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Leite JC, Gonçalves AAM, de Oliveira DS, Resende LA, Boas DFV, Ribeiro HS, Pereira DFS, da Silva AV, Mariano RMDS, Reis PCC, Nakasone EN, França-Silva JC, Galdino AS, Paes PRDO, Melo MM, Dias ES, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, da Silveira-Lemos D, Dutra WO, Giunchetti RC. Transmission-Blocking Vaccines for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: New Progress and Yet New Challenges. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1565. [PMID: 37896969 PMCID: PMC10610753 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs with visceral leishmaniasis play a key role in the transmission cycle of Leishmania infantum to humans in the urban environment. There is a consensus regarding the importance of developing a vaccine to control this disease. Despite many efforts to develop a protective vaccine against CVL, the ones currently available, Leish-tec® and LetiFend®, have limited effectiveness. This is due, in part, to the complexity of the immune response of the naturally infected dogs against the parasite and the complexity of the parasite transmission cycle. Thus, strategies, such as the development of a transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) already being applied to other vector-borne diseases like malaria and dengue, would be an attractive alternative to control leishmaniasis. TBVs induce the production of antibodies in the vertebrate host, which can inhibit parasite development in the vector and/or interfere with aspects of vector biology, leading to an interruption of parasite transmission. To date, there are few TBV studies for CVL and other leishmaniasis forms. However, the few studies that exist show promising results, thus justifying the further development of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Costa Leite
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Ana Alice Maia Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Diana Souza de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Lucilene Aparecida Resende
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Diego Fernandes Vilas Boas
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Helen Silva Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Diogo Fonseca Soares Pereira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Augusto Ventura da Silva
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Reysla Maria da Silveira Mariano
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Pedro Campos Carvalhaes Reis
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Eiji Nakasone Nakasone
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - João Carlos França-Silva
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Microorganism Biotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Midwest Campus, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil;
| | - Paulo Ricardo de Oliveira Paes
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (P.R.d.O.P.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Marília Martins Melo
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (P.R.d.O.P.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- René Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil;
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru;
| | - Denise da Silveira-Lemos
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Walderez Ornelas Dutra
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
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Pereira NCL, Michalsky ÉM, Alonso C, Pinheiro LC, Lara-Silva FO, Lima NA, Nobi RCA, de Mello HES, Fortes-Dias CL, Dias ES. Survey of phlebotomine sand fly fauna in a public Zoo in Brazil: Species diversity, seasonality, and host variety. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 44:100917. [PMID: 37652636 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a dynamic disease in which transmission conditions change due to environmental and human behavioral factors. Epidemiological analyses have shown modifications in the spread profile and growing urbanization of the disease, justifying the expansion of endemic areas and increasing number of cases in dogs and humans. In the city of Belo Horizonte, located in the southeastern state of Minas Gerais (Brazil), visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic, with a typical urban transmission pattern, but with different regional prevalence. This study was conducted at the Zoo of the Foundation of Municipal Parks and Zoobotany of Belo Horizonte (FPMZB-BH), located in the Pampulha region, which is among the areas most severely affected by VL. This study aimed to determine the taxonomic diversity of native phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), identify climatic variables that potentially affect the phenology of these insects, and determine the blood meal sources for female phlebotomine sand flies. To achieve this, 10 mammal enclosures in the zoo were selected using the presence of possible leishmaniasis reservoirs as a selection criterion, and sampled using light traps between August 2019 and August 2021. A total of 6034 phlebotomine sand flies were collected, indicating nine species, with Lutzomyia longipalpis being the very abundant species (65.35% of the total). Of the 108 engorged phlebotomine collected females, seven samples (6.5%) were positive for blood meals from humans, marsupials, canids, and birds. Relative humidity and rainfall increased the phenology of phlebotomine sand flies, with population increases in the hottest and wettest months. The data obtained will provide guidelines for competent health agencies to implement vector control measures to reduce the risk of leishmaniasis transmission in the FPMZB-BH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Cristina Lima Pereira
- René Rachou Institute (IRR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, CEP 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Érika Monteiro Michalsky
- René Rachou Institute (IRR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, CEP 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Caroline Alonso
- René Rachou Institute (IRR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, CEP 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Letícia Cavalari Pinheiro
- René Rachou Institute (IRR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, CEP 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Oliveira Lara-Silva
- René Rachou Institute (IRR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, CEP 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nathália Albergaria Lima
- René Rachou Institute (IRR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, CEP 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Regina Celi Antunes Nobi
- Foundation of Municipal Parks and Zoobotany of Belo Horizonte, Av. Otacílio Negrão de Lima, 8000, CEP 31365-450 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Humberto Espírito Santo de Mello
- Foundation of Municipal Parks and Zoobotany of Belo Horizonte, Av. Otacílio Negrão de Lima, 8000, CEP 31365-450 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Consuelo Latorre Fortes-Dias
- Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, CEP 30550-010 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- René Rachou Institute (IRR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, CEP 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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França-Silva JC, Giunchetti RC, Mariano RMDS, Machado-Coelho GLL, Teixeira LDAS, Barata RA, Michalsky ÉM, Rocha MF, Fortes-Dias CL, Dias ES. The Program for the Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil: The Effect of the Systematic Euthanasia of Seropositive Dogs as a Single Control Action in Porteirinha, a Brazilian City with an Intense Transmission of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Pathogens 2023; 12:1060. [PMID: 37624020 PMCID: PMC10460051 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porteirinha is endemic for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), with intense disease transmission of the disease. We evaluated the impact of canine euthanasia as a single control measure on the incidence of VL in humans and canines. METHODS A prospective observational cohort study was carried out over four years (1998-2002) in 8 of the 12 neighborhoods of the city. The dynamics of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) transmission were evaluated for 2 years, before beginning the screening-culling intervention. The comparative morbidity index (CMI) was used to stratify areas with the greatest risk of CVL, and the spatial distribution of human and canine VL cases was compared using univariate and bivariate K-functions. RESULTS Human cases conglomerated in three neighborhoods. Spatial clusters were detected for CVL in 1998, 2000, and 2001, but not in 1999, when greater spatial dispersion occurred. The screening and culling intervention reduced the number of human VL cases and decreased the incidence of CVL, mainly in neighborhoods with a high CMI. CONCLUSIONS The systematic euthanasia of seropositive dogs was shown to be an effective control action of the Program for Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis (PCLV) in Brazil. The fundamental role of domestic dogs in the epidemiological chain of VL was reaffirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Carlos França-Silva
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.F.-S.); (R.C.G.); (R.M.d.S.M.)
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.F.-S.); (R.C.G.); (R.M.d.S.M.)
| | - Reysla Maria da Silveira Mariano
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.F.-S.); (R.C.G.); (R.M.d.S.M.)
| | | | | | - Ricardo Andrade Barata
- Federal University of Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina 39803-371, MG, Brazil;
| | | | - Marília Fonseca Rocha
- Zoonoses Control Center, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros 39401-089, MG, Brazil;
| | | | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil;
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Lopes JV, Michalsky ÉM, Pereira NCL, Paula AJVD, Souza AGM, Pinheiro LC, Lima ACVMDR, Avelar DMD, França-Silva JC, Lanzetta VAS, Melo JD, Fortes-Dias CL, Dias ES. Canine visceral leishmaniasis in area with recent Leishmania transmission: prevalence, diagnosis, and molecular identification of the infecting species. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20200141. [PMID: 32935783 PMCID: PMC7491567 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0141-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is an endemic disease in Brazil, and
integrated control actions have been adopted by the Brazilian Ministry of
Health to control its spread. However, the transmission profile is unknown
in areas with recent CVL cases, including Itaúna, located in the Brazilian
state of Minas Gerais, where the present study was carried out. METHODS: A total of 2,302 dogs from 12 neighborhoods were serologically tested for
canine VL using the current diagnostic protocol adopted by the Brazilian
Ministry of Health. Test positivity rate (TPR) and CVL prevalence were
determined for each neighborhood. The presence of
Leishmania was assessed in 60 seropositive dogs which
had been recommended for euthanasia. Twenty-two of them (37%) were
asymptomatic, and 38 (63%) were symptomatic for CVL. Parasitological
(myeloculture and smear/imprint) and molecular (PCR) methods were employed
for Leishmania detection in bone marrow, spleen, mesenteric
lymph nodes, and ear skin. The infecting Leishmania species
was identified by DNA sequencing. RESULTS: CVL prevalence (per 1,000 dogs) varied from 0.0-166.67, depending on the
neighborhood, with a mean of 68.96 (SD 51.38). Leishmania
DNA was detected in at least one tissue from all seropositive dogs, with
comparable TPR among tissues. Leishmania parasites were
identified in most (54/60) seropositive dogs, and the infecting parasite was
identified as Leishmania infantum in all of these. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of CVL is a contributor to the spread of visceral leishmaniasis
in Itaúna.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jarbas de Melo
- Prefeitura Municipal de Itaúna, Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Itaúna, MG, Brasil
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Pereira NCL, Michalsky ÉM, Lara-Silva FO, Lana RS, Paula AJVD, Pereira DM, Lopes JV, Fortes-Dias CL, Dias ES. Ecology of phlebotomine sand flies in a Brazilian area with recent leishmaniasis transmission (Itaúna, in Minas Gerais state). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20190538. [PMID: 32267459 PMCID: PMC7156256 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-2019-0538-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Leishmaniasis constitutes a serious but neglected tropical disease. Recently, socio-environmental, biological and physical changes have altered the range of leishmaniasis, causing it to spread into urban areas. In Minas Gerais, the disease is endemic, exhibiting regional differences and reaching urban centers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate entomological aspects related to the ecoepidemiology of leishmaniasis in Itaúna. METHODS: Monthly catches with HP traps were carried out from June 2017 to May 2018, in three ecological areas (urban, rural, and forest). The adaptability of the species to anthropic environments was assessed using the synanthropy index (SI). RESULTS: We collected 1306 specimens of phlebotomine sand flies. Of the species of medical importance, Lutzomyia longipalpis, the vector of Leishmania infantum, represented 90.4% of the specimens identified at species level (n=1260). Nyssomyia whitmani, the vector of Leishmania braziliensis, represented 1.6% of the total. Lu. longipalpis displayed an SI of +95.8, a value that denotes a marked preference for human environments. For Ny. whitmani, the SI was -25, expressing the tendency of this species to occupy uninhabited areas. The population of the three most numerous species captured increased with rain, high temperatures, and high relative humidity. Although captured at low numbers, Ny. whitmani showed a different profile concerning the climate variables analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the epidemiology of the disease may assist the health services in formulating effective control measures for improving community health and contributing to the establishment of a dynamic relationship and a global awareness of the health/disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rosana Silva Lana
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Rocha MF, Michalsky ÉM, de Oliveira Lara-Silva F, Valadão JL, França-Silva JC, Pinheiro LC, de Sousa JF, dos Santos RC, Soares MD, Fortes-Dias CL, Dias ES. Dogs with divergent serology for visceral leishmaniasis as sources of Leishmania infection for Lutzomyia longipalpis phlebotomine sand flies - an observational study in an endemic area in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008079. [PMID: 32078634 PMCID: PMC7053768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease, caused by Leishmania (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) species. In Brazil, the transmission of this parasite essentially occurs through the bite of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) previously infected with Leishmania infantum. Aiming at preventing VL expansion over the country, integrated control actions have been implemented through a Visceral Leishmaniasis Surveillance and Control Program (VLSCP). Among the actions currently adopted by the program, the screening-culling of seropositive dogs for canine VL (CVL) is particularly polemic. Dogs with negative or divergent serology for CVL remain in their owner’s domicile and are monitored by public health agents. In the present study, we determined the prevalence of CVL and analyzed the implementation of the VLSCP screening-culling action, in an area in Brazil where there has been a recent expansion of VL. Canine census surveys were conducted semiannually for two years (Aug/2015 to Feb/2017). Serological diagnosis of CVL was performed in accordance with current VLSCP protocol: immunochromatography (TR-DPP) followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA EIE). 6,667 dogs were serologically screened for CVL, of which 567 (8.5%) were positive in both tests and 641 (9.6%) had divergent results. A variable percentage (6.3% to 65.4%) of the dogs in the latter group became positive within nine months from the first result. Xenodiagnosis was conducted in canine samples belonging to any of the three possible serological statuses for CVL–positive, divergent or negative. Leishmania spp. DNA was detected in Lu. longipalpis that fed on 50.0% (5/10) of dogs with positive serology and on 29.4% (5/17) of dogs with divergent serological status for CVL. Therefore, dogs with divergent serology for CVL may be as Leishmania-infective to Lu. longipalpis as seropositive ones. Even with the adoption of euthanasia for seropositive dogs, part of the canine population will continue to serve as a source of Leishmania infection for phlebotomine sand flies. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania. In Brazil, the parasites are mainly transmitted through the bite of female Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies that have been previously infected with Leishmania infantum. Dogs are the main domestic reservoirs of Leishmania. The Brazilian Ministry of Health has implemented euthanasia of VL-seropositive dogs as a measure to prevent VL expansion in the country, using the Dual-Path Platform Immunochromatographic Rapid Test (TR-DPP) as the screening method and the enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA EIE) as the confirmatory test for diagnosis. Dogs with positive results in both tests are considered seropositive and recommended for euthanasia. Dogs with divergent serology between these tests remain at their owners’ home and part of them become seropositive within months. Therefore, even adopting euthanasia of seropositive dogs, part of the canine population will continue to serve as a source of Leishmania infection for sand flies, causing new canine and / or human cases of the disease. Difficulties and limitations to implement the screening-culling policy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Fonseca Rocha
- Instituto René Rachou/FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joel Fontes de Sousa
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Dias Soares
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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7
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Mota TF, de Sousa OMF, Silva YDJ, Borja LS, Leite BMM, Solcà MDS, de Melo DA, Brodskyn CI, Dias ES, Veras PST, Fraga DBM. Natural infection by Leishmania infantum in the Lutzomyia longipalpis population of an endemic coastal area to visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil is not associated with bioclimatic factors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007626. [PMID: 31449534 PMCID: PMC6730935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum and in Brazil is transmitted mainly by the bite of Lutzomuyia longipalpis sand flies. Data about the presence, distribution, natural infection rate, seasonal and monthly dynamics of the vector population are important for optimizing the measures to control VL in endemic areas. This study aimed to identify sand fly fauna in an endemic area for VL to detect the prevalence of L. infantum infection in the Lu. longipalpis population and to elucidate the influence of bioclimatic factors on the monthly fluctuations of this vector. HP light traps were monthly set in the intradomicile and peridomicile of residences located in the central and beachfront areas of Camaçari, a VL endemic area. The sand fly collection was conducted in two periods: i) period 1-between December 2011 and November 2012 and ii) period 2-August 2014 and July 2015. Sand fly species were identified and detection of L. infantum infection by qPCR was performed in pools of female Lu. longipalpis. For the first time, the parasite load of positive pools was correlated with the number of Lu. longipalpis captured per month in both periods. Correlation analyses between the monthly fluctuation of the sand fly population and bioclimatic indices of the municipality in both collection periods were also performed. In both evaluated periods, more than 98% of the collected sand flies were Lu. longipalpis, confirming the predominance of this species in the region. It was captured mostly in the beachfront area in all months evaluated (99%). For the period 1, Leishmania DNA was detected in 81% of tested pools representing a minimal infection rate of 9.6%. In the period 2, 40% of the pools were positive with a minimal infection rate of 10.2%. Infected sand flies were only detected in the beachfront area in both periods. The parasite load was low and did not vary in the evaluated months despite the number of collected sand flies. No correlation was observed for climatic factors in both areas of Camaçari. These findings emphasize the high risk of Leishmania transmission in Camaçari regardless of the season and that other factors, aside from bioclimatic elements, are influencing the sand fly population monthly fluctuation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Manuela da Silva Solcà
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia—Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Patrícia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais—INCT-DT, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Deborah Bittencourt Mothé Fraga
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia—Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais—INCT-DT, Salvador, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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8
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Rodrigues de Oliveira A, Pinheiro GRG, Tinoco HP, Loyola ME, Coelho CM, Dias ES, Monteiro ÉM, de Oliveira Lara e Silva F, Pessanha AT, Souza AGM, Pereira NCL, Gontijo NF, Fujiwara RT, Alves da Paixão T, Santos RL. Competence of non-human primates to transmit Leishmania infantum to the invertebrate vector Lutzomyia longipalpis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007313. [PMID: 30995227 PMCID: PMC6488095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide relevance. Visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in Brazil, where it is caused by Leishmania infantum with Lutzomyia longipalpis being the most important invertebrate vector. Non-human primates are susceptible to L. infantum infection. However, little is known about the role of these species as reservoirs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the transmissibility potential of visceral leishmaniasis by non-human primates through xenodiagnosis using the phlebotomine Lu. longipalpis as well as to identify phlebotomine species prevalent in the area where the primates were kept in captivity, and assess infection by Leishmania in captured phlebotomine specimens. Fifty two non-human primates kept in captivity in an endemic area for leishmaniasis were subjected to xenodiagnosis. All primates were serologically tested for detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Additionally, an anti-Lu. longipalpis saliva ELISA was performed. Sand flies fed on all animals were tested by qPCR to identify and quantify L. infantum promastigotes. Eight of the 52 non-human primates were positive by xenodiagnosis, including three Pan troglodytes, three Leontopithecus rosalia, one Sapajus apella, and one Miopithecus talapoin, with estimated numbers of promastigotes ranging from 5.67 to 1,181.93 per μg of DNA. Positive animals had higher levels of IgG anti-Lu. longipalpis saliva when compared to negative animals, prior to xenodiagnosis. Captive non-human primates are capable of infecting Lu. longipalpis with L. infantum. Our findings also demonstrate the relevance of non-human primates as sentinels to zoonotic diseases. Several phlebotomine species, including Lu. longipalpis, have been identified in the area where the primates were maintained, but only one pool of Lutzomyia lenti was infected with L. infantum. This study has implications for public health strategies and conservation medicine. Visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. The disease is endemic in several Brazilian regions, including the city of Belo Horizonte, where visceral leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania infantum and transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis. This study evaluated the competence of non-human primates to infect Lutzomyia longipalpis with Leishmania infantum. Eight of 52 non-human primates were positive to leishmaniasis by xenodiagnosis, i.e. capable of infecting sand flies, with averages of 5.67 to 1,181.93 promastigotes/μg of DNA. Positive animals had higher levels of IgG anti-Lu. longipalpis saliva when compared to negative animals, prior to xenodiagnosis. This study highlights the importance of non-human primates in the leishmaniasis cycle, providing information that is relevant for development of better public health strategies, and to conservation medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayisa Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Rafael Gomide Pinheiro
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Herlandes P. Tinoco
- Fundação de Parques Municipais e Zoobotânica de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Elvira Loyola
- Fundação de Parques Municipais e Zoobotânica de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlyle Mendes Coelho
- Fundação de Parques Municipais e Zoobotânica de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Angela Tinoco Pessanha
- Fundação de Parques Municipais e Zoobotânica de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nelder F. Gontijo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T. Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Alves da Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renato Lima Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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9
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Costa AT, Dias ES, Souza AGM, Silva FDOLE, Machado-Coelho GLL. Ecology of phlebotomine sand flies in an area of leishmaniasis occurrence in the Xakriabá Indigenous Reserve, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20180474. [PMID: 30843969 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0474-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leishmaniasis is a complex vector-borne infectious diseases caused by protozoan parasites in the genus Leishmania and spread by hematophagous phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). The aim of this study was to investigate the phlebotomine fauna, endophily and exophily of the species found, and possible influence of climatic factors on their populations. METHODS The study was conducted in the Xakriabá Indigenous Reserve (XIR) in the municipality of São João das Missões in northern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Insects were collected over three consecutive nights in the last week of each month for 12 months from July 2015 to May 2016 from four houses in four different villages. Two traps were set up in each house: one in the intra-domicile and another in the peri-domicile. RESULTS A total of 2,012 phlebotomine sand fly specimens representing 23 species and belonging to 10 different genera were captured and identified. Among the studied villages, Riacho do Brejo showed the highest density and diversity of phlebotomine sand flies. The species Lutzomyia longipalpis (80.3%) and Nyssomyia intermedia (7.3%), which are major vectors of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively, had the highest population densities, both in the intra- and peri-domicile. No correlation was observed between climatic factors and the density of phlebotomine sand flies. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study may contribute to a better understanding and targeting of the measures for preventing and controlling leishmaniasis by the authorities responsible for indigenous health.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Tetzl Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- Grupo de Taxonomia de Flebotomíneos /Epidemiologia, Diagnóstico e Controle das leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Andreza Geisiane Maia Souza
- Grupo de Taxonomia de Flebotomíneos /Epidemiologia, Diagnóstico e Controle das leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Fabiana de Oliveira Lara E Silva
- Grupo de Taxonomia de Flebotomíneos /Epidemiologia, Diagnóstico e Controle das leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - George Luiz Lins Machado-Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil.,Laboratório de Epidemiologia, Escola de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
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10
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Thies SF, Bronzoni RVDM, Michalsky ÉM, Santos ESD, Silva DJFD, Dias ES, Damazo AS. Aspects on the ecology of phlebotomine sand flies and natural infection by Leishmania hertigi in the Southeastern Amazon Basin of Brazil. Acta Trop 2018; 177:37-43. [PMID: 28964769 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The medical and veterinary importance of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) follow as a result of some species ability to transmit the zoonotic protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Of all municipalities in the state of Mato Grosso, Sinop ranks first in reported cases of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL). Sinop urban zone encompasses three permanent forest preservation areas (APPs) that provide refuge for insects and other vertebrate hosts. We assessed ecological parameters and investigated the natural infection by Leishmania spp. of the phlebotomine fauna from four ecotypes with different levels of urbanization in the urban area of Sinop. A total of 62,745 sand flies were collected, of which 52.34% female. Out of 37 species in this study, nine were found to be constant. Sand flies frequency and diversity were highest in APPs (96.85%; 33 species). Lutzomyia dasypodogeton was the most frequent species and exhibited the greatest abundance (SISA=0.977). The neighborhoods around APPs and completely urbanized neighborhoods presented noteworthy ecological similarity. Moreover, eight vector sand fly species with medicalwere identified, and one L. antunesi sample pool was found to be naturally infected with Le. hertigi. We observed a high frequency and diversity of sand flies, including some species that are known to be major vectors of ACL. Further studies are needed on the natural rates of infection in humans, domestic animals, and sylvatic hosts to better comprehend the leishmaniases dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirlei Franck Thies
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil; Escritório Regional de Saúde de Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brazil.
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11
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Lara-Silva FDO, Michalsky ÉM, Fortes-Dias CL, Fiuza VDOP, Dias ES. Evaluation of chemical spraying and environmental management efficacy in areas with minor previous application of integrated control actions for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Acta Trop 2017; 176:109-113. [PMID: 28760482 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are vector-borne diseases that are transmitted to humans through the bite of Leishmania-infected phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera:Psychodidae). The main proved vector of visceral leishmaniais (VL) in the New World - Lutzomyia longipalpis - is well-adapted to urban areas and has extensive distribution within the five geographical regions of Brazil. Integrated public health actions directed for the vector, domestic reservoir and humans for the control of VL are preferentially applied in municipalities with higher epidemiological risk of transmission. In this study, we evaluated the individual impact of two main vector control actions - chemical spraying and environmental management - in two districts with no reported cases of human VL. Although belonging to an endemic municipality for VL in Brazil, the integrated control actions have not been applied in these districts due to the absence of human cases. The number of L. longipalpis captured in a two-year period was used as indicator of the population density of the vector. After chemical spraying a tendency of reduction in L. longipalpis was observed but with no statistical significance compared to the control. Environmental management was effective in that reduction and it may help in the control of VL by reducing the population density of the vector in a preventive and more permanent action, perhaps associated with chemical spraying.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Érika Monteiro Michalsky
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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12
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Vianna EN, Morais MHF, Almeida ASD, Sabroza PC, Reis IA, Dias ES, Carneiro M. Abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis in urban households as risk factor of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 111:302-10. [PMID: 27223866 PMCID: PMC4878299 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban occurrence of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is linked to households with characteristics conducive to the presence of sand flies. This study proposes an ad hoc classification of households according to the environmental characteristics of receptivity to phlebotominae and an entomological study to validate the proposal. Here we describe the phlebotominae population found in intra- and peridomiciliary environments and analyse the spatiotemporal distribution of the VL vector Lutzomyia longipalpis of households receptive to VL. In the region, 153 households were classified into levels of receptivity to VL followed by entomological surveys in 40 of those properties. Kruskal-Wallis verified the relationship between the households' classification and sand fly abundance and Kernel analysis evaluated L. longipalpis spatial distribution: of the 740 sand flies were captured, 91% were L. longipalpis; 82% were found peridomiciliary whilst the remaining 18% were found intradomiciliary. No statistically significant association was found between sandflies and households levels. L. longipalpis counts were concentrated in areas of high vulnerability and some specific households were responsible for the persistence of the infestation. L. longipalpis prevails over other sand fly species for urban VL transmission. The entomological study may help target the surveillance and vector control strategies to domiciles initiating and/or maintaining VL outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Neves Vianna
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Andréa Sobral de Almeida
- Departamento de Doenças Endêmicas, Escola de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Paulo Chagastelles Sabroza
- Departamento de Doenças Endêmicas, Escola de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ilka Afonso Reis
- Departamento de Estatística, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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13
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Thies SF, Bronzoni RVDM, Espinosa MM, Souza CDO, Ribeiro ALM, Santos ESD, Dias ES, Damazo AS. Frequency and diversity of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Sinop, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 49:544-552. [PMID: 27812647 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0251-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Understanding the diversity of sand flies is important for the epidemiology and control of leishmaniasis. This study aimed to understand the frequency, diversity, and seasonality of medically important sand flies in the municipality of Sinop, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. METHODS: The study was conducted in an urban area, including four ecotypes with different levels of urbanization. The sand flies were collected using light traps for three nights per month, from May 2014 to April 2015. RESULTS: A total of 62,745 sand flies was collected, 52.34% of which were female. The frequency and diversity of sand flies was the highest in areas of permanent preservation (APPs) (96.85%), and was lower in more urbanized areas. Lutzomyia dasypodogeton was the most frequent species in the APPs. Lutzomyia antunesi was the most frequent in neighborhoods with forest fragments and neighborhoods around APPs, and L. aragaoi was the most frequent in completely urbanized neighborhoods. A higher frequency and diversity of sand flies was observed in the rainy season (87.92%) than in the dry season (12.08%). Eight medically important species were captured, and Lutzomyia antunesi, which is associated with American cutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis, was observed in all ecotypes throughout the year. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a high frequency and diversity of sand flies in all urban areas, and some species collected were major vectors of leishmaniasis. These results support the need for further studies of the natural rates of infection of these insects and the circulation of the disease in hosts and vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirlei Franck Thies
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.,Escritório Regional de Saúde de Sinop, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | - Mariano Martinez Espinosa
- Departamento de Estatística, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Cladson de Oliveira Souza
- Escritório Regional de Saúde de Sinop, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amílcar Sabino Damazo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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14
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Rocha RF, Menezes EV, Xavier AREO, Royo VA, Oliveira DA, Júnior AFM, Dias ES, Lima ACVMR, Michalsky EM. Standardization of a molecular method for epidemiologic identification of Leishmania strains. Genet Mol Res 2016; 15:gmr8854. [PMID: 27808385 DOI: 10.4238/gmr.15048854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Molecular studies of the evolutionary relationships among Leishmania species suggest the presence of high genetic variation within this genus, which has a direct effect on public health in many countries. The coexistence of species in a particular region can result in different leishmaniasis clinical forms and treatment responses. We aimed to standardize the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequence polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for molecular epidemiological identification of Leishmania strains, and estimate existing inter-strain genomic differences and kDNA signatures using this technique. ERIC-PCR of genomic DNA revealed genetic polymorphisms between species, although some strains shared many DNA fragments. Leishmania guyanensis, L. amazonensis, and L. braziliensis clustered together in a dendrogram with similarities ranging from 42.0 to 61.0%, whereas L. chagasi grouped with these three species with a similarity of 28.0%. After amplification of kDNA, 780-bp bands were extracted from an agarose gel and purified for analysis of its genetic signature. kDNA ERIC-PCR electrophoretic patterns consisted of 100- to 600- bp fragments. Using these profiles, L. braziliensis and L. guyanensis grouped with a similarity of 26.0%, and L. amazonensis and L. chagasi clustered based on a similarity of 100%. The electrophoretic profiles and dendrograms showed that, for epidemiological identification by ERIC-PCR, genomic DNA had greater discriminatory power than kDNA did. More strains need to be analyzed to validate the kDNA ERIC-PCR method. The genomes of these strains should be sequenced for better epidemiological identification of Leishmania species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Rocha
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção e Recursos Genéticos, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Campus Universitário Professor Darcy Ribeiro, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | - E V Menezes
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção e Recursos Genéticos, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Campus Universitário Professor Darcy Ribeiro, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | - A R E O Xavier
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção e Recursos Genéticos, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Campus Universitário Professor Darcy Ribeiro, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | - V A Royo
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção e Recursos Genéticos, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Campus Universitário Professor Darcy Ribeiro, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | - D A Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção e Recursos Genéticos, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Campus Universitário Professor Darcy Ribeiro, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | - A F M Júnior
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção e Recursos Genéticos, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Campus Universitário Professor Darcy Ribeiro, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | - E S Dias
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Unidade da FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - A C V M R Lima
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Unidade da FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - E M Michalsky
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Unidade da FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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15
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Oliveira E, Saliba JW, Oliveira D, Dias ES, Paz GF. A prototype of the direct agglutination test kit (DAT-Canis) for the serological diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 2016; 221:9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Regina-Silva S, Feres AMLT, França-Silva JC, Dias ES, Michalsky ÉM, de Andrade HM, Coelho EAF, Ribeiro GM, Fernandes AP, Machado-Coelho GLL. Field randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of the Leish-Tec® vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Brazil. Vaccine 2016; 34:2233-9. [PMID: 26997002 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A canine vaccine remains a promising approach for effective control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), given its complex epidemiology in areas where zoonotic VL is prevalent. Leish-Tec(®) is a recombinant vaccine, based on the Leishmania A2 antigen, against canine VL (CVL). It is, since 2014, the single commercial vaccine licensed in Brazil. Here, Leish-Tec(®) efficacy was estimated through a randomized field trial (RFT), in a highly VL endemic area. METHODS The RFT was conducted from 2008 to 2010 in an endemic area of southeastern Brazil, presenting a CVL seroprevalence of 41.9%. Eight hundred forty-seven seronegative dogs were randomly selected to receive Leish-Tec(®) (n=429) or placebo (n=418). Animals were followed up by clinical, serological, and parasitological exams for 18 months. The CVL incidence in both groups was compared through proportion analysis. RESULTS A significant reduction in the number of cases of CVL was observed in the vaccine group, as compared with the placebo group, whether efficacy was estimated according to parasitological results (71.4%; 95% CI: 34.9-87.3%; p=0.001; risk ratio=0.287), by adding results of xenodiagnosis and parasitological exams (58.1%; 95% CI: 26.0-76.3%; p=0.002; risk ratio=0.419). Among the animals that converted to a positive anti-A2 serology, efficacy reached 80.8% (95% CI: 37.6-94.1%, p=0.001; risk ratio=0.192). Xenodiagnosis has detected a reduction of 46.6% (p=0.05) in transmission to sand flies from vaccinated animals presenting anti-A2 positive serology. CONCLUSION The Leish-Tec(®) vaccine proved significantly effective for prophylaxis of CVL, after natural challenge assured by transmission of Leishmania parasites, in a highly endemic area. Noteworthy, this report has unveiled the complexity of performing a RFT for anti-CVL vaccines in Brazil, which may be helpful for designing of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shara Regina-Silva
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - João Carlos França-Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hélida Monteiro de Andrade
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho
- Setor de Patologia Clínica, Colégio Técnico, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Pessoa GCD, Lopes JV, Rocha MF, Pinheiro LC, Rosa ACL, Michalsky ÉM, Dias ES. Baseline susceptibility to alpha-cypermethrin in Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) from Lapinha Cave (Brazil). Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:469. [PMID: 26381242 PMCID: PMC4573933 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Given the increase in cases of visceral leishmaniasis in recent years, associated with the socio-economic impact of this disease, as well as the wide distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis in Brazil and the likelihood that this vector may develop resistance to insecticides used for control, the Ministry of Health considers as crucial the creation of a network in order to study and monitor the resistance of this vector to insecticides used for control. In this sense, this study aimed: 1) to characterize the susceptibility of L. longipalpis from Lapinha Cave (Lagoa Santa, MG - Brazil) to Alfateck SC200 in field bioassays, and 2) to define the susceptibility baseline to alpha-cypermethrin in laboratory bioassays, checking the possibility of using it as susceptibility reference lineage (SRL). Findings The field bioassays revealed that the tested population was highly susceptible to alpha-cypermethrin in all time periods with high mortality (~100 %) in all treated surfaces before six months after spraying. In the laboratory bioassays, the studied population presented LD50, LD95 and LD99 to 0.78013, 10.5580 and 31.067 mg/m2, respectively. The slope was 1.454121. Conclusions The studied population of L. longipalpis was considered as adequate for SRL according criterion recommended by Pan-American Health Organization and has proven susceptibility to tested insecticide in the field. One cannot rule out the possibility of finding populations of L. longipalpis more susceptible to alpha-cypermethrin; therefore, further research is necessary on other populations with potential use as a SRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grasielle Caldas Davila Pessoa
- Laboratório de Referência em Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Josiane Valadão Lopes
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, 29190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Letícia C Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Referência em Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Aline Cristine Luiz Rosa
- Laboratório de Referência em Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Érika Monteiro Michalsky
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, 29190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, 29190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Prado TN, Rajan JV, Miranda AE, Dias ES, Cosme LB, Possuelo LG, Sanchez MN, Maciel EL. P16.23 Clinical and epidemiological characteristics associated with unfavourable tuberculosis treatment outcomes in tb-hiv co-infected patients in brazil: a hierarchical polytomous analysis. Br J Vener Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052270.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lara-Silva FDO, Michalsky ÉM, Fortes-Dias CL, Fiuza VDOP, Pessanha JEM, Regina-Silva S, de Avelar DM, Silva MA, Lima ACVMDR, da Costa AJA, Machado-Coelho GLL, Dias ES. Epidemiological aspects of vector, parasite, and domestic reservoir in areas of recent transmission and no reported human cases of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Acta Trop 2015; 148:128-36. [PMID: 25882769 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
About 97% of the human cases of the American visceral leishmaniasis (VL) occur in Brazil. In the last few years, the disease expanded to medium- and large-sized cities, in which surveillance and control actions have been intensified, in an effort to control VL spreading. Our two-year study was conducted in Belo Horizonte, the sixth most populous city in Brazil, which is endemic for VL. We focused in two particular districts of recent transmission of the disease, with no reported human cases and submitted to minor surveillance and control actions. Our aim was to draw an epidemiological profile of the local situation concerning Lutzomyia vector, Leishmania parasites, and the main domestic reservoirs (dogs). Lutzomyia longipalpis comprised 96.5% of the total phlebotomine sand flies captured and displayed an expressive minimal infection rate by Leishmania infantum (16.7%). Positive correlations were found between the population densities of L. longipalpis, rainfall and temperature. L. infantum was also detected in the cortelezzii complex and, for the first time, in Lutzomyia lloydi. Leishmania braziliensis, an etiological agent of the American cutaneous leishmaniasis, was also identified in L. longipalpis. Among the 1408 dogs serologically tested by standard enzyme-linked and fluorescence immune assays (ELISA/IFA) 3.6% were positive for VL. L. infantum DNA and Leishmania parasites were identified in 100% and 72.5% of the seropositive dogs, respectively. The co-positivity of other diagnostic tests for VL-Leishmania-nested PCR, imprint and myeloculture-was compared to the standard serology. Both symptomatic or asymptomatic dogs displayed an equal average number of positive diagnostic tests for VL. The districts studied display favorable conditions for the rapid spreading of human infection, in terms of L. longipalpis population density, and presence of L. infantum in both vector and main reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Érika Monteiro Michalsky
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Shara Regina-Silva
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Moreira de Avelar
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maiara Alves Silva
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Moreira RA, Rocha O, Santos RM, Laudares-Silva R, Dias ES, Eskinazi-Sant'Anna EM. First record of Ceratium furcoides (Dinophyta), an invasive species, in a temporary high-altitude lake in the Iron Quadrangle (MG, Southeast Brazil). BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 75:98-103. [PMID: 25945626 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.08013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates of the genus Ceratium are generally marine organisms, but rare occurrences in freshwater have been observed in Brazil. In this paper we are recording for the first time the presence of Ceratium furcoides, an invasive species, in a shallow, natural intermittent pool formed at a high-altitude at the southern end of the Iron Quadrangle, an iron-mining district of Minas Gerais State (Southeast Brazil). Samples were collected in October and November of 2010 (rainy period). The population density of this organism observed in Lagoa Seca ("Dry Pool") was very low, at most 4 ind L-1. Mountain lakes are extremely vulnerable to atmospheric deposition of organisms, making them valuable witnesses both of the many forms of impact arising from human activities and of the extended global connections that facilitate the dispersion and introduction of new species over great distances. Studies on the population dynamics of C. furcoides in natural tropical systems are still rare and very recent to the brazilian scenario and hence the monitoring of its dynamics and the potential impact on aquatic communities of its becoming established are essential to an understanding of the process of bioinvasion by this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - O Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - R M Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - R Laudares-Silva
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - E S Dias
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aquática, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - E M Eskinazi-Sant'Anna
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aquática, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
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21
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Regina-Silva S, Fortes-Dias CL, Michalsky ÉM, França-Silva JC, Quaresma PF, da Rocha Lima ACVM, Teixeira-Neto RG, Dias ES. Evaluation of parasitological examination, kDNA polymerase chain reaction and rK39-based immunochromatography for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in seropositive dogs from the screening-culling program in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 47:462-8. [PMID: 25229287 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0064-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dogs play a primary role in the zoonotic cycle of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Therefore, the accurate diagnosis of infected dogs, primarily asymptomatic dogs, is crucial to the efficiency of VL control programs. METHODS We investigated the agreement of four diagnostic tests for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL): parasite detection, either after myeloculture or by direct microscopic examination of tissue imprints; kinetoplast-deoxyribonucleic acid-polymerase chain reaction (kDNA-PCR); and an immunochromatographic test (ICT). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an indirect immunofluorescence test (IFAT), both of which were adopted as part of the screening-culling program in Brazil, were used as reference tests. Our sample set consisted of 44 seropositive dogs, 25 of which were clinically asymptomatic and 19 were symptomatic for CVL according to ELISA-IFAT. RESULTS The highest and lowest test co-positivities were observed for ICT (77.3%) and myeloculture (58.1%), respectively. When analyzed together, the overall percentage of co-positive tests was significantly higher for the symptomatic group compared to the asymptomatic group. However, only ICT was significantly different based on the results of a separate analysis per test for each group of dogs. The majority (93.8%) of animals exhibited at least one positive test result, with an average of 2.66 positive tests per dog. Half of the symptomatic dogs tested positive for all four tests administered. CONCLUSIONS The variability between test results reinforces the need for more efficient and reliable methods to accurately diagnose canine VL, particularly in asymptomatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shara Regina-Silva
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, BRAZIL
| | | | - Érika Monteiro Michalsky
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, BRAZIL
| | | | - Patrícia Flávia Quaresma
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, BRAZIL
| | | | | | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, BRAZIL
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22
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Rêgo FD, Shimabukuro PHF, Quaresma PF, Coelho IR, Tonelli GB, Silva KMS, Barata RA, Dias ES, Gontijo CMF. Ecological aspects of the Phlebotominae fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Xakriabá Indigenous Reserve, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:220. [PMID: 24886717 PMCID: PMC4028289 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sand fly collections were performed to study ecological aspects of the Phlebotominae fauna of the Xakriabá Indigenous Reserve, an area with endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis, located in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods The collections were performed in peridomicile areas and along trails previously selected for the study of wild and synanthropic Leishmania hosts. Differences in the distribution patterns of the sand fly species as well as in species richness and abundance between the different ecotopes were investigated during both rainy and dry seasons over the course of the study period. Results A total of 8,046 sand flies belonging to 11 genera and 28 species were collected. Lutzomyia longipalpis and Nyssomyia intermedia were the most abundant species in peridomicile areas, whereas Martinsmyia minasensis and Lutzomyia cavernicola were the most abundant species among the different trail ecotopes. Conclusion The different composition of the sand fly fauna observed in the peridomicile areas and in the trails during the study, reinforces the importance of sampled different areas in a phlebotomine fauna survey. The presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Ny. Intermedia most abundant in peridomicile can be important to Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis transmission in the Imbaúbas native village.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Dutra Rêgo
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av, Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Mayrink W, Mendonça-Mendes A, de Paula JC, Siqueira LMV, de Resende Marrocos S, Dias ES, de Andrade HM, Machado-Coelho GLL. Cluster randomised trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a vaccine against cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Caratinga microregion, south-east Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trt048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Tonini MAL, Lemos EM, Reis AB, Vital WC, Dias ES, Dietze R. First description of autochthonous canine visceral leishmaniasis in the metropolitan region of Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2013; 45:754-6. [PMID: 23295882 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822012000600019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated autochthonous canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in the metropolitan region of Vitória (MRV), an area in which a human case was previously reported. METHODS Serological, parasitological, and molecular tests were performed in 201 dogs. RESULTS Twenty-six (13%) and 12 (6%) dogs were identified as positive using in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and rK39 tests, respectively. Two dogs had a positive culture for Leishmania chagasi, and 4 were polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive for Leishmania spp. One positive dog belonged to the aforementioned patient. CONCLUSIONS Although the responsible vector was not found, our results provide evidence of autochthonous CVL in the MRV, a non-endemic area for VL.
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Thies SF, Ribeiro ALM, Michalsky EM, Miyazaki RD, Fortes-Dias CL, Fontes CJF, Dias ES. Phlebotomine sandfly fauna and natural Leishmania infection rates in a rural area of Cerrado (tropical savannah) in Nova Mutum, State of Mato Grosso in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2013; 46:293-8. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0031-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Dias ES, Michalsky ÉM, do Nascimento JC, Ferreira EDC, Lopes JV, Fortes-Dias CL. Detection of Leishmania infantum, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis, in Lutzomyia neivai, a putative vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Vector Ecol 2013; 38:193-196. [PMID: 23701627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2013.12028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edelberto Santos Dias
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Barata RA, Silva JCFD, Silva JCD, Almeida SND, Teixeira LDAS, Dias ES. [Control of visceral leishmaniasis in the town of Porteirinha, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from 1998 to 2003]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2012; 44:386-8. [PMID: 21779679 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822011000300025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the town of Porteirinha, State of Minas Gerais, 23 human cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in 1998 and 1999 were recorded. METHODS A study was conducted involving the triad of action recommended for the control of VL. Patients were treated and serologically positive dogs were euthanized quarterly. The pyrethroid insecticide α-cypermethrin was applied in the neighborhoods where human cases were recorded. RESULTS A reduction in canine seroprevalence and sand flies occurred following the implementation of control measures, reflecting in a reduction in human cases of VL. CONCLUSIONS The results show the efficiency of such control measures when used in association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Andrade Barata
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG.
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Barata RA, Michalsky EM, Fujiwara RT, França-Silva JC, Rocha MF, Dias ES. Assessment of sand fly (Diptera, Psychodidae) control using cypermethrin in an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2011; 27:2117-23. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2011001100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Montes Claros in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, was considered an intense transmission area for visceral leishmaniasis. This study evaluated sand fly fauna after insecticide application. Captures were performed in 10 districts from September 2005 to August 2006 with CDC light traps inside and outside each residence. Cypermethrin was sprayed in two cycles during November/2005 and May/2006. The 636 specimens collected, belonging to 10 species, were predominantly Lutzomyia longipalpis (79%), and most frequently males (70%). The highest percentage of specimens were captured in areas surrounding domiciles (85.8%). The main species were observed to be sensitive to treatment with the insecticide. The results showed a reduction in the number of sand flies collected after use of cypermethrin in homes and annexes, and with residual effect lasting from two to four months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Andrade Barata
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brasil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Marília Fonseca Rocha
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Brasil; Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Brasil
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Prado PFD, Rocha MF, Sousa JFD, Caldeira DI, Paz GF, Dias ES. Epidemiological aspects of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in Montes Claros, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2007 and 2009. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2011; 44:561-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822011000500006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an expanding zoonosis in Brazil and is becoming urbanized in several Brazilian regions. This study aims to describe the epidemiological features of human and canine VL in the municipality of Montes Claros, State of Minas Gerais, by focusing on their spatial distribution. METHODS: Data concerning human cases and reactive dogs for VL from 2007 to 2009 were obtained from the Information System for Disease Notification (SINAN) and from reports of the local Centro de Controle de Zoonoses (CCZ), respectively. The addresses of human and canine cases have been georeferenced and localized in thematic maps, allowing their spatial visualization as well as the identification of areas at risk of VL transmission. RESULTS: Ninety-five cases of human VL were reported in the period. The 0-9-year-old age group (48.4%) was the most affected, within which the majority consisted of male patients (64%). Of the samples collected for the canine serological survey, 2,919 (6.3%) were reactive to VL. The spatial localization of these cases shows that the disease was scattered in the urban area of the municipality. Areas showing a higher dissemination risk were concentrated in the central, northwestern, and southern regions of the city. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying the areas most at risk in urban Montes Claros may help guide actions toward local epidemiological vigilance and control.
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Missawa NA, Veloso MAE, Maciel GBML, Michalsky EM, Dias ES. [Evidence of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis by Lutzomyia cruzi in the municipality of Jaciara, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2011; 44:76-8. [PMID: 21340413 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822011000100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The municipality of Jaciara was classified in 2003 as a transmission area for visceral leishmaniasis in outbreak situations. This study aimed to establish evidence of transmission of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi by Lutzomyia cruzi in the municipality of Jaciara, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. METHODS This municipality is located 127 km from the state capital (Cuiabá) and is an important center for ecotourism practitioners. Females of Lutzomyia cruzi, captured using CDC traps, were dissected to confirm the species and stored at -20ºC in pools of 10 individuals for DNA extraction, generic PCR, specific RFLP and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. RESULTS The entomological survey showed abundant occurrence of Lutzomyia cruzi and absence of Lutzomyia longipalpis (the main vector for Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi). One of the three samples showed a characteristic DNA band from Leishmania (120 bp) in generic PCR. To confirm the Leishmania species via RFLP, positive controls for Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi digested with restriction enzyme HaeIII were used. A pattern of bands similar to Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi was found in one sample, thus confirming the detection of natural infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in Lutzomyia cruzi. CONCLUSIONS The occurrences of positive cases in humans and dogs, the presence of Lutzomyia cruzi and the absence of Lutzomyia longipalpis together with the detection of natural infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi, indicate that Lutzomyia cruzi participates in visceral leishmaniasis transmission in Jaciara, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanci Akemi Missawa
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT.
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Barata RA, Paz GF, Bastos MC, Andrade RCO, Barros DCMD, Silva FOLE, Michalsky EM, Pinheiro ADC, Dias ES. Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Governador Valadares, a transmission area for American tegumentary leishmaniasis in State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2011; 44:136-9. [PMID: 21556488 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822011005000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A study on the phlebotomine sandfly fauna was carried out in an endemic area for American tegumentary leishmaniasis in the municipality of Governador Valadares, in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS Captures were undertaken using HP light traps in four districts, on three nights per month, for one year (from January to December 2008). Correlations between climatic factors (temperature, relative air humidity and rainfall) and the numbers of sandflies collected was observed. RESULTS 5,413 phlebotomine specimens were caught and were identified as belonging to 12 species. Of these specimens, 2,851 (52%) were females and 2,562 (48%) were males. CONCLUSIONS Lutzomyia intermedia predominated (29.9% of the species caught), thus suggesting that they were responsible for transmission of American tegumentary leishmaniasis, together with L. whitmani, which was also found in the area (4.3%). The presence of L. longipalpis (11.9%), the main vector for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil, is an important finding, which makes rigorous entomological surveillance of the area necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Andrade Barata
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil.
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Dias ES, Regina-Silva S, França-Silva JC, Paz GF, Michalsky ÉM, Araújo SC, Valadão JL, de Oliveira Lara-Silva F, de Oliveira FS, Pacheco RS, Fortes-Dias CL. Eco-epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in the urban area of Paracatu, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2011; 176:101-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Michalsky ÉM, Guedes KDS, Lara e Silva FDO, França-Silva JC, Dias CLF, Barata RA, Dias ES. Infecção natural de Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) por Leishmania infantum chagasi em flebotomíneos capturados no município de Janaúba, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2011; 44:58-62. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822011000100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: A leishmaniose visceral tem sido notificada em quase todos os estados do Brasil, e principalmente no norte de Minas Gerais, onde a doença é endêmica. Este estudo visou detectar a infecção natural de Lutzomyia longipalpis e identificar através da técnica de PCR/RFLP a espécie de Leishmania encontrada nos flebotomíneos do município de Janaúba. MÉTODOS: Utilizando-se armadilhas luminosas, foram capturadas 1.550 fêmeas de L. longipalpis, que agrupadas em pool de 10 exemplares foram submetidas à extração e amplificação de DNA, através das técnicas de PCR genérico e cacofonia. RESULTADOS: Dos 155 pools, seis apresentaram-se positivos para Leishmania sp., sendo a taxa de infecção do município de 3,9%. Através da PCR/RFLP determinou-se que o padrão de digestão das amostras positivas foi semelhante ao da cepa referência Leishmania chagasi (MHOM/BR/74/PP75). CONCLUSÕES: A detecção de infecção natural associada a estudos sobre a epidemiologia da LV sugere que L. longipalpis esteja envolvida na transmissão de L. infantum chagasi em Janaúba, principalmente nas áreas de intensa transmissão de LV.
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Michalsky EM, Fortes-Dias CL, França-Silva JC, Rocha MF, Barata RA, Dias ES. Association of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) population density with climate variables in Montes Claros, an area of American visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104:1191-3. [PMID: 20140384 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000800020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present paper, we evaluate the relationship between climate variables and population density of Lutzomyia longipalpis in Montes Claros, an area of active transmission of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) in Brazil. Entomological captures were performed in 10 selected districts of the city, between September 2002-August 2003. A total of 773 specimens of L. longipalpiswere captured in the period and the population density could be associated with local climate variables (cumulative rainfall, average temperature and relative humidity) through a mathematical linear model with a determination coefficient (Rsqr) of 0.752. Although based on an oversimplified statistical analysis, as far as the vector is concerned, this approach showed to be potentially useful as a starting point to guide control measures for AVL in Montes Claros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Monteiro Michalsky
- Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Av Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Paz GF, Ribeiro MFB, Michalsky ÉM, da Rocha Lima ACVM, França-Silva JC, Barata RA, Fortes-Dias CL, Dias ES. Evaluation of the vectorial capacity of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2009; 106:523-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1697-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Michalsky ÉM, França-Silva JC, Barata RA, Lara e Silva FDO, Loureiro AMF, Fortes-Dias CL, Dias ES. Phlebotominae distribution in Janaúba, an area of transmission for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:56-61. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Missawa NA, Lorosa ES, Dias ES. Preferência alimentar de Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) em área de transmissão de leishmaniose visceral em Mato Grosso. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2008; 41:365-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822008000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O estudo dos hábitos alimentares e do conteúdo intestinal dos flebotomíneos permite a identificação dos hospedeiros, indicando os potenciais reservatórios das leishmanias. Este trabalho objetivou determinar a preferência alimentar de Lutzomyia longipalpis e sua relação com a transmissão da leishmaniose visceral. As capturas mensais foram realizadas em área de transmissão de leishmaniose visceral, município de Várzea Grande, Estado de Mato Grosso, no período de janeiro de 2004 a junho de 2006, utilizando-se armadilhas de luz CDC. Foram capturadas 2.376 fêmeas de Lutzomyia longipalpis, das quais 104 (4,4%) estavam ingurgitadas, sendo 32 (30,8%) capturadas no intradomicílio e 72 (69,2%) no peridomicílio. Após reação de precipitina, observou-se que as fêmeas de Lutzomyia longipalpis alimentaram-se preferencialmente em aves (30,8%) e roedores (21,2%), mas também foram encontradas fêmeas alimentadas de sangue de humanos, gambás, bois, cavalos e cães, demonstrando o caráter oportunista da espécie.
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Missawa NA, Dias ES. Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the municipality of Várzea Grande: an area of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 102:913-8. [PMID: 18209928 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762007000800004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been naturally transmitted in periurban areas due to the emergence and reemergence of its vectors in such areas. Aimed to further knowledge on ecological aspects affecting the occurrence of phlebotomine sand flies in VL transmission areas in the municipality of Várzea Grande, state of Mato Grosso (MT), Brazil, sand fly captures were carried out. Monthly collections of sand flies were undertaken with CDC light-traps, which were left in both intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary areas of ten residences during four consecutive days between January 2004 and June 2006. Twenty-two species of genus Lutzomyia and one of Brumptomyia were captured. The most abundant species was Lutzomyia longipalpis (65.23%), followed by L. evandroi (16.26%), L. lenti (7.69%), L. whitmani (4.92%), L. sallesi (2.34%) and L. termitophila (1.32%). The highest density of the main VL vector, L. longipalpis, was found in peridomiciliary areas, mostly males. No significant correlation was found between environment (temperature, air relative humidity and rain fall) and phlebotomine density; although a slight increase in sand fly density has been observed in the period following rainfalls, particularly L. longipalpis. No correlation was observed between distribution and density of L. longipalpis, prevalence of human VL cases and the presence of serologically positive dogs. The presence of infected dogs, increased vector density, susceptibility rate and interruption of epidemiological surveillance may raise the risk of VL transmission to man in Várzea Grande.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanci Akemi Missawa
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
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Michalsky EM, Rocha MF, da Rocha Lima ACVM, França-Silva JC, Pires MQ, Oliveira FS, Pacheco RS, dos Santos SL, Barata RA, Romanha AJ, Fortes-Dias CL, Dias ES. Infectivity of seropositive dogs, showing different clinical forms of leishmaniasis, to Lutzomyia longipalpis phlebotomine sand flies. Vet Parasitol 2007; 147:67-76. [PMID: 17449184 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a growing zoonosis with an increasing number of new cases and a rapid geographical spreading of the disease. In the present study, a canine survey was carried out in the city of Montes Claros (320,000 inhabitants), an endemic area of American visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A total number of 4795 dogs were examined by serology, which showed a rate of seropositivity of 5%. Isoenzymatic analysis confirmed Leishmania infantum chagasi as the local aetiological agent of CVL. Canine tissues were assayed for the presence of Leishmania parasite DNA using different techniques. The infectivity of asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic and symptomatic seropositive dogs was tested by xenodiagnosis using laboratory reared Lutzomyia longipalpis. Rates of infection of 5.4%, 5.1% and 28.4% were found for the phlebotomine sand flies that fed in asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic and symptomatic dogs, respectively. Our results indicate that, under experimental conditions, symptomatic dogs are about four times more infective to VL vectors than oligosymptomatic or asymptomatic animals. The lower infectivity rates of dogs displaying any of the last two clinical forms of leishmaniasis, however, must be taken into account in the epidemiology of CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Monteiro Michalsky
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, CEP 30190-002, MG, Brazil
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Dias ES, França-Silva JC, da Silva JC, Monteiro EM, de Paula KM, Gonçalves CM, Barata RA. Flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) de um foco de leishmaniose tegumentar no Estado de Minas Gerais. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2007; 40:49-52. [PMID: 17486253 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822007000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Na localidade do Brejo do Mutambal, situado no município de Varzelândia (MG), área endêmica para leishmaniose tegumentar, foram realizadas capturas mensais sistemáticas utilizando-se armadilhas luminosas do tipo CDC durante o período de janeiro a dezembro de 2000. Foram capturadas 19 espécies de flebotomíneos, totalizando 6.756 exemplares. Lutzomyia intermedia (5,1%), L. migonei (0,4%) e L. whitmani (0,1%), relacionadas com a transmissão de leishmaniose tegumentar, foram capturadas em número reduzido. Lutzomyia longipalpis foi a espécie predominante (34,8%), sugerindo também um risco de transmissão da leishmaniose visceral. A proporção de insetos capturados no peridomícilio foi de 91,7% enquanto no intradomicílio foi de 8,3%. A interferência de fatores climáticos (temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e pluviosidade) sobre a dinâmica populacional de flebotomíneos foi avaliada.
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Margonari C, Freitas CR, Ribeiro RC, Moura ACM, Timbó M, Gripp AH, Pessanha JE, Dias ES. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis through spatial analysis, in Belo Horizonte municipality, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006; 101:31-8. [PMID: 16699707 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographic information system approach has permitted integration between demographic, socio-economic and environmental data, providing correlation between information from several data banks. In the current work, occurrence of human and canine visceral leishmaniases and insect vectors (Lutzomyia longipalpis) as well as biogeographic information related to 9 areas that comprise the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, between April 2001 and March 2002 were correlated and georeferenced. By using this technique it was possible to define concentration loci of canine leishmaniasis in the following regions: East; Northeast; Northwest; West; and Venda Nova. However, as for human leishmaniasis, it was not possible to perform the same analysis. Data analysis has also shown that 84.2% of the human leishmaniasis cases were related with canine leishmaniasis cases. Concerning biogeographic (altitude, area of vegetation influence, hydrographic, and areas of poverty) analysis, only altitude showed to influence emergence of leishmaniasis cases. A number of 4673 canine leishmaniasis cases and 64 human leishmaniasis cases were georeferenced, of which 67.5 and 71.9%, respectively, were living between 780 and 880 m above the sea level. At these same altitudes, a large number of phlebotomine sand flies were collected. Therefore, we suggest control measures for leishmaniasis in the city of Belo Horizonte, giving priority to canine leishmaniasis foci and regions at altitudes between 780 and 880 m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Margonari
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Barata RA, França-Silva JC, Mayrink W, Silva JCD, Prata A, Lorosa ES, Fiúza JA, Gonçalves CM, Paula KMD, Dias ES. Aspectos da ecologia e do comportamento de flebotomíneos em área endêmica de leishmaniose visceral, Minas Gerais. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2005; 38:421-5. [PMID: 16172760 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822005000500012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O comportamento e hábitos alimentares de algumas espécies da flebotomíneos têm sido útil na compreensão da epidemiologia das leishmanioses. No município de Porteirinha (MG), foram realizadas capturas mensais sistematizadas utilizando-se 28 armadilhas luminosas tipo CDC, durante o período de janeiro a dezembro de 2002. Foram capturadas 14 espécies de flebotomíneos, totalizando 1.408 exemplares. De acordo com o ambiente, os resultados obtidos mostraram que o peridomicílio apresentou a maior (53,3%) porcentagem dos espécimens encontrados na região, embora parte (46,7%) da fauna também tenha sido encontrada no intradomicílio. O repasto sanguíneo de 38 fêmeas de Lutzomyia longipalpis, provenientes do campo, foi identificado através da reação de precipitina. Os resultados indicam que Lutzomyia longipalpis foi a espécie predominante (65,1%), mostrando-se oportunista, podendo sugar uma ampla variedade de vertebrados.
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Monteiro EM, da Silva JCF, da Costa RT, Costa DC, Barata RA, de Paula EV, Machado-Coelho GLL, Rocha MF, Fortes-Dias CL, Dias ES. Leishmaniose visceral: estudo de flebotomíneos e infecção canina em Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2005; 38:147-52. [PMID: 15821789 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822005000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A leishmaniose visceral no Brasil estava inicialmente associada a áreas rurais, mas devido às diversas alterações no ambiente como, desmatamentos, urbanização e intenso processo migratório, ocorreu a expansão das áreas endêmicas, levando à urbanização da doença, principalmente nas regiões Sudeste e Centro Oeste do país. No município de Montes Claros, situado ao norte de Minas Gerais, foi feito um estudo para verificação da situação da LV. No ano de 2002 foi realizado inquérito sorológico canino e no período de setembro de 2002 a agosto de 2003 foi feito levantamento entomológico, utilizando armadilhas luminosas de CDC. A prevalência da LV canina apresentou taxa média de infecção em torno de 5%. A fauna de flebotomíneos estimada foi de 16 espécies, totalizando 1043 exemplares. Lutzomyia longipalpis foi a espécie predominante com 74%, o que sugere a sua participação na transmissão de LV em Montes Claros.
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Souza CMD, Pessanha JE, Barata RA, Monteiro EM, Costa DC, Dias ES. Study on phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) fauna in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004; 99:795-803. [PMID: 15761593 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762004000800003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A study on the phlebotomine sand fly fauna in Belo Horizonte city, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, was carried out. From April 2001 to March 2003, monthly systematic collections were performed in three houses from each of the nine regions of the city, using CDC light traps for four consecutive days. The traps were set into the houses and in peridomestic areas totaling 54 traps. A number of 3871 sand fly specimens of the genera Lutzomyia and Brumptomyia were collected. Sixty eight percent of the specimens were L. longipalpis and 16% L. whitmani, insect vectors of visceral and American cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively. Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and frequency of precipitation suggest that the number of insects increases after rainy periods. During the same period mentioned above, seasonal captures were carried out in parks and green areas of Belo Horizonte, using Shannon trap. A total of 579 phlebotomine sand flies were collected from which 398 (68.7%) were females with the predominance of L. whitmani and L. monticola. Those specimens were used for natural infection examination, by polymerase chain reaction. No Leishmania DNA was present in any of the specimens tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Margonari de Souza
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Barata RA, Silva JCFD, Costa RTD, Fortes-Dias CL, Silva JCD, Paula EVD, Prata A, Monteiro EM, Dias ES. Phlebotomine sand flies in Porteirinha, an area of American visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004; 99:481-7. [PMID: 15543410 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762004000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A study of the phlebotomine sand fly fauna was carried out in an endemic area of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) in the municipality of Porteirinha, in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Captures were performed with CDC light traps in 7 districts, 5 days per month, during 2 consecutive years (January 2000 to December 2001). A total of 3240 sand flies were captured and identified. Sixteen species were found, among which 15 belonged to the genus Lutzomyia and one to the genus Brumptomyia. Lutzomyia longipalpis, a proven vector of AVL, was the predominant species (71.85%) throughout the time period. The interference of climatic factors (temperature, humidity, and rainfall) over the populational dynamics of the sand flies was determined. Statistical analysis of the data showed a significant correlation among the number of phlebotomine sand flies collected, rainfall, and humidity, whereas the effect of temperature was negligible, in that particular region. The amount of collected phlebotomine, the number of human cases, and the prevalence of canine AVL in the districts of Porteirinha are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Andrade Barata
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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de Souza CM, Fortes-Dias CL, Linardi PM, Dias ES. Phenetic studies on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction-variability of four geographical populations of Lutzomyia whitmani (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2004; 37:148-53. [PMID: 15094900 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822004000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous evaluation of the genetic variability of four biogeographical populations of Lutzomyia whitmani from known foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil demonstrated two main spatial clusters: Corte de Pedra-BA, Ilhéus-BA and Serra de Baturité-CE in the first cluster, and Martinho Campos-MG in the second. Further analysis showed a high degree of homogeneity in Corte de Pedra population but not in the others, which presented a significant percentage of specimens displaced from their phenon of origin (discrepant individuals). In the present work we analyzed the frequencies of association coefficients in the matrixes of similarity per population of Lutzomyia whitmani from both sexes and the general phenograms obtained, in a more detailed study of those discrepant specimens. Populational stability was observed for Corte de Pedra population, whereas the three remaining populations showed varying degrees of heterogeneity and different displacements according to sex. Our results strongly suggested the existence of a genetic flow between the lineages North-South/North-East and Ilhéus/Serra do Baturité of Lutzomyia whitmani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Margonari de Souza
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Margonari CS, Fortes-Dias CL, Dias ES. Genetic variability in geographical populations of Lutzomyia whitmani elucidated by RAPD-PCR. J Med Entomol 2004; 41:187-192. [PMID: 15061277 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-41.2.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Unequivocal identification of phlebotomine sand flies is of crucial importance in epidemiological studies of leishmaniasis, because certain species may act as vectors, depending on behavior and physiology. For Lutzomyia whitmani, a major vector of American human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil, an increasing number of studies have suggested the existence of a species complex. In the present work, we evaluated the genetic variability of L. whitmani populations from four Brazilian foci of that disease: Corte de Pedra, Ilhéus, Martinho Campos, and Serra de Baturité. Computational analysis of 85 characters, generated by RAPD-polymerase chain reaction, demonstrated high intrapopulational variability. Those characters led to sex discrimination in three of the populations, with the exception of Martinho Campos individuals, in which sex distinction was not complete. One and two interpopulational phenograms were obtained for females and males, respectively. A higher similarity was observed among the specimens from Ilhéus, Corte de Pedra, and Serra de Baturité, whereas the Martinho Campos population remained external to that cluster. These results, which are in partial accordance with a previous morphometric survey of L. whitmani from the same regions, provide additional evidence to support the existence of at least two spatial clusters of biogeographical populations of L. whitmani in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Margonari
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Gontijo CMF, da Silva ES, de Fuccio MB, de Sousa MCA, Pacheco RS, Dias ES, Andrade Filho JD, Brazil RP, Melo MN. Epidemiological studies of an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Rio Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Acta Trop 2002; 81:143-50. [PMID: 11801221 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(01)00205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We detected an outbreak of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Jequitinhonha River Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Clinical and epidemiological aspects were studied for a period of two years. Data include results of physical examinations, Montenegro skin test and serology. In total 72 of the 299 individuals evaluated presented active lesions. Only one case out of these 72 patients showed the mucosal form of the disease. The precarious sanitary conditions, low educational level and low income found in the population studied demonstrated that, as with the other parasitic diseases, cutaneous leishmaniasis occurs with greater frequency in needy populations. A canine serological survey detected 20.3% (30/148) of dogs reactive to the Leishmania antigen. Lutzomyia intermedia was the predominant phlebotomine species and the majority of the specimens (84.9%) were captured in the peridomicile. Four samples from human and three from canine cases were isolated and characterised by PCR and isoenzymes as being Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. The peridomiciliary nature of the disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M F Gontijo
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG 30190-002, Brazil.
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Neto AN, Leite AP, Oliveira AR, Dias ES, Lopes EG, Veloso I, Silva JC, Peçanha JE, Santiago MR, Cunha MC, Ramos MC, Genaro O, Brazil R, Leite RC, Resende SM, Luz VW. [Program for the control of visceral leishmaniasis]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2001; 34:495. [PMID: 11600919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
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Dias ES, Barata RA, Fortes-Dias CL, Brazil RP, Miranda JC, Brandão Filho S, Linardi PM. Morphometric and phenetic studies of five geographical populations of Lutzomyia whitmani (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Brazil. J Med Entomol 1999; 36:846-850. [PMID: 10593089 DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/36.6.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A morphometric survey examined adult specimens of Lutzomyia whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho) captured at 5 municipalities in southeastern and northeastern Brazil to compare the populations. The localities were Ilhéus (Bahia), Martinho Campos (Minas Gerais), Corte de Pedra (Bahia), Baturité (Ceará), and Amaraji (Pernambuco): all are known foci of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Fifteen males and 15 females from each population were analyzed morphometrically for 42 and 37 characters, respectively. Statistical data alone were insufficient to discriminate among the 5 populations. Further analysis generated phenograms that indicated there were 2 spatial clusters: the 1st was composed of specimens from Ilhéus (Bahia) and Baturité (Ceará) and the 2nd of specimens from Martinho Campos (Minas Gerais), Corte de Pedra (Bahia), and Amaraji (Pernambuco). Although insufficient to define the taxonomic status of the populations studied, the results delineated the existence of biogeographical structuring within L. whitmani. Complementary studies on the susceptibility to Leishmania braziliensis infection in the 5 populations are in progress to clarify the relationship between the 2 biogeographical clusters and American cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission in those Brazilian regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Dias
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René, Rachou/FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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