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Scarpa P, Tagliasacchi F, Iavazzo F, Beccaglia M, Monino A, Dri P, Milite G. Relationship between thyroid function and sex hormones in female German shepherd dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:81-92. [PMID: 38093496 PMCID: PMC10800235 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several variables influence the serum concentration of thyroid hormones in dogs, including breed, age, drugs, and concurrent diseases. However, data regarding the interaction between thyroid function and the estrous stage of female dogs are limited. HYPOTHESIS Estrous stage may influence thyroid function in German Shepherd dogs. METHODS Longitudinal, observational, non-randomized cohort study. The dogs were monitored during the complete estrous cycle, and different stages were determined by vaginal cytology. Two blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of each stage to analyze the following: total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (fT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free triiodothyronine (fT3), canine thyrotropin (cTSH), progesterone, 17-β-estradiol, triglycerides, and cholesterol concentrations. Hematological and biochemical evaluations were performed at the beginning and end of the study period. ANIMALS Seventeen German Shepherds were included, of which 7 were bred during the study period. One dog was excluded for estrus interruption and another for suspected hypothyroidism. RESULTS Serum concentrations of T4, fT4, and fT3 were negatively correlated with age. Total thyroxine demonstrated significant changes in serum concentrations between estrous stages, with higher concentrations in estrus and diestrus. Total thyroxine concentrations were positively correlated with progesterone concentrations and negatively correlated with 17-β-estradiol concentrations. Free thyroxine did not show significant variations but was positively correlated with progesterone concentrations. Canine TSH concentrations were positively correlated with 17-β-estradiol concentrations. No significant differences in thyroid hormones and cTSH concentrations were observed between diestrus during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Different stages of estrus can influence the measurement of TT4 in female dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Scarpa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences – DIVASUniversity of MilanLodi 26900Italy
| | - Filippo Tagliasacchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences – DIVASUniversity of MilanLodi 26900Italy
| | - Francesca Iavazzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences – DIVASUniversity of MilanLodi 26900Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Dri
- Clinica Veterinaria “Animal Care”Martignacco 33035Italy
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Wei R, Wang Z, Zhang X, Wang X, Xu Y, Li Q. Burden and trends of iodine deficiency in Asia from 1990 to 2019. Public Health 2023; 222:75-84. [PMID: 37531713 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Understanding iodine deficiency (ID) burdens and trends in Asia can help guide effective intervention strategies. This study aims to report the incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of ID in 48 Asian countries during the period 1990-2019. STUDY DESIGN Data on ID were retrieved from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 and estimated by age, sex, geographical region, and sociodemographic index (SDI). METHODS The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was calculated to evaluate the changing trend of age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) related to ID during the period 1990-2019. RESULTS In Asia, there were 126,983,965.8 cases with 5,466,213.1 new incidence and 1,765,995.5 DALYs of ID in 2019. Between 1999 and 2019, the EAPC in ASIR, ASPR and ASDR were -0.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.8 to -0.4), -0.9 (95% CI, -1.2 to -0.7), and -1.6 (95% CI, -1.8 to -1.5), respectively. Malaysia charted the largest decrease in ASIR, ASPR, and ASDR (82.4%, 85.3%, and 80.9% separately), whereas the Philippines and Pakistan were the only two countries that witnessed an increase in ASIR and ASPR. ID burdens were more pronounced in women, countries located to the south of the Himalayas, and low-middle SDI regions. CONCLUSIONS The incidence, prevalence, and DALYs of ID in Asia substantially decreased from 1990 to 2019. Women and low-middle SDI countries have relatively high ID burdens. Governments need to pay constant attention to the implementation and monitoring of universal salt iodization.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wei
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Z Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - X Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - X Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Y Xu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Q Li
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China.
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He L, Li X, Chen Z, Wang W, Wang K, Huang X, Yang Q, Ke W, Liu J, Zha B. High concentration of estradiol has a negative correlation with free thyroxine during the second trimester of pregnancy. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e220236. [PMID: 36006849 PMCID: PMC9578107 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the relationship between estradiol (E2) and thyroid function during the second trimester of pregnancy and the effect of E2 on sodium iodide transporter (NIS) expression in cultured thyroid cells. Materials and methods We analyzed relationships between E2 and thyroid function in 196 pregnant women during the second trimester. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed between E2 and thyroid function. The human thyroid Nthy-ori3-1 cells were cultured in different E2 concentrations, and the mRNA levels of NIS, estrogen receptor (ER)-α, and ER-β were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Their protein levels were assessed by western blot. Results E2 was positively correlated with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and negatively correlated with free thyroxine (FT4) (P < 0.05). When we corrected for age, BMI, alanine aminotransferase, and serum creatinine, E2 was still negatively correlated with FT4 (P < 0.5) during the second trimester. In Nthy-ori3-1 cells treated with 10 nM E2, NIS and ER-β mRNA levels were significantly reduced, while ER-α mRNA level was not altered (P > 0.5). Moreover, 10 nM E2 significantly decreased protein levels of ER-β, phosphorylated versions of protein kinase A (p-PKA), phosphorylated versions of cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB), and NIS, while treatment with the ER-β inhibitor restored the expression of p-PKA, p-CREB, and NIS (P < 0.05). Conclusion High concentration of E2 has a negative correlation with FT4. High concentration of E2 can inhibit the NIS expression through the ER-β-mediated pathway, which may cause thyroid hormone fluctuations during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leqi He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zaoping Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinmei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wencai Ke
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingbing Zha
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Uterine fibroids increase the risk of thyroid goiter and thyroid nodules. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6620. [PMID: 35459918 PMCID: PMC9033769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine fibroid and benign thyroid disease are both common diseases in women. This study aimed to evaluate whether these diseases are related. We established the uterine fibroid group according to diagnosis and surgery codes using the Korea National Health Insurance data from 2009 to 2020. All women from 20 to 50 years old who underwent uterine myomectomy from 2009 to 2020 were identified. We selected the control group by performing a 1:1 propensity score matching on age at 5-year intervals, socioeconomic status (SES), region, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), menopause, and year among women who visited a medical institution for a health check-up. Thyroid disease cases were selected using the thyroid disease diagnosis code and thyroid-associated laboratory tests. A total of 181,419 patients were included in the uterine fibroid and control groups. The median age of each group was 40 (range, 35 ~ 44) and 40 (range, 35 ~ 45) years old, respectively. Benign thyroid disease affected 1162 (0.6%) in the uterine fibroid group and 1137 (0.6%) in the control group. Among the benign thyroid diseases, hypothyroidism was the most common in both groups, followed by a nontoxic single thyroid nodule. The uterine fibroid group had a higher risk of thyroid goiter (hazard ratio (HR) 1.169, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.022–1.338), nontoxic single thyroid nodule (HR 1.268, 95% CI 1.182–1.361), and total thyroid disease (HR 1.078, 95% CI 1.036–1.121) in stratified Cox regression analysis adjusted for age, SES, region, CCI, parity, menopause, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn’s disease, and endometriosis than the control group. The results suggest that women with uterine fibroids have an increased risk of thyroid goiters and thyroid nodules. Although the mechanism is not well known, estrogen and iodide might be a link between uterine fibroids and thyroid goiters and nodules. Future studies that prospectively follow women with uterine fibroids across a lifetime are needed.
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Giannakopoulos A, Lazopoulou N, Pervanidou P, Kanaka-Gantenbein C. The Impact of Adiposity and Puberty on Thyroid Function in Children and Adolescents. Child Obes 2019; 15:411-415. [PMID: 31169999 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2019.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: In the context of a worldwide increase in childhood obesity, euthyroid hyperthyrotropinemia has been consistently reported and raises questions about its etiology, its potential metabolic complications, and its management. In this study we analyze the thyroid function with respect to BMI, pubertal status, and sex in children with obesity and discuss our results on an integrative context with the existent data from the literature. Methods: In this case-control study, we compared 389 children and adolescents with obesity to 158 controls. Age, sex, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), BMI standard deviation score, and pubertal status were recorded. One factor-analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used with p < 0.05. Results: Mean serum TSH of children with obesity was higher (2.95 ± 1.2 mU/L) compared to normal weight group (2.42 ± 1.43 mU/L) (p < 0.0001). Only in females of both groups, serum TSH, T4, and T3 concentrations were all lower during puberty compared to prepuberty. In prepubertal girls and boys with obesity, a statistically significant correlation between TSH and BMI was found (r = 0.32, p = 0.012 and r = 0.47, p < 0.001, respectively), which is not sustained during puberty. Conclusions: Our results confirm the TSH elevation in children with obesity and indicates that puberty and adiposity have a differential sex-dependent impact on thyroid axis function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris Giannakopoulos
- 1Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece.,2First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Childrens' Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Natalia Lazopoulou
- 2First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Childrens' Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Pervanidou
- 2First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Childrens' Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein
- 2First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Childrens' Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Galligan TM, Hale MD, McCoy JA, Bermudez DS, Guillette LJ, Parrott BB. Assessing impacts of precocious steroid exposure on thyroid physiology and gene expression patterns in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 271:61-72. [PMID: 30408484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid gland is sensitive to steroid hormone signaling, and many thyroid disrupting contaminants also disrupt steroid hormone homeostasis, presenting the possibility that thyroid disruption may occur through altered steroid hormone signaling. To examine this possibility, we studied short-term and persistent impacts of embryonic sex steroid exposure on thyroid physiology in the American alligator. Alligators from a lake contaminated with endocrine disrupting contaminants (Lake Apopka, FL, USA) have been shown to display characteristics of thyroid and steroid hormone disruption. Previous studies suggest these alterations arise during development and raise the possibility that exposure to maternally deposited contaminants might underlie persistent organizational changes in both thyroidal and reproductive function. Thus, this population provides a system to investigate contaminant-mediated organizational thyroid disruption in an environmentally-relevant context. We assess the developmental expression of genetic pathways involved in thyroid hormone biosynthesis and find that expression of these genes increases prior to hatching. Further, we show that nuclear steroid hormone receptors are also expressed during this period, indicating the developing thyroid is potentially responsive to steroid hormone signaling. We then explore functional roles of steroid signaling during development on subsequent thyroid function in juvenile alligators. We exposed alligator eggs collected from both Lake Apopka and a reference site to 17β-estradiol and a non-aromatizable androgen during embryonic development, and investigated effects of exposure on hatchling morphometrics and thyroidal gene expression profiles at 5 months of age. Steroid hormone treatment did not impact the timing of hatching or hatchling size. Furthermore, treatment with steroid hormones did not result in detectable impacts on thyroid transcriptional programs, suggesting that precocious or excess estrogen and androgen exposure does not influence immediate or long-term thyroidal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Galligan
- Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, College of Natural Resources and the Environment, Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, 101 Cheatham Hall, 310 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
| | - Matthew D Hale
- Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA; University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, PO Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, USA; University of Georgia, Eugene P. Odum School of Ecology, 140 E. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602.
| | - Jessica A McCoy
- Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA; College of Charleston, 66 George Street, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
| | - Dieldrich S Bermudez
- Mars Inc., Global Innovation Center, 1132 W. Blackhawk Street, Chicago, IL 60642, USA
| | - Louis J Guillette
- Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Benjamin B Parrott
- Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA; University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, PO Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, USA; University of Georgia, Eugene P. Odum School of Ecology, 140 E. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602.
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In vitro effects of natural phytoestrogens on sodium/iodide symporter mediated thyroid iodide uptake by using a differentiated TSH-dependent cell line. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Lithium was known to cause thyroid dysfunction and most commonly subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of Lithium associated thyroid dysfunction and to identify risk factors associated with development of SCH in patients receiving Lithium. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. Subjects who developed elated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were compared with those who remained euthyroid with Lithium treatment. Logistic regression and survival analysis were applied to identify the significant factors associated with SCH. RESULTS The prevalence of Lithium associated with SCH was 31.7 %. The significant risk factors associated with increased risk of SCH included being female, higher serum Lithium level, concomitant use of Valproate Sodium and use of antidepressant. Use of depot injection was associated with decreased risk of SCH. CONCLUSIONS Use of depot and avoidance of Valproate or antidepressant should be taken into account before starting patient on Lithium treatment. Thyroxine replacement should be considered when Lithium associated SCH was identified.
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Bertoni APS, Brum IS, Hillebrand AC, Furlanetto TW. Progesterone Upregulates Gene Expression in Normal Human Thyroid Follicular Cells. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:864852. [PMID: 26089899 PMCID: PMC4454767 DOI: 10.1155/2015/864852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer and thyroid nodules are more prevalent in women than men, so female sex hormones may have an etiological role in these conditions. There are no data about direct effects of progesterone on thyroid cells, so the aim of the present study was to evaluate progesterone effects in the sodium-iodide symporter NIS, thyroglobulin TG, thyroperoxidase TPO, and KI-67 genes expression, in normal thyroid follicular cells, derived from human tissue. NIS, TG, TPO, and KI-67 mRNA expression increased significantly after TSH 20 μUI/mL, respectively: 2.08 times, P < 0.0001; 2.39 times, P = 0.01; 1.58 times, P = 0.0003; and 1.87 times, P < 0.0001. In thyroid cells treated with 20 μUI/mL TSH plus 10 nM progesterone, RNA expression of NIS, TG, and KI-67 genes increased, respectively: 1.78 times, P < 0.0001; 1.75 times, P = 0.037; and 1.95 times, P < 0.0001, and TPO mRNA expression also increased, though not significantly (1.77 times, P = 0.069). These effects were abolished by mifepristone, an antagonist of progesterone receptor, suggesting that genes involved in thyroid cell function and proliferation are upregulated by progesterone. This work provides evidence that progesterone has a direct effect on thyroid cells, upregulating genes involved in thyroid function and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Santin Bertoni
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350/700, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ilma Simoni Brum
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Hillebrand
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tania Weber Furlanetto
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350/700, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- *Tania Weber Furlanetto:
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Abstract
Proliferative thyroid diseases are more prevalent in females than in males. Upon the onset of puberty, the incidence of thyroid cancer increases in females only and declines again after menopause. Estrogen is a potent growth factor both for benign and malignant thyroid cells that may explain the sex difference in the prevalence of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. It exerts its growth-promoting effect through a classical genomic and a non-genomic pathway, mediated via a membrane-bound estrogen receptor. This receptor is linked to the tyrosine kinase signaling pathways MAPK and PI3K. In papillary thyroid carcinomas, these pathways may be activated either by a chromosomal rearrangement of the tyrosine receptor kinase TRKA, by RET/PTC genes, or by a BRAF mutation and, in addition, in females they may be stimulated by high levels of estrogen. Furthermore, estrogen is involved in the regulation of angiogenesis and metastasis that are critical for the outcome of thyroid cancer. In contrast to other carcinomas, however, detailed knowledge on this regulation is still missing for thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Derwahl
- Department of MedicineSt Hedwig Hospital and Charite, University Medicine Berlin, Grosse Hamburger Straße 5-11, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Nicula
- Department of MedicineSt Hedwig Hospital and Charite, University Medicine Berlin, Grosse Hamburger Straße 5-11, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Pesce L, Kopp P. Iodide transport: implications for health and disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY 2014; 2014:8. [PMID: 25009573 PMCID: PMC4089555 DOI: 10.1186/1687-9856-2014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of the thyroid gland are among the most common conditions diagnosed and managed by pediatric endocrinologists. Thyroid hormone synthesis depends on normal iodide transport and knowledge of its regulation is fundamental to understand the etiology and management of congenital and acquired thyroid conditions such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The ability of the thyroid to concentrate iodine is also widely used as a tool for the diagnosis of thyroid diseases and in the management and follow up of the most common type of endocrine cancers: papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. More recently, the regulation of iodide transport has also been the center of attention to improve the management of poorly differentiated thyroid cancer. Iodine deficiency disorders (goiter, impaired mental development) due to insufficient nutritional intake remain a universal public health problem. Thyroid function can also be influenced by medications that contain iodide or interfere with iodide metabolism such as iodinated contrast agents, povidone, lithium and amiodarone. In addition, some environmental pollutants such as perchlorate, thiocyanate and nitrates may affect iodide transport. Furthermore, nuclear accidents increase the risk of developing thyroid cancer and the therapy used to prevent exposure to these isotopes relies on the ability of the thyroid to concentrate iodine. The array of disorders involving iodide transport affect individuals during the whole life span and, if undiagnosed or improperly managed, they can have a profound impact on growth, metabolism, cognitive development and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuska Pesce
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Iowa Carver School of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Peter Kopp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Fortunato RS, Ferreira ACF, Hecht F, Dupuy C, Carvalho DP. Sexual dimorphism and thyroid dysfunction: a matter of oxidative stress? J Endocrinol 2014; 221:R31-40. [PMID: 24578296 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid diseases, such as autoimmune disease and benign and malignant nodules, are more prevalent in women than in men, but the mechanisms involved in this sex difference is still poorly defined. H₂O₂ is produced at high levels in the thyroid gland and regulates parameters such as cell proliferation, migration, survival, and death; an imbalance in the cellular oxidant-antioxidant system in the thyroid may contribute to the greater incidence of thyroid disease among women. Recently, we demonstrated the existence of a sexual dimorphism in the thyrocyte redox balance, characterized by higher H₂O₂ production, due to higher NOX4 and Poldip2 expression, and weakened enzymatic antioxidant defense in the thyroid of adult female rats compared with male rats. In addition, 17β-estradiol administration increased NOX4 mRNA expression and H₂O₂ production in thyroid PCCL3 cells. In this review, we discuss the possible involvement of oxidative stress in estrogen-related thyroid pathophysiology. Our current hypothesis suggests that a redox imbalance elicited by estrogen could be involved in the sex differences found in the prevalence of thyroid dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Fortunato
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS - Bloco G - Subsolo - Sala G0-031, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Mixed Unity of Research (UMR) 8200 - Genomes and Cancer, The Gustave Roussy Institute of Integrated Cancer Research, Villejuif F-94805, France
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Chailurkit LO, Aekplakorn W, Ongphiphadhanakul B. The relationship between circulating estradiol and thyroid autoimmunity in males. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 170:63-7. [PMID: 24128431 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although autoimmune thyroid disease is less common in males, it is unclear whether estrogen contributes to the difference in susceptibility among males. OBJECTIVE To examine whether circulating estradiol (E₂) is related to thyroid autoimmunity in males. PATIENTS AND METHODS One-thousand two-hundred and sixty-three males aged 15-94 years were studied. Serum levels of E₂, TSH receptor antibody (TRAb), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), free thyroxine (FT₄), and TSH were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Circulating E₂ varied widely in males, ranging 18.4-403.7 pmol/l with a mean value of 136.2±51.7 pmol/l. E₂ increased with age (r=0.18, P<0.001). No relationship between E₂ and BMI was found. When comparing the difference in E₂ according to the test results of TRAb, TPOAb, and TgAb, it was found that E₂ was significantly higher in subjects with positive TRAb (TRAb positive, E₂=170.3±59.8 pmol/l; TRAb negative, E₂=134.0±50.6 pmol/l; P<0.001). No difference in E₂ was demonstrated according to the results of TPOAb or TgAb. Logistic regression analysis showed that E₂ was a determinant of positive TRAb, independent of age and BMI. There was no relationship between serum E₂ and TSH or FT₄. However, E₂ was negatively related to TSH (r=-0.45, P<0.01) in subjects whose TSH levels fell below the reference range (0.3-4.2 mIU/l). CONCLUSION Higher circulating E₂ is related to thyroid autoimmunity in males as reflected by positive TRAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- La-or Chailurkit
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine
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Santin AP, Souza AFD, Brum LS, Furlanetto TW. Validation of reference genes for normalizing gene expression in real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR in human thyroid cells in primary culture treated with progesterone and estradiol. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 54:278-82. [PMID: 22669583 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of appropriately chosen reference genes for normalizing gene expression in real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction is an important step in the analysis of gene expression, compensating for several technical factors. As female sex hormones have been shown to influence growth and differentiation of thyroid follicular cells, the establishment of normalizer genes in human thyroid cells in primary culture, treated with progesterone, and estradiol, is important to evaluate their effect on gene expression in these cells, so candidate reference genes were studied. β-Actin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β2-microglobulin (B2M), and TATA box binding protein (TBP) were evaluated in thyroid cells treated with estradiol, progesterone, and their inhibitors. Normfinder software was used to assess the stability of the genes and identified β-actin as the gene with adequate stability and lower inter-group variations, when compared to TBP, B2M, and GAPDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Santin
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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15
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Xu S, Chen G, Peng W, Renko K, Derwahl M. Oestrogen action on thyroid progenitor cells: relevant for the pathogenesis of thyroid nodules? J Endocrinol 2013; 218:125-33. [PMID: 23645248 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Benign and malignant thyroid nodules are more prevalent in females than in males. Experimental data suggest that the proliferative effect of oestrogen rather than polymorphisms is responsible for this gender difference. This study analysed whether both differentiated thyroid cells and thyroid stem and progenitor cells are targets of oestrogen action. In thyroid stem/progenitor cells derived from nodular goitres, the ability of 17β-oestradiol (E₂) to induce the formation of thyrospheres and the expression of oestrogen receptors (ERs) and the effect of E₂ on the growth and expression of markers of stem cells and thyroid differentiation (TSH receptor, thyroperoxidase, thyroglobulin and sodium iodide symporter (NIS)) were analysed. E₂ induced thyrosphere formation, albeit to a lower extent than other growth factors. Thyroid stem and progenitor cells expressed ERα (ESR1) and ERβ (ESR2) with eight times higher expression levels of ERα mRNA compared with the differentiated thyrocytes. E₂ was a potent stimulator of the growth of thyroid stem/progenitor cells. In contrast, TSH-induced differentiation of progenitor cells, in particular, the expression of NIS, was significantly inhibited by E₂. In conclusion, oestrogen stimulated the growth and simultaneously inhibited the differentiation of thyroid nodule-derived stem/progenitor cells. From these data and based on the concept of cellular heterogeneity, we hypothesize a supportive role of oestrogen in the propagation of thyroid stem/progenitor cells leading to the selection of a progeny of growth-prone cells with a decreased differentiation. These cells may be the origin of hypofunctioning or non-functioning thyroid nodules in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhang Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, St Hedwig Hospital, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Bisphenol A interferes with thyroid specific gene expression. Toxicology 2013; 304:21-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Rajoria S, Suriano R, George AL, Shanmugam A, Jussim C, Shin EJ, Moscatello AL, Geliebter J, Carpi A, Tiwari RK. Estrogen activity as a preventive and therapeutic target in thyroid cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2011; 66:151-8. [PMID: 22285105 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine-related cancer with increasing incidences during the last five years. Interestingly, according to the American Thyroid Association, the incidences of thyroid proliferative diseases occur four to five times more in women than in men with the risk of developing thyroid disorders being one in every eight females. Several epidemiological studies have suggested a possible correlation between incidences of thyroid malignancies and hormones but the precise contribution of estrogen in thyroid proliferative disease initiation, and progression is not well understood. This review is an attempt to define the phenotypic and genotypic modulatory effects of estrogen on thyroid proliferative diseases. The significance and relevance of expression of estrogen receptors, α and β, in normal and malignant thyroid tissues and their effects on different molecular pathways involved in growth and function of the thyroid gland are discussed. These novel findings open up areas of developing alternative therapeutic treatments and preventive approaches which employ the use of antiestrogen to treat thyroid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Rajoria
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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18
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Santin AP, Furlanetto TW. Role of estrogen in thyroid function and growth regulation. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:875125. [PMID: 21687614 PMCID: PMC3113168 DOI: 10.4061/2011/875125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid diseases are more prevalent in women, particularly between puberty and menopause. It is wellknown that estrogen (E) has indirect effects on the thyroid economy. Direct effects of this steroid hormone on thyroid cells have been described more recently; so, the aim of the present paper was to review the evidences of these effects on thyroid function and growth regulation, and its mechanisms. The expression and ratios of the two E receptors, α and β, that mediate the genomic effects of E on normal and abnormal thyroid tissue were also reviewed, as well as nongenomic, distinct molecular pathways. Several evidences support the hypothesis that E has a direct role in thyroid follicular cells; understanding its influence on the growth and function of the thyroid in normal and abnormal conditions can potentially provide new targets for the treatment of thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Santin
- Postgraduation Program in Medicine and Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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19
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Sosić-Jurjević B, Filipović B, Milosević V, Nestorović N, Negić N, Sekulić M. Effects of ovariectomy and chronic estradiol administration on pituitary–thyroid axis in adult rats. Life Sci 2006; 79:890-7. [PMID: 16584751 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 12/30/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ovariectomy (Ovx) and of ovariectomy followed by chronic estradiol dipropionate administration (Ovx EDP) on the structure and function of the pituitary-thyroid axis were examined in the rat. Pituitary TSH cells and thyroid tissue were histologically, immunohistochemically and stereologically investigated. Serum TSH and T(4) levels were determined by RIA. Ovx did not affect pituitary weight, but subsequent treatment with EDP led to its more than two-fold increase (p<0.05). After ovariectomy, the cellular volume of pituitary TSH-immunoreactive cells increased by 28%, p<0.05 compared to sham-operated animals (SO). Treatment of Ovx rats with EDP partially reversed this change. However, the relative volume density of thyrotrophs decreased in comparison to the Ovx and SO groups (by 18% and 23%, p<0.05, respectively). No statistically significant differences in serum TSH levels were observed between the experimental groups. In thyroid tissue both peripheral and central follicles responded to Ovx and EDP treatments. Compared to SO rats, the relative volume densities of the follicles and colloid were increased (by 14% and 30%, p<0.05, respectively) in Ovx rats. Chronic EDP treatment of Ovx rats reversed these changes to the pre-ovariectomy state. Hyperplasia of thyroid follicular cells and a significant reduction (by 21%, p<0.05) of the serum level of T(4) were detected. In conclusion, estradiol deficiency and chronic treatment affected pituitary TSH cells and thyroid tissue. The sum effect of Ovx on the pituitary-thyroid axis was slightly stimulatory. Subsequent EDP treatment decreased thyroid functioning but at the same time preserved serum TSH at the control level.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sosić-Jurjević
- Institute for Biological Research Sinisa Stanković, Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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20
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Takizawa T, Imai T, Ueda M, Onodera H, Hirose M. Comparison of enhancing effects of different goitrogen treatments in combination with beta-estradiol-3-benzoate for establishing a rat two-stage thyroid carcinogenesis model to detect modifying effects of estrogenic compounds. Cancer Sci 2006; 97:25-31. [PMID: 16367917 PMCID: PMC11158903 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim of establishing a sensitive model for the detection of weak effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on thyroid carcinogenesis, thyrotrophic and tumor-promoting influences of beta-estradiol-3-benzoate (EB) in combination with representative antithyroidal agents (goitrogens), sulfadimethoxine (SDM), propylthiouracil (PTU), potassium perchlorate (PPC), iopanoic acid (IOP) or an iodine-deficient diet were evaluated in a short-term (7-day) experiment without N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN) initiation and a long-term (30-week) experiment with DHPN initiation in ovariectomized F344 rats. In the short-term experiment, the most remarkable thyrotrophic effects were found in the PTU-treated group, followed by the SDM and PPC cases. EB treatment alone caused slight increases in thyroidal weights but no apparent morphological changes. Concomitant treatment with EB and antithyroidal agents enhanced the changes in thyroid weights, histopathological findings and/or serum thyroid hormone levels in the SDM (30 and 100 p.p.m), PTU (5 and 30 p.p.m) and PPC (100 p.p.m), IOP (30 and 100 mg/kg) or iodine-deficient diet groups. In the long-term experiment after DHPN initiation, EB alone slightly increased small numbers of animals with follicular hyperplasias, adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Simultaneous treatment with antithyroidal chemicals was associated with an increase in the incidences of focal hyperplasias, adenomas and/or adenocarcinomas. The enhancement was most remarkable with PTU (5 p.p.m), followed by PTU (2 p.p.m), SDM (100 p.p.m) and PPC (100 p.p.m). The results showed that EB has only a marginal promoting effect on DHPN-induced rat thyroid carcinogenesis and that antithyroidal chemicals, particularly PTU, are effective as co-promoting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamotsu Takizawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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21
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Wenzel A, Franz C, Breous E, Loos U. Modulation of iodide uptake by dialkyl phthalate plasticisers in FRTL-5 rat thyroid follicular cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005; 244:63-71. [PMID: 16289305 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 02/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasticisers imparting flexibility to plastics are man-made chemicals abundantly present in the environment. Effects of six different dialkyl phthalates were studied in vitro in the rat thyroid cell line FRTL-5 on their ability to modulate basal iodide uptake mediated by the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS). The present study shows that diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), dioctyl phthalate (DOP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) significantly enhance iodide uptake when concentrations in the magnitude between 10(-4) M and 10(-3) M were applied. In this range, these phthalates do not assess toxicity on the cells. Specific inhibiton of NIS demonstrated that enhancement of iodide uptake is due to NIS. In contrast, benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) also augments iodide uptake at 1mM but this concentration has just exceeded the toxicity threshold and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), the most toxic compound did not modulate iodide uptake at any concentration applied. As we can deduce from our results, plasticisers are capable of significantly modulating NIS mediated iodide uptake activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wenzel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, Germany
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22
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Sosić-Jurjević B, Filipović B, Milosević V, Nestorović N, Manojlović-Stojanoski M, Brkić B, Sekulić M. Chronic Estradiol Exposure Modulates Thyroid Structure and Decreases T 4 and T 3 Serum Levels in Middle-Aged Female Rats. Horm Res Paediatr 2005; 63:48-54. [PMID: 15637454 DOI: 10.1159/000083139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In human medicine, estrogen is applied in prevention and treatment of health problems associated with the menopause. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of chronic estradiol dipropionate (EDP) treatment on thyroid gland structure and function in middle-aged female rats. METHODS At 14 months of age, Wistar rats received 0.625 mg EDP/kg b.w./day intraperitoneally for 2 weeks. The peripheral and central zones of the thyroid were stereologically analyzed and the following morphometric parameters determined: volume density of follicles, follicular epithelium, interstitium and colloid, epithelial height and the index of activation rate. Serum levels of TSH, T4 and T3 were determined by ELISA. RESULTS EDP treatment led to significant decreases in volume densities of follicles and follicular epithelium, epithelial height and index of activation rate (by 11%, p < 0.05; 23%, p < 0.005; 11%, p < 0.05 and 21%, p < 0.05, respectively) in comparison to control values. Hyperplasia of thyroid follicular cells was noticed in 25% of EDP-treated animals. Serum levels of T4 and T3 were decreased (by 33%, p < 0.005 and 28%, p < 0.001, respectively), but TSH concentration was not significantly different from that of the controls. CONCLUSION Chronic estradiol treatment significantly decreased volume density and height of centrally located follicular epithelium, follicular activation index and serum level of total thyroid hormones in middle-aged rats.
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23
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Schmutzler C, Hamann I, Hofmann PJ, Kovacs G, Stemmler L, Mentrup B, Schomburg L, Ambrugger P, Grüters A, Seidlova-Wuttke D, Jarry H, Wuttke W, Köhrle J. Endocrine active compounds affect thyrotropin and thyroid hormone levels in serum as well as endpoints of thyroid hormone action in liver, heart and kidney. Toxicology 2004; 205:95-102. [PMID: 15458794 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To assess interference with endocrine regulation of the thyroid axis, rats (female, ovariectomised) were treated for 12 weeks with the suspected endocrine active compounds (EAC) or endocrine disrupters (ED) 4-nonylphenol (NP), octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC) and 4-methylbenzylidene-camphor (4-MBC) as well as 17beta-estradiol (E2) and 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol (Adiol) on the background of a soy-free or soy-containing diet, and endpoints relevant for regulation via the thyroid axis were measured. Thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid hormone (T4, T3) serum levels were altered, but not in a way consistent with known mechanisms of feedback regulation of the thyroid axis. In the liver, malic enzyme (ME) activity was significantly increased by E2 and Adiol, slightly by OMC and MBC and decreased by soy, whereas type I 5'-deiodinase (5'DI) was decreased by all treatments. This may be due rather to the estrogenic effect of the ED, as there is no obvious correlation with T4 or T3 serum levels. None of the substances inhibited thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in vitro, except for NP. In general, several endocrine active compounds disrupt the endocrine feedback regulation of the thyroid axis. However, there was no uniform, obvious pattern in the effects of those ED tested, but each compound elicited its own spectrum of alterations, arguing for multiple targets of interference with the complex network of thyroid hormone action and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Schmutzler
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie und Endokrinologisches Forschungszentrum EnForCé, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Schumannstrasse 20/21, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Son HY, Nishikawa A, Okazaki K, Kanki K, Yamagishi M, Imazawa T, Umemura T, Hirose M. Prolonged effects of beta-estradiol 3-benzoate on thyroid tumorigenesis in gonadectomized rats pretreated with N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine. Cancer Lett 2003; 190:21-9. [PMID: 12536073 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The prolonged modulatory effects of beta-estradiol 3-benzoate (EB), a synthetic estrogenic compound, were investigated in a rat two-stage thyroid tumorigenesis model. One week after a single subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine, gonadectomized F344 rats of both sexes were s.c. implanted with fused pellets containing EB for 32 weeks. Doses of EB at 0, 0.004, 0.02 and 0.1mg were achieved by varying the ratio of EB to cholesterol in the pellet. Major organs including the thyroid, pituitary, liver, kidneys, uterus and brain were weighed and histopathological observation was performed. Serum was assayed for triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroxine (T(4)) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Thyroid weights were increased by the EB pellet implantation in a dose-dependent manner and significantly (P<0.05) elevated in the 0.1mg EB male group and in the 0.02 and 0.1mg EB female groups. The EB treatments dose-dependently suppressed serum T(4) levels and inversely elevated serum TSH levels in both sexes but without statistical significance in females. Histopathologically, EB increased the occurrence of thyroid proliferative lesions in males and showed a tendency for increase in females. Interestingly, the effect of EB was more intensive in males than in females, even the lowest dose inducing a follicular carcinoma in a male. These results, thus indicate the possible contribution of prolonged EB stimulation at lower doses to thyroid tumorigenesis without additional promotive condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Young Son
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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Dohán O, De la Vieja A, Paroder V, Riedel C, Artani M, Reed M, Ginter CS, Carrasco N. The sodium/iodide Symporter (NIS): characterization, regulation, and medical significance. Endocr Rev 2003; 24:48-77. [PMID: 12588808 DOI: 10.1210/er.2001-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Na(+)/I(-) symporter (NIS) is an integral plasma membrane glycoprotein that mediates active I(-) transport into the thyroid follicular cells, the first step in thyroid hormone biosynthesis. NIS-mediated thyroidal I(-) transport from the bloodstream to the colloid is a vectorial process made possible by the selective targeting of NIS to the basolateral membrane. NIS also mediates active I(-) transport in other tissues, including salivary glands, gastric mucosa, and lactating mammary gland, in which it translocates I(-) into the milk for thyroid hormone biosynthesis by the nursing newborn. NIS provides the basis for the effective diagnostic and therapeutic management of thyroid cancer and its metastases with radioiodide. NIS research has proceeded at an astounding pace after the 1996 isolation of the rat NIS cDNA, comprising the elucidation of NIS secondary structure and topology, biogenesis and posttranslational modifications, transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation, electrophysiological analysis, isolation of the human NIS cDNA, and determination of the human NIS genomic organization. Clinically related topics include the analysis of congenital I(-) transport defect-causing NIS mutations and the role of NIS in thyroid cancer. NIS has been transduced into various kinds of cancer cells to render them susceptible to destruction with radioiodide. Most dramatically, the discovery of endogenous NIS expression in more than 80% of human breast cancer samples has raised the possibility that radioiodide may be a valuable novel tool in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Dohán
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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26
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Abstract
The occurrence of thyroid diseases is determined by interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The major environmental factor that determines goiter prevalence is iodine status, but other environmental factors influencing entire populations have been identified such as goitrogens in food and drinking water. Less focus has been on individual environmental factors and the interplay between factors. The goiter prevalence is higher in certain groups in the population. The variation in goiter prevalence between the genders is well known with a higher occurrence among women. The association with age is probably dependent on iodine status, because it seems that the zenith of goiter prevalence appears earlier in life the more severe iodine deficiency the population is exposed to. The association with individual risk factors has been investigated in some studies, especially the association with tobacco smoking. In iodine-deficient areas, a strong association between tobacco smoking and goiter prevalence is found, whereas the association is less pronounced in iodine-replete areas. This was predictable from experimental studies showing thiocyanate to be the mediator of the goitrogenic effect of tobacco smoke acting as a competitive inhibitor of iodine uptake. The association with alcohol intake has only been investigated in few studies, but a low occurrence of goiter among alcohol consumers has been found. The mechanism of this association is not known. Increased goiter prevalence during pregnancy has been reported, and recently a long-term goitrogenic effect of pregnancies has also been shown. As demonstrated for tobacco smoking, this association is dependent on iodine status, because the association has only been found in areas with a suboptimal iodine intake. This indicates pregnancy-induced goiter to be the result of exacerbation of existing iodine deficiency. Recently, the use of oral contraceptives has been shown to be associated with a markedly reduced prevalence of goiter, although experimental studies have previously shown proliferative effects of estrogens on thyrocytes. Some implications for prevention of thyroid disease could be suggested. Discussion of smoking habits should be included in a consultation for goiter with a motivation to quit smoking. Iodine deficiency has particularly strong goitrogenic effects during pregnancy and for the sake of the mother as well as the fetus, sufficient iodine supply should be ensured to all pregnant women. The difference in age maximum in goiter prevalence suggests that monitoring of iodine deficiency disorders should ideally include a spectrum of age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Knudsen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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