 PMCID: PMC10726968 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0503-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular methods have been responsible for a notable increase in the detection of Leishmaniinae infections in wild animals. Determining their infectiousness is of paramount importance in evaluating their epidemiological significance. One of the most efficient ways of determining infectiousness for vector borne diseases is xenodiagnosis with the appropriate vector. However, this is logistically very difficult to accomplish in the field, and an ideal solution is to find a molecular surrogate for xenodiagnosis. In this review we discuss different approaches to the problem by focusing on the infectiousness of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in rodents under laboratory and field conditions. Comparisons with similar studies for other Leishmania species emphasizes that there are pivotal differences in the infectiousness and the importance of asymptomatic infections in different hosts. Potentially the most promising surrogate is the real time quantitative PCR (qPCR). However, its success depends on choosing a tissue that relates to the vector's feeding location and the parasite's tissue tropism. This requires detailed knowledge of the infection of each species in its wild hosts. We conclude that for L. (V.) braziliensis infections in wild rodents the tissue of choice for a molecular xenodiagnostic test, based on the qPCR is blood, providing that a significant number of samples must be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Shaw
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Universidade de São PauloInstituto de Ciências BiomédicasDepartamento de ParasitologiaSão PauloSPBrasil
| | - José F. Marinho-Júnior
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brasil. Fundação Oswaldo CruzInstituto Aggeu MagalhãesRecifePEBrasil
| | - Orin Courtenay
- University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences and the Zeeman Institute, Coventry, United Kingdom.University of WarwickSchool of Life Sciences and the Zeeman InstituteCoventryUnited Kingdom
| | - Sinval P. Brandão-Filho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brasil. Fundação Oswaldo CruzInstituto Aggeu MagalhãesRecifePEBrasil
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Tatto M, Fernandes FD, Costa EP, Shibuya FY, de Freitas LI, Osmari V, Roman IJ, Bräunig P, Vogel FSF, Botton SDA, Sangioni LA. Detection of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in poultry from central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2023; 32:e007723. [PMID: 38088684 PMCID: PMC10750985 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Domestic birds such as Gallus gallus, Meleagris gallopavo, Anser anser and Numida meleagris are widely distributed throughout the world and maintain contact with humans and other animal species considered reservoirs of both Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) and American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL), including dogs and cats; wild canids, marsupials; and synanthropic animals such as rodents and chiroptera. Therefore, this study aimed to detect the presence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in birds from a rural area of the municipality of Santa Maria, southern Brazil. From May to December 2022, 262 blood samples were collected from 244 chickens, 8 turkeys, 7 guinea fowl and 3 geese, distributed in 27 rural properties in 6 districts. All the sites visited presented positive birds for the presence of Leishmania spp. Thus, it is inferred that, contact with this protozoan can induce the production of antibodies, suggesting that these animals can be used as sentinels for the circulation of this agent. In addition, the blood of these animals is a preferred food source for insects of the subfamily Phlebotominae, which can be used them as bioindicators of the presence of these phlebotomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Tatto
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Fagner D’ambroso Fernandes
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
- Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis – UniRitter, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Eliesse Pereira Costa
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Fabio Yuji Shibuya
- Laboratório Central de Diagnóstico em Patologias Aviárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Luiza Isaia de Freitas
- Laboratório Central de Diagnóstico em Patologias Aviárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Osmari
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Isac Junior Roman
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Patrícia Bräunig
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Sônia de Avila Botton
- Laboratório de Saúde Única, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Luis Antônio Sangioni
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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Rasheed SB, Shah MZ, Jamal Q. Molecular identification of Leishmania tropica in mammals occurring in human-inhabited areas of a cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic focus in North-West Pakistan. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:5. [PMID: 38052938 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is endemic in the tribal district of Khyber near the Pak-Afghan border and is caused by Leishmania tropica. In Pakistan, cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. tropica is considered anthroponotic and is thought to be maintained by a human-sand fly-human transmission cycle. Along with humans, other mammals may also be acting as reservoir hosts of leishmaniasis in the study area. To investigate the role of non-human mammals in the transmission of leishmaniasis, blood samples were collected from 245 animals from the CL endemic district of Khyber, Pakistan. Leishmania parasite in these samples was detected by amplifying the species-specific sequences in minicircle kinetoplast DNA, using PCR. L. tropica DNA was detected in 18 (7.35%) samples, comprising 11 cows (Bos taurus), 6 goats (Capra hircus), and 1 dog (Canus lupus familiaris). Only a single cow and dog had a leishmaniasis-like lesion, and the remaining positive samples were asymptomatic. None of the tested sheep (Ovis aries) and rat (Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus) was positive. The present study reports the first instance of molecular detection of L. tropica in domestic animals. Our study indicates that along with humans' cows, goats and dogs may also be playing an important role in the transmission of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in district Khyber in particular and Pakistan in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Basit Rasheed
- Vector Biology and Entomology Section, Institute of Zoological Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Zahir Shah
- Vector Biology and Entomology Section, Institute of Zoological Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
- Government Degree College, Jamrud, Khyber, Pakistan
| | - Qaisar Jamal
- Parasitology and Tropical Disease Section, Institute of Zoological Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Khan K, Qadeer M. Sand fly bionomics, geospatial investigation and risk factors associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis in district Mardan, Pakistan. Zoonoses Public Health 2023; 70:581-593. [PMID: 37337354 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was designed in response to the 2019 outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in 34 villages of district Mardan, Pakistan. Sand flies were collected to study their bionomics, breeding sites, and seasonal prevalence from July to September 2019. In 2020, we acquired and digitized data on CL patients in the region to assess the possible spread of the disease to new foci. In the study period, a total of 1572 sand flies were collected, comprising 11 species. Phlebotomus sergenti (827, 52.61%) was the most widespread species. The soil pH in all samples was slightly alkaline (7-8.2) and potassium (K) was the richest component (59.4%). In 2020, there were 975 reported cases, which is an increase from 536 cases in 2019. Elevations of 361-588 m, agricultural land near human settlements, and quaternary alluvium formation had maximum CL cases. In univariate analysis, age between 25 and 35, nationality, family size (7-15 individuals), knowledge of leishmaniasis, site of infection, family members suffering from leishmaniasis, knowledge of sand flies, the difference between mosquitoes and sand flies, biting times of sand flies, use of mosquito spray, an Afghan refugee in the region, preachers visiting, and material of house construction have been identified risk of getting CL (p < 0.05). In stepwise multivariate analysis, nationality, vegetation, site of infection, and material of house construction were more prone to CL (p < 0.05). This study highlights the potential risk factors and sand flies associated with the outbreak of CL in Mardan. The high abundance of P. sergenti suggests their possible role as vectors for the transmission of CL in the region. The increase in reported cases in 2020 compared to 2019 suggests a possible spread of the disease to new foci. The study also revealed that certain demographic and environmental factors were significant risk factors for contracting CL in the district.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurshaid Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Mehreen Qadeer
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Zribi L, El Houda Ben-Fayala N, Aissi W, Ben-Abid M, Souissi O, Hamdi N, Boulehmi N, Ghrab J, Jemni A, Jamel A, Handous M, Bouratbine A, Oliva G, Aoun K. Canine Leishmania spp. infection in two distinct foci of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 44:100906. [PMID: 37652625 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) caused by Leishmania (L.) infantum and L. major, respectively, are endemic in Tunisia. The aim of the study was to assess canine Leishmania spp. infection prevalence as well as to identify the Leishmania species involved in two well-documented and geographically distinct VL and ZCL foci. One hundred seventy-six dogs were randomly recruited in the VL focus of Sbikha-Zaghouan (n = 100) and the ZCL focus of Echrarda-Nasrallah (n = 76). Physical examination and blood collection were systemically performed. Needle aspiration was done in case of lymph node (LN) enlargement. All sera were tested by ELISA. kDNA RT-PCR was performed on DNA extracts from (i) buffy coats of seropositive dogs and (ii) LN aspirates. Leishmania species identification was done by ITS1 PCR-sequencing. Thirty-three dogs (18.8%) were infected by Leishmania; 30 having anti-Leishmania antibodies and 3 were seronegative dogs with Leishmania DNA in LN aspirates. Prevalence of infection was significantly higher in VL foci than in ZCL foci (27% versus 7.9%, p = 0.002). Leishmania species was identified in 11 dogs and corresponded to L. infantum. Combination of serology and qPCR on LN aspirates seems to be the best option for canine leishmaniasis diagnosis. Infection is more frequent in VL foci and L. infantum is the only identified species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Zribi
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Nour El Houda Ben-Fayala
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia; University Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Wafa Aissi
- National Center of Promotion of Organs Transplant, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1006 Bab Saadoun, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Ben-Abid
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Souissi
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Hamdi
- Regional Commissariat for Agricultural Development-Ministry of Agriculture (CRDA), 3100 Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - Nada Boulehmi
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jamila Ghrab
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Meriem Handous
- Lab of rabies, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aïda Bouratbine
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Karim Aoun
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
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Rezvan H, Ali SA, Hamoon Navard S, Rees R. Evaluation of murine OX40L-murine IgG1(MM1) fusion protein on immunogenicity against L. mexicana infection in BALB/c mice. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 99:102011. [PMID: 37393646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The majority of OX40L is found on professional antigen-presenting cells (APC), the potency of OX40L to enhance the immunogenicity of potential vaccines against leishmania is not yet fully investigated. There is no report of administration of OX40L on cutaneous leishmaniasis either in therapy or prophylactic immunisation and the present study for the first time reports the effect of OX40L on L. mexicana infection. In this study, B9B8E2 cells were transfected with the murine OX40L and IgG1 plasmids, were used to produce the mOX40-mIgG1 (MM1). The therapeutic effects of MM1(mOX40L-mIgG1) was tested in a challenge experiment using L. mexicana infected BALB/c mice. Mice received two doses of MM1, on day 3 and 7 after the infection. Mice receiving MM1 generated an inflammatory reaction a few days after the injection of the OX40L, which was gradually dampened and finally disappeared 3 weeks later. There was a significant delay in the growth of developing lesions in mice receiving OX40L compared to controls injected with PBS and the size of lesions in the group receiving MM1 was significantly smaller than that of injected with either PBS. 40% of mice given MM1 remained lesion free for two months, when experiments were terminated. The results clearly indicate the high therapeutic effect of mOX40L-mIgG1 fusion protein in L. mexicana infection. The effect of OX40L on the enhancement of immunisation, needs to be further investigated for developing new vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Rezvan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of veterinary Sceince, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Selman A Ali
- School of Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Sahar Hamoon Navard
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of veterinary Sceince, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Robert Rees
- Department of Life Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
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Tsurim I, Wasserberg G, Warburg A, Abbasi I, Ben Natan G, Abramsky Z. Large scale systemic control short-circuits pathogen transmission by interrupting the sand rat (Psammomys obesus)-to-sand fly (Phlebotomus papatasi) Leishmania major transmission cycle. Med Vet Entomol 2023; 37:4-13. [PMID: 36054150 PMCID: PMC10087256 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Systemic control uses the vertebrate hosts of zoonotic pathogens as "Trojan horses," killing blood-feeding female vectors and short-circuiting host-to-vector pathogen transmission. Previous studies focused only on the effect of systemic control on vector abundance at small spatial scales. None were conducted at a spatial scale relevant for vector control and none on the effect of systemic control on pathogen transmission rates. We tested the application of systemic control, using Fipronil-impregnated rodent baits, in reducing Leishmania major (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae; Yakimoff & Schokhor, 1914) infection levels within the vector, Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae; Scopoli, 1786) population, at the town-scale. We provided Fipronil-impregnated food-baits to all Psammomys obesus (Mammalia:Muridae; Cretzschmar, 1828), the main L. major reservoir, burrows along the southern perimeter of the town of Yeruham, Israel, and compared sand fly abundance and infection levels with a non-treated control area. We found a significant and substantial treatment effect on L. major infection levels in the female sand fly population. Sand fly abundance was not affected. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, the potential of systemic control in reducing pathogen transmission rates at a large, epidemiologically relevant, spatial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Tsurim
- Department of Life SciencesAchva Academic CollegeIsrael
- Department of Life SciencesBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael
- Gaza Envelope Research and Development CenterNetivotIsrael
| | - Gideon Wasserberg
- Biology DepartmentUniversity of North Carolina at GreensboroGreensboroNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Alon Warburg
- The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Medical Research, Israel‐Canada, The Faculty of MedicineThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Ibrahim Abbasi
- The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Medical Research, Israel‐Canada, The Faculty of MedicineThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Gil Ben Natan
- Department of Life SciencesBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael
| | - Zvika Abramsky
- Department of Life SciencesBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael
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11
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Marinho-Júnior JF, Monteiro JFCLS, Sales de Carvalho AW, de Carvalho FG, de Paiva Cavalcanti M, Shaw J, Courtenay O, Brandão-Filho SP. High levels of infectiousness of asymptomatic Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infections in wild rodents highlights their importance in the epidemiology of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010996. [PMID: 36716345 PMCID: PMC9910795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiological significance of wildlife infections with aetiological agents causing human infectious diseases is largely determined by their infection status, contact potential with humans (via vectors for vector-borne diseases), and their infectiousness to maintain onward transmission. This study quantified these parameters in wild and synanthropic naturally infected rodent populations in an endemic region of tegumentary leishmaniasis in northeast Brazil. METHODS Capture-mark-recapture (CMR) of rodents was conducted over 27 months in domestic/peri domestic environs, household plantations and nearby Atlantic Forest (9,920 single trap nights). Rodent clinical samples (blood and ear tissue) were tested for infection by conventional PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR) for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, and xenodiagnosis to measure infectiousness to the local sand fly vector. RESULTS A total 603 individuals of 8 rodent species were (re)captured on 1,051 occasions. The most abundant species were Nectomys squamipes (245 individuals, 41% of the total catch), Rattus rattus (148, 25%), and Necromys lasiurus (83, 14%). All species were captured in greater relative frequencies in plantations; R. rattus was the only species captured in all three habitats including in and around houses. Four species, comprising 22.6% of individuals captured at least twice, were geolocated in more than one habitat type; 78.6% were infected with L. (V.) braziliensis, facilitating inter-species and inter-habitat transmission. Species specific period prevalence ranged between 0%-62% being significantly higher in N. squamipes (54-62%) and Hollochillus sciureus (43-47%). Xenodiagnosis was performed on 41 occasions exposing 1,879 Nyssomyia whitmani sand flies to five rodent species (37 individuals). Similar mean levels of infectiousness amongst the more common rodent species were observed. Longitudinal xenodiagnosis of the N. squamipes population revealed a persistent level of infectiousness over 13 months follow-up, infecting a median 48% (IQR: 30.1%-64.2%) of exposed blood-fed vectors. The proportion of exposed flies infected was greater in the low compared to in the high seasonal period of vector abundance. L. (V.) braziliensis parasite loads in rodent blood quantified by qPCR were similar across rodent species but did not represent a reliable quantitative marker of infectiousness to sand flies. The standardised risk of rodent infection in plantations was 70.3% relative to 11.3% and 18.4% in peri domestic and forest habitats respectively. R. rattus was the only exception to this trend indicating greatest risk in the peri domestic environment. CONCLUSIONS The results support the view that a collective assemblage of wild and synanthropic rodent species is an important wild reservoir of L. (V.) braziliensis in this region, with N. squamipes and R. rattus probably playing a key role in transmission within and between habitat types and rodent species. Rodents, and by implication humans, are at risk of infection in all sampled habitats, but more so in homestead plantations. These conclusions are based on one of the longest CMR study of small rodents in an American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) foci.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francisco Gomes de Carvalho
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Milena de Paiva Cavalcanti
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey Shaw
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orin Courtenay
- The Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SPBF); (OC)
| | - Sinval Pinto Brandão-Filho
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail: (SPBF); (OC)
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12
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Magri A, Galuppi R, Fioravanti M, Caffara M. Survey on the presence of Leishmania sp. in peridomestic rodents from the Emilia-Romagna Region (North-Eastern Italy). Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:291-296. [PMID: 35412180 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09925-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected vector-borne parasitic disease caused in Italy only by the species Leishmania infantum of the Leishmania donovani complex, which is the causative agent of the zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and the sporadic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in humans, and of the canine leishmaniasis (CanL). The disease is considered endemic in southern, central, and insular Italian regions and recognizes phlebotomine sand flies as vector and dogs as main reservoir. Among northern Italian region, Emilia-Romagna shows peculiar epidemiological situation and recent studies are questioning the role of dog as main reservoir of L. infantum. Due to their synanthropic relationship with humans, rodents have been tested for Leishmania spp. in several European countries. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of Leishmania spp. in peridomestic rodents in the Emilia-Romagna. The study was carried out on 136 peridomestic rodents collected by professional pest control services: 47 brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), 39 black rats (Rattus rattus) and 50 mice (Mus musculus). Specimens of earlobe skin, spleen, liver and prescapular lymph nodes were tested with a real-time PCR. Fifteen (11%) rodents, tested positive for Leishmania spp. in particular five brown rats (10.6%), five black rats (12.8%) and five mice (10%). Positivity was obtained from different target organs. These findings revealed the presence of Leishmania spp. in peridomestic rodents of Emilia-Romagna Region, also in two species never tested before in Italy, namely R. norvegicus and M. musculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Magri
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Roberta Galuppi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marialetizia Fioravanti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Caffara
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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13
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Santos Zanini M, Ataíde Siqueira L, Vieira Almeida Y, Savergnini Poleze L, Gnecco Zanini D, Ramos Sobreira R, Madureira AP. Treatment of canine cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in dogs with furazolidone and β-cyclodextrin: case report. Vet Ital 2022; 58. [PMID: 37219838 DOI: 10.12834/vetit.2239.15416.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Euthanasia of animals is not accepted as a control for cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and drugs used in humans for the treatment of leishmaniasis are not allowed for animals in Brazil. Miltefosine was authorized for dogs infected by Leishmania infantum with variable results for L. braziliensis. Thus, nine dogs infected with Leishmania (V.) braziliensis were treated by a combination of furazolidone and β-cyclodextrin. The nine dogs were mongrels, weighing between 4-17 kg and 3-10 years old. These dogs had ulcerous lesions in different regions such as scrotal tissue, auricular pavilion and nostrils. Serological, molecular and protozoal culture techniques were used for laboratory diagnosis. The treatment used furazolidone + β-cyclodextrin complex (1: 2) at a concentration of 60 mg/mL given orally at a dose of 15 mg/kg every 12 hours. The re-epithelialization of lesions occurred between 35 and 41 days of treatment. During fourteen months the animals were monitored and there was no reactivation of lesions or growth of the protozoan in a culture medium of the biopsies. This study demonstrated that treatment with FZD and CD is effective in reducing the cutaneous lesions caused by L. braziliensis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Santos Zanini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Campus Alegre, 29.500-000 Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
| | | | - Yuri Vieira Almeida
- Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Campus Alegre, Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Laisa Savergnini Poleze
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Campus Alegre, 29.500-000 Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Paula Madureira
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Federal University of São João del-Rei, 36301-160 São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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14
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Venial HJ, Montoya A, Checa R, Miró G, Uzai GJS, da Silva MA, de Carvalho Nunes L, Silveira RL, de Carvalho ECQ. Investigation of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Infection in Wild Mammals in Brazil. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:648-657. [PMID: 34988857 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leishmaniasis are infectious and zoonotic diseases and present in cutaneous and visceral forms. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic and widely distributed throughout the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Several cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans and dogs associated with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis have been reported in the state. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of natural infection by Leishmania(Viannia) braziliensis in wild mammals found dead (by trampling or natural death) in the Sooretama Biological Reserve, Espírito Santo State. METHODS From January 2018 to December 2019, 60 animals were collected. Of these, 47 animals from 12 different species were analyzed. The results were demonstrated using descriptive analysis of the observations to calculate the absolute and relative frequencies of the data. RESULTS In the PCR, using specific primers for the genus Leishmania (D1, D2, and D3) and the species Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (ISVB/ISVC), 4 positive animals (8.5%) were detected: 1 Cuniculus paca (paca) (25%) and 3 Callithrix geoffroyi (white-faced marmoset) (25%). In the histopathological analysis, the parasitic amastigote form was not observed. CONCLUSIONS The natural infection, detected by PCR, by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in Cuniculus paca (paca) and Callithrix geoffroyi (white-faced marmoset) constitutes the first report of infection of this rodent and primate species in the literature. Despite the confirmation of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection in rodents and primates, the role of these species in the transmission of this zoonosis still needs further observational studies to identify their seasonal variation, transmissibility, infection stability, and the effects of a given parasite on the population and/or individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Jordem Venial
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário 16, Guararema, Alegre, Espírito Santo, 29500-000, Brazil.
| | - Ana Montoya
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Checa
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Maria Aparecida da Silva
- Department of Biology Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Louisiane de Carvalho Nunes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário 16, Guararema, Alegre, Espírito Santo, 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Renato Luiz Silveira
- Department of Morphology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eulógio C Queiroz de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, State University of the North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Farrokhi-Karibozorg M, Ghayour-Najafabadi Z, Hejazi SH, Ataei-Pirkooh A, Mohebali M, Teimouri P, Hajjaran H. Molecular identification of Leishmania RNA virus in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients and rodent reservoirs in Isfahan province, Iran. Infect Genet Evol 2022; 98:105222. [PMID: 35066166 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) is a double-strand RNA virus that was first detected in members of the Leishmania viannia in the New World. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of LRV in the Leishmania species isolated from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients and rodents as reservoirs in Isfahan province an old zoonotic CL focus, center of Iran. Totally, 85 samples were collected from CL patients (n = 80) and rodent reservoirs (n = 5) from different regions of Isfahan province. Species identification was determined using the PCR-RFLP method. Viral dsRNA was extracted and for observation of 5.3 kb dsRNA on an agarose gel. The presence of LRV was surveyed using the Semi-nested PCR method. For phylogenetic analyzes, 6 samples of 13 isolates were sequenced and a phylogenetic tree was drawn by MEGA7 version 7.0.26. Of 80 Leishmania isolates recovered from the patients with CL, 79 and only one were identified as L. major and L. tropica, respectively. Also, the PCR assays detected four L. major and one L. turanica in five assessed Rhombomys opimus as the rodent reservoirs. LRV was detected only in Leishmania species isolated from 13 species of 85 (15.3%) CL including (L. major, n = 12) and (L. tropica, n = 1). Phylogenetic analysis showed that they were belonged to LRV2 and had the highest similarity with Iranian reference LRV2 in GenBank. Our results showed that the LRV2 was present in cutaneous Leishmania species in Isfahan province is the most historical and touristic province of Iran. In the study LRV was not reported from rodent reservoirs, it may be due to the small sample size. Phylogenetic analysis of current sequences demonstrated that these isolates belong to the registered LRV2 of the Old World.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Farrokhi-Karibozorg
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghayour-Najafabadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Center for Research in Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Angila Ataei-Pirkooh
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Teimouri
- Navab Safavi Health Center, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Homa Hajjaran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Hassaballa IB, Matoke-Muhia D, Masiga DK, Sole CL, Torto B, Tchouassi DP. Behavioural responses of Phlebotomus duboscqi to plant-derived volatile organic compounds. Med Vet Entomol 2021; 35:625-632. [PMID: 34309051 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of Leishmania parasites that cause leishmaniases. Both sexes of sand flies feed on plants primarily for sugars, although the chemical cues that mediate attraction to host plants remain largely unknown. Previously, using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the authors identified several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) common to preferred host plants for selected Afrotropical sand flies from the Fabaceae family. Of the identified volatiles, the significance of the monoterpenes linalool oxide, ocimene and p-cymene and the benzenoid m-cresol, p-cresol in sand fly behaviour is unknown. In olfactometer assays, the authors tested these compounds singly and in blends for their attractiveness to Phlebotomus duboscqi, cutaneous leishmaniasis vector in Kenya. In dose-response assays, single compounds increased the responses of males and females over controls, but their optimum attractive doses varied between the sexes. Two five-component blends, referred to as Blend-f and Blend-m for females and males respectively, were formulated and tested in dose-response assays against 1-octen-3-ol (positive control). The results of the present study showed that males and females were significantly attracted to varying levels of the two blends. In pairwise assays, the authors evaluated the most attractive of these blends to each sex (i.e., Blend Am for male against Blend Bf for female), revealing that males were attracted to both blends at varying levels, whereas females were indifferent. The study's results demonstrate that plant-derived VOCs can be exploited for sand fly management.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Hassaballa
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - D Matoke-Muhia
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - D K Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - C L Sole
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - B Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - D P Tchouassi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Senne NA, Vilela TS, Sanavria A, Santos HA, Rabello RS, Angelo IC. Ecology and spatial distribution of sand fly species in low endemic areas for American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in the municipality of Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Med Vet Entomol 2021; 35:371-378. [PMID: 33403720 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the fundamental role that sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) have in Leishmania spp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) transmission, the objective of this study was to evaluate the ecology and spatial distribution of species circulating in the municipality of Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A total of 17 371 specimens were collected between August 2016 and July 2017, and five species were identified: Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912), Migonemyia migonei (França, 1920), Nyssomyia whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho, 1939), Pintomyia pessoai (Coutinho & Barretto, 1940), and Pintomyia fischeri (Pinto, 1926). In relation to the number of sand flies collected, we observed a significant difference between rural and periurban areas and between the neighbourhoods. We observed that N. intermedia has a relatively greater adaptation to the peridomiciliary environment. This is the first report of Pi. pessoai and Pi. fischeri (only females) in Seropédica as well as the first record of the frequency of phlebotomine species focusing on some ecological indices and the spatial distribution of sand flies. The results presented here aimed to provide an insight into the spatial population dynamics of phlebotomine species in low endemic areas of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) in Seropédica, highlighting important areas for entomological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Senne
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T S Vilela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A Sanavria
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - H A Santos
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R S Rabello
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - I C Angelo
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Amiri-Dashatan N, Ahmadi N, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Koushki M. Identification of differential protein expression and putative drug target in metacyclic stage of Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica: A quantitative proteomics and computational view. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 75:101617. [PMID: 33581562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an infectious disease that commonly caused by Leishmania (L.) major and L.tropica. Recently there has been a growing interest in proteomics analysis on Leishmania for drug target discovery. Therefore, we aimed to distinguish proteins which might be characteristic for each of the species from those shared by both to the detection of drug targets, which may become helpful for designing new drugs for CL. To identify differences in protein profiles of L. major and L. tropica, we conducted a Sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS) analysis. Totally 67 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) (fold change> 2 and p < 0.05) were identified between species. Of these, 42 and 25 proteins were up-regulated in L. major and L. tropica, respectively. Several enriched GO terms were identified via biological process of up-regulated proteins. Furthermore, the small molecule metabolic process and translation were detected as significant biological processes for up-regulated proteins in L. major, while translation was identified for L. tropica. Also, KEGG analysis has revealed glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and translation as the top pathways in the proteins up-regulated in L. major and L. tropica, respectively. Finally glycosomal malate dehydrogenase was identified as putative drug target using network and homology analyses. The DEPs between the species are essential in host-pathogen interactions and parasite survival in the macrophage. Furthermore, L. major and L. tropica possibly uses different pathogenicity mechanisms that leads to anthroponotic or zoonotic CL. Our results may help in the drug discovery and chemotherapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Amiri-Dashatan
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nayebali Ahmadi
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Koushki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL) is a vector-borne parasitic disease with widespread on the communities throughout the Mediterranean regions and the Middle East, including Iraq. The study aimed for detection and diagnosis of CL in humans and dogs. This is an epidemiological study included six districts in Misan province, during the period from December 2019 to November 2020. All samples were taken from patients and owned-dogs. A total of 436 patients suspected with CL enrolled. A total of 237 owned-dogs were examined. The mean age of patients was (18.15Å}16.92) years. The rate of CL infection was high in Al-Amarah district. About 409 (93.807%) patients were diagnosed as a new case of CL, with no significant difference (P>0.05). The duration from bites by sandflies to the time of being diagnosed with CL ranged from 1 to 18 weeks. Patients owned-dogs (direct contact) were 167 (38.302%), and those with indirect contact were 123 (28.211%). Dogs manifested with clinical features of CL were 74 (27.715%), while those were asymptomatic (193, 72.284%). The lesions in dogs were severe (47, 63.513%), moderate (22, 29.729%), and mild (5, 6.756%). In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, this epidemiological study of CL was conducted for the first time in Iraq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Khalil Abduljalil Alsaad
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Misan, Misan, Iraq
| | - May Hameed Kawan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Kardjadj M, Yahiaoui F, Ben-Mahdi MH. Incidence of human dog-mediated zoonoses and demographic characteristics/vaccination coverage of the domestic dog population in Algeria. REV SCI TECH OIE 2020; 38:809-821. [PMID: 32286565 DOI: 10.20506/rst.38.3.3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Control of zoonotic diseases requires a One Health integrated action from both human and animal health sectors. The aims of the present study were to estimate the incidence of dog-mediated zoonoses in humans and to describe demographic characteristics and vaccination coverage of the domestic dog population in Algeria. The results show that rabies, leishmaniosis and echinococcosis are the major zoonoses in Algeria, with an average of 20.6 (deaths), 8,276 and 455 human cases per year, respectively. A door-to-door survey was conducted among 652 households with at least one dog, of which 334 (51.33%) were located in urban areas and 318 (48.77%) in rural areas. The mean number of dogs per household in rural areas (2.02) is higher than that in urban areas (1.41). Furthermore, a high percentage of semi-confined and free-roaming and a low proportion of vaccinated dogs were recorded in rural areas. Vaccination coverage for rabies, canine distemper virus, Rubarth hepatitis, leptospirosis and parvovirus was lowest in rural dog populations. The analysis of risk factors established that semi-confined or free-roaming dogs, non-pedigree breeds, hunting dogs, herding dogs and the presence of more than three dogs per household are risk factors for dogs not being vaccinated.
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Karakuş M, Öktem MA, Sözen M, Matur F, Çolak F, Nalçaci M, Özbel Y, Töz S. First molecular detection and identification of Leishmania species in small wild rodents from Turkey. Parasitology 2020; 147:1088-1093. [PMID: 32404216 PMCID: PMC10317722 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease infecting animals and humans. Two clinical forms (Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis) and four species are reported to be present in Turkey. Several studies have investigated canine and human leishmaniasis in Turkey but no study was performed to screen the infection among wild rodents, so far. The present study aims to investigate the role of small wild rodents as reservoir animals for Leishmania spp. in different regions of Turkey. Formalin-preserved tissue samples (spleen, liver, lung) of 712 rodents from 30 provinces were screened for the presence of Leishmania spp. DNA. Before DNA extraction, tissues were dried, rehydrated, and homogenated. Leishmania screening in rodent tissues and species determination was performed with a combination of real-time kDNA and ITS1 polymerase chain reaction protocols. Eight (1.12%) out of 712 animals were found to be positive for Leishmania spp. DNA and species typing revealed five L. infantum, two L. tropica and one L. major among positives. Leishmania major and L. infantum DNA were detected in Apodemus spp. from Zonguldak province located in the Western Black Sea Region, while L. tropica DNA was found in Meriones sp. and Gerbillus dasyurus from Adana and Hatay provinces located in Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. The present study is first to report natural infection of L. infantum, L. major and L. tropica in small wild rodents in Turkey, suggesting their possible roles as reservoirs. Further studies are needed for planning epidemiological studies and also for developing rodent control measures in risky endemic areas to break the transmission cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Karakuş
- University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Öktem
- Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sözen
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Ferhat Matur
- Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Faruk Çolak
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Nalçaci
- Ege University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Biology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özbel
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Seray Töz
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Izmir, Turkey
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Brilhante AF, Lima L, Zampieri RA, Nunes VLB, Dorval MEC, Malavazi PFNDS, Melchior LAK, Ishikawa EAY, Cardoso CDO, Floeter-Winter LM, Teixeira MMG, Galati EAB. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis type 2 as probable etiological agent of canine cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazilian Amazon. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216291. [PMID: 31039202 PMCID: PMC6490954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine cutaneous leishmaniasis (CCL) is a zoonosis of public health interest, and in the Americas, Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis has been identified as the main etiological agent. The present study sought to investigate Leishmania spp. infection in domestic dogs from a rural area of the Xapuri municipality, Acre state, Brazilian Amazonia. For this purpose, visits were carried out to domiciles where the human cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) occurred, followed by the clinical evaluation of the animals in search of clinical signs suggestive of CCL. Blood samples were collected from 40 dogs, 13 of which had lesions suggestive of CCL, and biopsies of these lesions were performed. The methods used were Neal, Novy, and Nicolle’s (NNN) medium cultures and direct parasitological examination. Further, to detect and characterize Leishmania DNA some molecular techniques were performed such as conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing targeting SSU rDNA and ITS1, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and high resolution melting (HRM) analysis targeting hsp70. The investigation revealed that the results obtained from the parasitological methods were negative. In PCR by ITS1 and network topology sequences, six strains from dogs, isolated from the Peruvian Andes, appeared identical to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis type 2 (99–100%). By other molecular methods these samples turned out to be positive to Leishmania (Viannia) sp.. The diagnosis of Leishmania in domestic dogs from Acre state showed a high proportion of infected animals, and the occurrence of L. braziliensis type 2 in Brazil for the first time. This new report suggests that L. braziliensis type 2 is both trans- and cis-Andean. However, more studies are needed regarding the clinical and diagnostic aspects of this species of Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Fernandes Brilhante
- Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Luciana Lima
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ortega-Pacheco A, Gutierrez-Blanco E, Escamilla- Flores W, Cordero-Guillermo L, Jiménez-Coello M, Loria-Cervera N. A fatal case of canine cutaneous leishmaniosis in a dog. Ann Parasitol 2019; 65:183-186. [PMID: 31578842 DOI: 10.17420/ap6502.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A 10-year-old intact female Chihuahua, 2.5 kg of weight and BCS 2 (range 1–5) was taken in for medical consultation due to the presence of four skin lesion, two in the ventral thoracic region and two in the dorsal region. The dog was receiving medication due to congestive heart failure. A cutaneous form of canine leishmaniosis was diagnosed using molecular tools from a 10-years-old Chihuahua dog living in the Caribbean region. The critical health condition of the geriatric patient may have evolved to a fatal renal failure. This report is the first of a fatal case of leishmaniosis in a dog from the endemic region in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ortega-Pacheco
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Calle 57 No. 491ª, Merida CP 97000, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Gutierrez-Blanco
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Calle 57 No. 491ª, Merida CP 97000, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - William Escamilla- Flores
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Calle 57 No. 491ª, Merida CP 97000, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Leonardo Cordero-Guillermo
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Calle 57 No. 491ª, Merida CP 97000, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Matilde Jiménez-Coello
- C.A. Biomedicine of Infectious Diseases, Regional Research Center “Dr Hideyo Noguchi”, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Calle 57 No. 491ª, Merida CP 97000, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Nallely Loria-Cervera
- C.A. Biomedicine of Infectious Diseases, Regional Research Center “Dr Hideyo Noguchi”, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Calle 57 No. 491ª, Merida CP 97000, Yucatán, Mexico
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Ghatee MA, Haghdoost AA, Kooreshnia F, Kanannejad Z, Parisaie Z, Karamian M, Moshfe A. Role of environmental, climatic risk factors and livestock animals on the occurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in newly emerging focus in Iran. J Infect Public Health 2017; 11:425-433. [PMID: 29287805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Occurrence of leishmaniasis is affected by various biological and environmental factors. Kohgiluye and Boyerahmad (K-B) province is an emerging focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Southwest Iran. SUBJECTS AND METHODS To elucidate some angles of occurrence of CL in this province, climatic and environmental factors and close proximity to livestock were studied by univariate and two multivariate logistic regression models. The dwelling addresses of 275 CL patients were obtained from Health Centers records for a 5 years period. The effect of mean annual temperature, minimum mean annual temperature, maximum mean annual temperature, mean annual rainfall, slope, elevation, land covers and close proximity to cattle and sheep/goat sheds on the occurrence of CL were analysed using geographical information systems (GIS) approach. RESULTS CL occurred in all counties with the most cases in Northwest, West and South semi-arid and warm regions. Land cover, slope, elevation and close proximity to cattle sheds, were the most effective factors. Urban, dry farm and thin rangeland were found as the most important land covers. Slope and elevation decreased the probability of disease. Close proximity to cattle sheds notably increased the chance of CL. The importance of other factors such as rainfall, temperature and close proximity to sheep/goat sheds only were shown when their effects were evaluated independently from other factors. So regions with urban, dry farm and thin rangeland covers with lower slope and altitude where in close proximity of cattle sheds seems to be potentially most high risk areas. CONCLUSION Distribution of CL cases is influenced by combination of environmental, ecological factors and close proximity to livestock sheds but control programs should be focused on cities and villages in the above-mentioned most high risk regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Ghatee
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
| | - Ali A Haghdoost
- Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Kooreshnia
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Zahra Kanannejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zafar Parisaie
- Province Health Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Karamian
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
| | - Abdolali Moshfe
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
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Brachelente C, Müller N, Doherr MG, Sattler U, Welle M. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Naturally Infected Dogs is Associated with a T Helper-2-biased Immune Response. Vet Pathol 2016; 42:166-75. [PMID: 15753470 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-2-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin lesions are a frequent manifestation of Leishmania infantum infections in Mediterranean countries. This study demonstrates by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction the local cytokine response in skin biopsies from Leishmania-infected dogs ( n = 10). As controls, we investigated skin biopsies from healthy ( n = 10) and fleabite hypersensitive dogs (n = 10). We established a quantitative PCR to determine the parasite burden in biopsies. The objective was to elucidate whether a correlation exists between parasite number, histologic response, and T helper-1 (TH1)/T helper-2 (TH2) cytokine expression in lesional skin of naturally infected dogs. In Leishmania-infected dogs, interleukin-4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) messenger RNA production was significantly higher than controls. Furthermore, dogs with a high Leishmania burden had a significantly higher IL-4 expression, whereas no difference was noted with regard to expression of other cytokines. By comparing the pattern of inflammation and cytokine expression, a clear trend became evident in that levels of IL-4, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were elevated in biopsies with a periadnexal nodular pattern and in biopsies where the severity of the periadnexal infiltrate was equal to the perivascular to interstitial infiltrate. Expression of IL-4, IL-13, and TNF-α was slightly increased in biopsies where plasma cells prevailed on lymphocytes, whereas expression of IFN-γ was moderately higher when lymphocytes were predominating. In summary, the present study demonstrates that the local immune response in naturally occurring leishmaniasis includes TH1 as well as TH2 cytokine subsets. Furthermore, respective data suggest that increased expression of the TH2-type cytokine IL-4 is associated with both severe clinical signs and a high parasite burden in the skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brachelente
- Department of Biopathological Sciences, Perugia, Italy
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Silva FMDF, Santos EMDS, Torres SM, Yamasak EM, Ramos RAN, Alves LC. Parasite load in intact and ulcerative skin of dogs with leishmaniais. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2016; 25:127-130. [PMID: 27007246 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the site of inoculation of Leishmania spp. in susceptible hosts, and consequently dermatopathies, especially ulcerative dermatitis, are the main clinical signs observed. The aim of this study was to assess parasitism of the skin (intact and ulcerated) among dogs that were naturally infected by Leishmania spp., through immunohistochemical analysis. Skin fragments (intact and ulcerated) were collected from 13 dogs with positive parasitological (bone marrow aspiration and exfoliative skin) and serological examinations (ELISA S7 Biogene) for Leishmania spp. These samples were processed using the immunohistochemical technique, involving the streptavidin-peroxidase complex. Ulcerative lesions were mainly observed on the elbows (53.84%; 7/13), nostrils (15.38%; 2/13), ears (23.07%; 3/13) and wings of the ilium (7.69%; 1/13). A severe parasite load was detected in 46.15% and 76.92% of the intact and ulcerated skin samples tested, respectively. The parasite load on ulcerated skin was statistically higher than on intact skin (p = 0.0221). These results indicate that the intact and ulcerated skin may host a high parasite load of amastigote forms of Leishmania spp., which can favor the transmission of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra Maria Torres
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Elise Miyuki Yamasak
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | - Leucio Câmara Alves
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
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Andrade MS, Courtenay O, F. Brito ME, Carvalho FG, Carvalho AWS, Soares F, Carvalho SM, Costa PL, Zampieri R, Floeter-Winter LM, Shaw JJ, Brandão-Filho SP. Infectiousness of Sylvatic and Synanthropic Small Rodents Implicates a Multi-host Reservoir of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004137. [PMID: 26448187 PMCID: PMC4598029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The possibility that a multi-host wildlife reservoir is responsible for maintaining transmission of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis causing human cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is tested by comparative analysis of infection progression and infectiousness to sandflies in rodent host species previously shown to have high natural infection prevalences in both sylvatic or/and peridomestic habitats in close proximity to humans in northeast Brazil. Methods The clinical and parasitological outcomes, and infectiousness to sandflies, were observed in 54 colonized animals of three species (18 Necromys lasiurus, 18 Nectomys squamipes and 18 Rattus rattus) experimentally infected with high (5.5×106/ml) or low (2.8×105/ml) dose L. (V.) braziliensis (MBOL/BR/2000/CPqAM95) inoculum. Clinical signs of infection were monitored daily. Whole animal xenodiagnoses were performed 6 months post inoculation using Lutzomyia longipalpis originating from flies caught in Passira, Pernambuco, after this parasite evaluation was performed at necropsy. Heterogeneities in Leishmania parasite loads were measured by quantitative PCR in ear skin, liver and spleen tissues. Results All three rodent species proved to establish infection characterized by short-term self-resolving skin lesions, located on ears and tail but not on footpads (one site of inoculation), and variable parasite loads detected in all three tissues with maximum burdens of 8.1×103 (skin), 2.8×103 (spleen), and 8.9×102 (liver). All three host species, 18/18 N. lasiurus, 10/18 N. squamipes and 6/18 R. rattus, also proved infectious to sandflies in cross-sectional study. R. rattus supported significantly lower tissue parasite loads compared to those in N. lasiurus and N. squamipes, and N. lasiurus appeared to be more infectious, on average, than either N. squamipes or R. rattus. Conclusions A multi-host reservoir of cutaneous leishmaniasis is indicated in this region of Brazil, though with apparent differences in the competence between the rodent species. The results provide preliminary insights into links between sylvatic and peri-domestic transmission cycles associated with overlaps in the rodent species’ ecological niches. Across the Americas, Leishmania (V.) braziliensis is the predominant Leishmania species causing cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. Transmitted by Phlebotomine sandflies, questions remain about the epidemiological contributions of the numerous zoonotic and more domestic host species. Domestication of the principal vector and human infection patterns suggest that human infection risk is predominantly peridomestic, whereas control strategies will be more complex if there is a link to a wildlife transmission cycle. Almost no studies have been conducted on the transmission potential of natural hosts of L. (V.) braziliensis. This study evaluates the infectiousness of experimentally infected natural rodent host species, that in different ecological habitats are proposed to act as a single or a multi-host reservoir. Clinical and parasitological development, and the ability to transmit Leishmania to sandflies, was observed under experimental conditions using a single strain of L. (V.) braziliensis isolated from the wild rat, Necromys lasiurus. Xenodiagnoses were performed with laboratory bred sand fly females established from a local population of Lutzomyia longipalpis. All three rodent species developed disseminated subclinical parasitological infections, but clinical signs (lesions) were transient and self-resolving. N. squamipes, N. lasiurus and R. rattus were all infectious when asymptomatic, though their competence in transmission potential appears to differ with R. rattus showing signs of lower susceptibility. These results provide further evidence that a multi-host reservoir is responsible for maintaining transmission with a bridge between infectious sylvatic and peridomestic rodent populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S. Andrade
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Orin Courtenay
- Warwick Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (WIDER) and School of Life Sciences, University Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Maria E. F. Brito
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Francisco G. Carvalho
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana Waléria S. Carvalho
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Fábia Soares
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Silvia M. Carvalho
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Pietra L. Costa
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Zampieri
- Biosiences Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jeffrey J. Shaw
- Biomedical Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JJS); SPBF
| | - Sinval P. Brandão-Filho
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JJS); SPBF
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Chemkhi J, Souguir H, Ali IBH, Driss M, Guizani I, Guerbouj S. Natural infection of Algerian hedgehog, Atelerix algirus (Lereboullet 1842) with Leishmania parasites in Tunisia. Acta Trop 2015; 150:42-51. [PMID: 26086952 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In Tunisia, Leishmania parasites are responsible of visceral leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania infantum species while three cutaneous disease forms are documented: chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania killicki, sporadic cutaneous form (SCL) caused by L. infantum and the predominant zoonotic cutaneous leishmanaisis (ZCL) due to Leishmania major. ZCL reservoirs are rodents of the Psammomys and Meriones genera, while for SCL the dog is supposed to be a reservoir. Ctenodactylus gundii is involved in the transmission of L. killicki. However, other mammals could constitute potential reservoir hosts in Tunisia and other North African countries. In order to explore the role of hedgehogs as potential reservoirs of leishmaniasis, specimens (N=6) were captured during July-November period in 2011-2013 in an SCL endemic area in El Kef region, North-Western Tunisia. Using morphological characteristics, all specimens were described and measured. Biopsies from liver, heart, kidney and spleen of each animal were used to extract genomic DNA, which was further used in PCR assays to assess the presence of Leishmania parasites. Different PCRs targeting kinetoplast minicircles, ITS1, mini-exon genes and a repetitive Leishmania- specific sequence, were applied. To further identify Leishmania species involved, RFLP analysis of amplified fragments was performed with appropriate restriction enzymes. Using morphological characters, animals were identified as North African hedgehogs, also called Algerian hedgehogs, that belong to the Erinaceidae family, genus Atelerix Pomel 1848, and species algirus (Lereboullet, 1842). PCR results showed in total that all specimens were Leishmania infected, with different organs incriminated, mainly liver and spleen. Results were confirmed by direct sequencing of amplified fragments. Species identification showed that all specimens were infected with L. major, three of which were additionally co-infected with L. infantum. The present study demonstrates, for the first time in Tunisia, natural infection of hedgehog animals (Atelerix algirus) by the Leishmania parasites species L. major and L. infantum. L. major is also detected for the first time in wild animals captured in the North Western part of the country; likewise for the co-infection of these animals by the 2 Leishmania species. This mammal could play a potential reservoir role in epidemiology of SCL or ZCL and could contribute to emergence or extension of ZCL in the studied region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomaa Chemkhi
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR11IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hejer Souguir
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR11IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Insaf Bel Hadj Ali
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR11IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mehdi Driss
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR11IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR11IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Souheila Guerbouj
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR11IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is caused by the Leishmania parasite, and transmitted by infected phlebotomine sandflies. Of the two distinct clinical syndromes, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) affects the skin and mucous membranes, and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) affects internal organs. Approaches to prevent transmission include vector control by reducing human contact with infected sandflies, and reservoir control, by reducing the number of infected animals. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of vector and reservoir control interventions for cutaneous and for visceral leishmaniasis. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following databases to 13 January 2015: Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS and WHOLIS, Web of Science, and RePORTER. We also searched trials registers for ongoing trials. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of vector and reservoir control interventions in leishmaniasis-endemic regions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently searched for trials and extracted data from included RCTs. We resolved any disagreements by discussion with a third review author. We assessed the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We included 14 RCTs that evaluated a range of interventions across different settings. The study methods were generally poorly described, and consequently all included trials were judged to be at high or unclear risk of selection and reporting bias. Only seven trials reported clinical outcome data which limits our ability to make broad generalizations to different epidemiological settings and cultures. Cutaneous leishmaniasisOne four-arm RCT from Afghanistan compared indoor residual spraying (IRS), insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs), and insecticide-treated bedsheets, with no intervention. Over 15 months follow-up, all three insecticide-based interventions had a lower incidence of CL than the control area (IRS: risk ratio (RR) 0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38 to 0.97, 2892 participants, moderate quality evidence; ITNs: RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.56, 2954 participants, low quality evidence; ITS: RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.57, 2784 participants, low quality evidence). No difference was detected between the three interventions (low quality evidence). One additional trial of ITNs from Iran was underpowered to show a difference.Insecticide treated curtains were compared with no intervention in one RCT from Venezuela, where there were no CL episodes in the intervention areas over 12 months follow-up compared to 142 in control areas (RR 0.00, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.49, one trial, 2938 participants, low quality evidence).Personal protection using insecticide treated clothing was evaluated by two RCTs in soldiers, but the trials were underpowered to reliably detect effects on the incidence of CL (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.20, two trials, 558 participants, low quality evidence). Visceral leishmaniasisIn a single RCT of ITNs versus no intervention from India and Nepal, the incidence of VL was low in both groups and no difference was detected (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.46 to 2.15, one trial, 19,810 participants, moderate quality evidence).Two trials from Brazil evaluated the effects of culling infected dogs compared to no intervention or IRS. Although they report a reduction in seroconversion over 18 months follow-up, they did not measure or report effects on clinical disease. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Using insecticides to reduce phlebotomine sandfly numbers may be effective at reducing the incidence of CL, but there is insufficient evidence from trials to know whether it is better to spray the internal walls of houses or to treat bednets, curtains, bedsheets or clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urbà González
- CLĺNICA GO&FERUnit of DermatologyRiera Blanca 6‐8, L´HospitaletBarcelonaSpain08903
| | - Mariona Pinart
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL)c/ Doctor Aiguader 88BarcelonaCatalunyaSpain08003
| | - David Sinclair
- Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineDepartment of Clinical SciencesPembroke PlaceLiverpoolUKL3 5QA
| | - Alireza Firooz
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical SciencesNo 79 Taleqani AvenueTehranIran14166‐13675
| | - Claes Enk
- Hadassah Medical CenterDepartment of DermatologyP.O.Box 12000JerusalemIsrael91010
| | - Ivan D Vélez
- Universidad de AntioquiaPrograma de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales PECETCalle 62 52 59 SIU Laboratorio 632MedellinColombia
| | - Tonya M Esterhuizen
- Stellenbosch UniversityCentre for Evidence‐based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesTygerbergCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Mario Tristan
- International Health Central American InstituteBoard of DirectorsAv. 7 Streets 35 and 37 N 3530P.O. Box 1677‐2100‐ IHCAI FOUNDATIONSan JoséSan JoseCosta Rica2100
| | - Jorge Alvar
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi)15 Chemin Louis‐DunantGenevaSwitzerland1202
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Lara-Silva FDO, Michalsky ÉM, Fortes-Dias CL, Fiuza VDOP, Pessanha JEM, Regina-Silva S, de Avelar DM, Silva MA, Lima ACVMDR, da Costa AJA, Machado-Coelho GLL, Dias ES. Epidemiological aspects of vector, parasite, and domestic reservoir in areas of recent transmission and no reported human cases of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Acta Trop 2015; 148:128-36. [PMID: 25882769 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
About 97% of the human cases of the American visceral leishmaniasis (VL) occur in Brazil. In the last few years, the disease expanded to medium- and large-sized cities, in which surveillance and control actions have been intensified, in an effort to control VL spreading. Our two-year study was conducted in Belo Horizonte, the sixth most populous city in Brazil, which is endemic for VL. We focused in two particular districts of recent transmission of the disease, with no reported human cases and submitted to minor surveillance and control actions. Our aim was to draw an epidemiological profile of the local situation concerning Lutzomyia vector, Leishmania parasites, and the main domestic reservoirs (dogs). Lutzomyia longipalpis comprised 96.5% of the total phlebotomine sand flies captured and displayed an expressive minimal infection rate by Leishmania infantum (16.7%). Positive correlations were found between the population densities of L. longipalpis, rainfall and temperature. L. infantum was also detected in the cortelezzii complex and, for the first time, in Lutzomyia lloydi. Leishmania braziliensis, an etiological agent of the American cutaneous leishmaniasis, was also identified in L. longipalpis. Among the 1408 dogs serologically tested by standard enzyme-linked and fluorescence immune assays (ELISA/IFA) 3.6% were positive for VL. L. infantum DNA and Leishmania parasites were identified in 100% and 72.5% of the seropositive dogs, respectively. The co-positivity of other diagnostic tests for VL-Leishmania-nested PCR, imprint and myeloculture-was compared to the standard serology. Both symptomatic or asymptomatic dogs displayed an equal average number of positive diagnostic tests for VL. The districts studied display favorable conditions for the rapid spreading of human infection, in terms of L. longipalpis population density, and presence of L. infantum in both vector and main reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Érika Monteiro Michalsky
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Shara Regina-Silva
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Moreira de Avelar
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maiara Alves Silva
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Leça Júnior NF, Guedes PEB, Santana LN, Almeida VDA, Carvalho FS, Albuquerque GR, Wenceslau AA, Munhoz AD, Silva FL. Epidemiology of canine leishmaniasis in southern Bahia, Brazil. Acta Trop 2015; 148:115-9. [PMID: 25917715 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniosis is a zoonosis caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. American cutaneous leishmaniosis (ACL) is mainly caused by the species L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis, and American visceral leishmaniosis (AVL) is caused by L. infantum chagasi. In addition to their proven roles as reservoirs of AVL, dogs are also suspected by researchers to be reservoirs of ACL due to reports of this infection in domestic environments and of infected dogs in endemic areas. The aim of this study was to detect Leishmania sp. infection in dogs from Vila Operária, Buerarema, Bahia, using parasitological tests, indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Furthermore, this study also aimed to identify risk factors associated with illness in dogs in this locality by conducting an epidemiological survey. For this purpose, 292 dogs were clinically evaluated for the presence of skin lesions, and the dogs that showed these changes were submitted to scarification injury to enable preparation of slides for microscopic study of amastigotes. Subsequently, the dogs underwent blood sampling for serological (IFA) and molecular (PCR) tests. Additionally, the owners of the dogs answered an epidemiological questionnaire to facilitate the identification of risk factors for exposure of dogs to pathogens of ACL. Of the 292 dogs studied, 13 (4.5%) had lesions suggestive of ACL, but with a negative parasitological examination and 147 (50.3%) were seropositive according to the IFA. Of the 273 dogs studied using PCR test, 10 (3.66%) were positive for L. braziliensis, and all samples were negative for L. infantum chagasi. Wastelands in the peridomicile and the presence of light in the household were risk factors associated with ACL. The results show that Vila Operária has asymptomatic dogs with ACL and that the detection sensitivity of the IFA was higher than that of PCR for the infected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Elisa Brandão Guedes
- Doutoranda do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Valter dos Anjos Almeida
- Doutorando em Patologia Humana e Experimental no Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Fábio Santos Carvalho
- Doutorando do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - George Rego Albuquerque
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC-Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Hospital Veterinário, km 16 Rodovia Jorge Amado, CEP 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Amauri Arias Wenceslau
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC-Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Hospital Veterinário, km 16 Rodovia Jorge Amado, CEP 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Dias Munhoz
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC-Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Hospital Veterinário, km 16 Rodovia Jorge Amado, CEP 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Lessa Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC-Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Hospital Veterinário, km 16 Rodovia Jorge Amado, CEP 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
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Menezes-Souza D, Mendes TADO, Gomes MDS, Bartholomeu DC, Fujiwara RT. Improving serodiagnosis of human and canine leishmaniasis with recombinant Leishmania braziliensis cathepsin l-like protein and a synthetic peptide containing its linear B-cell epitope. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e3426. [PMID: 25569432 PMCID: PMC4287388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The early and correct diagnosis of human leishmaniasis is essential for disease treatment. Another important step in the control of visceral leishmaniasis is the identification of infected dogs, which are the main domestic reservoir of L. infantum. Recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides based on Leishmania genes have emerged as valuable targets for serodiagnosis due to their increased sensitivity, specificity and potential for standardization. Cathepsin L-like genes are surface antigens that are secreted by amastigotes and have little similarity to host proteins, factors that enable this protein as a good target for serodiagnosis of the leishmaniasis. Methodology/Principal Findings We mapped a linear B-cell epitope within the Cathepsin L-like protein from L. braziliensis. A synthetic peptide containing the epitope and the recombinant protein was evaluated for serodiagnosis of human tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis, as well as canine visceral leishmaniasis. Conclusions/Significance The recombinant protein performed best for human tegumentary and canine visceral leishmaniasis, with 96.30% and 89.33% accuracy, respectively. The synthetic peptide was the best to discriminate human visceral leishmaniasis, with 97.14% specificity, 94.55% sensitivity and 96.00% accuracy. Comparison with T. cruzi-infected humans and dogs suggests that the identified epitope is specific to Leishmania parasites, which minimizes the likelihood of cross-reactions. Leishmaniasis is one of the major diseases of importance in public health and its precise diagnosis may represent one of the most relevant challenges for the control and possible eradication of the disease. In this context, recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides based on Leishmania genes have emerged as valuable targets for serodiagnosis due to their increased sensitivity, specificity and potential for standardization. Cathepsin L-like (CatL) genes are more abundant in stationary promastigotes and amastigotes, and have less than 40% identity with human proteins and more than 60% identity with other Leishmania species. We mapped a linear B-cell epitope in the CatL protein sequence and compared its performance with the recombinant protein and current serology methodologies for the diagnosis of human tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis as well as of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Both the recombinant protein and synthetic peptide showed higher specificity and sensitivity than crude preparations commonly used for other antigens, and thus, they are valuable targets to compose an antigen panel that could significantly improve leishmaniasis diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Matheus de Souza Gomes
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Patos de Minas, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Fonseca EDS, D'Andrea LAZ, Taniguchi HH, Hiramoto RM, Tolezano JE, Guimarães RB. Spatial epidemiology of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in a municipality of west São Paulo State, Brazil. J Vector Borne Dis 2014; 51:271-275. [PMID: 25540957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES In the last decade, in the state of São Paulo, 5898 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) were reported. This study was undertaken to analyze the epidemiology of CL in the municipality of Teodoro Sampaio, in São Paulo State, Brazil, based on a geographic approach, as very little is known of the relationship between CL and the spatial transformation process. METHODS This is a population-based quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional case study. Surveys of the official notifications in the healthcare center and official sources from 1998 to 2011 were analysed. The data were described based on statistics and the Kernel method to detect hotspots of transmission. RESULTS The age group between 21 and 40 yr was most affected, with 24 cases (57.9%). Of the 41 cases reported between 1998 and 2011, 33 cases were having low education status and 31 cases (75.6%) were males. The spatial and temporal distribution was aggregated in three-year periods which permitted the identification of two microfoci, in periods I (1998-2000) and III (2005-2007). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION The disease has presented, in recent years, a pattern of sporadic transmission or microfoci, and continues to maintain enzootic cycles of Leishmania in a sylvatic environment, ensuring the perpetuation of the pathogen in nature, and the risk of emergence of new cases of CL in domestic animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elivelton da Silva Fonseca
- Department of Geography, College of Science and Technology of Presidente Prudente State University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Jackson A. In this issue - April 2014: Perceptions of 2007 equine influenza outbreak · Hyperinsulinaemia in ponies · Hydration and perennial ryegrass toxicosis · Travel history needed for possible canine leishmaniosis · Complications of arthroscopy · Metaphyseal osteopathy in Kelpies · Infectious bronchitis virus and egg quality. Aust Vet J 2014; 92:89-90. [PMID: 24673131 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tomás-Pérez M, Khaldi M, Riera C, Mozo-León D, Ribas A, Hide M, Barech G, Benyettou M, Seghiri K, Doudou S, Fisa R. First report of natural infection in hedgehogs with Leishmania major, a possible reservoir of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Algeria. Acta Trop 2014; 135:44-9. [PMID: 24699087 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report here the first known cases of natural infection of hedgehogs with Leishmania major. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an important public health problem in the area of M'sila, a semi-arid province in Algeria's northern Sahara, where two species of hedgehog live, Atelerix algirus and Paraechinus aethiopicus. The aim of this research was to survey Leishmania infection in these hedgehogs and evaluate whether they were reservoir hosts of Leishmania in an endemic zoonotic focus of leishmaniasis. Serological and molecular methods were used to determine the presence of Leishmania in 24 hedgehogs caught directly by hand and identified at species level as 19 A. algirus and 5 P. aethiopicus. Specific anti-Leishmania antibodies were detected in 29.2% of individuals by Western blot and in 26.3% by ELISA. The real-time PCR performed in spleen, ear and blood samples detected Leishmania spp. DNA in 12.5% of the individuals, one A. algirus and two P. aethiopicus. Three skin and two spleen samples of these animals were found to be parasitized and were identified by molecular test as L. major. Considering our results, it is suggested that hedgehogs have a potential epidemiological role as reservoir hosts of L. major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Tomás-Pérez
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mourad Khaldi
- Laboratoire d'Écologie, Département des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Faculté des Sciences, Pôle Universitaire de M'sila, 28000, Algeria; Département de Zoologie Agricole et Forestière, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, El-Harrach, Algeria
| | - Cristina Riera
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Denis Mozo-León
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexis Ribas
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Biodiversity Research Group, Faculty of Science, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Udon Thani 41000 Thailand
| | - Mallorie Hide
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université Montpellier 1), Montpellier, F-34394, France
| | - Ghania Barech
- Laboratoire d'Écologie, Département des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Faculté des Sciences, Pôle Universitaire de M'sila, 28000, Algeria; Département de Zoologie Agricole et Forestière, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, El-Harrach, Algeria
| | - Meryam Benyettou
- Laboratoire d'Écologie, Département des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Faculté des Sciences, Pôle Universitaire de M'sila, 28000, Algeria
| | - Kamel Seghiri
- Laboratoire d'Écologie, Département des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Faculté des Sciences, Pôle Universitaire de M'sila, 28000, Algeria
| | - Souad Doudou
- Laboratoire d'Écologie, Département des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Faculté des Sciences, Pôle Universitaire de M'sila, 28000, Algeria
| | - Roser Fisa
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Truppel JH, Otomura F, Teodoro U, Massafera R, da Costa-Ribeiro MCV, Catarino CM, Dalagrana L, Costa Ferreira MEM, Thomaz-Soccol V. Can equids be a reservoir of Leishmania braziliensis in endemic areas? PLoS One 2014; 9:e93731. [PMID: 24721908 PMCID: PMC3983081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we detected Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection in equids living in endemic regions of cutaneous leishmaniasis. To determine the role of these animals in the Leishmania cycle, we used two approaches: serological and molecular methods. Antibodies to the parasite were assayed using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Blood samples were collected and tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the positive products were sequenced. The results showed that 11.0% (25/227) of the equids were seropositive for Leishmania sp, and 16.3% (37/227) were PCR positive. Antibodies were detected in 20 horses, 3 donkeys, and 2 mules, and the parasite DNA was detected in 30 horses, 5 donkeys, and 2 mules. Sequencing the amplified DNA revealed 100% similarity with sequences for Viannia complex, corroborating the results of PCR for L. braziliensis. Our results show that equids are infected with L. braziliensis, which could be food sources for phlebotomines in the peridomiciliary environment and consequently play a role in the cutaneous leishmaniasis cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessé Henrique Truppel
- Center for Zoonoses Control, Department of Health Surveillance, Municipal Health Department, Araucária, Paraná, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Flavio Otomura
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Maringá State University (UEM), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ueslei Teodoro
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Maringá State University (UEM), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rubens Massafera
- Surveillance Service of Health, Ministry of Health, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Magda Clara Vieira da Costa-Ribeiro
- Post-Graduation Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carolina Motter Catarino
- Post-Graduation Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luana Dalagrana
- Post-Graduation Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Vanete Thomaz-Soccol
- Post-Graduation Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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de Arruda MM, Figueiredo FB, Cardoso FA, Hiamamoto RM, Brazuna JCM, de Oliveira MRF, Noronha EF, Romero GAS. Validity and reliability of enzyme immunoassays using Leishmania major or L. infantum antigens for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69988. [PMID: 23922884 PMCID: PMC3724735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND American visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum. Dogs are the main reservoirs in the domestic transmission cycle. The limited accuracy of diagnostic tests for canine leishmaniasis may contribute to the lack of impact of control measures recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The objective of this study was to estimate the accuracy of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays employing L. major or L. infantum antigens and their reliability between three laboratories of different levels of complexity. METHODS A validation study of ELISA techniques using L. major or L. infantum antigens was conducted. Direct visualization of the parasite in hematoxylin/eosin-stained histopathological sections, immunohistochemistry, and isolation of the parasite in culture.were used as gold standard. An animal that was positive in at least one of the tests was defined as infected with L. infantum. Serum samples collected from 1,425 dogs were analyzed. Samples were separated in three aliquots and tested in three different laboratories. Sensitivity, specificity and the area under de ROC curve were calculated and the reliability was evaluated between the participant laboratories. RESULTS The sensitivity was 91.8% and 89.8% for the L. major and L. infantum assays, respectively. The specificity was 83.75% and 82.7% for the L. major and L. infantum assays, respectively. The area under de ROC curve was 0.920 and 0.898 for L. major and L. infantum, respectively. The mean intraclass correlation coefficients between laboratories ranged from 0.890 to 0.948 when L. major was used as antigen, and from 0.818 to 0.879 when L. infantum was used. INTERPRETATION ELISA tests using L. major or L. infantum antigens have similar accuracy and reliability. Our results do not support the substitution of the L. major antigen of the ELISA test currently used for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/isolation & purification
- Dogs/blood
- Dogs/parasitology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Leishmania infantum/immunology
- Leishmania infantum/isolation & purification
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmania major/isolation & purification
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/blood
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/diagnosis
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/veterinary
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/blood
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary
- Reproducibility of Results
- Sensitivity and Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maciel de Arruda
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
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Mehrabani D, Motazedian MH, Oryan A, Asgari Q, Hatam GR, Karamian M. A search for the rodent hosts ofLeishmania majorin the Larestan region of southern Iran: demonstration of the parasite inTatera indicaandGerbillussp., by microscopy, culture and PCR. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 2013; 101:315-22. [PMID: 17524246 DOI: 10.1179/136485907x176445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania major occurs widely in Iran, where several species of rodent serve as the parasite's 'reservoir' hosts. In an attempt to identify the rodent hosts in the Larestan region, which lies in the Fars province of southern Iran (where the incidence of human CL has been rising), 32 rodents (20 Tatera indica, eight Meriones crassus, four Gerbillus sp.) were caught and checked for leishmanial infection. Using two detection methods (the microscopical examination of stained tissue smears and the culture of tissue samples) and a PCR to identify any leishmanial parasites detected, L. major was identified in six of the rodents caught: two male T. indica from Alamarvdasht, two female T. indica from Lamerd, and two females of the genus Gerbillus (one caught in Lamerd and one in Lar). Although the samples were too small to prove that M. crassus is not a significant host of L. major in Larestan, they were large enough to indicate that T. indica and members of the genus Gerbillus serve as reservoir hosts of L. major in the region. Tatera indica appears to be an important host of L. major across much of Iran but this appears to be the first time that the genus Gerbillus has been found to be involved in the epidemiology of CL in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mehrabani
- Gastro-entero-hepatology Research Center/Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 71345-1744, Shiraz, Iran.
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Reuss SM, Dunbar MD, Calderwood Mays MB, Owen JL, Mallicote MF, Archer LL, Wellehan JFX. Autochthonous Leishmania siamensis in horse, Florida, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1545-7. [PMID: 22932732 PMCID: PMC3437729 DOI: 10.3201/eid1809.120184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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de Freitas TPT, D'Andrea PS, de Paula DAJ, Nakazato L, Dutra V, Bonvicino CR, de Almeida ADBPF, Boa-Sorte EDC, Sousa VRF. Natural infection of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in Mus musculus captured in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 12:81-3. [PMID: 21923255 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report natural infection by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in Mus musculus and Necromys lasiurus using molecular analyses (PCR-RFLP) of femoral bone marrow and skin fragments. The aim of this study was to detect infection by pathogenic species of Leishmania in small mammals in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The animals were captured in Peixoto de Azevedo, a cutaneous leishmaniasis-endemic region located in the north of the state, from October 30 to November 3, 2008. Natural infection by Leishmania in synanthropic rodents may be a threat to humans due to cohabitation of human domiciles in this area.
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Marcelino AP, Ferreira EC, Avendanha JS, Costa CF, Chiarelli D, Almeida G, Moreira EC, Leite RC, dos Reis JKP, Gontijo CMF. Molecular detection of Leishmania braziliensis in Rattus norvegicus in an area endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2011; 183:54-8. [PMID: 21767914 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania nested PCR (LnPCR) targeted to the SSUrRNA gene and DNA sequencing were used to analyze 315 tissue samples from 80 Rattus norvegicus specimens trapped in an area endemic for leishmaniasis in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Of the samples analyzed, 17.46% (55/315) of all tissues, 10% (8/80) of skin, 26.92% (21/78) of blood, 30.76% (24/78) of bone marrow and 2.53% (2/79) of spleen were positive for Leishmania. The overall infection prevalence was 36.25% (29/80) The DNA sequencing showed that 65.51% (19/29) of the positive animals were infected by parasites belonging to the Leishmania braziliensis complex. The identification of L. braziliensis DNA in R. norvegicus in an area with a high prevalence of leishmaniasis might imply a zoonotic role of this species. The rodent control programs and health education may represent important measures toward the control of leishmaniasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brazil/epidemiology
- DNA, Protozoan/chemistry
- DNA, Protozoan/genetics
- Disease Reservoirs/veterinary
- Endemic Diseases/veterinary
- Female
- Leishmania braziliensis/genetics
- Leishmania braziliensis/isolation & purification
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/blood
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/epidemiology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/veterinary
- Male
- Prevalence
- RNA, Protozoan/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
- Rats
- Ribosome Subunits, Small, Eukaryotic/genetics
- Rodent Diseases/blood
- Rodent Diseases/epidemiology
- Rodent Diseases/parasitology
- Rodentia
- Sequence Analysis, DNA/veterinary
- Skin/parasitology
- Spleen/parasitology
- Urban Population
- Zoonoses
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreza P Marcelino
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
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45
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Akhavan AA, Mirhendi H, Khamesipour A, Alimohammadian MH, Rassi Y, Bates P, Kamhawi S, Valenzuela JG, Arandian MH, Abdoli H, Jalali-zand N, Jafari R, Shareghi N, Ghanei M, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR. Leishmania species: detection and identification by nested PCR assay from skin samples of rodent reservoirs. Exp Parasitol 2010; 126:552-6. [PMID: 20566364 PMCID: PMC2939322 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Many rodent species act as reservoir hosts of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in endemic areas. In the present study a simple and reliable assay based on nested PCR was developed for the detection and identification of Leishmania parasites from rodent skin samples. We designed Leishmania-specific primers that successfully amplified ITS regions of Leishmania major, Leishmania gerbilli and Leishmania turanica using nested PCR. Out of 95 field collected Rhombomys opimus, 21 were positive by microscopic examination and 48 by nested PCR. The percentage of gerbils infected with L. major, L. gerbilli and L. turanica was 3.2%, 1.1% and 27.4%, respectively. In 15.8% of the rodents, we found mixed natural infections by L. major and L. turanica, 1.1% by L. major and L. gerbilli, and 2.1% by the three species. We concluded that this method is simple and reliable for detecting and identifying Leishmania species circulating in rodent populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ahmad Akhavan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yavar Rassi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paul Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Mohammad Hossein Arandian
- Esfahan Health Training and Research Center, Institute Public of Health Researches, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Abdoli
- Esfahan Health Training and Research Center, Institute Public of Health Researches, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Jalali-zand
- Esfahan Health Training and Research Center, Institute Public of Health Researches, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Esfahan Health Training and Research Center, Institute Public of Health Researches, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Shareghi
- Esfahan Health Training and Research Center, Institute Public of Health Researches, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghanei
- Esfahan Health Training and Research Center, Institute Public of Health Researches, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zanini MS, Viana KF, Reis AB, Campos DR, Mussi JMS, Zanini S, Lemos EM. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis: immunoblotting analysis for the detection of IgG subclasses in the diagnosis of symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs. Vet Parasitol 2010; 173:143-6. [PMID: 20598805 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During a seroepidemiological survey 2004-2006 from areas in Brazil endemic for American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL), serum samples from 10 dogs with ulcerated cutaneous lesions (S-ACL) and 52 asymptomatic dogs (AS-ACL) of unknown age and breed living in areas endemic for ACL were monitored for 1 year for ulcerated cutaneous lesions and immunoblotting using peroxidase-conjugated secondary anti-IgG, anti-IgG1 and anti-IgG2 dog antibodies. We reported that antibodies against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in the sera of 22/52 dogs with asymptomatic disease showed intense reactivity to peptides larger than 66 kDa. We believe that dogs harboring subclinical amastigotes show an immunoblotting profile similar to that of symptomatic animals because a dog with self-healing presented antigens greater than 66 kDa. Such patterns can be exploited for diagnostic and epidemiological research for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Santos Zanini
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Vitória 29040-091, Brazil.
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Kellina OI, Strelkova MV. [Investigations on leishmaniases at the E.I. Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine]. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 2010:19-22. [PMID: 21400708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The paper assesses the investigations on leishmaniases at the E.I. Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine in 1920 to 2009. The analysis includes papers on biology, ecology, taxonomy, and experimental transmission of the agents of leishmaniases via the bites of sand flies, the principle in the control of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) during the agricultural development of extensive territories in the Karshin steppe, on quantitative approaches in the epidemiology of ZCL, a search for Russian effective medicaments to treat patients with this disease and the development of criteria for selecting L. major strains for individual and mass vaccinations against ZCL, the revision of Leishmania circulating in great gerbil populations, and the description of the new species L. turanica, an important parasite for L. major persistence from one transmission season to the next. The first investigations on leishmaniasis were made by Prof. E.I. Martsinovsky, the founder and the first director of the Institute in the early 20th century.
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Miranda LHM, Quintella LP, Santos IB, Oliveira RVC, Menezes RC, Figueiredo FB, Schubach TMP. Comparative histopathological study of sporotrichosis and American tegumentary leishmaniasis in dogs from Rio de Janeiro. J Comp Pathol 2010; 143:1-7. [PMID: 20100620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pyogranulomatous lesions from 80 dogs with sporotrichosis and 26 dogs with American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) were compared microscopically in order to identify features that would support the diagnostic suspicion and direct the subsequent search for the aetiological agent of either infection. Odds ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated in order to evaluate the impact of the microscopical findings on the diagnosis of either disease. Lesions with well-formed granulomata were 14 times more likely to be due to sporotrichosis than ATL. Marked neutrophil infiltration into granulomata was 12.26 times more likely to be associated with sporotrichosis when compared with lesions having mild neutrophilic infiltration. Absence of lymphocytes and macrophages in the peripheral infiltrate was associated with a 9.71 and 4.93 higher chance, respectively, of being sporotrichosis rather than ATL compared with lesions where these cells were present. Lesions with a perivascular, perifollicular and interstitial peripheral inflammatory infiltrate were 5.48 times more likely to be due to sporotrichosis than ATL when compared with lesions with a diffuse peripheral infiltrate. Histopathological analysis may therefore contribute to the diagnosis of sporotrichosis or ATL skin lesions in dogs since this method permits the identification of features that direct the diagnostic suspicion, thus facilitating the search for the aetiological agent in histological sections, permitting the precise request of subsequent tests and thereby reducing costs and time taken to achieve a definitive diagnosis and the initiation of appropriate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H M Miranda
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IPEC/FIOCRUZ), Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Gicheru MM, Jeneby MM, Macharia JC, Carlsson HE, Suleman MA. Prevalence of antibodies and cell mediated immune response against Leishmania major in feral nonhuman primates from Kenya. Acta Trop 2009; 109:136-40. [PMID: 18983806 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In Kenya, Leishmania major is responsible for human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Natural infection with L. major of a vervet monkey and experimental susceptibility of some nonhuman primates (NHPs) from Kenya has been established. However, there has been no comprehensive study of the prevalence of zoonotic CL in Kenya. And also, no investigation has been done to assess whether NHPs could be potential reservoir hosts of L. major even when the involvement of reservoir animals is obligatory in transmission of this parasite. To achieve this, wild caught Chlorocebus aethiops (Vervet monkeys n=213), Papio cynocephalus anubis (olive baboons n=101) and Cercopithecus mitis (Syke's monkeys n=64) from five geographical locations in Kenya were screened for antibodies against L. major using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot (WB) analysis. From the population of C. aethiops (n=213) captured, 57 were used in lymphocyte proliferation assay. ELISA revealed a high prevalence of leishmaniasis sero conversion in olive baboons 78/101 (77.2%), vervet monkeys 129/213 (60.6%) and Sykes' monkeys 43/64 (67.2%). WB detected anti-L. major antibodies in 48.5% (49/101) of the baboons, 48% (102/213) of vervet monkeys and 37.5% (24/64) of Sykes' monkey sera. Specific proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to L. major antigen was demonstrated in 17 of the 57 (29.8%) vervet monkeys. In conclusion, the results of serological assays provide strong circumstantial evidence that CL is prevalent in five Provinces of Kenya and that Kenyan NHPs could be could be a potential reservoir hosts of L. major.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Gicheru
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya
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Marques C, Carvalheiro M, Pereira MA, Jorge J, Cruz MEM, Santos-Gomes GM. Efficacy of the liposome trifluralin in the treatment of experimental canine leishmaniosis. Vet J 2008; 178:133-7. [PMID: 17855131 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are used as carriers to deliver drugs and to treat diseases where infection is localised in the mononuclear phagocyte system cells, as is the case of leishmaniosis. Trifluralin is a dinitroaniline with proved anti-Leishmania activity in vitro. The efficacy of liposomal trifluralin (LIP/TFL) was studied in the treatment of experimental canine leishmaniosis through quantification of parasite burden using the limiting dilution assay, follow-up of anti-Leishmania antibodies by indirect fluorescent immunoassay and cytokine expression by Reverse Transcriptase-PCR, in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, skin and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 5 female beagle dogs. After treatment, dogs showed a general remission of clinical signs related to parasite burden reduction and Th1 cytokine mRNA expression, but there was no significant decrease in antibody levels. Alternative treatment schemes with LIP/TFL are necessary to achieve optimal results.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marques
- Unidade de Leishmanioses and Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais-Laboratório Associado. Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 96, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
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