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Souza SSD, Gomes AR, Guimarães ATB, Rodrigues ASDL, de Matos LP, Dos Santos Mendonça J, da Luz TM, Matos SGDS, Rahman MS, Ragavendran C, Senthil-Nathan S, Guru A, Rakib MRJ, Mubarak NM, Rahman MM, Rocha TL, Islam ARMT, Malafaia G. Cellulose microcrystalline: A promising ecofriendly approach to control Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165952. [PMID: 37536599 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The growing use of synthetic chemical compounds/substances in vector control of mosquitoes, associated with their adverse effects on the environment and non-target organisms, has demanded the development of eco-friendly alternatives. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal action of different cellulose microcrystalline (CMs) concentrations and investigate their toxicity mechanisms in Culex quinquefasciatus fourth instar larvae as a model species. Probit analysis revealed that the median lethal concentrations (LC50) for 24 h and 36 h exposure were 100 and 58.29 mg/L, respectively. We also showed that such concentrations induced a redox imbalance in the larvae, marked by an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as well as a reduction in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Furthermore, different alterations in the external morphology of the larvae were associated with the ingestion of CMs. On the other hand, exposure of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) to LC5024h and LC5036h for seven days did not induce any behavioral changes or alterations mutagenic, genotoxic, biochemical, or in the production of cytokines IFN-γ and IL-10. Thus, taken together, our study demonstrates for the first time that the use of CMs can constitute a promising strategy in the control of C. quinquefasciatus larvae, combining insecticidal efficiency with an "eco-friendly" approach in the fight against an important mosquito vector of several human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindoval Silva de Souza
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus. Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5 km, Zona Rural, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Alex Rodrigues Gomes
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus. Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5 km, Zona Rural, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Abraão Tiago Batista Guimarães
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus. Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5 km, Zona Rural, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Aline Sueli de Lima Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus. Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5 km, Zona Rural, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Letícia Paiva de Matos
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus. Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5 km, Zona Rural, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Juliana Dos Santos Mendonça
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus. Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5 km, Zona Rural, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Thiarlen Marinho da Luz
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus. Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5 km, Zona Rural, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Stênio Gonçalves da Silva Matos
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus. Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5 km, Zona Rural, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - M Safiur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Chinnasamy Ragavendran
- Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals (SIMATS), Saveetha University Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | | | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus. Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5 km, Zona Rural, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil.
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García Leal YJ, Carrero Sarmiento DA, Hoyos López RO. DIVERSIDAD DEL GÉNERO Lutzomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae) EN MUNICIPIOS DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE CÓRDOBA – COLOMBIA. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2022. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v27n3.90684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
La estimación de los cambios en la diversidad y como se encuentran compuestas las comunidades de insectos en áreas de transmisión, de diferentes zonas de vida, puede indicar patrones diferenciales en la transmisión y fauna de reservorios asociada, así como diferentes escenarios de riesgo epidemiológico. Un ejemplo es la leishmaniasis, parasitosis relacionada con la presencia de flebotomíneos del género Lutzomyia, que en Córdoba (Colombia) presenta áreas de transmisión para las formas cutánea y visceral de leishmaniasis, enmarcadas en diferentes zonas de vida – Holdridge (Bs–T, Bh–T, entre otras). El presente estudio tiene como objetivo estimar la diversidad de los inventarios entomológicos realizados en diferentes zonas con presencia de potenciales vectores de leishmaniasis, en 17 localidades de diez municipios del departamento de Córdoba, entre mayo de 2015 y noviembre de 2016. En total se recolectaron 1695 flebotomíneos representado en 13 especies del género Lutzomyia. Las especies más abundantes para el departamento de Córdoba son Lutzomyia evansi y Lutzomyia gomezi, con el 30,44 % y 29,62 %, respectivamente. Se reporta por primera vez la presencia de Lutzomyia trapidoi para el territorio cordobés. Con este estudio se amplía el conocimiento de la diversidad del género Lutzomyia en términos de distribución de abundancias, diversidades verdaderas y composición de especies en zonas activas del departamento de Córdoba.
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Hassaballa IB, Torto B, Sole CL, Tchouassi DP. Exploring the influence of different habitats and their volatile chemistry in modulating sand fly population structure in a leishmaniasis endemic foci, Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009062. [PMID: 33524028 PMCID: PMC7877749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies transmit many viral protozoan and bacterial pathogens of public health importance. Knowledge of the ecologic factors influencing their distribution at local scale can provide insights into disease epidemiology and avenues for targeted control. Animal sheds, termite mounds and houses are important peri-domestic and domestic habitats utilized by different sand flies as resting or breeding habitats. However, our knowledge for selection of these habitats by sand flies remains poor. Here, we tested the hypothesis that these habitat types harbor different composition of sand fly species and differ in their volatile chemistry that could influence sand fly selection. To achieve this, we employed CDC light traps following a cross-sectional survey to investigate the distribution of sand flies in the three habitats in an endemic site for leishmaniasis in Kenya. The study was carried out during the dry season, when sand flies are optimally abundant in 2018 and 2020. Sand fly abundance did not vary between the habitats, but species-specific differences in abundance was evident. Measures of sand fly community structure (Shannon diversity and richness) were highest in animal shed, followed by termite mound and lowest inside human dwelling (house). This finding indicates broader attraction of both sexes of sand flies and females of varying physiological states to animal sheds potentially used as breeding or resting sites, but also as a signal for host presence for a blood meal. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of volatiles collected from represented substrates associated with these habitats viz: human foot odor on worn socks (houses indoors), cow dung (animal sheds) and termite mounds (enclosed vent), revealed a total of 47 volatile organic compounds. Of these, 26, 35 and 16 were detected in human socks, cow dung and enclosed termite vent, respectively. Of these volatiles, 1-octen-3-ol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, α-pinene, benzyl alcohol, m-cresol, p-cresol and decanal, previously known as attractants for sandflies and other blood-feeding insects, were common to the habitats. Our results suggest that habitat volatiles may contribute to the composition of sand flies and highlight their potential for use in monitoring sand fly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman B. Hassaballa
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Catherine L. Sole
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Yousefi S, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Rassi Y, Vatandoost H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Aflatoonian MR, Akhavan AA, Aghaei-Afshar A, Amin M, Paksa A. Evaluation of Different Attractive Traps for Capturing Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an Endemic Area of Leishmaniasis, Southeast of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2020; 14:202-213. [PMID: 33365348 PMCID: PMC7738933 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v14i2.3739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The attraction of phlebotomine sand flies to plant and animal hosts is due to the produced chemical compounds, affecting the olfactory receptors of the insects. Therefore, novel and effective methods, such as Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSB) and Attractive Toxic Baits (ATB), are based on the effective materials that attract sand flies toward the host. The present study was designed to identify the attractive materials in plants and animals for using in ATSB and ATB. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in July 2018 on endemic areas of leishmaniasis in Iran. Different baits, including mango, nectarine, grape, banana, melon and watermelon, defibrinated blood of cattle, sheep, goat and chicken, urine of cattle, sheep, goat and ultimately, simple and complex chemicals, such as CO2, 1-octanol, lactic acid and human sweat were placed inside the traps, and the rate of the sand flies attraction to these materials was studied. Furthermore, data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann Whitney U test. Results: There was a significant difference in the sand flies attraction between the traps containing watermelon, urine of cattle, and sheep, and chemicals such as CO2 and human sweat and the control trap (p< 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that watermelon and CO2 are the potential candidates for using in ATSB and ATB, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saideh Yousefi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Zahraei-Ramazani
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yavar Rassi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticide, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amir Ahmad Akhavan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei-Afshar
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Amin
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azim Paksa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
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Vivero RJ, Villegas-Plazas M, Cadavid-Restrepo GE, Herrera CXM, Uribe SI, Junca H. Wild specimens of sand fly phlebotomine Lutzomyia evansi, vector of leishmaniasis, show high abundance of Methylobacterium and natural carriage of Wolbachia and Cardinium types in the midgut microbiome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17746. [PMID: 31780680 PMCID: PMC6883041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are remarkable vectors of several etiologic agents (virus, bacterial, trypanosomatid Leishmania), posing a heavy health burden for human populations mainly located at developing countries. Their intestinal microbiota is involved in a wide range of biological and physiological processes, and could exclude or facilitate such transmission of pathogens. In this study, we investigated the Eubacterial microbiome from digestive tracts of Lu. evansi adults structure using 16S rRNA gene sequence amplicon high throughput sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) obtained from digestive tracts of Lu. evansi adults. The samples were collected at two locations with high incidence of the disease in humans: peri-urban and forest ecosystems from the department of Sucre, Colombia. 289,068 quality-filtered reads of V4 region of 16S rRNA gene were obtained and clustered into 1,762 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with 97% similarity. Regarding eubacterial diversity, 14 bacterial phyla and 2 new candidate phyla were found to be consistently associated with the gut microbiome content. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant phyla in all the samples and the core microbiome was particularly dominated by Methylobacterium genus. Methylobacterium species, are known to have mutualistic relationships with some plants and are involved in shaping the microbial community in the phyllosphere. As a remarkable feature, OTUs classified as Wolbachia spp. were found abundant on peri-urban ecosystem samples, in adult male (OTUs n = 776) and unfed female (OTUs n = 324). Furthermore, our results provide evidence of OTUs classified as Cardinium endosymbiont in relative abundance, notably higher with respect to Wolbachia. The variation in insect gut microbiota may be determined by the environment as also for the type of feeding. Our findings increase the richness of the microbiota associated with Lu. evansi. In this study, OTUs of Methylobacterium found in Lu. evansi was higher in engorged females, suggesting that there are interactions between microbes from plant sources, blood nutrients and the parasites they transmit during the blood intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael J Vivero
- Grupo de Microbiodiversidad y Bioprospección, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín, Street 59 A # 63-20, Medellín, Postal Code, 050003, Colombia. .,PECET (Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales), Universidad de Antioquia, Street 62 # 52-59, SIU-Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Laboratory 632, Medellín, Postal Code, 050003, Colombia.
| | - Marcela Villegas-Plazas
- RG Microbial Ecology: Metabolism, Genomics & Evolution, Div. Ecogenomics & Holobionts, Microbiomas Foundation, LT11A, Chía, Postal Code, 250008, Colombia
| | - Gloria E Cadavid-Restrepo
- Grupo de Microbiodiversidad y Bioprospección, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín, Street 59 A # 63-20, Medellín, Postal Code, 050003, Colombia
| | - Claudia Ximena Moreno Herrera
- Grupo de Microbiodiversidad y Bioprospección, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín, Street 59 A # 63-20, Medellín, Postal Code, 050003, Colombia
| | - Sandra I Uribe
- Grupo de Investigación en Sistemática Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín, Street 59 A # 63-20, Medellín, Postal Code, 050003, Colombia
| | - Howard Junca
- RG Microbial Ecology: Metabolism, Genomics & Evolution, Div. Ecogenomics & Holobionts, Microbiomas Foundation, LT11A, Chía, Postal Code, 250008, Colombia.
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Carvalho AG, Luz JGG, Rodrigues LD, Dias JVL, Fontes CJF. Factors associated with Leishmania spp. infection in domestic dogs from an emerging area of high endemicity for visceral leishmaniasis in Central-Western Brazil. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:205-211. [PMID: 31260840 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The factors associated with Leishmania spp. infection in dogs are still poorly understood. This study aimed to identify such factors among domestic dogs from the Brazilian municipality of Rondonópolis, which recently emerged as an endemic area with intense transmission of human visceral leishmaniasis (VL). It was a household-based cross-sectional study conducted between 2016 and 2017. Interviews were conducted with 405 dog owners considering their socioeconomic characteristics, and environmental aspects of the household and its adjacent areas. In addition, 600 dogs were evaluated regarding physical characteristics, behavior, and care provided by the owner. Seropositive animals were those that showed reactivity in a rapid immunochromatographic test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which are currently recommended for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) diagnosis in Brazil. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the associated factors. Low social class [OR = 2.0; 95%CI = (1.2-3.2)], presence of acerola tree (Malpighia emarginata) in the yard [OR = 2.2; 95%CI = (1.2-4.1)], presence of more than one dog in the household [OR = 2.0; 95%CI = (1.3-3.3)], horse and/or cattle breeding [OR = 12.0; 95%CI = (1.9-73.6)], existence of houses with yard adjacent to the home [OR = 4.0; 95%CI = (1.3-12.2)], presence of apparent signs consistent with CVL [OR = 10.6; 95%CI = (5.8-19.4)], dog staying mostly in the yard during the day [(OR = 4.8; 95%CI = (1.1-21.4)], and lack of cleaning of the dog's shelter [(OR = 1.9; 95%CI = (1.1-3.2)] were identified as the factors associated with Leishmania spp. infection. These results support the importance of socioeconomic and environmental aspects in the occurrence of Leishmania spp. infection. In addition, they may be useful in guiding control strategies in areas where zoonotic VL is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G Carvalho
- School of Medicine, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Rondonópolis, MT 78735-901, Brazil; School of Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900, Brazil.
| | - João Gabriel G Luz
- School of Medicine, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Rondonópolis, MT 78735-901, Brazil; School of Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Luane D Rodrigues
- School of Medicine, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Rondonópolis, MT 78735-901, Brazil
| | - João Victor L Dias
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Téofilo Otoni, MG 39803-371, Brazil
| | - Cor Jesus F Fontes
- School of Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900, Brazil; Júlio Müller University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT 78048-902, Brazil
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Benabid M, Ghrab J, Rhim A, Ben-romdhane R, Aoun K, Bouratbine A. Temporal dynamics and Leishmania infantum infection prevalence of Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera, Phlebotominae) in highly endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis in Tunisia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184700. [PMID: 28934263 PMCID: PMC5608219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomus perniciosus is one of the major vectors of Leishmania infantum in the Mediterranean basin. The aim of this work was (i) to provide information about abundance and temporal dynamics of this Larroussius species in a hot spot area of visceral leishmaniasis in Tunisia, (ii) to detect L. infantum DNA in wild caught female sandflies and (iii) to measure Phlebotomus perniciosus infection rate throughout the active season. Sandflies were collected monthly during one year using CDC miniature light-traps in house and in animal shelters. Male specimens were identified at species level according to morphological characters. Female specimens were conserved individually for molecular study. Leishmania infection was tested by kinetoplast DNA real-time PCR and ITS-1 PCR-sequencing. Subsequent sandfly species identification of infected specimens was done by mitochondrial cytochrome b sequencing. In one year period, overall 4,441 specimens (2230 males and 2211 females) were collected. Sandfly activity started in end-April and ended in early-November. Mean sandfly density in house was significantly lower than in animal shelters (51 ± 50 versus 504 ± 460 sandflies /CDC night, p<0.05). However, a higher proportion of females was found in house (58.4% versus 49.2%, p<0.001). Based on species identification of male specimens, Phlebotomus perniciosus was the dominant species (56% of the whole male sandfly fauna, p<0.0001). It showed two peaks of density in the active season, a sharp one in early May and a higher long lasting one from end-July to end-September. DNA was extracted from 190 female specimens randomly sampled and corresponding to 96 specimens from house and 94 from animal shelters. Twenty four female sandfly were infected by Leishmania infantum. All infected specimens were recognized as Phlebotomus perniciosus. Leishmania infantum infection rate in female sandflies was 2.3 fold higher in house than in animal shelters (17.7% versus 7.4%, p<0.05). In house, estimated number of infected specimens was the highest at the end of the active season. Abundance, dynamics of density and Leishmania infantum infection prevalence of Phlebotomus perniciosus in Tunisian hot spot of visceral leishmaniasis highlight the major role of this Phlebotominae species in L. infantum transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Benabid
- Department of Parasitology, Research Lab: LR 11-IPT-06, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jamila Ghrab
- Department of Parasitology, Research Lab: LR 11-IPT-06, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Biotechnology, Higher Institute of Sciences and Technology of Environment of Borj Cedria, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Adel Rhim
- Department of Parasitology, Research Lab: LR 11-IPT-06, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rania Ben-romdhane
- Department of Parasitology, Research Lab: LR 11-IPT-06, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Karim Aoun
- Department of Parasitology, Research Lab: LR 11-IPT-06, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aïda Bouratbine
- Department of Parasitology, Research Lab: LR 11-IPT-06, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Zuben APBV, Donalísio MR. [Difficulties in implementing the guidelines of the Brazilian Visceral Leishmaniasis Control Program in large cities]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2017; 32:S0102-311X2016000600401. [PMID: 27333135 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00087415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The expansion of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) transmission areas in Brazil raises questions concerning the country's control strategies. The guidelines of the Brazilian Visceral Leishmaniasis Control Program (PVCLC) focus on decreases in morbidity and case-fatality, reservoir and vector control, and health education. This article assesses difficulties in implementing the measures recommended by the PVCLC, according to the program's coordinators in large cities with canine and/or human transmission (Campinas, Bauru, Goiânia, Campo Grande, Fortaleza, and Belo Horizonte). Semi-structured interviews identified the following main problems: discontinuity of control activities, resistance to canine euthanasia by dog owners, and low coverage of chemical vector control. CONCLUSION the interviews revealed numerous obstacles to implementation of the measures proposed by the PVCLC and a clear need to reassess Brazil's VL policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paula Bruno von Zuben
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil., Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas , Brazil
| | - Maria Rita Donalísio
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil., Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas , Brazil
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Vivero RJ, Jaramillo NG, Cadavid-Restrepo G, Soto SIU, Herrera CXM. Structural differences in gut bacteria communities in developmental stages of natural populations of Lutzomyia evansi from Colombia's Caribbean coast. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:496. [PMID: 27618991 PMCID: PMC5020466 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lutzomyia evansi, a phlebotomine insect endemic to Colombia’s Caribbean coast, is considered to be the main vector of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the region. Although insects of this species can harbor pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms in their intestinal microbiota, there is little information available about the diversity of gut bacteria present in Lutzomyia evansi. In this study, conventional microbiological methods and molecular tools were used to assess the composition of bacterial communities associated with Lutzomyia evansi guts in immature and adult stages of natural populations from the department of Sucre (Caribbean coast of Colombia). Methods Sand flies were collected from two locations (peri-urban and jungle biotype) in the Department of Sucre (Caribbean coast of Colombia). A total of 752 Lutzomyia evansi intestines were dissected. In this study, 125 bacterial strains were isolated from different culture media (LB Agar, MacConkey Agar). Different methods were used for bacterial identification, including ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) and analysis of the 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences. The genetic profiles of the bacterial populations were generated and temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) was used to compare them with total gut DNA. We also used PCR and DNA sequence analysis to determine the presence of Wolbachia endosymbiont bacteria and Leishmania parasites. Results The culture-dependent technique showed that the dominant intestinal bacteria isolated belong to Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Ochrobactrum, Shinella and Paenibacillus in the larval stage; Lysobacter, Microbacterium, Streptomyces, Bacillus and Rummeliibacillus in the pupal stage; and Staphylococcus, Streptomyces, Brevibacterium, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter and Pantoea in the adult stage. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the fingerprint patterns of the PCR-TTGE bands in bacterial communities from immature and adult stages. Additionally, differences were found in bacterial community structure in fed females, unfed females, males and larvae. The intestinal bacteria detected by PCR-TTGE were Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus thuringiensis, which were present in different life stages of Lu. evansi, and Burkholderia cenocepacia and Bacillus gibsonii, which were detected only in the larval stage. Wolbachia and Leishmania were not detected in gut samples of Lutzomyia evansi. Conclusions The analyses conducted using microbiological and molecular approaches indicated significant variations in the bacterial communities associated with the gut of Lu. evansi, depending on the developmental stage and food source. We propose that these elements affect microbial diversity in L. evansi guts and may in turn influence pathogen transmission to humans bitten by this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael José Vivero
- Grupo de Investigación en Sistemática Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Street 59 A # 63-20, Medellín, Postal Code 050003, Colombia. .,PECET (Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales), Universidad de Antioquia, Street 62 # 52-59, SIU-Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Laboratory 632, Medellín, Postal Code 050003, Colombia. .,Grupo de Microbiodiversidad y Bioprospección, Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín, Street 59 A # 63-20, Medellín, Postal Code 050003, Colombia.
| | - Natalia Gil Jaramillo
- Grupo de Microbiodiversidad y Bioprospección, Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín, Street 59 A # 63-20, Medellín, Postal Code 050003, Colombia
| | - Gloria Cadavid-Restrepo
- Grupo de Microbiodiversidad y Bioprospección, Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín, Street 59 A # 63-20, Medellín, Postal Code 050003, Colombia
| | - Sandra I Uribe Soto
- Grupo de Investigación en Sistemática Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Street 59 A # 63-20, Medellín, Postal Code 050003, Colombia.,PECET (Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales), Universidad de Antioquia, Street 62 # 52-59, SIU-Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Laboratory 632, Medellín, Postal Code 050003, Colombia
| | - Claudia Ximena Moreno Herrera
- Grupo de Microbiodiversidad y Bioprospección, Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín, Street 59 A # 63-20, Medellín, Postal Code 050003, Colombia
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Menon SS, Rossi R, Nshimyumukiza L, Zinszer K. Decentralized control of human visceral leishmaniasis in endemic urban areas of Brazil: a literature review. Trop Med Health 2016; 44:9. [PMID: 27433128 PMCID: PMC4940922 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-016-0011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human migration and concomitant HIV infections are likely to bring about major changes in the epidemiology of some parasitic infections in Brazil. Human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) control is particularly fraught with intricacies. It is against a backdrop of decentralized health care that the complex HVL control initiatives are brought to bear. This comprehensive review aims to explore the obstacles facing decentralized HVL control in urban endemic areas in Brazil. METHOD A literature search was carried out in December 2015 by means of three databases: MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. RESULTS Although there have been many strides that have been made in elucidating the eco-epidemiology of Leishmania infantum, which forms the underpinnings of the national control program, transmission risk factors for HVL are still insufficiently elucidated in urban settings. Decentralized HVL epidemiological surveillance and control for animal reservoirs and vectors may compromise sustainability. In addition, it may hamper timely human HVL case management. With the burgeoning of the HIV-HVL co-infection, the potential human transmission may be underestimated. CONCLUSION HVL is a disease with focal transmission at a critical juncture, which warrants that the bottlenecks facing the control program within contexts of decentralized healthcare systems be taken into account. In addition, HIV-driven HVL epidemics may substantially increase the transmission potential of the human reservoir. Calculating the basic reproductive number to fine-tune interventions will have to take into consideration the specific socio-economic development context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia S. Menon
- />International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH), Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 P3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- />Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Leon Nshimyumukiza
- />Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Boston, USA
| | - Kate Zinszer
- />Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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11
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Denlinger DS, Creswell JA, Anderson JL, Reese CK, Bernhardt SA. Diagnostic doses and times for Phlebotomus papatasi and Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) using the CDC bottle bioassay to assess insecticide resistance. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:212. [PMID: 27083417 PMCID: PMC4833940 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance to synthetic chemical insecticides is a worldwide concern in phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), the vectors of Leishmania spp. parasites. The CDC bottle bioassay assesses resistance by testing populations against verified diagnostic doses and diagnostic times for an insecticide, but the assay has been used limitedly with sand flies. The objective of this study was to determine diagnostic doses and diagnostic times for laboratory Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Nieva) and Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) to ten insecticides, including pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates, and DDT, that are used worldwide to control vectors. METHODS Bioassays were conducted in 1,000-ml glass bottles each containing 10-25 sand flies from laboratory colonies of L. longipalpis or P. papatasi. Four pyrethroids, three organophosphates, two carbamates and one organochlorine, were evaluated. A series of concentrations were tested for each insecticide, and four replicates were conducted for each concentration. Diagnostic doses were determined only during the exposure bioassay for the organophosphates and carbamates. For the pyrethroids and DDT, diagnostic doses were determined for both the exposure bioassay and after a 24-hour recovery period. RESULTS Both species are highly susceptible to the carbamates as their diagnostic doses are under 7.0 μg/ml. Both species are also highly susceptible to DDT during the exposure assay as their diagnostic doses are 7.5 μg/ml, yet their diagnostic doses for the 24-h recovery period are 650.0 μg/ml for Lu. longipalpis and 470.0 μg/ml for P. papatasi. CONCLUSIONS Diagnostic doses and diagnostic times can now be incorporated into vector management programs that use the CDC bottle bioassay to assess insecticide resistance in field populations of Lu. longipalpis and P. papatasi. These findings provide initial starting points for determining diagnostic doses and diagnostic times for other sand fly vector species and wild populations using the CDC bottle bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Conor K Reese
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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Anaguano DF, Ponce P, Baldeón ME, Santander S, Cevallos V. Blood-meal identification in phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Valle Hermoso, a high prevalence zone for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ecuador. Acta Trop 2015; 152:116-120. [PMID: 26361709 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies of the genus Lutzomyia. In South America, cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in the majority of countries. There are no previous reports of phlebotomine sand fly host feeding sources in Ecuador. We identified blood meal sources for phlebotomine sand fly species in Valle Hermoso, a hyper endemic area for leishmaniasis in Ecuador. Phlebotomine sand fly collections were carried out during the dry and rainy seasons. PCR and multiplex PCR were performed from DNA extracted from the abdomens of blood-fed females to specifically identify the avian and mammalian blood meal sources. Avian-blood (77%), mammalian-blood (16%) and mixed avian-mammalian blood (7%) were found in the samples. At the species level, blood from chickens (35.5%), humans (2.8%), cows (2.8%) and dogs (1.9%) was specifically detected. Nyssomyia trapidoi was the most common species of Lutzomyia found that fed on birds. The present results may aid the development of effective strategies to control leishmaniasis in Ecuador.
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Qualls WA, Müller GC, Khallaayoune K, Revay EE, Zhioua E, Kravchenko VD, Arheart KL, Xue RD, Schlein Y, Hausmann A, Kline DL, Beier JC. Control of sand flies with attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB) and potential impact on non-target organisms in Morocco. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:87. [PMID: 25890039 PMCID: PMC4333173 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The persistence and geographical expansion of leishmaniasis is a major public health problem that requires the development of effective integrated vector management strategies for sand fly control. Moreover, these strategies must be economically and environmentally sustainable approaches that can be modified based on the current knowledge of sand fly vector behavior. The efficacy of using attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB) for sand fly control and the potential impacts of ATSB on non-target organisms in Morocco was investigated. METHODS Sand fly field experiments were conducted in an agricultural area along the flood plain of the Ourika River. Six study sites (600 m x 600 m); three with "sugar rich" (with cactus hedges bearing countless ripe fruits) environments and three with "sugar poor" (green vegetation only suitable for plant tissue feeding) environments were selected to evaluate ATSB, containing the toxin, dinotefuran. ATSB applications were made either with bait stations or sprayed on non-flowering vegetation. Control sites were established in both sugar rich and sugar poor environments. Field studies evaluating feeding on vegetation treated with attractive (non-toxic) sugar baits (ASB) by non-target arthropods were conducted at both sites with red stained ASB applied to non-flowering vegetation, flowering vegetation, or on bait stations. RESULTS At both the sites, a single application of ATSB either applied to vegetation or bait stations significantly reduced densities of both female and male sand flies (Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti) for the five-week trial period. Sand fly populations were reduced by 82.8% and 76.9% at sugar poor sites having ATSB applied to vegetation or presented as a bait station, respectively and by 78.7% and 83.2%, respectively at sugar rich sites. The potential impact of ATSB on non-targets, if applied on green non-flowering vegetation and bait stations, was low for all non-target groups as only 1% and 0.7% were stained with non-toxic bait respectively when monitored after 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS The results of this field study demonstrate ATSB effectively controls both female and male sand flies regardless of competing sugar sources. Furthermore, ATSB applied to foliar vegetation and on bait stations has low non-target impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney A Qualls
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Gunter C Müller
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
| | - Khalid Khallaayoune
- Department of Parasitology, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Morocco.
| | - Edita E Revay
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion, 34995, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Elyes Zhioua
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP 74, 1002, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Vasiliy D Kravchenko
- Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Kristopher L Arheart
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Rui-De Xue
- Anastasia Mosquito Control District, 500 Old Beach Road, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, U.S.A.
| | - Yosef Schlein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
| | - Axel Hausmann
- SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung Munchen, Munchhausenstrasse 21, Muunchen, Germany.
| | - Daniel L Kline
- United States Department of Agriculture-ARS-Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - John C Beier
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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Contreras Gutiérrez MA, Vivero RJ, Vélez ID, Porter CH, Uribe S. DNA barcoding for the identification of sand fly species (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in Colombia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85496. [PMID: 24454877 PMCID: PMC3893204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sand flies include a group of insects that are of medical importance and that vary in geographic distribution, ecology, and pathogen transmission. Approximately 163 species of sand flies have been reported in Colombia. Surveillance of the presence of sand fly species and the actualization of species distribution are important for predicting risks for and monitoring the expansion of diseases which sand flies can transmit. Currently, the identification of phlebotomine sand flies is based on morphological characters. However, morphological identification requires considerable skills and taxonomic expertise. In addition, significant morphological similarity between some species, especially among females, may cause difficulties during the identification process. DNA-based approaches have become increasingly useful and promising tools for estimating sand fly diversity and for ensuring the rapid and accurate identification of species. A partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene subunit I (COI) is currently being used to differentiate species in different animal taxa, including insects, and it is referred as a barcoding sequence. The present study explored the utility of the DNA barcode approach for the identification of phlebotomine sand flies in Colombia. We sequenced 700 bp of the COI gene from 36 species collected from different geographic localities. The COI barcode sequence divergence within a single species was <2% in most cases, whereas this divergence ranged from 9% to 26.6% among different species. These results indicated that the barcoding gene correctly discriminated among the previously morphologically identified species with an efficacy of nearly 100%. Analyses of the generated sequences indicated that the observed species groupings were consistent with the morphological identifications. In conclusion, the barcoding gene was useful for species discrimination in sand flies from Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael J. Vivero
- Program of Study and Control of Tropical Diseases, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Iván D. Vélez
- Program of Study and Control of Tropical Diseases, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Charles H. Porter
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Sandra Uribe
- Molecular Systematics Group, National University of Colombia, Medellin, Colombia
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Casanova C, Andrighetti MTM, Sampaio SMP, Marcoris MLG, Colla-Jacques FE, Prado ÂP. Larval breeding sites of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in visceral leishmaniasis endemic urban areas in Southeastern Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2443. [PMID: 24069494 PMCID: PMC3777886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The scarcity of information on the immature stages of sand flies and their preferred breeding sites has resulted in the focus of vectorial control on the adult stage using residual insecticide house-spraying. This strategy, along with the treatment of human cases and the euthanasia of infected dogs, has proven inefficient and visceral leishmaniasis continues to expand in Brazil. Identifying the breeding sites of sand flies is essential to the understanding of the vector's population dynamic and could be used to develop novel control strategies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING In the present study, an intensive search for the breeding sites of Lutzomyia longipalpis was conducted in urban and peri-urban areas of two municipalities, Promissão and Dracena, which are endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in São Paulo State, Brazil. During an exploratory period, a total of 962 soil emergence traps were used to investigate possible peridomiciliary breeding site microhabitats such as: leaf litter under tree, chicken sheds, other animal sheds and uncovered debris. A total of 160 sand flies were collected and 148 (92.5%) were L. longipalpis. In Promissão the proportion of chicken sheds positive was significantly higher than in leaf litter under trees. Chicken shed microhabitats presented the highest density of L. longipalpis in both municipalities: 17.29 and 5.71 individuals per square meter sampled in Promissão and Dracena respectively. A contagious spatial distribution pattern of L. longipalpis was identified in the emergence traps located in the chicken sheds. CONCLUSION The results indicate that chicken sheds are the preferential breeding site for L. longipalpis in the present study areas. Thus, control measures targeting the immature stages in chicken sheds could have a great effect on reducing the number of adult flies and consequently the transmission rate of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio Casanova
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria T. M. Andrighetti
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Susy M. P. Sampaio
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria L. G. Marcoris
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Ângelo P. Prado
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil
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Santini MS, Fernández MS, Pérez AA, Sandoval AE, Salomón OD. Lutzomyia longipalpis abundance in the city of Posadas, northeastern Argentina: variations at different spatial scales. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 107:767-71. [PMID: 22990967 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000600010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis is heterogeneous with a pattern of high abundance areas (HAAs) embedded in a matrix of low abundance areas (LAAs). The objective of this study was to describe the variability in the abundance of Lu. longipalpis at two different spatial levels and to analyse the relationship between the abundance and multiple environmental variables. Of the environmental variables analysed in each household, the condition that best explained the differences in vector abundance between HAA-LAA was the variable "land_grass", with greater average values in the peridomestic environments within the LAA, and the variables "#sp tree", "#pots" and "dist_water" that were higher in the HAA. Of the environmental variables analysed in the patches, the variable "unpaved_streets" was higher in the LAAs and the variable "prop_inf_dogs" was higher in the HAAs. An understanding of the main environmental variables that influence the vector distribution could contribute to the development of strategies for the prevention and control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). This is the first work in which environmental variables are analysed at the micro-scale in urban areas at the southern edge of the current range of Lu. longipalpis. Our results represent a significant contribution to the understanding of the abundance of the vector in the peridomestic habitats of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Santini
- Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Endemo-epidemicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Cárdenas J, Rojas J, Rondón M, Nieves E. Adulticide effect of Monticalia greenmaniana (Asteraceae) against Lutzomyia migonei (Diptera: Psychodidae). Parasitol Res 2012; 111:787-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Coleman RE, Burkett DA, Sherwood V, Caci J, Dennett JA, Jennings BT, Cushing R, Ploch J, Hopkins G, Putnam JL. Impact of phlebotomine sand flies on United State military operations at Tallil Air Base, Iraq: 6. Evaluation of insecticides for the control of sand flies. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 48:584-599. [PMID: 21661320 DOI: 10.1603/me10226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a series of field experiments in 2003 and 2004 to evaluate the efficacy of a variety of insecticides and insecticide application technologies for the control of phlebotomine sand flies at Tallil Airbase, Iraq. During the experiments, 53,263 sand flies were collected. The experiments evaluated the following: (1) routine sand fly control operations using a variety of residual and area-wide insecticides; (2) a combination of five different insecticide application methods in and around tents; (3) residual application of lambda-cyhalothrin and ultra-low volume application of pyrethrins in houses; (4) carbaryl and lambda-cyhalothrin applied as barrier sprays; (5) a deltamethrin-impregnated fence; (6) lambda-cyhalothrin applied as a residual spray in concrete manholes; (7) deltamethrin-treated flooring in tents; and 8) ultra-low volume-applied malathion. Although some of the experiments resulted in limited reductions in the number of sand flies collected in light traps, in no instance did we completely eliminate sand flies or reduce populations for a sustained period. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell E Coleman
- 520th Theater Army Medical Laboratory, United States Army, Tallil Air Base, Iraq
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Warburg A, Faiman R. Research priorities for the control of phlebotomine sand flies. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2011; 36 Suppl 1:S10-S16. [PMID: 21366761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The control of the sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis is problematic because their larvae develop in largely unknown terrestrial habitats making them impervious to available control measures. Furthermore, the behavior patterns of adults of different sand fly species are highly diverse, requiring tailor-made control solutions based upon a profound knowledge of their biology. In this short review, we describe possible lines of research that hold promise for improving our munitions in the battle against the diseases they transmit. The suggested approaches are not necessarily presented in order of importance, but rather in a logical sequence starting in the larval breeding areas where the sand flies originate and culminating with the human environments. Some examples are offered to illustrate the potential efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Warburg
- The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University--Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Maroli M, Gradoni L, Oliva G, Castagnaro M, Crotti A, Lubas G, Paltrinieri S, Roura X, Zini E, Zatelli A. Guidelines for prevention of leishmaniasis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236:1200-6. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.236.11.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bray DP, Alves GB, Dorval ME, Brazil RP, Hamilton JG. Synthetic sex pheromone attracts the leishmaniasis vector Lutzomyia longipalpis to experimental chicken sheds treated with insecticide. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3:16. [PMID: 20222954 PMCID: PMC2850890 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current strategies for controlling American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) have been unable to prevent the spread of the disease across Brazil. With no effective vaccine and culling of infected dogs an unpopular and unsuccessful alternative, new tools are urgently needed to manage populations of the sand fly vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz and Neiva (Diptera: Psychodidae). Here, we test two potential strategies for improving L. longipalpis control using the synthetic sand fly pheromone (+/-)-9-methylgermacrene-B: the first in conjunction with spraying of animal houses with insecticide, the second using coloured sticky traps. RESULTS Addition of synthetic pheromone resulted in greater numbers of male and female sand flies being caught and killed at experimental chicken sheds sprayed with insecticide, compared to pheromone-less controls. Furthermore, a ten-fold increase in the amount of sex pheromone released from test sheds increased the number of females attracted and subsequently killed. Treating sheds with insecticide alone resulted in a significant decrease in numbers of males attracted to sheds (compared to pre-spraying levels), and a near significant decrease in numbers of females. However, this effect was reversed through addition of synthetic pheromone at the time of insecticide spraying, leading to an increase in number of flies attracted post-treatment.In field trials of commercially available different coloured sticky traps, yellow traps caught more males than blue traps when placed in chicken sheds. In addition, yellow traps fitted with 10 pheromone lures caught significantly more males than pheromone-less controls. However, while female sand flies showed a preference for both blue and yellow pheromone traps sticky traps over white traps in the laboratory, neither colour caught significant numbers of females in chicken sheds, either with or without pheromone. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that synthetic pheromone could currently be most effectively deployed for sand fly control through combination with existing insecticide spraying regimes. Development of a standalone pheromone trap remains a possibility, but such devices may require an additional attractive host odour component to be fully effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Bray
- Chemical Ecology Group, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Keele, UK.
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